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Chen B, Yang Y, Wang Z, Dai X, Cao Y, Zhang M, Zhang D, Ni X, Zeng Y, Pan K. Surface Display of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Type 1 VP1 Protein on Bacillus subtilis Spores Elicits Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses on Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10323-2. [PMID: 39002060 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Duck viral hepatitis, primarily caused by duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1), poses a significant threat to the global duck industry. Bacillus subtilis is commonly utilized as a safe probiotic in the development of mucosal vaccines. In this study, a recombinant strain of B. subtilis, designated as B. subtilis RV, was constructed to display the DHAV-1 capsid protein VP1 on its spore surface using the outer coat protein B as an anchoring agent. The immunogenicity of this recombinant strain was evaluated in a mouse model through mixed feeding immunization. The results indicated that B. subtilis RV could elicit specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice, as evidenced by the high levels of serum IgG, intestinal secretory IgA, and potent virus-neutralizing antibodies produced. Furthermore, the recombinant strain significantly upregulated the expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, the recombinant strain maintained the balance of the Th1/Th2 immune response and demonstrated an excellent mucosal immune adjuvant function. In summary, this study suggests that B. subtilis RV can be a novel alternative for effectively controlling DHAV-1 infection as a vaccine-based feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xixi Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, 404155, China
| | - Yuheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Isticato R. Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:947. [PMID: 37371527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over injectable conventional vaccines, such as the induction of adaptive immunity, with secretory IgA production at the entry site of most pathogens, and needle-less vaccinations. Despite their potential, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently used. Developing new effective mucosal vaccines strongly relies on identifying innovative antigens, efficient adjuvants, and delivery systems. Several approaches based on phages, bacteria, or nanoparticles have been proposed to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Bacterial spores have also been considered antigen vehicles, and various antigens have been successfully exposed on their surface. Due to their peculiar structure, spores conjugate the advantages of live microorganisms with synthetic nanoparticles. When mucosally administered, spores expressing antigens have been shown to induce antigen-specific, protective immune responses. This review accounts for recent progress in the formulation of spore-based mucosal vaccines, describing a spore's structure, specifically the spore surface, and the diverse approaches developed to improve its efficiency as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Naples, Italy
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Zhang Y, Mo R, Sun S, Cui Z, Liang B, Li E, Wang T, Feng Y, Yang S, Yan F, Zhao Y, Xia X. Bacillus subtilis vector based oral rabies vaccines induced potent immune response and protective efficacy in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1126533. [PMID: 36846792 PMCID: PMC9948087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1126533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rabies is a worldwide epidemic that poses a serious threat to global public health. At present, rabies in domestic dogs, cats, and some pets can be effectively prevented and controlled by intramuscular injection of rabies vaccine. But for some inaccessible animals, especially stray dogs, and wild animals, it is difficult to prevent with intramuscular injection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a safe and effective oral rabies vaccine. Methods We constructed recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) expressing two different strains of rabies virus G protein, named CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G, immunogenicity was studied in mice. Results The results showed that CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G could significantly increase the specific SIgA titers in feces, serum IgG titers, and neutralizing antibodies. ELISpot experiments showed that CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G could also induce Th1 and Th2 to mediate the secretion of immune-related IFN-γ and IL-4. Collectively, our results suggested that recombinant B. subtilis CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G have excellent immunogenicity and are expected to be novel oral vaccine candidates for the prevention and control of wild animal rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Northeast Forestry University College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ruo Mo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhanding Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,Feihu Yan,✉
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,Yongkun Zhao,✉
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Northeast Forestry University College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Xianzhu Xia,✉
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Gu Y, Zhong K, Cao R, Yang Z. Aqueous lithium chloride solution as a non-toxic bactericidal and fungicidal disinfectant for air-conditioning systems: Efficacy and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113112. [PMID: 35346655 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Airborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi transmitted through air-conditioning (AC) systems have been identified as a major public health risk. Air scrubbing is a promising liquid-based air disinfection technique that captures and inactivates airborne pathogens in liquid disinfectants. However, owing to the drawbacks of irritating odor and toxicity, the commonly-used chemical disinfectants cannot be employed for AC systems. This study aimed to unveil the inactivation performance and mechanism of non-toxic and chemically stable aqueous lithium chloride (LiCl) solution-the popular liquid desiccant in the AC systems-as a user-friendly disinfectant. Four prominent airborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi were exposed to the LiCl solution under various conditions. The inactivation effects were quantified with fluorescence-staining-based confocal microscopy and verified with the pathogens' membrane integrity variations, intracellular substance leakage, and morphological changes. Results showed that LiCl solution was remarkably efficient in inactivating the pathogens within 60 min, with an efficacy of 35.2-96.2%. The solution's inactivation ability was promoted by increasing the temperatures and concentrations; however, it appeared insensitive to exposure time over 30 min. We then explored the inactivation mechanism of LiCl solution by assessing cellular protein leakages and compared the inactivation rates with those of NaCl solution. The extracellular protein increased by over 470% after being exposed to LiCl solution. The inactivation rate was also considerably higher than in NaCl solution under the same osmotic pressure (24.79 MPa). We suggest that apart from osmotic pressure, the inactivation is reinforced by Li+-specific properties, including its strong water attraction that deprived the solvation shells of microbial protein and caused protein denaturation. We propose that aqueous LiCl solution may act as a user-friendly disinfectant for air-scrubbing due to its attractive characteristics, including its non-toxicity, odorless nature, and chemical stability. These findings may open up a "green" way to disinfect airborne pathogens and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Gu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Zili Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China.
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Todorov SD, Ivanova IV, Popov I, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Bacillus spore-forming probiotics: benefits with concerns? Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:513-530. [PMID: 34620036 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1983517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the genus Bacillus are multifunctional microorganisms with a broad range of applications in both traditional fermentation and modern biotechnological processes. Bacillus spp. has several beneficial properties. They serve as starter cultures for various traditional fermented foods and are important biotechnological producers of enzymes, antibiotics, and bioactive peptides. They are also used as probiotics for humans, in veterinary medicine, and as feed additives for animals of agricultural importance. The beneficial effects of bacilli are well-reported and broadly acknowledged. However, with a better understanding of their positive role, many questions have been raised regarding their safety and the relevance of spore formation in the practical application of this group of microorganisms. What is the role of Bacillus spp. in the human microbial consortium? When and why did they start colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and other animals? Can spore-forming probiotics be considered as truly beneficial organisms, or should they still be approached with caution and regarded as "benefits with concerns"? In this review, we not only hope to answer the above questions but to expand the scope of the conversation surrounding bacilli probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iskra Vitanova Ivanova
- Department of General and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Igor Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Phumrattanaprapin W, Chaiyadet S, Brindley PJ, Pearson M, Smout MJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Orally Administered Bacillus Spores Expressing an Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Tetraspanin Protect Hamsters Against Challenge Infection With Carcinogenic Human Liver Fluke. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1445-1455. [PMID: 32813017 PMCID: PMC8064041 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne trematode that causes hepatobiliary disease in humans throughout Southeast Asia. People become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish containing metacercariae. Development of a vaccine to prevent or minimize pathology would decrease the risk of severe morbidity, including the development of bile duct cancer. METHODS We produced an oral vaccine based on recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (Ov-TSP-2), a protein that is abundant on the surface of O. viverrini secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recombinant spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL were orally administered to hamsters prior to challenge infection with O. viverrini metacercariae. RESULTS Vaccinated hamsters generated serum IgG as well as bile IgG and IgA responses to Ov-TSP-2-LEL, and serum IgG from vaccinated hamsters blocked the uptake of fluke EVs by a human bile duct epithelial cell line. Vaccinated hamsters had 56% reductions in both adult flukes and fecal eggs compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that oral vaccination of hamsters with recombinant B. subtilis spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL is efficacious at reducing infection intensity and could form the basis of a vaccine for control of carcinogenic liver fluke infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Oh Y, Kim JA, Kim CH, Choi SK, Pan JG. Bacillus subtilis spore vaccines displaying protective antigen induce functional antibodies and protective potency. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:259. [PMID: 32723323 PMCID: PMC7385935 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a disease of both humans and various animal species, and can be used as a bioterror agent. Effective vaccines are available, but those could benefit from improvements, including increasing the immunity duration, reducing the shot frequency and adverse reactions. In addition, more sophisticated antigen delivery and potentiation systems are urgently required. The protective antigen (PA), one of three major virulence factors associated with anthrax was displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, which is a vaccine production host and delivery vector with several advantages such as a low production cost, straightforward administration as it is safe for human consumption and the particulate adjuvanticity. Mice were immunized orally (PO), intranasally (IN), sublingually (SL) or intraperitoneally (IP) with the PA displaying probiotic spore vaccine. Clinical observation, serological analysis and challenge experiment were conducted to investigate the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. RESULTS A/J mice immunized with the PA spore vaccine via PO, IN, SL, and IP were observed to have increased levels of active antibody titer, isotype profiles and toxin neutralizing antibody in sera, and IgA in saliva. The immunized mice were demonstrated to raise protective immunity against the challenge with lethal B. anthracis spores. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we developed a B. subtilis spore vaccine that displays the PA on its surface and showed that the PA-displaying spore vaccine was able to confer active immunity to a murine model based on the results of antibody isotype titration, mucosal antibody identification, and a lethal challenge experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ae Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center (Superbacteria Group), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Kim
- The 4th R&D Institute, Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Infectious Disease Research Center (Superbacteria Group), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Pan
- Infectious Disease Research Center (Superbacteria Group), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2319-2331. [PMID: 31989224 PMCID: PMC7223921 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
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Karauzum H, Updegrove TB, Kong M, Wu IL, Datta SK, Ramamurthi KS. Vaccine display on artificial bacterial spores enhances protective efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5061626. [PMID: 30084923 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus subtilis are encased in a protein coat composed of ∼80 different proteins. Recently, we reconstituted the basement layer of the coat, composed of two structural proteins (SpoVM and SpoIVA) around spore-sized silica beads encased in a lipid bilayer, to create synthetic spore-like particles termed 'SSHELs'. We demonstrated that SSHELs could display thousands of copies of proteins and small molecules of interest covalently linked to SpoIVA. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of SSHELs in delivering vaccines. We show that intramuscular vaccination of mice with undecorated one micron-diameter SSHELs elicited an antibody response against SpoIVA. We further demonstrate that SSHELs covalently modified with a catalytically inactivated staphylococcal alpha toxin variant (HlaH35L), without an adjuvant, resulted in improved protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a bacteremia model as compared to vaccination with the antigen alone. Although vaccination with either HlaH35L or HlaH35L conjugated to SSHELs similarly elicited the production of neutralizing antibodies to Hla, we found that a subset of memory T cells was differentially activated when the antigen was delivered on SSHELs. We propose that the particulate nature of SSHELs elicits a more robust immune response to the vaccine that results in superior protection against subsequent S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Karauzum
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taylor B Updegrove
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Lin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kumaran S Ramamurthi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kondakova OA, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Ryabchevskaya EM, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Vaccines against anthrax based on recombinant protective antigen: problems and solutions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:813-828. [PMID: 31298973 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1643242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Anthrax is a dangerous bio-terror agent because Bacillus anthracis spores are highly resilient and can be easily aerosolized and disseminated. There is a threat of deliberate use of anthrax spores aerosol that could lead to serious fatal diseases outbreaks. Existing control measures against inhalation form of the disease are limited. All of this has provided an impetus to the development of new generation vaccines. Areas сovered: This review is devoted to challenges and achievements in the design of vaccines based on the anthrax recombinant protective antigen (rPA). Scientific databases have been searched, focusing on causes of PA instability and solutions to this problem, including new approaches of rPA expression, novel rPA-based vaccines formulations as well as the simultaneous usage of PA with other anthrax antigens. Expert opinion: PA is a central anthrax toxin component, playing a key role in the defense against encapsulated and unencapsulated strains. Subunit rPA-based vaccines have a good safety and protective profile. However, there are problems of PA instability that are greatly enhanced when using aluminum adjuvants. New adjuvant compositions, dry formulations and resistant to proteolysis and deamidation mutant PA forms can help to handle this issue. Devising a modern anthrax vaccine requires huge efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Kondakova
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Evtushenko
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina M Ryabchevskaya
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Joseph G Atabekov
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Karpova
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
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Wang F, Song T, Jiang H, Pei C, Huang Q, Xi H. Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display of Haloalkane Dehalogenase DhaA. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1161-1167. [PMID: 31278426 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The haloalkane dehalogenase DhaA can degrade sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorethyl sulfide; also known by its military designation HD) in a rapid and environmentally safe manner. However, DhaA is sensitive to temperature and pH, which limits its applications in natural or harsh environments. Spore surface display technology using resistant spores as a carrier to ensure enzymatic activity can reduce production costs and extend the range of applications of DhaA. To this end, we cloned recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores pHY300PLK-cotg-dhaa-6his/DB104(FH01) for the delivery of DhaA from Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13064. A dot blotting showed that the fusion protein CotG-linker-DhaA accounted for 0.41% ± 0.03% (P < 0.01) of total spore coat proteins. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that DhaA was displayed on the spore surface. The hydrolyzing activity of DhaA displayed on spores towards the HD analog 2-chloroethyl ethylsulfide was 1.74 ± 0.06 U/mL (P < 0.01), with a specific activity was 0.34 ± 0.04 U/mg (P < 0.01). This is the first demonstration that DhaA displayed on the surface of B. subtilis spores retains enzymatic activity, which suggests that it can be used effectively in real-world applications including bioremediation of contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Wang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Song
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Pei
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibin Huang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Xi
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Liu H, Yang S, Wang X, Wang T. Production of trehalose with trehalose synthase expressed and displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:100. [PMID: 31159804 PMCID: PMC6547511 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis spores have been commonly used for the surface display of various food-related or human antigens or enzymes. For successful display, the target protein needs to be fused with an anchor protein. The preferred anchored proteins are the outer-coat proteins of spores; outer-coat proteins G (CotG) and C (CotC) are commonly used. In this study, mutant trehalose synthase (V407M/K490L/R680E TreS) was displayed on the surface of B. subtilis WB800n spores using CotG and CotC individually or in combination as an anchoring protein. RESULTS Western blotting, immunofluorescence, dot blot, and enzymatic-activity assays detected TreS on the spore surface. The TreS activity with CotC and CotG together as the anchor protein was greater than the sum of the enzymatic activities with CotC or CotG alone. The TreS displayed on the spore surface with CotC and CotG together as the anchoring protein showed elevated and stable specific activity. To ensure spore stability and prevent spore germination in the trehalose preparation system, two germination-specific lytic genes, sleB and cwlJ, were deleted from the B. subtilis WB800n genome. It was demonstrated that this deletion did not affect the growth and spore formation of B. subtilis WB800n but strongly inhibited germination of the spores during transformation. The conversion rate of trehalose from 300 g/L maltose by B. subtilis strain WB800n(ΔsleB, ΔcwlJ)/cotC-treS-cotG-treS was 74.1% at 12 h (350 U/[g maltose]), and its enzymatic activity was largely retained, with a conversion rate of 73% after four cycles. CONCLUSIONS The spore surface display system based on food-grade B. subtilis with CotC and CotG as a combined carrier appears to be a powerful technology for TreS expression, which may be used for the biotransformation of D-maltose into D-trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Song T, Wang F, Xiong S, Jiang H. Surface display of organophosphorus-degrading enzymes on the recombinant spore of Bacillus subtilis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:13-19. [PMID: 30660365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus-degrading enzymes show high hydrolysis efficiency and provide an environmentally friendly solution to the pollution of organophosphorus compound. However, poor enzyme stability and tedious purification process have limited practical applications. Spore-based display system can provide many advantages, such as safety, low cost, easy preparation and high resistance to harsh conditions. Recently, we have constituted the recombinant spore displaying organophosphorus hydrolase and organophosphorus acid anhydrolase. In the spore display systems, recombinant spores could be reliably produced and normal sporulation was not affected; the activities of recombinant spores were 15.81 and 10.67 U/mg spores (dry weight) respectively; furthermore, the recombinant spores exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to various harsh conditions compared to free-form enzymes. These results indicated that the spore display could contribute to the practical application of organophosphorus-degrading enzymes and provide a promising solution to bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Song
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Fuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
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15
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Dai X, Liu M, Pan K, Yang J. Surface display of OmpC of Salmonella serovar Pullorum on Bacillus subtilis spores. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191627. [PMID: 29370221 PMCID: PMC5785212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a major public health problem throughout the world. Thus, there is a huge need for diversified control strategies for Salmonella infections. In this work, we have assessed the potential use of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores for the expression of a major protective antigen of Salmonella serovar Pullorum, OmpC. The expression of OmpC on the surface of spores was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Mice immunized with recombinant spores expressing the OmpC antigen presented significant levels of OmpC-specific serum IgG and mucosal SIgA antibodies than in mice immunized with non-recombinant spores (p<0.01). In addition, oral immunization with recombinant spores was able to induce a significant level of protection in mice against lethal challenge with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. These results suggest that B. subtilis spores have promising potential in the development of mucosal vaccines against Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dai
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Fujian Luodong Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Rostami A, Hinc K, Goshadrou F, Shali A, Bayat M, Hassanzadeh M, Amanlou M, Eslahi N, Ahmadian G. Display of B. pumilus chitinase on the surface of B. subtilis spore as a potential biopesticide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 140:17-23. [PMID: 28755689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases which are a great threat for global agricultural production. Biological control of pathogens like fungi, is believed to be one of the best ways to eliminate the adverse effects of plant pathogens. To this end, we expressed and displayed a chitinase from Bacillus pumilus (ChiS) on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, as a biocontrol agent. RESULT ChiS enzyme from B. pumilus was expressed on the spores of B. subtilis using CotG as a carrier protein. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the expression of ChiS on the surface of the spores. Enzyme activity assay showed that the surface displayed ChiS was active and was also able to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum fungi. Western blot analysis also indicated that CotG-ChiS is partially processed after display. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the stability of the heterologous protein was decreased after fusion. CONCLUSION ChiS was successfully displayed on the surface of Bacillus spores by fusion to the CotG, one of the main spore coat proteins. In-vitro experiments showed that the displayed enzyme was effective in growth inhibition of R. solani and T. harzianum fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rostami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, UG-MUG, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fatemeh Goshadrou
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shali
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bayat
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Eslahi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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18
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Chen L, Mulchandani A, Ge X. Spore-displayed enzyme cascade with tunable stoichiometry. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:383-389. [PMID: 27977916 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Taking the advantages of inert and stable nature of endospores, we developed a biocatalysis platform for multiple enzyme immobilization on Bacillus subtilis spore surface. Among B. subtilis outer coat proteins, CotG mediated a high expression level of Clostridium thermocellum cohesin (CtCoh) with a functional display capability of ∼104 molecules per spore of xylose reductase-C. thermocellum dockerin fusion protein (XR-CtDoc). By co-immobilization of phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) on spore surface via Ruminococcus flavefaciens cohesin-dockerin modules, regeneration of NADPH was achieved. Both xylose reductase (XR) and PTDH exhibited enhanced stability upon spore surface display. More importantly, by altering the copy numbers of CtCoh and RfCoh fused with CotG, the molar ratio between immobilized enzymes was adjusted in a controllable manner. Optimization of spore-displayed XR/PTDH stoichiometry resulted in increased yields of xylitol. In conclusion, endospore surface display presents a novel approach for enzyme cascade immobilization with improved stability and tunable stoichiometry. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:383-389, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Xin Ge
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
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19
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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20
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Zhou Z, Dong H, Huang Y, Yao S, Liang B, Xie Y, Long Y, Mai J, Gong S. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing cholera toxin B subunit and Helicobacter pylori urease B confer protection against H. pylori in mice. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:83-89. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Yan Long
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Jialiang Mai
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510120, PR China
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Łęga T, Weiher P, Obuchowski M, Nidzworski D. Presenting Influenza A M2e Antigen on Recombinant Spores of Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167225. [PMID: 27902762 PMCID: PMC5130239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccination against influenza virus infection is a serious problem mainly due to antigenic variability of the virus. Among many of investigated antigens, the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) features high homology in all strains of influenza A viruses and antibodies against M2e and is protective in animal models; this makes it a potential candidate for generation of a universal influenza vaccine. However, due to the low immunogenicity of the M2e, formulation of a vaccine based on this antigen requires some modification to induce effective immune responses. In this work we evaluated the possible use of Bacillus subtilis spores as a carrier of the Influenza A M2e antigen in mucosal vaccination. A tandem repeat of 4 consensus sequences coding for human-avian-swine-human M2e (M2eH-A-S-H) peptide was fused to spore coat proteins and stably exposed on the spore surface, as demonstrated by the immunostaining of intact, recombinant spores. Oral immunization of mice with recombinant endospores carrying M2eH-A-S-H elicited specific antibody production without the addition of adjuvants. Bacillus subtilis endospores can serve as influenza antigen carriers. Recombinant spores constructed in this work showed low immunogenicity although were able to induce antibody production. The System of influenza antigen administration presented in this work is attractive mainly due to the omitting time-consuming and cost-intensive immunogen production and purification. Therefore modification should be made to increase the immunogenicity of the presented system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Łęga
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Weiher
- Department of Recombinant Vaccine, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-GUMed, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Nidzworski
- Department of Recombinant Vaccine, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Progress toward the Development of a NEAT Protein Vaccine for Anthrax Disease. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3408-3422. [PMID: 27647868 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00755-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a sporulating Gram-positive bacterium that is the causative agent of anthrax and a potential weapon of bioterrorism. The U.S.-licensed anthrax vaccine is made from an incompletely characterized culture supernatant of a nonencapsulated, toxigenic strain (anthrax vaccine absorbed [AVA]) whose primary protective component is thought to be protective antigen (PA). AVA is effective in protecting animals and elicits toxin-neutralizing antibodies in humans, but enthusiasm is dampened by its undefined composition, multishot regimen, recommended boosters, and potential for adverse reactions. Improving next-generation anthrax vaccines is important to safeguard citizens and the military. Here, we report that vaccination with recombinant forms of a conserved domain (near-iron transporter [NEAT]), common in Gram-positive pathogens, elicits protection in a murine model of B. anthracis infection. Protection was observed with both Freund's and alum adjuvants, given subcutaneously and intramuscularly, respectively, with a mixed composite of NEATs. Protection correlated with an antibody response against the NEAT domains and a decrease in the numbers of bacteria in major organs. Anti-NEAT antibodies promote opsonophagocytosis of bacilli by alveolar macrophages. To guide the development of inactive and safe NEAT antigens, we also report the crystal structure of one of the NEAT domains (Hal) and identify critical residues mediating its heme-binding and acquisition activity. These results indicate that we should consider NEAT proteins in the development of an improved antianthrax vaccine.
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23
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Das K, Thomas T, Garnica O, Dhandayuthapani S. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-CFP10 secretory antigens. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S18-S27. [PMID: 27727129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a great cause of morbidity and mortality in different parts of the world. Unfortunately, the current BCG vaccine being administered is not fully protective against tuberculosis; therefore, there is a great need for alternate vaccines. With an aim to develop such vaccines, we have analyzed the utility of Bacillus subtilis spores for the expression of two major immunodominant antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ag85B and CFP10. We created three recombinant B. subtilis strains to express a truncated fusion of Ag85B191-325 and CFP101-70 antigens (T85BCFP), either on the spore coat (MTAG1 strain) or in the cytosol of B. subtilis (MTAG 2 and MTAG 3 strains). Examination of spores isolated from these strains revealed successful expression of T85BCFP antigens on the spore coat of MTAG1 as well as in the cytosol of vegetatively grown cells of MTAG2 and MTAG3, indicating that spores can indeed express M. tuberculosis antigens. In vitro antigen presentation assays with spore-infected mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) showed that all three recombinant spores could deliver these antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs). Mice immunized with recombinant spores displayed significantly higher levels of Ag85B specific IFN-γ producing cells in the spleen than in mice immunized with wild-type (non-recombinant) spores. In addition, these mice showed relatively higher levels of Ag85B specific IgG antibodies in the serum in comparison to mice immunized with non-recombinant spores, thus providing additional evidence that recombinant spores can deliver these antigens in vivo. These results suggest that B. subtilis spores are ideal vehicles for antigen delivery and have great potential in the development of primary and booster vaccines against tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases/administration & dosage
- Acyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acyltransferases/genetics
- Acyltransferases/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Bacillus subtilis/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spores, Bacterial
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/genetics
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Tima Thomas
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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Boosting BCG with inert spores improves immunogenicity and induces specific IL-17 responses in a murine model of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:97-103. [PMID: 27156624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic, in both animals and man, and novel vaccines are urgently required. Heterologous prime-boost of BCG represents a promising strategy for improved TB vaccines, with respiratory delivery the most efficacious to date. Such an approach may be an ideal vaccination strategy against bovine TB (bTB), but respiratory vaccination presents a technical challenge in cattle. Inert bacterial spores represent an attractive vaccine vehicle. Therefore we evaluated whether parenterally administered spores are efficacious when used as a BCG boost in a murine model of immunity against Mycobacterium bovis. Here we report the use of heat-killed, TB10.4 adsorbed, Bacillus subtilis spores delivered via subcutaneous injection to boost immunity primed by BCG. We demonstrate that this approach improves the immunogenicity of BCG. Interestingly, this associated with substantial boosting of IL-17 responses; considered to be important in protective immunity against TB. These data demonstrate that parenteral delivery of spores represents a promising vaccine vehicle for boosting BCG, and identifies potential for optimisation for use as a vaccine for bovine TB.
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25
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Animal Models for the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention of Infection by Bacillus anthracis. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 3:TBS-0001-2012. [PMID: 26104551 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbs-0001-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the characteristics of the major animal models utilized for studies on Bacillus anthracis and highlights their contributions to understanding the pathogenesis and host responses to anthrax and its treatment and prevention. Advantages and drawbacks associated with each model, to include the major models (murine, guinea pig, rabbit, nonhuman primate, and rat), and other less frequently utilized models, are discussed. Although the three principal forms of anthrax are addressed, the main focus of this review is on models for inhalational anthrax. The selection of an animal model for study is often not straightforward and is dependent on the specific aims of the research or test. No single animal species provides complete equivalence to humans; however, each species, when used appropriately, can contribute to a more complete understanding of anthrax and its etiologic agent.
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26
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Zhao G, Miao Y, Guo Y, Qiu H, Sun S, Kou Z, Yu H, Li J, Chen Y, Jiang S, Du L, Zhou Y. Development of a heat-stable and orally delivered recombinant M2e-expressing B. subtilis spore-based influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3649-58. [PMID: 25483702 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly conserved ectodomain of influenza virus M2 protein (M2e) is an important target for the development of universal influenza vaccines. Today, the use of chemical or genetic fusion constructs have been undertaken to overcome the low immunogenicity of M2e in vaccine formulation. However, current M2e vaccines are neither orally delivered nor heat-stable. In this study, we evaluated the immune efficacy of an orally delivered recombinant M2e vaccine containing 3 molcules of M2e consensus sequence of influenza A viruses, termed RSM2e3. To accomplish this, CotB, a spore coat of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), was used as a fusion partner, and heat-stable nonpathogenic B. subtilis spores were used as the carrier. Our results showed that CotB-M2e3 fusion had no effect on spore structure or function in the resultant recombinant RSM2e3 strain and that heterologous influenza virus M2e protein was successfully displayed on the surface of the recombinant RSM2e3 spore. Importantly, recombinant RSM2e3 spores elicited strong and long-term M2e-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses, completely protecting immunized mice from lethal challenge of A/PR/8/34(H1N1) influenza virus. Taken together, our study forms a solid basis for the development of a novel orally delivered and heat-stable influenza vaccine based on B. subtilis spore surface display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology ; Beijing , China
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27
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Woo SJ, Kang SS, Park SM, Yang JS, Song MK, Yun CH, Han SH. Intranasal immunization with protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis induces a long-term immunological memory response. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:492-500. [PMID: 26278659 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although intranasal vaccination has been shown to be effective for the protection against inhalational anthrax, establishment of long-term immunity has yet to be achieved. Here, we investigated whether intranasal immunization with recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of Bacillus anthracis induces immunological memory responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments. Intranasal immunization with rPA plus cholera toxin (CT) sustained PA-specific antibody responses for 6 months in lung, nasal washes, and vaginal washes as well as serum. A significant induction of PA-specific memory B cells was observed in spleen, cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) and lung after booster immunization. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with rPA plus CT remarkably generated effector memory CD4(+) T cells in the lung. PA-specific CD4(+) T cells preferentially increased the expression of Th1- and Th17-type cytokines in lung, but not in spleen or CLNs. Collectively, the intranasal immunization with rPA plus CT promoted immunologic memory responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments, providing long-term immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Je Woo
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Seong Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Ki Song
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Surface display of the thermophilic lipase Tm1350 on the spore of Bacillus subtilis by the CotB anchor protein. Extremophiles 2015; 19:799-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Zhou Z, Gong S, Li XM, Yang Y, Guan R, Zhou S, Yao S, Xie Y, Ou Z, Zhao J, Liu Z. Expression of Helicobacter pylori urease B on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:104-110. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.076430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1198, 1, Gustave L. Levy Place, 10029-6574 NY, USA
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruili Guan
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiying Ou
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 318 Renminzhong Road, 510120 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Medicine school, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave, 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong 578060, PR China
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30
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Jia H, Lee FS, Farinas ET. Bacillus subtilis spore display of laccase for evolution under extreme conditions of high concentrations of organic solvent. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:665-9. [PMID: 25392937 DOI: 10.1021/co500113t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein libraries were displayed on the spore coat of Bacillus subtilis, and this method was demonstrated as a tool for directed evolution under extreme conditions. Escherichia coli, yeast, and phage display suffer from protein folding, and viability issues. On the other hand, spores avoid folding concerns by the natural sporulation process, and they remain viable under harsh chemical and physical environments. The naturally occurring B. subtilis spore coat protein, CotA, was evolved for improved activity under conditions of high organic solvent concentrations. CotA is a laccase, which is a copper-containing oxidase enzyme. A CotA library was expressed on the spore coat, and ∼ 3000 clones were screened at 60% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A Thr480Ala variant (Thr480Ala-CotA) was identified that was 2.38-fold more active than the wild-type CotA. In addition, Thr480Ala-CotA was more active with different concentrations of DMSO ranging from 0 to 70%. The mutant was also found to be more active compared with the wild-type CotA in different concentrations of methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jia
- Department
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Frederick S. Lee
- Protabit
LLC, 251 South Lake Avenue STE 910, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
| | - Edgardo T. Farinas
- Department
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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31
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A variety of bioactive peptides and proteins have been successfully displayed on the surface of recombinant spores of
Bacillus subtilis
and other sporeformers. In most cases, spore display has been achieved by stably anchoring the foreign molecules to endogenous surface proteins or parts of them. Recombinant spores have been proposed for a large number of potential applications ranging from oral vaccine vehicles to bioremediation tools, and including biocatalysts, probiotics for animal or human use, as well as the generation and screening of mutagenesis libraries. In addition, a nonrecombinant approach has been recently developed to adsorb antigens and enzymes on the spore surface. This nonrecombinant approach appears particularly well suited for applications involving the delivery of active molecules to human or animal mucosal surfaces. Both the recombinant and nonrecombinant spore display systems have a number of advantages over cell- or phage-based systems. The stability, safety of spores of several bacterial species, and amenability to laboratory manipulations, together with the lack of some constraints limiting the use of other systems, make the spore a highly efficient platform to display heterologous proteins.
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32
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Pan JG, Choi SK, Jung HC, Kim EJ. Display of native proteins on Bacillus subtilis spores. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 358:209-17. [PMID: 25168353 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In principle, protein display is enabled by fusing target proteins to naturally secreted, surface-anchored protein motifs. In this work, we developed a method of native protein display on the Bacillus spore surface that obviates the need to construct fusion proteins to display a motif. Spore coat proteins are expressed in the mother cell compartment and are subsequently assembled and deposited on the surface of spores. Therefore, target proteins overexpressed in the mother cell compartment during the late sporulation phase were expected to be targeted and displayed on the spore surface. As a proof of principle, we demonstrated the display of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) in its native form on the spore surface. The target protein, CMCase, was expressed under the control of the cry1Aa promoter, which is controlled by σ(E) and σ(K) and is expressed in the mother cell compartment. The correct display was confirmed using enzyme activity assays, flow cytometry, and immunogold electron microscopy. In addition, we demonstrated the display of a β-galactosidase tetramer and confirmed its correct display using enzyme activity assays and protein characterization. This native protein display system, combined with the robust nature of Bacillus spores, will broaden the range of displayable target proteins. Consequently, the applications of display technology will be expanded, including high-throughput screening, vaccines, biosensors, biocatalysis, bioremediation, and other innovative bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gu Pan
- Superbacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
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33
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Sibley L, Reljic R, Radford DS, Huang JM, Hong HA, Cranenburgh RM, Cutting SM. RecombinantBacillus subtilisspores expressing MPT64 evaluated as a vaccine against tuberculosis in the murine model. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 358:170-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sibley
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre; St George's University of London; London UK
| | - David S. Radford
- Cobra Biologics Ltd; Keele Science Park; Keele UK
- Prokarium Ltd; Keele Science Park; Keele UK
| | - Jen-Min Huang
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | - Huynh A. Hong
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | | | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
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34
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Adamo R. Glycan surface antigens fromBacillus anthracisas vaccine targets: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:895-907. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.924404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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Kaur M, Singh S, Bhatnagar R. Anthrax vaccines: present status and future prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:955-70. [PMID: 23984963 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.814860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The management of anthrax remains a top priority among the biowarfare/bioterror agents. It was the Bacillus anthracis spore attack through the US mail system after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the USA that highlighted the potential of B. anthracis as a bioterrorism agent and the threat posed by its deliberate dissemination. These attacks invigorated the efforts toward understanding the anthrax pathogenesis and development of more comprehensive medical intervention strategies for its containment in case of both natural disease and manmade, accidental or deliberate infection of a non-suspecting population. Currently, efforts are directed toward the development of safe and efficacious vaccines as well as intervention tools for controlling the disease in the advanced fulminant stage when toxemia has already developed. This work presents an overview of the current understanding of anthrax pathogenesis and recent advances made, particularly after 2001, for the successful management of anthrax and outlines future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, Delhi, India
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36
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Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Specific Detection of the Organism Causing Anthrax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-014-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Iwanicki A, Piątek I, Stasiłojć M, Grela A, Lęga T, Obuchowski M, Hinc K. A system of vectors for Bacillus subtilis spore surface display. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:30. [PMID: 24568122 PMCID: PMC4015724 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial spores have been utilized as platforms for protein display. The best studied display systems are based on Bacillus subtilis spores in which several coat proteins have successfully been used as anchors for heterologous protein. Increasing knowledge about spore coat structure enables selection of new anchor proteins such as CotZ and CgeA. Here we describe a system of vectors for display of proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores. Results We have designed and constructed a set of 16 vectors for ectopic integration which can be used for spore surface display of heterologous proteins. There is a selection of five coat proteins: CotB, CotC, CotG, CotZ and CgeA which can be used for construction of fusions. Three of these (CotB, CotC and CotG) enable obtaining N-terminal and C-terminal fusions and other two (CotZ and CgeA) are designed to produce C-terminal fusions only. All the vectors enable introduction of an additional peptide linker between anchor and displayed protein to enhance surface display. As a selection marker trophic genes are used. Additionally we describe an example application of presented vector system to display CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori in fusion with CgeA spore coat protein. Conclusions Described system of vectors is a versatile tool for display of heterologous proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores. Such recombinant spores can be further used as for example biocatalysts or antigen-carriers in vaccine formulations. The lack of antibiotic resistance genes in the system makes such spores an interesting option for applications in which a possible release to the environment can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
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38
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Tournier JN, Ulrich RG, Quesnel-Hellmann A, Mohamadzadeh M, Stiles BG. Anthrax, toxins and vaccines: a 125-year journey targetingBacillus anthracis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:219-36. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.7.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Bouzianas DG. Potential biological targets ofBacillus anthracisin anti-infective approaches against the threat of bioterrorism. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 5:665-84. [PMID: 17678429 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.4.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The terrorist attacks of 2001 involving anthrax underscore the imperative that safe and effective medical countermeasures should be readily available. Vaccination appears to be the most effective form of mass protection against a biological attack, but the current vaccines have drawbacks that justify the enormous amount of effort currently being put into developing more effective vaccines and other treatment modalities. After providing a comprehensive overview of the organism Bacillus anthracis as a biological weapon and its pathogenicity, this review briefly summarizes the current knowledge vital to the management of anthrax disease. This knowledge has been acquired since 2001 as a result of the progress on anthrax research and focuses on the possible development of improved human anti-infective strategies targeting B. anthracis spore components, as well as strategies based on host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Bouzianas
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Care Professions, University-level Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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40
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41
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, a powerful array of techniques has been developed for expressing heterologous proteins and saccharides on the surface of bacteria. Surface-engineered bacteria, in turn, have proven useful in a variety of settings, including high-throughput screening, biofuel production, and vaccinology. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of methods for displaying polypeptides and sugars on the bacterial cell surface, and discuss the many innovative applications these methods have found to date. While already an important biotechnological tool, we believe bacterial surface display may be further improved through integration with emerging methodology in other fields, such as protein engineering and synthetic chemistry. Ultimately, we envision bacterial display becoming a multidisciplinary platform with the potential to transform basic and applied research in bacteriology, biotechnology, and biomedicine.
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42
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Surface display of Acetobacter pasteurianus AdhA on Bacillus subtilis spores to enhance ethanol tolerance for liquor industrial potential. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Construction and evaluation of a novel Bacillus subtilis spores-based enterovirus 71 vaccine. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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44
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Jahns AC, Rehm BHA. Relevant uses of surface proteins--display on self-organized biological structures. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 5:188-202. [PMID: 21906264 PMCID: PMC3815779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are often found attached to surfaces of self‐assembling biological units such as whole microbial cells or subcellular structures, e.g. intracellular inclusions. In the last two decades surface proteins were identified that could serve as anchors for the display of foreign protein functions. Extensive protein engineering based on structure–function data enabled efficient display of technically and/or medically relevant protein functions. Small size, diversity of the anchor protein as well as support structure, genetic manipulability and controlled cultivation of phages, bacterial cells and yeasts contributed to the establishment of designed and specifically functionalized tools for applications as sensors, catalysis, biomedicine, vaccine development and library‐based screening technologies. Traditionally, phage display is employed for library screening but applications in biomedicine and vaccine development are also perceived. For some diagnostic purposes phages are even too small in size so other carrier materials where needed and gave way for cell and yeast display. Only recently, intracellular inclusions such as magnetosomes, polyhydroxyalkanoate granules and lipid bodies were conceived as stable subcellular structures enabling the display of foreign protein functions and showing potential as specific and tailor‐made devices for medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika C Jahns
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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45
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Bacterial spores as platforms for bioanalytical and biomedical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:977-89. [PMID: 21380604 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered bacteria-based sensing systems have been employed in a variety of analyses because of their selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of use. These systems, however, have found limited applications in the field because of the inability of bacteria to survive long term, especially under extreme environmental conditions. In nature, certain bacteria, such as those from Clostridium and Bacillus genera, when exposed to threatening environmental conditions are capable of cocooning themselves into a vegetative state known as spores. To overcome the aforementioned limitation of bacterial sensing systems, the use of microorganisms capable of sporulation has recently been proposed. The ability of spores to endow bacteria-based sensing systems with long lives, along with their ability to cycle between the vegetative spore state and the germinated living cell, contributes to their attractiveness as vehicles for cell-based biosensors. An additional application where spores have shown promise is in surface display systems. In that regard, spores expressing certain enzymes, proteins, or peptides on their surface have been presented as a stable, simple, and safe new tool for the biospecific recognition of target analytes, the biocatalytic production of chemicals, and the delivery of biomolecules of pharmaceutical relevance. This review focuses on the application of spores as a packaging method for whole-cell biosensors, surface display of recombinant proteins on spores for bioanalytical and biotechnological applications, and the use of spores as vehicles for vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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46
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Hu B, Li C, Lu H, Zhu Z, Du S, Ye M, Tan L, Ren D, Han J, Kan S, Wang J, Jin N. Immune responses to the oral administration of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing multi-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus and a cholera toxin B subunit. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:272-9. [PMID: 21129406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has been engineered successfully to express heterologous antigens for use as a vaccine vehicle that can elicit mucosal and systemic immunity response. In this study, a recombinant B. subtilis expressing the B subunit of cholera toxin (CT-B) and an epitope box constituted with antigen sites from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia 1 was constructed and named 1A751/CTB-TEpiAs. Its capability to induce mucosal, humoral, and cellular responses in mice and guinea pigs was evaluated after oral administration with vegetative cells of 1A751/CTB-TEpiAs. In addition, its capability to protect guinea pigs against homologous virus challenge was examined. All animals were given booster vaccination at day 21 after initial inoculation and guinea pigs were challenged 3 weeks after booster vaccination. The control groups were inoculated with a commercial vaccine or administered orally with 1A751/pBC38C or an oral buffer. All animals vaccinated with 1A751/CTB-TEpiAs developed specific anti-FMDV IgA in lung and gut lavage fluid, serum ELISA antibody, neutralizing antibody as well as T lymphocyte proliferation, and IFN-γ secretory responses. Three of the five guinea pigs vaccinated with 1A751/CTB-TEpiAs were protected completely from the viral challenge. The results demonstrate the potential viability of a B. subtilis-based recombinant vaccine for the control and prevention of FMDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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47
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Wolfenden R, Layton S, Wolfenden A, Khatiwara A, Gaona-Ramírez G, Pumford N, Cole K, Kwon Y, Tellez G, Bergman L, Hargis B. Development and evaluation of candidate recombinant Salmonella-vectored Salmonella vaccines. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2370-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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48
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Display of recombinant proteins on Bacillus subtilis spores, using a coat-associated enzyme as the carrier. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5926-33. [PMID: 20601499 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01103-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The display of proteins such as feed enzymes at the surface of bacterial spore systems has a great potential use for animal feed. Feed enzymes increase the digestibility of nutrients, leading to greater efficiency in the manufacturing of animal products and minimizing the environmental impact of increased animal production. To deliver their full potential in the gut, feed enzymes must survive the harsh conditions of the feed preparation and the gastrointestinal tract. The well-documented resistance of spores to harsh environments, together with the ability to use proteins that compose the spore as carriers for the display of passenger proteins, suggests that spores could be used as innovative tools to improve the formulation of bioactive molecules. Although some successful examples have been reported, in which abundant structural proteins of the Bacillus subtilis spore outer-coat layer were used as carriers for the display of recombinant proteins, only one convincing example resulted in the display of functional enzymes. In addition, no examples are available about the use of an inner-coat protein for the display of an active passenger enzyme. In our study, we show that the inner-coat oxalate decarboxylase (OxdD) can expose an endogenous phytase, a commonly used feed enzyme for monogastric animals, in an active form at the spore surface. Importantly, despite the higher abundance of CotG outer-coat protein, an OxdD-Phy fusion was more represented at the spore surface. The potential of OxdD as a carrier protein is further documented through the spore display of a bioactive heterologous passenger, the tetrameric beta-glucuronidase enzyme from Escherichia coli.
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49
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Bouzianas DG. Current and future medical approaches to combat the anthrax threat. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4305-31. [PMID: 20102155 DOI: 10.1021/jm901024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Bouzianas
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AHEPA University Hospital, 1 S. Kyriakidi Street, P.C. 54636, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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50
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Cutting SM, Hong HA, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E. Oral vaccine delivery by recombinant spore probiotics. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 28:487-505. [PMID: 19954360 DOI: 10.3109/08830180903215605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, advancements in molecular and cell biology have allowed scientists to identify a large number of new antigens from a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. However, successful development of these antigens into effective vaccines strongly relies on delivery systems able to avoid the rapid loss of biological activity that often impairs antigen efficacy. Various delivery systems have been proposed as alternative vaccine vehicles, from live microorganisms to nanoparticles, and all of them have shown advantages but also drawbacks. The bacterial spore is a quiescent cell form that, as a vaccine vehicle, may conjugate some advantages of live microorganisms with those of synthetic nanoparticles and that has recently been proposed as a potentially powerful tool to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Here we review the use of bacterial spores as a delivery system for mucosal immunizations. We will first analyze the nature of the interaction between wild type spores and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and then address the immune responses that are induced by oral immunizations with recombinant spores displaying heterologous antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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