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Lahfidi A, Traore W, Andour H, Abdellaoui M, Fenni JE, Saouab R. Extensive prostatic abscess drained by CT-guided percutaneous approach: Case report. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:2723-2727. [PMID: 35669226 PMCID: PMC9166371 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostatic abscess is a rare entity that occurs most frequently after the age of 50. The main risk factors are immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes, HIV infection and chronic renal failure. It is clinically manifested by signs of bladder irritation. The management of the disease involves antibiotic therapy and drainage of the abscess, which can be performed by various invasive methods. We report the case of a 60-year-old patient with a large prostatic abscess drained by CT-guided percutaneous approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lahfidi
- Radiology Department, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - W.M. Traore
- Radiology Department, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - H. Andour
- Radiology Department, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M. Abdellaoui
- Radiology Department, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - J. El Fenni
- Radiology Department, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - R. Saouab
- Radiology Department, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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2
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Kristensen VM, Helgstrand T, Andersen JB, Krüger K, Jakobsen H. Prostatic cystadenoma. A case-report illustrating diagnosis and surgical management of an unusual condition. Scand J Urol 2020; 55:83-85. [PMID: 33356753 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2020.1864465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke M Kristensen
- Department of Urology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Helgstrand
- Department of Urology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne Bayer Andersen
- Department of Urology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi Krüger
- Department of Urology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jakobsen
- Department of Urology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly used in the detection, localization, and staging of prostate cancer. Because of its excellent soft tissue contrast and multiplane imaging, it can be also very useful in the evaluation of benign prostate diseases. Prostatic benign disorders have a high prevalence, vastly represented by benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. On the contrary, benign prostatic neoplasms are extremely rare, represented by multilocular cystadenoma, leiomyomas, hemangioma, and granular cell tumor, although these uncommon tumors have been most encountered due to widespread use of MRI. Congenital prostatic anomalies are associated with defects in the development of the prostate embryology, including hypoplasia, ectopia, and vascular malformations, abnormalities rarely seen on cross-sectional imaging. Prostatic cysts are the most common development abnormalities and occasionally are related to clinical symptoms, mainly due to infection and hemorrhage. As with prostate cancer, multiparametric MRI is a reliable tool for the diagnosis and management of benign prostatic diseases as well, providing additional information such morphological changes of the prostate, more accurate prostatic measurements, and functional characteristics of nonmalignant prostatic lesions. In this review, we discuss MRI findings of these benign prostatic diseases.
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El-Asmar JM, Saade C, Dergham MYR, Degheili JA. Multimodality approach to imaging giant multilocular cystadenoma of the prostate: A rare entity. Radiol Case Rep 2019; 14:1117-1122. [PMID: 31338138 PMCID: PMC6629975 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant multilocular cystadenomas of the prostate or seminal vesicles are rarely reported in literature. We present a case of a 76-year-old male presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms initially perceived as symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The patient was investigated by employing a multimodality imaging approach of the prostate that included ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, which resulted in an incidental finding of large multiloculated benign cysts originating from the prostate, confirmed by pathological study. This case report highlights the multimodality imaging approach in the detection and diagnosis of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M El-Asmar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology and Renal Transplantation, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236/ K3, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Saade
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Yasser R Dergham
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jad A Degheili
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology and Renal Transplantation, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236/ K3, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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5
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Nakamura Y, Shida D, Shibayama T, Yoshida A, Matsui Y, Shinoda Y, Iwata S, Kanemitsu Y. Giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:42. [PMID: 30808350 PMCID: PMC6391754 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma is a very rare benign tumor of the prostate gland. It is composed of predominantly cystic enlarged prostatic glands in a fibrous stroma and spreads extensively into the pelvis. Because of the large size at the time of diagnosis, it is not always possible to determine the exact point of origin for these multilocular cystic neoplasms. Thus, diagnosis before histological examination of a surgical specimen is often difficult. Here, we present a case involving one of the largest giant multilocular prostatic cystadenomas reported in the literature and discuss preoperative diagnoses and appropriate surgical approaches for this rare retroperitoneal tumor. CASE PRESENTATION A 50-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of abdominal distension and lower urinary symptoms. Enhanced CT showed a large retroperitoneal mass with multiple septations in the pelvis and lower abdomen, measuring 30 cm in size, surrounding the rectum and displacing the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicle to the right anterior side. MRI showed multiple cysts with a simple fluid appearance on T2-weighted images and enhanced solid components on gadolinium-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted images, suggesting the retroperitoneal mass as leiomyoma with cystic degeneration or perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. Biopsy of the mass showed a spindle cell tumor with focal smooth muscle differentiation. Differential diagnosis comprising leiomyoma, low-grade leiomyosarcoma, and perivascular epithelioid cell tumor was made. Complete resection of the tumor with low anterior resection of the rectum was performed. The tumor was solid with multilocular cavities containing blackish-brown fluid and measured 33 × 23 × 10 cm. Histologically, the tumor was composed of variously sized dilated glandular structures lined by prostatic epithelia surrounded by fibromuscular stroma. The prostatic nature of the lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of the epithelium for prostate-specific antigen. Thus, pathological diagnosis was a giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma. CONCLUSIONS We present our experiences with one of the largest giant multilocular prostatic cystadenomas. When a retroperitoneal huge lesion with locular cavities fills the pelvis in a male patient, the possibility of giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma should be considered before planning for retroperitoneal tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Dai Shida
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shibayama
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsui
- Urology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinoda
- Urology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwata
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology and Rehabilitation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Yukihide Kanemitsu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
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Kojima F, Koike H, Matsuzaki I, Iwahashi Y, Warigaya K, Fujimoto M, Ono K, Urata Y, Kohjimoto Y, Hara I, Murata SI. Macrocystic ductal adenocarcinoma of prostate: A rare gross appearance of prostate cancer. Ann Diagn Pathol 2017; 27:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paner GP, Lopez-Beltran A, So JS, Antic T, Tsuzuki T, McKenney JK. Spectrum of Cystic Epithelial Tumors of the Prostate: Most Cystadenocarcinomas Are Ductal Type With Intracystic Papillary Pattern. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:886-95. [PMID: 26900818 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic epithelial tumors arising from the prostate are rare, and their full histologic spectrum has yet to be defined. Herein, we present 8 examples of prostatic cystic tumors including 1 giant multilocular cystadenoma and 7 cystadenocarcinomas. We divided the cystadenocarcinomas into "giant multilocular" cystadenocarcinoma (3) and "microscopic" cystadenocarcinoma (4) because of their differing clinical presentations with clinically apparent cystic masses in the former. The cystadenoma was an 11 cm multilocular cystic pelvic tumor in a 55-year-old man who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms. The cystadenoma was lined predominantly by benign acinar cells and had a distinct basal cell layer. No recurrence occurred 3 months after resection. The 3 patients with giant multilocular cystadenocarcinomas were 62 to 82 years old, had large pelvic cystic masses (up to 16 cm), and 2 presented with obstructive urinary and lower intestinal tract symptoms. One giant multilocular cystadenocarcinoma had a markedly high cystic fluid prostate-specific antigen at >80,000 ng/mL. All 3 giant multilocular cystadenocarcinomas were ductal adenocarcinoma with exuberant intracystic papillary formations. One tumor was associated with a high-grade noncystic conventional (acinar) adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 9 [ISUP grade group 5]). Follow-up on the 3 giant multilocular cystadenocarcinoma cases (7 to 21 mo) showed multiple metastases in 1 patient but was attributed to the high-grade conventional adenocarcinoma component. In addition, we described 4 examples of microscopic cystadenocarcinomas that were small (≤1 cm) solitary or multiple cystic tumors identified on pathologic examination of the prostate. In 3 of 4 microscopic cystadenocarcinomas the lining was ductal adenocarcinoma with occasional to exuberant papillae and appeared similar to the smaller cysts in the giant multilocular cystadenocarcinomas. One of the 4 microscopic cystadenocarcinomas had an acinar adenocarcinoma lining with occasional papillae and was associated with a conventional adenocarcinoma. Follow-up of the 4 patients with microscopic cystadenocarcinoma (1 to 14 mo) showed no evidence of disease. Review of literature highlighted similarities between the findings in our cases and previously published prostatic cystadenocarcinomas, including the markedly high cystic fluid prostate-specific antigen level in giant multilocular cystadenocarcinomas and the typical ductal adenocarcinoma morphology with intracystic papillary pattern. In conclusion, cystic epithelial tumors of the prostate exhibit unique clinicopathologic features. Cystadenocarcinomas, whether the clinically apparent giant multilocular form or the incidentally identified microscopic type, represent a rare underrecognized pattern of prostatic adenocarcinoma mostly within the histologic spectrum of the ductal variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladell P Paner
- Departments of *Pathology †Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL ¶Department of Anatomic Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH ‡Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal §Institute of Pathology, St Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City and Global City, Philippines ∥Department of Pathology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Baad M, Ericson K, Yassan L, Oto A, Eggener S, Nottingham CU, Richards KA, Thomas S. Giant Multilocular Cystadenoma of the Prostate. Radiographics 2016; 35:1051-5. [PMID: 26172350 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baad
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Kyle Ericson
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Lindsay Yassan
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Aytekin Oto
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Scott Eggener
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Charles U Nottingham
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Kyle A Richards
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
| | - Stephen Thomas
- From the Department of Radiology (M.B., A.O., S.T.), Department of Pathology (L.Y.), and Section of Urology, Department of Surgery (S.E., C.U.N.), University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 2026, Chicago, IL 60637; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (K.E.); and Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis (K.A.R.)
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Villeda-Sandoval CI, Romero-Vélez G, Lisker-Cervantes A, Zavaleta MSD, Trolle-Silva A, Oca DMMD, Castillejos-Molina R. Giant multicystic cystadenoma of Cowper's gland: a case report. Int Braz J Urol 2014; 39:741-6. [PMID: 24267116 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2013.05.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MAIN FINDINGS We report what to our knowledge is the first case of a giant multicystic cystadenoma of the Cowper's glands. An otherwise healthy 41-year-old man presented with acute urinary retention. Physical examination showed a perineal mass. Different imaging techniques demonstrated a multicystic tumor and en bloc excision was performed. Histological evaluation showed that the tumor arised from the bulbourethral glands; immunohistochemistry proved positive staining for high molecular weight cytokeratin. CASE HYPOTHESIS: Cystic tumors in the pelvis can arise from different structures. Malignancy should be ruled out. Surgical excision can be diagnostic and curative. Future implications: When evaluating a pelvic cystic tumor, Cowper's glands cystadenoma may be a differential diagnosis and must be considered. Similar to prostate cystadenomas, en bloc excision is the optimal treatment.
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10
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11
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Fariña-Pérez L, Peteiro-Cancelo M. Cistadenoma prostático (quiste multilocular de la próstata). Actas Urol Esp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2010.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Lee TK, Chuang ST, Netto GJ. Conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma arising in a multilocular prostatic cystadenoma. Pathol Int 2010; 60:413-6. [PMID: 20518893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multilocular prostatic cystadenoma is a rare benign neoplasm located between the bladder and the rectum. These are prostatic tissue and have been shown to harbor high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and likely susceptible to the same disease processes seen in the prostate gland. We report the first case of conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma involving a multilocular cystadenoma. Distinction from cystadenocarcinoma is also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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13
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Lee TK, Miller JS, Epstein JI. Rare histological patterns of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2010; 42:319-24. [DOI: 10.3109/00313021003767314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Microcystic Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate: A Variant of Pseudohyperplastic and Atrophic Patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:556-61. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181d2a549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Galosi AB, Montironi R, Fabiani A, Lacetera V, Gallé G, Muzzonigro G. Cystic Lesions of the Prostate Gland: An Ultrasound Classification With Pathological Correlation. J Urol 2009; 181:647-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Benedetto Galosi
- Institute of Urology, Section of Pathological Anatomy and Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy, and Institute of Urology, University of Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Urology, Section of Pathological Anatomy and Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy, and Institute of Urology, University of Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Fabiani
- Institute of Urology, Section of Pathological Anatomy and Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy, and Institute of Urology, University of Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Vito Lacetera
- Institute of Urology, Section of Pathological Anatomy and Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy, and Institute of Urology, University of Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Gallé
- Institute of Urology, Section of Pathological Anatomy and Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy, and Institute of Urology, University of Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanni Muzzonigro
- Institute of Urology, Section of Pathological Anatomy and Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy, and Institute of Urology, University of Medicine, Graz, Austria
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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