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Bizualem YD, Nurie AG. A review on recent biodiesel intensification process through cavitation and microwave reactors: Yield, energy, and economic analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24643. [PMID: 38312610 PMCID: PMC10834826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of biodiesel as a reliable and green energy source has grown over the past few years. Biodiesel is sustainable and biodegradable because it is only made from vegetable contents and waste cooking oil. Although biodiesel has many advantages over conventional fuels, there are still a lot of technological issues that need to be addressed during the production process. The yield of biodiesel produced using conventional methods is poor and the process is time-consuming. Process enhancements like cavitation and microwave have thus been developed to address this problem. Starting with a comparison to the conventional biodiesel process, this paper has reviewed the most recent developments in the increase of mixture and transfer of heat in these two reactors. This paper examined biodiesel improvement using microwave and cavitation reactors, including biodiesel yield, by meticulously reviewing and analyzing previous works. The production of biodiesel from various raw materials using a range of catalysts, energy requirements, as well as operating factors, activation energy, and constraints also have been discussed. Additionally, the economic analysis discusses the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing these technologies on a commercial scale. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the intensification of biodiesel production using cavitation and microwave reactors while considering both the technical and economic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Desta Bizualem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Gashu Nurie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
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Singh D, Sharma D, Sharma PK, Jhalani A, Sharma DK. Characterization of homogenous acid catalyzed biodiesel production from palm oil: experimental investigation and numerical simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34481-34502. [PMID: 36515877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a biological renewable source produced from the conversion of triglycerides to alkyl esters. Palm oil is one of the most used lipid feedstocks for biodiesel production. It becomes necessary to optimize the transesterification reaction parameters to reduce the cost and enhance the quality of biodiesel. This study focuses on the use of homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm fatty acids to methyl esters in a batch-scale reactor. A novel examination of transesterification reaction input parameters using the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution optimization technique and the effect of these parameters on yield, viscosity, and density of palm biodiesel using 3D surface graphs is investigated in this research. The present optimization approach is implemented to find out the optimum ranking of biodiesel production. From the experimental and numerical simulation, optimum results were observed at the catalyst concentration of 6% (w/w), reaction temperature of 70 °C, the reaction time of 120 min, and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 at which yield of 95.35%, viscosity of 5.0 cSt, and density of 880 kg/m3 of palm biodiesel were obtained. The different physicochemical properties of produced palm methyl esters are obtained within standards set by international authorities. Selected optimized process parameters can be used for commercial-scale biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Singh
- Department of Basic Science and Engineering, College of Technology and Agriculture Engineering, Agriculture University Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342304, India.
| | - Dilip Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Jhalani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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3
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Farokhnia A, Jokar SM, Parvasi P, Kim AS. A novel design for biodiesel production from methanol + mutton bone fat mixture. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:130. [PMID: 36434623 PMCID: PMC9700933 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergy plays a significant role in the green transition. In this work, the conversion of methanol and mutton bone fat oil (as a low-cost feedstock) for bioenergy production was studied. The five-level, three-factor response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the transesterification reaction conditions for produced biodiesel. Twenty ultrasonic-assisted experiments at the frequency of 25 kHz were conducted to investigate the effects of methanol/oil molar ratio (M/O) and concentrations of KOH and NaOH as catalysts on biodiesel yield. A second-order polynomial equation was developed by fitting the RSM experimental data using Design-Expert software. Results showed that the optimum biodiesel yield of 90.087% could be achieved by the KOH catalyst with 2.5 wt% concentration and 15:1 M/O during 3 h of the reaction. Furthermore, the biofuel analyses showed that methanol and mutton bone fat oil can be used as a proper feedstock for biofuel production. In the following, a membrane filtration package system is proposed and modeled. The reaction kinetics was determined based on experimental data. The results of the mathematical modeling showed the reaction time appears to be 6 times shorter in a membrane setup (30 min). Consequently, membrane application is highly recommended for biodiesel production from mutton bone fat oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farokhnia
- grid.444860.a0000 0004 0600 0546Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Jokar
- grid.444860.a0000 0004 0600 0546Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Payam Parvasi
- grid.444860.a0000 0004 0600 0546Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Albert S. Kim
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 383, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
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Abstract
Biodiesel was produced via transesterification reaction catalyzed by acids, bases, enzymes or supercritical fluids. The catalysis was homogeneous or heterogeneous and the process could be carried out in batch or using a continuous flow process. Microreactors allowed us to obtain better control of the experimental variables, such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, carrying out the reactions in safe conditions, avoiding exothermic and dangerous processes. The synthetic methodologies in continuous flow, combined with other technologies as microwave irradiation or ultrasounds, led to complete automation of the process with an increase in efficiency, also applicable on an industrial scale.
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Chaudhuri A, Temelli EB, Hop CJW, Sureshkumar VP, van der Schaaf J. Transesterification of Triglycerides in a Rotor–Stator Spinning Disc Reactor: Scale-Up and Solid Handling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chaudhuri
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erdem B. Temelli
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christianus J. W. Hop
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vishnu P. Sureshkumar
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Schaaf
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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da Costa RPM, Souza CG, dos Santos RC, Andrade DF, Antonio d'Avila L. Simultaneous Analysis of Mono‐, Di‐, Triacylglycerols, and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Perroni Marouço da Costa
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering School of Chemistry Avenue Athos da Silveira Ramos Federal University of Rio de Janeiro no 149, Block E, Technology Center, 21941‐909 Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gimenes Souza
- Graduate Program in Nanotechnology Engineering — COPPE Avenue Athos da Silveira Ramos Federal University of Rio de Janeiro no 149, Block I, Technology Center, 21941‐909 Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rafael Cavalcante dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering School of Chemistry Avenue Athos da Silveira Ramos Federal University of Rio de Janeiro no 149, Block E, Technology Center, 21941‐909 Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Débora França Andrade
- Analytical Chemistry Department Avenue Athos da Silveira Ramos Chemistry Institute Federal University of Rio de Janeiro no 149, Block A, 5th floor, Technology Center, 21941‐909 Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio d'Avila
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering School of Chemistry Avenue Athos da Silveira Ramos Federal University of Rio de Janeiro no 149, Block E, Technology Center, 21941‐909 Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Masri AN, Abdul Mutalib MI, Yahya WZN, Aminuddin NF, Leveque JM. Rapid esterification of fatty acid using dicationic acidic ionic liquid catalyst via ultrasonic-assisted method. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 60:104732. [PMID: 31499322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production via esterification/transesterification reactions can be catalyzed by homogenous or heterogeneous catalysts. Development of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production is highly advantageous due to the ease of product purification and of catalyst recyclability. In this current work, a novel acidic [DABCODBS][CF3SO3]2 dicationic ionic liquid (DIL) was used as heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel using oleic acid as model oil. The esterification was conducted under ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz) using a 14 mm ultrasonic horn transducer operated at various duty cycles. It was observed that the duty cycle, amplitude, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction temperature were the major factors that greatly impact the necessary reaction time to lead to a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction conditions were optimized with the aid of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) designed according to the Quadratic model of the Box Behnken method. The optimum conditions were found to be at catalyst amount of 0.64 mol%, methanol to oil ratio of 14.3:1, temperature of 59 °C, reaction time of 83 min and amplitude of 60% in continuous mode. The results showed that the oleic acid was successfully converted into esters with conversion value of 93.20% together with significant reduction of reaction time from 7 h (using mechanical stirring) to 83 min (using ultrasonication). The results also showed that the acidic DIL catalyst we designed purposely was efficient to catalyze the ultrasonic-assisted esterification yielding high conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate on short times. The DIL was also recycled and reused for at least five times without significant reduction in performance. Overall, the procedureoffersadvantages including short reaction time, good yield, operational simplicity and environmentally benign characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiah Nusaibah Masri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre of Research in Ionic Liquid (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - M I Abdul Mutalib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre of Research in Ionic Liquid (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Centre of Research in Ionic Liquid (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fathanah Aminuddin
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquid (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jean Marc Leveque
- LRP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget du Lac FR 73376, France.
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8
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Miladinović MR, Stojković IJ, Veličković AV, Stamenković OS, Banković-Ilić IB, Veljković VB. Optimization and kinetic modeling of waste lard methanolysis in a continuous reciprocating plate reactor. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Chipurici P, Vlaicu A, Calinescu I, Vinatoru M, Vasilescu M, Ignat ND, Mason TJ. Ultrasonic, hydrodynamic and microwave biodiesel synthesis - A comparative study for continuous process. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 57:38-47. [PMID: 31208617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
At this time biodiesel appears to be a viable proposition as a renewable energy source and an alternative to fossil-based fuels. Following many years of research, the use of process intensification techniques for the production of biodiesel is well documented. This work has focused more on a study of biodiesel production using continuous flow systems assisted by acoustic cavitation (ultrasonic or hydrodynamic) or microwaves. The target end user is the small or medium farm where such equipment could provide sufficient fuel for on-site agricultural machinery using renewable or waste green materials produced on site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petre Chipurici
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 1-7, Gh. Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania
| | - Alexandru Vlaicu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 1-7, Gh. Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania
| | - Ioan Calinescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 1-7, Gh. Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| | - Mircea Vinatoru
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 1-7, Gh. Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| | - Marin Vasilescu
- SC Progen IMPEX SRL, 1, Azurului, Bucharest 061191, Romania.
| | - Nicoleta Daniela Ignat
- Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering and Management, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 313, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - T J Mason
- Centre for Research in the Built and Natural Environment, Coventry University, United Kingdom.
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10
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Chen J, Li J, Zhang X, Tyagi RD, Dong W. Ultra-sonication application in biodiesel production from heterotrophic oleaginous microorganisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:902-917. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1418733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Eau, Terre et Environnement, INRS, Québec, Canada
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | | | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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11
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Hussain MN, Janajreh I. Acousto-chemical analysis in multi-transducer sonochemical reactors for biodiesel production. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 40:184-193. [PMID: 28946413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a powerful alternative fuel that is less polluting and problematic to produce and implement. The production process of biodiesel also gives us the byproduct glycerol, which is a useful feedstock to produce hydrogen and syngas as fuels. With such high value as a fuel we are in need of better production technologies for biodiesel, which is currently being pursued through sonochemical reactors. The development of continuous sonochemical reactors for biodiesel production is a crucial requirement for the biofuel industry. Sonochemical reactors make use of ultrasound and acoustic cavitation to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oils (WCO). In this work we carried out both numerical simulation and experimental analysis of sonochemical reactors with multiple transducers. Through simulation, the effect of double vs a single transducer has been tested for a continuous flow sonochemical reactor. In experimental work three different cases with different ultrasound systems (bath, probe and bath+probe) have been tested. In both the studies, acoustic pressure and biodiesel conversion are analyzed. Results for the simulation show that in shorter reactors, the high cavitation from two transducers dampens the acoustic pressures leading to low conversion. However, at taller heights the effect of combined cavitation is less severe and the acoustic pressure and biodiesel yield are very similar between the designs having single and double transducers. From experiments it was found that the biodiesel conversion depends on several acoustic conditions mainly cavitation. A meticulous and insightful analysis was made to understand the difference in bath type and probe type ultrasound systems on acoustic pressure and biodiesel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Noorul Hussain
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Isam Janajreh
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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12
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Shinde K, Nohair B, Kaliaguine S. A Parametric Study of Biodiesel Production Under Ultrasounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2016-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biodiesel, a vegetable oil-derived fuel, can be used as a partial or complete substitute to diesel oil. The main argument for its usage in internal combustion engines is its net CO2 balance which is considerably reduced compared to diesel fuel of fossil origin. A systematic study of ultrasound continuous biodiesel production using canola oil was conducted in the presence of methanol and sodium methoxide as catalyst. Effects of various reaction parameters such as residence time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, ultrasounds amplitude and power, methanol/oil molar ratio were analyzed. Fatty acid methyl esters were produced rapidly by using ultrasound assisted transesterification. In typical conditions (35 °C) conversion to FAME higher than 80 % could be reached at residence time as low as 20 s. The parametric study allowed to establish that the effect of ultrasound wave on transesterification reaction rate is localized in a very small volume surrounding the sonotrode tip. This unprecedented conclusion has significant consequences for the design of the large scale continuous flow biodiesel production reactor.
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Sarve AN, Varma MN, Sonawane SS. Ultrasound assisted two-stage biodiesel synthesis from non-edible Schleichera triguga oil using heterogeneous catalyst: Kinetics and thermodynamic analysis. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 29:288-298. [PMID: 26585009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Present work deals with the ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production from low cost, substantial acid value kusum (Schleichera triguga) oil using a two-step method of esterification in presence of acid (H2SO4) catalyst followed by transesterification using a basic heterogeneous barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) catalyst. The initial acid value of kusum oil was reduced from 21.65 to 0.84 mg of KOH/g of oil, by acid catalyzed esterification with 4:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration 1% (v/v), ultrasonic irradiation time 20 min at 40 °C. Then, Ba(OH)2 concentration of 3% (w/w), methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, ultrasonic irradiation time of 80 min, and temperature of 50 °C was found to be the optimum conditions for transesterification step and triglyceride conversion of 96.8% (wt) was achieved. This paper also examined the kinetics as well as the evaluation of thermodynamic parameters for both esterification and transesterification reactions. The lower value of activation energy and higher values of kinetic constants indicated a fast rate of reaction, which could be attributed to the physical effect of emulsification, in which the microturbulence generated due to radial motion of bubbles, creates an intimate mixing of the immiscible reactants causing the increase in the interfacial area, giving faster reaction kinetics. The positive values of Gibbs-free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and negative value of entropy (ΔS) revealed that both the esterification and transesterification were non-spontaneous, endothermic and endergonic reactions. Therefore, the present work has not only established the escalation obtained due to ultrasonication but also exemplified the two-step approach for synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible kusum oil based on the use of heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antaram N Sarve
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), South Ambazari Road, Nagpur (M.H.) 440010, India.
| | - Mahesh N Varma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), South Ambazari Road, Nagpur (M.H.) 440010, India
| | - Shriram S Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), South Ambazari Road, Nagpur (M.H.) 440010, India
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14
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Sajjadi B, Davoody M, Abdul Aziz AR, Ibrahim S. Analysis and Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Alkaline Palm Oil Transesterification by RSM and ANN-GA. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2015.1135427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Sajjadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meysam Davoody
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A. R. Abdul Aziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shaliza Ibrahim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Mostafaei M, Ghobadian B, Barzegar M, Banakar A. Optimization of ultrasonic assisted continuous production of biodiesel using response surface methodology. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 27:54-61. [PMID: 26186820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates and optimizes the continuous production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In this research work, methanol and potassium hydroxide were used as catalyst engaging response surface methodology. For this purpose, the central composite experimental design (CCED), the effects of various factors such as irradiation distance, probe diameter, ultrasonic amplitude, vibration pulse and material flow into the reactor on reaction yield were studied to optimize the process. The results showed that all of the considered parameters affect the reaction efficiency significantly. The optimum combination of the findings include: irradiation distance which was 75 mm, probe diameter of 28 mm, ultrasonic amplitude of 56%, vibration pulse of 62% and flow rate of 50 ml/min that caused the reaction yield of 91.6% and energy consumption of 102.8 W. To verify this optimized combination, three tests were carried out. The results showed an average efficiency of 91.12% and 102.4 W power consumption which is well matched with the model's predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mostafaei
- Dept. of Mechanics Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Tarbiat Modares University, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - B Ghobadian
- Dept. of Mechanics Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Tarbiat Modares University, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - M Barzegar
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - A Banakar
- Dept. of Mechanics Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Tarbiat Modares University, Islamic Republic of Iran
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16
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Yin X, You Q, Ma H, Dai C, Zhang H, Li K, Li Y. Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate enhanced by counter-current pulsed ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 23:53-58. [PMID: 25199445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate enhanced by counter-current pulsed ultrasound was studied. Effect of static probe ultrasonic enhanced transesterification (SPUE) and counter-current probe ultrasonic enhanced transesterification (CCPUE) on the biodiesel conversion were compared. The results indicated that CCPUE was a better method for enhancing transesterification. The working conditions of CCPUE were studied by single-factor experiment design and the results showed that the optimal conditions were: initial temperature 25 °C, methanol to triglyceride molar ratio 10:1, flow rate 200 mL/min, catalyst content 1.8%, ultrasound working on-time 4 s, off-time 2 s, total working time 50 min. Under these conditions, the average biodiesel conversion of three experiments was 96.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Yin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Qinghong You
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Chunhua Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Henan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Kexin Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yunliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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17
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Suprarukmi DD, Sudrajat BA, Widayat. Kinetic Study on Esterification of Oleic Acid with Ultrasound Assisted. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Noipin K, Kumar S. Optimization of ethyl ester production assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 22:548-558. [PMID: 25116594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the optimization of the continuous flow potassium hydroxide-catalyzed synthesis of ethyl ester from palm oil with ultrasonic assistance. The process was optimized by application of factorial design and response surface methodology. The independent variables considered were ethanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and ultrasonic amplitude; and the response was ethyl ester yield. The results show that ethanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and ultrasonic amplitude have positive effect on ethyl ester yield, whereas reaction temperature has negative influence on ethyl ester yield. Second-order models were developed to predict the responses analyzed as a function of these three variables, and the developed models predicts the results in the experimental ranges studied adequately. This study shows that ultrasonic irradiation improved the ethyl ester production process to achieve ethyl ester yields above 92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noipin
- Energy Field of Study, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, KlongLuang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - S Kumar
- Energy Field of Study, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, KlongLuang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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19
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Boffito DC, Galli F, Pirola C, Bianchi CL, Patience GS. Ultrasonic free fatty acids esterification in tobacco and canola oil. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:1969-75. [PMID: 24534067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound accelerates the free fatty acids esterification rate by reducing the mass transfer resistance between methanol in the liquid phase and absorbed organic species on Amberlyst®46 catalyst. The reaction rates of canola oil is three times greater than for tobacco seed oil but half the reaction rate of pure oleic acid as measured in a batch reactor. The beneficial effects of ultrasound vs. the conventional approach are more pronounced at lower temperatures (20°C and 40°C vs. 63°C): at 20°C, the free fatty acids conversion reaches 68% vs. 23% with conventional mechanical stirring. The increased conversion is attributed to acoustic cavitation that increases mass transfer in the vicinity of the active sites. The Eley-Rideal kinetic model in which the concentration of the reacting species is expressed taking into account the mass transfer between the phases is in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Ultrasound increases the mass transfer coefficient in the tobacco oil 6 and 4.1 fold at 20°C and 40°C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Boffito
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - F Galli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Pirola
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C L Bianchi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G S Patience
- Polytechnique Montréal, Departement de Génie Chimique, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit, 2500 Chemin Polytechnique, H3T 1J4 Montreal, Canada
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20
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Choudhury HA, Goswami PP, Malani RS, Moholkar VS. Ultrasonic biodiesel synthesis from crude Jatropha curcas oil with heterogeneous base catalyst: mechanistic insight and statistical optimization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:1050-64. [PMID: 24284543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports studies in ultrasound-assisted heterogeneous solid catalyzed (CaO) synthesis of biodiesel from crude Jatropha curcas oil. The synthesis has been carried out in two stages, viz. esterification and trans-esterification. The esterification process is not influenced by ultrasound. The transesterification process, however, shows marked enhancement with ultrasound. A statistical experimental design has been used to optimize the process conditions for the synthesis. XRD analysis confirms formation of Ca(OMe)2, which is the active catalyst for transesterification reaction. The optimum values of parameters for the highest yield of transesterification have been determined as follows: alcohol to oil molar ratio ≈ 11, catalyst concentration ≈ 5.5 wt.%, and temperature ≈ 64°C. The activation energy of the reaction is calculated as 133.5 kJ/mol. The heterogeneity of the system increases mass transfer constraints resulting in approx. 4 × increase in activation energy as compared to homogeneous alkali catalyzed system. It is also revealed that intense micro-convection induced by ultrasound enhances the mass transfer characteristics of the system with ∼ 20% reduction in activation energy, as compared to mechanically agitated systems. Influence of catalyst concentration and alcohol to oil molar ratio on the transesterification yield is inter-linked through formation of methoxy ions and their diffusion to the oil-alcohol interface, which in turn is determined by the volume fractions of the two phases in the reaction mixture. As a result, the highest transesterification yield is obtained at the moderate values of catalyst concentration and alcohol to oil molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif A Choudhury
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Partha Pratim Goswami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Ritesh S Malani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Vijayanand S Moholkar
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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21
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Thanh LT, Okitsu K, Maeda Y, Bandow H. Ultrasound assisted production of fatty acid methyl esters from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst: optimization, mechanism and kinetics. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:467-471. [PMID: 24161255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound assisted transesterification of triglycerides (TG) with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst was investigated, where the changes in the reactants and products (diglycerides (DG), monoglycerides (MG), fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerin (GL)) concentrations were discussed to understand the reaction mechanism and kinetics under ultrasound irradiation. The optimum reaction condition for the FAME production was the concentration of KOH 1.0 wt.%, molar ratio of TG to methanol of 1:6, and irradiation time of 25 min. The rate constants during the TG transesterification with methanol into GL and FAME were estimated by a curve fitting method with simulated curves to the obtained experimental results. The rate constants of [Formula: see text] were estimated to be 0.21, 0.008, 0.23, 0.005, 0.14 and 0.001 L mol(-1)min(-1), respectively. The rate determining step for the TG transesterification with methanol into GL and FAME was the reaction of MG with methanol into GL and FAME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tu Thanh
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu St., Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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22
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Choudhury HA, Chakma S, Moholkar VS. Mechanistic insight into sonochemical biodiesel synthesis using heterogeneous base catalyst. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:169-81. [PMID: 23742888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of ultrasound on transesterification reaction is well known. Heterogeneous (or solid) catalysts for biodiesel synthesis have merit that they do not contaminate the byproduct of glycerol. In this paper, we have attempted to identify the mechanistic features of ultrasound-enhanced biodiesel synthesis with the base-catalyst of CaO. A statistical design of experiments (Box-Behnken) was used to identify the influence of temperature, alcohol to oil molar ratio and catalyst loading on transesterification yield. The optimum values of these parameters for the highest yield were identified through Response Surface Method (with a quadratic model) and ANOVA. These values are: temperature=62 °C, molar ratio=10:1 and catalyst loading=6 wt.%. The activation energy was determined as 82.3 kJ/mol, which is higher than that for homogeneous catalyzed system (for both acidic and basic catalyst). The experimental results have been analyzed vis-à-vis simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics. Due to 3-phase heterogeneity of the system, the yield was dominated by intrinsic kinetics, and the optimum temperature for the highest yield was close to boiling point of methanol. At this temperature, the influence of cavitation bubbles (in terms of both sonochemical and sonophysical effect) is negligible, and ultrasonic micro-streaming provided necessary convection in the system. The influence of all parameters on the reaction system was found to be strongly inter-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif A Choudhury
- Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
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23
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Nagarajan S, Chou SK, Cao S, Wu C, Zhou Z. An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 145:150-156. [PMID: 23260269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Algae biodiesel is a promising but expensive alternative fuel to petro-diesel. To overcome cost barriers, detailed cost analyses are needed. A decade-old cost analysis by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory indicated that the costs of algae biodiesel were in the range of $0.53-0.85/L (2012 USD values). However, the cost of land and transesterification were just roughly estimated. In this study, an updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis was conducted with optimized processes and improved cost estimations. Latest process improvement, quotes from vendors, government databases, and other relevant data sources were used to calculate the updated algal biodiesel costs, and the final costs of biodiesel are in the range of $0.42-0.97/L. Additional improvements on cost-effective biodiesel production around the globe to cultivate algae was also recommended. Overall, the calculated costs seem promising, suggesting that a single step biodiesel production process is close to commercial reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Nagarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Schenker MC, Pourquié MJBM, Eskin DG, Boersma BJ. PIV quantification of the flow induced by an ultrasonic horn and numerical modeling of the flow and related processing times. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:502-9. [PMID: 22658635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The flow in a confined container induced by an ultrasonic horn is measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). This flow is caused by acoustic streaming and highly influenced by the presence of cavitation. The jet-like experimentally observed flow is compared with the available theoretical solution for a turbulent free round jet. The similarity between both flows enables a simplified numerical model to be made, whilst the phenomenon is very difficult to simulate otherwise. The numerical model requires only two parameters, i.e. the flow momentum and turbulent kinetic energy at the position of the horn tip. The simulated flow is used as a basis for the calculation of the time required for the entire liquid volume to pass through the active cavitation region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Schenker
- Delft University of Technology, Laboratory for Aero & Hydrodynamics, Leeghwaterstraat 21, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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25
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Chen X, Qian WW, Lu XP, Han PF. Preparation of biodiesel catalysed by KF/CaO with ultrasound. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:1249-56. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.564581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Hobuss CB, Venzke D, Pacheco BS, Souza AO, Santos MAZ, Moura S, Quina FH, Fiametti KG, Vladimir Oliveira J, Pereira CMP. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of aliphatic acid esters at room temperature. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:387-9. [PMID: 21940192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of saturated aliphatic esters from synthetic aliphatic acids and either methanol or ethanol. The products were isolated in good yields after short reaction times under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane B Hobuss
- Laboratório de Heterociclos Bioativos e Bioprospecção, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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27
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Batistella L, Lerin LA, Brugnerotto P, Danielli AJ, Trentin CM, Popiolski A, Treichel H, Oliveira JV, de Oliveira D. Ultrasound-assisted lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil in organic solvent system. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:452-458. [PMID: 22182652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol using two commercial immobilized lipases under the influence of ultrasound irradiation. The experiments were performed in an ultrasonic water bath, following a sequence of experimental designs to assess the effects of temperature, enzyme and water concentrations, oil to ethanol molar ratio and output irradiation power on the reaction yield. Results show that ultrasound-assisted lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol might be a potential alternative route to conventional alkali-catalyzed method, as high reaction yields (~90 wt.%) were obtained at mild irradiation power supply (~100 W), and temperature (60 °C) in a relatively short reaction time, 4h, using Lipozyme RM IM as catalyst. The repeated use of the catalyst under the optimum experimental condition resulted in a decay in both enzyme activity and product conversion after two cycles. The use of Novozym 435 led to lower conversions (about 57%) but the enzyme activity was stable after eight cycles of use, showing, however, a reduction in product conversion after the forth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Batistella
- Department of Food Engineering, URI - Campus de Erechim, Av Sete de Setembro, 1621 Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil
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28
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Catalytic Technologies for Biodiesel Fuel Production and Utilization of Glycerol: A Review. Catalysts 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/catal2010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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29
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Fiametti KG, Sychoski MM, De Cesaro A, Furigo A, Bretanha LC, Pereira CMP, Treichel H, de Oliveira D, Oliveira JV. Ultrasound irradiation promoted efficient solvent-free lipase-catalyzed production of mono- and diacylglycerols from olive oil. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:981-987. [PMID: 21256792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the enzymatic production of mono- and diacylglycerols under the influence of ultrasound irradiation, in a solvent-free system, with and without the presence of surfactants at a constant temperature of 65°C, glycerol to oil molar ratio of 2:1 and a commercial immobilized lipase (Novozym 435) as catalyst. For this purpose, two operation modes were adopted: the use of a sonotrode (ultrasonic probe), without agitation, varying reaction time, irradiation amplitude (25-45% of the total power) and type of surfactant, and a mechanically stirred reactor (600 rpm) under ultrasound irradiation in a water bath, testing different surfactants. Results show that very satisfactory MAG and DAG yields, above 50 wt.%, can be obtained without the use of surfactant, at mild irradiation power supply (∼130 W), with no important enzyme activity losses verified, in a relatively short reaction time (2h), and low enzyme content (7.5 wt.%). Also, reaction kinetic results show that contents of MAG+DAG as high as ∼65 wt.% can be achieved at longer times (6h), indicating a promising route for producing MAG and DAG using ultrasound irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina G Fiametti
- Department of Food Engineering, URI-Campus de Erechim, Erechim, RS, Brazil
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Biodiesel Production from Fat of Tra Catfish via Heterogeneous Basic-Catalyzed Transesterification Using Ultrasonic Mixing. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2011.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Hingu SM, Gogate PR, Rathod VK. Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using sonochemical reactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2010; 17:827-832. [PMID: 20303314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into newer routes of biodiesel synthesis is a key research area especially due to the fluctuations in the conventional fuel prices and the environmental advantages of biodiesel. The present work illustrates the use of sonochemical reactors for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Transesterification of used frying oil with methanol, in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst has been investigated using low frequency ultrasonic reactor (20 kHz). Effect of different operating parameters such as alcohol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, temperature, power, pulse and horn position on the extent of conversion of oil have been investigated. The optimum conditions for the transesterification process have been obtained as molar ratio of alcohol to oil as 6:1, catalyst concentration of 1 wt.%, temperature as 45 degrees C and ultrasound power as 200 W with an irradiation time of 40 min. The efficacy of using ultrasound has been compared with the conventional stirring approach based on the use of a six blade turbine with diameter of 1.5 cm operating at 1000 rpm. Also the purification aspects of the final product have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir M Hingu
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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34
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Komers K, Skopal F, Cegan A. Continuous biodiesel production in a cascade of flow ideally stirred reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:3772-3775. [PMID: 20093008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continuous methanolysis of rapeseed oil catalyzed by KOH in a cascade of 4 flow stirred reactors at a steady state of 60 degrees C was studied. By comparing of the determined steady state concentrations of rapeseed oil, biodiesel and KOH in the reactors (under various initial concentrations of these components and feeding) with the assumed kinetic model the rate constants of the relevant differential rate equations for rapeseed oil consumption and biodiesel production were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Komers
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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35
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Huang D, Jiang X, Zhu H, Fu X, Zhong K, Gao W. Improved synthesis of sucrose fatty acid monoesters under ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2010; 17:352-355. [PMID: 19819179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose fatty acid esters were synthesized by the transesterification of sucrose with aliphatic esters under ultrasound irradiation in good yield (73%). The optimum reaction conditions for the transesterification reaction include a molar ratio of sucrose to fatty acid ethyl ester of 2:1 and the use of a 13%mol anhydrous K(2)CO(3) catalyst. The optimum reaction temperature was set at 70 degrees C, the optimum reaction time was 2h, and the optimum reaction pressure was 11kPa. The reaction had excellent monoester selectivity. The proportion of monoester (6-monoester+6'-monoester) in the purified products was up to 92-95% via flash column chromatography over silica gel, the ratios of 6-monoester/6'-monoester are 2.1-2.7, and the sucrose monoesters were identified by HPLC-MS, NMR and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, China.
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36
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Lee DW, Park YM, Lee KY. Heterogeneous Base Catalysts for Transesterification in Biodiesel Synthesis. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-009-9068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Son Y, Lim M, Khim J. Investigation of acoustic cavitation energy in a large-scale sonoreactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2009; 16:552-556. [PMID: 19144557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation energy distributions were investigated for various frequencies such as 35, 72, 110 and 170 kHz in a large-scale sonoreactor. The energy analyses were conducted in three-dimensions and the highest and most stable cavitation energy distribution was obtained not in 35 kHz but in 72 kHz. However, the half-cavitation-energy distance was larger in the case of 35 kHz ultrasound than in the case of 72 kHz, demonstrating that cavitation energy for one cycle was higher for a lower frequency. This discrepancy was due to the large surface area of the cavitation-energy-meter probe. In addition, 110 and 170 kHz ultrasound showed a very low and poor cavitation energy distribution. Therefore larger input power was required to optimize the use of higher frequency ultrasound in the sonoreactor with long-irradiation distance. The relationship between cavitation energy and sonochemical efficiency using potassium iodide (KI) dosimetry was best fitted quadratically. From 7.77 x 10(-10) to 4.42 x 10(-9)mol/J of sonochemical efficiency was evaluated for the cavitation energy from 31.76 to 103. 67 W. In addition, the cavitation energy attenuation was estimated under the assumption that cavitation energy measured in this study would be equivalent to sound intensity, resulting in 0.10, 0.18 and 2.44 m(-1) of the attenuation coefficient (alpha) for 35, 72 and 110 kHz, respectively. Furthermore, alpha/(frequency)(2) was not constant, as some previous studies have suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggyu Son
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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38
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39
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Kalva A, Sivasankar T, Moholkar VS. Physical Mechanism of Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Biodiesel. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800269g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kalva
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | | | - Vijayanand S. Moholkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
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40
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Deshmane VG, Gogate PR, Pandit AB. Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800981v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath G. Deshmane
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-40019, India
| | - Parag R. Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-40019, India
| | - Aniruddha B. Pandit
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-40019, India
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Kelkar MA, Gogate PR, Pandit AB. Intensification of esterification of acids for synthesis of biodiesel using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2008; 15:188-94. [PMID: 17544315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation results in conditions of turbulence and liquid circulation in the reactor which can aid in eliminating mass transfer resistances. The present work illustrates the use of cavitation for intensification of biodiesel synthesis (esterification) reaction, which is mass transfer limited reaction considering the immiscible nature of the reactants, i.e., fatty acids and alcohol. Esterification of fatty acid (FA) odour cut (C(8)-C(10)) with methanol in the presence of concentrated H(2)SO(4) as a catalyst has been studied in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor as well as in the sonochemical reactor. The different reaction operating parameters such as molar ratio of acid to alcohol, catalyst quantity have been optimized under acoustic as well as hydrodynamic cavitating conditions in addition to the optimization of the geometry of the orifice plate in the case of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors. Few experiments have also been carried out with other acid (lower and higher)/methanol combination viz. caprylic acid and capric acids with methanol with an aim of investigating the efficacy of cavitation for giving the desired yields and also to quantify the degree of process intensification that can be achieved using the same. It has been observed that ambient operating conditions of temperature and pressure and reaction times of <3h, for all the different combinations of acid (lower and higher)/methanol studied in the present work, was sufficient for giving >90% conversion (mol%). This clearly establishes the efficacy of cavitation as an excellent way to achieve process intensification of the biodiesel synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar A Kelkar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
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