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Heidarnejad F, Namvar A, Sadat SM, Pordanjani PM, Rezaei F, Namdari H, Arjmand S, Bolhassani A. In silico designing of novel epitope-based peptide vaccines against HIV-1. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:315-354. [PMID: 38403788 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The HIV-1 virus has been regarded as a catastrophe for human well-being. The global incidence of HIV-1-infected individuals is increasing. Hence, development of effective immunostimulatory molecules has recently attracted an increasing attention in the field of vaccine design against HIV-1 infection. In this study, we explored the impacts of CD40L and IFN-γ as immunostimulatory adjuvants for our candidate HIV-1 Nef vaccine in human and mouse using immunoinformatics analyses. Overall, 18 IFN-γ-based vaccine constructs (9 constructs in human and 9 constructs in mouse), and 18 CD40L-based vaccine constructs (9 constructs in human and 9 constructs in mouse) were designed. To find immunogenic epitopes, important characteristics of each component (e.g., MHC-I and MHC-II binding, and peptide-MHC-I/MHC-II molecular docking) were determined. Then, the selected epitopes were applied to create multiepitope constructs. Finally, the physicochemical properties, linear and discontinuous B cell epitopes, and molecular interaction between the 3D structure of each construct and CD40, IFN-γ receptor or toll-like receptors (TLRs) were predicted. Our data showed that the full-length CD40L and IFN-γ linked to the N-terminal region of Nef were capable of inducing more effective immune response than multiepitope vaccine constructs. Moreover, molecular docking of the non-allergenic full-length- and epitope-based CD40L and IFN-γ constructs to their cognate receptors, CD40 and IFN-γ receptors, and TLRs 4 and 5 in mouse were more potent than in human. Generally, these findings suggest that the full forms of these adjuvants could be more efficient for improvement of HIV-1 Nef vaccine candidate compared to the designed multiepitope-based constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Namvar
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Arjmand
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Heidarnejad F, Bolhassani A, Ajdary S, Milani A, Sadeghi SA. Investigation of Immunostimulatory Effects of IFN-γ Cytokine and CD40 Ligand Costimulatory Molecule for Development of HIV-1 Therapeutic Vaccine Candidate. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300402. [PMID: 37840398 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The most crucial disadvantage of DNA-based vaccines is their low immunogenicity; therefore, finding an effectual adjuvant is essential for their development. Herein, immunostimulatory effects of IFNγ cytokine and a CD40 ligand (CD40L) costimulatory molecule are evaluated as combined with an antigen, and also linked to an antigen in mice. For this purpose, after preparation of the HIV-1 Nef, IFNγ, and CD40L DNA constructs, and also their recombinant protein in an Escherichia coli expression system, nine groups of female BALB/c mice are immunized with different regimens of DNA constructs. About 3 weeks and also 3 months after the last injection, humoral and cellular immune responses are assessed in mice sera and splenocytes. Additionally, mice splenocytes are exposed to single-cycle replicable (SCR) HIV-1 virions for evaluating their potency in the secretion of cytokines in vitro. The data indicate that the linkage of IFNγ and CD40L to Nef antigen can significantly induce the Th-1 pathway and activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes compared to other regimens. Moreover, groups receiving the IFNγ-Nef and CD40L-Nef fusion DNA constructs show higher secretion of IFNγ and TNF-α from virion-infected lymphocytes than other groups. Therefore, the IFNγ-Nef and CD40L-Nef fusion DNA constructs are suggested to be a potential option for development of an efficient HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidarnejad
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, 1415863675, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Sadeghi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
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Choi H, Lee HJ, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. CD40 ligand stimulation affects the number and memory phenotypes of human peripheral CD8 + T cells. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:15. [PMID: 37391734 PMCID: PMC10311846 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40L is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T cells and binds to CD40 which is expressed by various cells including dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes. While CD40-CD40L interaction is known to be direct between B cells and CD4+ T cells which results in proliferation and immunoglobulin isotype switching, antigen presenting cells (APCs) were thought to be involved in the delivery of CD4+ help to CD8+ T cells by cross-talk between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and APCs. However, subsequent study demonstrated that CD40L signal can be directly delivered to CD8+ T cells by CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells. Since most studies have been carried out in murine models, we aimed to investigate the direct effect of CD40L on human peripheral CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Human peripheral CD8+ T cells were isolated to exclude the indirect effect of B cells or dendritic cells. Upon activation, CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells was transiently induced and stimulation with artificial APCs expressing CD40L (aAPC-CD40L) increased the number of total and central memory CD8+ T cells and also pp65 specific CD8+ T cells. Stimulation with aAPC-CD40L also resulted in higher proportion of central memory CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that CD40L has an effect on the increased number of CD8+ T cells through CD40 expressed on activated CD8+ T cells and has influence on memory CD8+ T cell generation. Our results may provide a new perspective of the effect of CD40L on human peripheral CD8+ T cells, which differ according to the memory differentiation status of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyoun Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Expression of CD40L by the ALVAC-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vector Abrogates T Cell Responses in Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01933-19. [PMID: 31896599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01933-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with recombinant ALVAC/gp120 alum vaccine provided modest protection from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) acquisition in humans and macaques. Vaccine-mediated protection was associated with the elicitation of IgG against the envelope V2 loop and of envelope-specific CD4+ T cell responses. We hypothesized that the simultaneous expression of the costimulatory molecule CD40L (CD154) by the ALVAC-HIV vector could increase both protective humoral and cellular responses. We engineered an ALVAC-SIV coexpressing CD40L with SIVmac251 (ALVAC-SIV/CD40L) gag, pol, and env genes. We compared its immunogenicity in macaques with that of a canonical ALVAC-SIV, with both given as a vector-prime/gp120 in alum boost strategy. The ALVAC-SIV/CD40L was superior to the ALVAC-SIV regimen in inducing binding and tier 1 neutralizing antibodies against the gp120. The increase in humoral responses was associated with the expression of the membrane-bound form of the CD40L by CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes. Unexpectedly, the ALVAC-SIV/CD40L vector had a blunting effect on CD4+ Th1 helper responses and instead favored the induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, the immune-suppressive interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine, and the down-modulatory tryptophan catabolism. Ultimately, this strategy failed to protect macaques from SIV acquisition. Taken together, these results underlie the importance of balanced vaccine-induced activating versus suppressive immune responses in affording protection from HIV.IMPORTANCE CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction is crucial for inducing effective cytotoxic and humoral responses against pathogens. Because of its immunomodulatory function, CD40L has been used to enhance immune responses to vaccines, including candidate vaccines for HIV. The only successful vaccine ever tested in humans utilized a strategy combining canarypox virus-based vector (ALVAC) together with an envelope protein (gp120) adjuvanted in alum. This strategy showed limited efficacy in preventing HIV-1/SIV acquisition in humans and macaques. In both species, protection was associated with vaccine-induced antibodies against the HIV envelope and CD4+ T cell responses, including type 1 antiviral responses. In this study, we tested whether augmenting CD40L expression by coexpressing it with the ALVAC vector could increase the protective immune responses. Although coexpression of CD40L did increase humoral responses, it blunted type 1 CD4+ T cell responses against the SIV envelope protein and failed to protect macaques from viral infection.
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Liu J, Clayton K, Gao W, Li Y, Zealey C, Budylowski P, Schwartz J, Yue FY, Bie Y, Rini J, Ostrowski M. Trimeric HIV-1 gp140 fused with APRIL, BAFF, and CD40L on the mucosal gp140-specific antibody responses in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:2149-2159. [PMID: 32014267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env)-specific antibody present at mucosal surfaces can block entry of HIV-1 into these portals and thus should be elicited by an HIV-1 preventive vaccine. Since three molecules of tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF), APRIL, BAFF, and CD40L, could promote mucosal antibody responses, we made fusion constructs of them with an HIV-1 gp140 trimer and tested the mucosal gp140-specific antibody elicited by the fusion constructs in mice using a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination regimen. The fusion constructs formed trimers and displayed both broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes and non-broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes. Compared with the control construct, trimeric gp140, trimeric gp140-APRIL and gp140-BAFF fusion proteins mildly promoted B cell proliferation in vitro, enhanced HIV-1 gp140-binding IgG responses in vaginal lavage or fecal pellets, respectively, and decreased HIV-1 gp140-binding IgA in sera. Gp140-APRIL also augmented HIV-1 gp140-binding IgG in sera. Surprisingly, gp140-CD40L did not promote B cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited mucosal and systemic HIV-1 gp140-binding IgG or IgA. These results suggest that APRIL and BAFF should be further explored as molecular adjuvants for HIV-1 vaccines to enhance mucosal antibody responses, but covalent fusion of TNFSFs to gp140 may hinder their adjuvancy due to steric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kiera Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenbo Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Zealey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Schwartz
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuan Bie
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Rini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Clinical Sciences Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sarkis S, Galli V, Moles R, Yurick D, Khoury G, Purcell DFJ, Franchini G, Pise-Masison CA. Role of HTLV-1 orf-I encoded proteins in viral transmission and persistence. Retrovirology 2019; 16:43. [PMID: 31852543 PMCID: PMC6921521 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTVL-1), first reported in 1980 by Robert Gallo's group, is the etiologic agent of both cancer and inflammatory diseases. Despite approximately 40 years of investigation, the prognosis for afflicted patients remains poor with no effective treatments. The virus persists in the infected host by evading the host immune response and inducing proliferation of infected CD4+ T-cells. Here, we will review the role that viral orf-I protein products play in altering intracellular signaling, protein expression and cell-cell communication in order to escape immune recognition and promote T-cell proliferation. We will also review studies of orf-I mutations found in infected patients and their potential impact on viral load, transmission and persistence. Finally, we will compare the orf-I gene in HTLV-1 subtypes as well as related STLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Yurick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Sciullo PD, Menay F, Cocozza F, Gravisaco MJ, Waldner CI, Mongini C. Systemic administration of imiquimod as an adjuvant improves immunogenicity of a tumor-lysate vaccine inducing the rejection of a highly aggressive T-cell lymphoma. Clin Immunol 2019; 203:154-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Improved immune response against HIV-1 Env antigen by enhancing EEV production via a K151E mutation in the A34R gene of replication-competent vaccinia virus Tiantan. Antiviral Res 2018; 153:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu J, Ostrowski M. Development of targeted adjuvants for HIV-1 vaccines. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:43. [PMID: 28893282 PMCID: PMC5594534 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding new adjuvants is an integrated component of the efforts in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Compared with traditional adjuvants, a modern adjuvant in the context of HIV-1 prevention would elicit a durable and potent memory response from B cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells but avoid overstimulation of HIV-1 susceptible CD4+ T cells, especially at genital and rectal mucosa, the main portals for HIV-1 transmission. We briefly review recent advances in the studies of such potential targeted adjuvants, focusing on three classes of molecules that we study: TNFSF molecules, TLRs agonists, and NODs agonists.
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Generation of a soluble recombinant trimeric form of bovine CD40L and its potential use as a vaccine adjuvant in cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:1-13. [PMID: 26553560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to control infectious diseases in cattle. However, many infectious diseases leading to severe economical losses worldwide still remain for which a really effective and safe vaccine is not available. These diseases are most often due to intracellular pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, which are, by their localization, protected from antibiotics and/or CD4(+) T cell-dependent humoral responses. We therefore postulated that strategies leading to induction of not only CD4(+) T cell responses but also CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against infected cells should be privileged in the development of new vaccines against problematic intracellular pathogens in bovines. CD40 signaling in antigen-presenting cells may lead to the induction of robust CD4-independent CTL responses and several studies, especially in mice, have used CD40 stimulation to promote CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity. For example, we have recently shown that immunization of mice with heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (HKSA) and agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies elicits strong CTL responses capable of protecting mice from subsequent staphylococcal mastitis. Unfortunately, there is at present no tool available to efficiently stimulate CD40 in cattle. In this study, we therefore first produced a soluble recombinant trimeric form of the natural bovine CD40 ligand (sboCD40LT). We then observed that sboCD40LT was able to potently stimulate bovine cells in vitro. Finally, we provide evidence that immunization of cows with sboCD40LT combined with HKSA was able to significantly increase the number of both HKSA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, we suggest that this new molecular tool could help in the development of vaccine strategies against bovine diseases caused by intracellular pathogens.
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Han SS, Lee J, Jung Y, Kang MH, Hong JH, Cha MS, Park YJ, Lee E, Yoon CH, Bae YS. Development of oral CTL vaccine using a CTP-integrated Sabin 1 poliovirus-based vector system. Vaccine 2015; 33:4827-36. [PMID: 26241946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a CTL vaccine vector by modification of the RPS-Vax system, a mucosal vaccine vector derived from a poliovirus Sabin 1 strain, and generated an oral CTL vaccine against HIV-1. A DNA fragment encoding a cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) was integrated into the RPS-Vax system to generate RPS-CTP, a CTL vaccine vector. An HIV-1 p24 cDNA fragment was introduced into the RPS-CTP vector system and a recombinant poliovirus (rec-PV) named vRPS-CTP/p24 was produced. vRPS-CTP/p24 was genetically stable and efficiently induced Th1 immunity and p24-specific CTLs in immunized poliovirus receptor-transgenic (PVR-Tg) mice. In challenge experiments, PVR-Tg mice that were pre-immunized orally with vRPS-CTP/p24 were resistant to challenge with a lethal dose of p24-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus (rMVA-p24). These results suggested that the RPS-CTP vector system had potential for developing oral CTL vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjoo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yideul Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyub Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ezra Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Enhancing poxvirus vectors vaccine immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2235-44. [PMID: 25424927 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated recombinant poxvirus vectors expressing heterologous antigens from pathogens are currently at various stages in clinical trials with the aim to establish their efficacy. This is because these vectors have shown excellent safety profiles, significant immunogenicity against foreign expressed antigens and are able to induce protective immune responses. In view of the limited efficacy triggered by some poxvirus strains used in clinical trials (i.e, ALVAC in the RV144 phase III clinical trial for HIV), and of the restrictive replication capacity of the highly attenuated vectors like MVA and NYVAC, there is a consensus that further improvements of these vectors should be pursuit. In this review we considered several strategies that are currently being implemented, as well as new approaches, to improve the immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors. This includes heterologous prime/boost protocols, use of co-stimulatory molecules, deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes still present in the poxvirus genome, enhancing virus promoter strength, enhancing vector replication capacity, optimizing expression of foreign heterologous sequences, and the combined use of adjuvants. An optimized poxvirus vector triggering long-lasting immunity with a high protective efficacy against a selective disease should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Arriaza
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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13
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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Targeting the HA2 subunit of influenza A virus hemagglutinin via CD40L provides universal protection against diverse subtypes. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:211-20. [PMID: 25052763 PMCID: PMC4269809 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The influenza viral hemagglutinin (HA) is comprised of two subunits. Current influenza vaccine predominantly induces neutralizing antibodies (Abs) against the HA1 subunit, which is constantly evolving in unpredictable fashion. The other subunit, HA2, however, is highly conserved but largely shielded by the HA head domain. Thus, enhancing immune response against HA2 could potentially elicit broadly inhibitory Abs. We generated a recombinant adenovirus (rAd) encoding secreted fusion protein, consisting of codon-optimized HA2 subunit of influenza A/California/7/2009(H1N1) virus fused to a trimerized form of murine CD40L, and determined its ability of inducing protective immunity upon intranasal administration. We found that mice immunized with this recombinant viral vaccine were completely protected against lethal challenge with divergent influenza A virus subtypes including H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2. Codon-optimization of HA2 as well as the use of CD40L as a targeting ligand/molecular adjuvant were indispensable to enhance HA2-specific mucosal IgA and serum IgG levels. Moreover, induction of HA2-specific T-cell responses was dependent on CD40L, as rAd secreting HA2 subunit without CD40L failed to induce any significant levels of T-cell cytokines. Finally, sera obtained from immunized mice were capable of inhibiting 13 subtypes of influenza A viruses in vitro. These results provide proof of concept for a prototype HA2-based universal influenza vaccine.
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Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. Recent findings Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. Summary The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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Design of vaccine adjuvants incorporating TNF superfamily ligands and TNF superfamily molecular mimics. Immunol Res 2014; 57:303-10. [PMID: 24198065 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
TNF superfamily ligands play a critical role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, including the costimulation of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. This costimulation could potentially be exploited for the development of prophylactic vaccines and immunotherapy. Despite this, there have been only a limited number of reports on the use of this family of molecules as gene-based adjuvants to enhance DNA and/or viral vector vaccines. In addition, the molecule latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a viral mimic of the TNF superfamily receptor CD40, provides an alternative approach for the design of novel molecular adjuvants. Here, we discuss advances in the development of recombinant TNF superfamily ligands as adjuvants for HIV vaccines and as cancer immunotherapy, including the use of LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 chimeric fusion proteins to mimic constitutive CD40 signaling.
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Felber BK, Valentin A, Rosati M, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN. HIV DNA Vaccine: Stepwise Improvements Make a Difference. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:354-79. [PMID: 26344623 PMCID: PMC4494255 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient DNA delivery methods and low expression of plasmid DNA have been major obstacles for the use of plasmid DNA as vaccine for HIV/AIDS. This review describes successful efforts to improve DNA vaccine methodology over the past ~30 years. DNA vaccination, either alone or in combination with other methods, has the potential to be a rapid, safe, and effective vaccine platform against AIDS. Recent clinical trials suggest the feasibility of its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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18
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Iyer SS, Amara RR. DNA/MVA Vaccines for HIV/AIDS. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:160-78. [PMID: 26344473 PMCID: PMC4494194 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial proof-of-concept studies examining the ability of antigen-encoded plasmid DNA to serve as an immunogen, DNA vaccines have evolved as a clinically safe and effective platform for priming HIV-specific cellular and humoral responses in heterologous "prime-boost" vaccination regimens. Direct injection of plasmid DNA into the muscle induces T- and B-cell responses against foreign antigens. However, the insufficient magnitude of this response has led to the development of approaches for enhancing the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. The last two decades have seen significant progress in the DNA-based vaccine platform with optimized plasmid constructs, improved delivery methods, such as electroporation, the use of molecular adjuvants and novel strategies combining DNA with viral vectors and subunit proteins. These innovations are paving the way for the clinical application of DNA-based HIV vaccines. Here, we review preclinical studies on the DNA-prime/modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-boost vaccine modality for HIV. There is a great deal of interest in enhancing the immunogenicity of DNA by engineering DNA vaccines to co-express immune modulatory adjuvants. Some of these adjuvants have demonstrated encouraging results in preclinical and clinical studies, and these data will be examined, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Iyer
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Rama R Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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19
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Kanagavelu S, Termini JM, Gupta S, Raffa FN, Fuller KA, Rivas Y, Philip S, Kornbluth RS, Stone GW. HIV-1 adenoviral vector vaccines expressing multi-trimeric BAFF and 4-1BBL enhance T cell mediated anti-viral immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90100. [PMID: 24587225 PMCID: PMC3938597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectored vaccines have shown considerable promise but could be improved by molecular adjuvants. Ligands in the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) are potential adjuvants for adenoviral vector (Ad5) vaccines based on their central role in adaptive immunity. Many TNFSF ligands require aggregation beyond the trimeric state (multi-trimerization) for optimal biological function. Here we describe Ad5 vaccines for HIV-1 Gag antigen (Ad5-Gag) adjuvanted with the TNFSF ligands 4-1BBL, BAFF, GITRL and CD27L constructed as soluble multi-trimeric proteins via fusion to Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) as a multimerization scaffold. Mice were vaccinated with Ad5-Gag combined with Ad5 expressing one of the SP-D-TNFSF constructs or single-chain IL-12p70 as adjuvant. To evaluate vaccine-induced protection, mice were challenged with vaccinia virus expressing Gag (vaccinia-Gag) which is known to target the female genital tract, a major route of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection. In this system, SP-D-4-1BBL or SP-D-BAFF led to significantly reduced vaccinia-Gag replication when compared to Ad5-Gag alone. In contrast, IL-12p70, SP-D-CD27L and SP-D-GITRL were not protective. Histological examination following vaccinia-Gag challenge showed a dramatic lymphocytic infiltration into the uterus and ovaries of SP-D-4-1BBL and SP-D-BAFF-treated animals. By day 5 post challenge, proinflammatory cytokines in the tissue were reduced, consistent with the enhanced control over viral replication. Splenocytes had no specific immune markers that correlated with protection induced by SP-D-4-1BBL and SP-D-BAFF versus other groups. IL-12p70, despite lack of anti-viral efficacy, increased the total numbers of splenic dextramer positive CD8+ T cells, effector memory T cells, and effector Gag-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting that these markers are poor predictors of anti-viral immunity in this model. In conclusion, soluble multi-trimeric 4-1BBL and BAFF adjuvants led to strong protection from vaccinia-Gag challenge, but the protection was independent of standard immune markers. Soluble multi-trimeric SP-D-4-1BBL and SP-D-BAFF provide a novel technology to enhance adenoviral vector vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kanagavelu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - James M. Termini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Francesca N. Raffa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yaelis Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sakhi Philip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Kornbluth
- Multimeric Biotherapeutics, Inc., La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey W. Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ranasinghe C, Ramshaw IA. Genetic heterologous prime–boost vaccination strategies for improved systemic and mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:1171-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Chen Q, Zhu G, Wang R, Zhang J, He G. Adjuvant effect of CD40 on H5N1 DNA vaccine in mice. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1359-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Lauterbach H, Pätzold J, Kassub R, Bathke B, Brinkmann K, Chaplin P, Suter M, Hochrein H. Genetic Adjuvantation of Recombinant MVA with CD40L Potentiates CD8 T Cell Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:251. [PMID: 23986761 PMCID: PMC3753717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a safe and promising viral vaccine vector that is currently investigated in several clinical and pre-clinical trials. In contrast to inactivated or sub-unit vaccines, MVA is able to induce strong humoral as well as cellular immune responses. In order to further improve its CD8 T cell inducing capacity, we genetically adjuvanted MVA with the coding sequence of murine CD40L, a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Immunization of mice with this new vector led to strongly enhanced primary and memory CD8 T cell responses. Concordant with the enhanced CD8 T cell response, we could detect stronger activation of dendritic cells and higher systemic levels of innate cytokines (including IL-12p70) early after immunization. Interestingly, acquisition of memory characteristics (i.e., IL-7R expression) was accelerated after immunization with MVA-CD40L in comparison to non-adjuvanted MVA. Furthermore, the generated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) also showed improved functionality as demonstrated by intracellular cytokine staining and in vivo killing activity. Importantly, the superior CTL response after a single MVA-CD40L immunization was able to protect B cell deficient mice against a fatal infection with ectromelia virus. Taken together, we show that genetic adjuvantation of MVA can change strength, quality, and functionality of innate and adaptive immune responses. These data should facilitate a rational vaccine design with a focus on rapid induction of large numbers of CD8 T cells able to protect against specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lauterbach
- Department of Research Immunology, Bavarian Nordic GmbH , Martinsried , Germany
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23
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Zhang X, Sobue T, Isshiki M, Makino SI, Inoue M, Kato K, Shioda T, Ohashi T, Sato H, Komano J, Hanabusa H, Shida H. Elicitation of both anti HIV-1 Env humoral and cellular immunities by replicating vaccinia prime Sendai virus boost regimen and boosting by CD40Lm. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51633. [PMID: 23236521 PMCID: PMC3517520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For protection from HIV-1 infection, a vaccine should elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. A novel vaccine regimen and adjuvant that induce high levels of HIV-1 Env-specific T cell and antibody (Ab) responses was developed in this study. The prime-boost regimen that used combinations of replication-competent vaccinia LC16m8Δ (m8Δ) and Sendai virus (SeV) vectors expressing HIV-1 Env efficiently produced both Env-specific CD8+ T cells and anti-Env antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). These results sharply contrast with vaccine regimens that prime with an Env expressing plasmid and boost with the m8Δ or SeV vector that mainly elicited cellular immunities. Moreover, co-priming with combinations of m8Δs expressing Env or a membrane-bound human CD40 ligand mutant (CD40Lm) enhanced Env-specific CD8+ T cell production, but not anti-Env antibody production. In contrast, priming with an m8Δ that coexpresses CD40Lm and Env elicited more anti-Env Abs with higher avidity, but did not promote T cell responses. These results suggest that the m8Δ prime/SeV boost regimen in conjunction with CD40Lm expression could be used as an immunization platform for driving both potent cellular and humoral immunities against pathogens such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhang
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Sobue
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mao Isshiki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Makino
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- DNAVEC Corporation, Techno Park Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kato
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infection, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohashi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Komano
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hisatoshi Shida
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Lousberg EL, Diener KR, Brown MP, Hayball JD. Innate immune recognition of poxviral vaccine vectors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1435-49. [PMID: 21988308 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of poxviruses pioneered the field of vaccinology after Jenner's remarkable discovery that 'vaccination' with the phylogenetically related cowpox virus conferred immunity to the devastating disease of smallpox. The study of poxviruses continues to enrich the field of virology because the global eradication of smallpox provides a unique example of the potency of effective immunization. Other poxviruses have since been developed as vaccine vectors for clinical and veterinary applications and include modified vaccinia virus strains such as modified vaccinia Ankara and NYVAC as well as the avipox viruses, fowlpox virus and canarypox virus. Despite the empirical development of poxvirus-based vectored vaccines, it is only now becoming apparent that we need to better understand how the innate arm of the immune system drives adaptive immunity to poxviruses, and how this information is relevant to vaccine design strategies, which are the topics addressed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Lousberg
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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26
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Kanagavelu SK, Snarsky V, Termini JM, Gupta S, Barzee S, Wright JA, Khan WN, Kornbluth RS, Stone GW. Soluble multi-trimeric TNF superfamily ligand adjuvants enhance immune responses to a HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:691-702. [PMID: 22146759 PMCID: PMC3253891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA vaccines remain an important component of HIV vaccination strategies, typically as part of a prime/boost vaccination strategy with viral vector or protein boost. A number of DNA prime/viral vector boost vaccines are currently being evaluated for both preclinical studies and in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. These vaccines would benefit from molecular adjuvants that increase correlates of immunity during the DNA prime. While HIV vaccine immune correlates are still not well defined, there are a number of immune assays that have been shown to correlate with protection from viral challenge including CD8+ T cell avidity, antigen-specific proliferation, and polyfunctional cytokine secretion. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recombinant DNA vaccine adjuvants composed of a fusion between Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) and either CD40 Ligand (CD40L) or GITR Ligand (GITRL) were previously shown to enhance HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccines. Here we show that similar fusion constructs composed of the TNF superfamily ligands (TNFSFL) 4-1BBL, OX40L, RANKL, LIGHT, CD70, and BAFF can also enhanced immune responses to a HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine. BALB/c mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with plasmids expressing secreted Gag and SP-D-TNFSFL fusions. Initially, mice were analyzed 2 weeks or 7 weeks following vaccination to evaluate the relative efficacy of each SP-D-TNFSFL construct. All SP-D-TNFSFL constructs enhanced at least one Gag-specific immune response compared to the parent vaccine. Importantly, the constructs SP-D-4-1BBL, SP-D-OX40L, and SP-D-LIGHT enhanced CD8+ T cell avidity and CD8+/CD4+ T cell proliferation 7 weeks post vaccination. These avidity and proliferation data suggest that 4-1BBL, OX40L, and LIGHT fusion constructs may be particularly effective as vaccine adjuvants. Constructs SP-D-OX40L, SP-D-LIGHT, and SP-D-BAFF enhanced Gag-specific IL-2 secretion in memory T cells, suggesting these adjuvants can increase the number of self-renewing Gag-specific CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cells. Finally adjuvants SP-D-OX40L and SP-D-CD70 increased T(H)1 (IgG2a) but not T(H)2 (IgG1) antibody responses in the vaccinated animals. Surprisingly, the B cell-activating protein BAFF did not enhance anti-Gag antibody responses when given as an SP-D fusion adjuvant, but nonetheless enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS We present evidence that various SP-D-TNFSFL fusion constructs can enhance immune responses following DNA vaccination with HIV-1 Gag expression plasmid. These data support the continued evaluation of SP-D-TNFSFL fusion proteins as molecular adjuvants for DNA and/or viral vector vaccines. Constructs of particular interest included SP-D-OX40L, SP-D-4-1BBL, SP-D-LIGHT, and SP-D-CD70. SP-D-BAFF was surprisingly effective at enhancing T cell responses, despite its inability to enhance anti-Gag antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K. Kanagavelu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Victoria Snarsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - James M. Termini
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Suzanne Barzee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jacqueline A. Wright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Wasif N. Khan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Richard S. Kornbluth
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Geoffrey W. Stone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Melchers M, Matthews K, de Vries RP, Eggink D, van Montfort T, Bontjer I, van de Sandt C, David K, Berkhout B, Moore JP, Sanders RW. A stabilized HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer fused to CD40 ligand targets and activates dendritic cells. Retrovirology 2011; 8:48. [PMID: 21689404 PMCID: PMC3141652 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One reason why subunit protein and DNA vaccines are often less immunogenic than live-attenuated and whole-inactivated virus vaccines is that they lack the co-stimulatory signals provided by various components of the more complex vaccines. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) is no exception to this rule. Other factors that limit the induction of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 lie in the structure and instability of Env. We have previously stabilized soluble trimeric mimics of Env by introducing a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 and adding a trimer stabilizing mutation in gp41 (SOSIP.R6 gp140). Results We further stabilized the SOSIP.R6 gp140 using a GCN4-based isoleucine zipper motif, creating SOSIP.R6-IZ gp140. In order to target SOSIP.R6-IZ to immune cells, including dendritic cells, while at the same time activating these cells, we fused SOSIP.R6-IZ to the active domain of CD40 ligand (CD40L), which may serve as a 'cis-adjuvant'. The Env component of the SOSIP.R6-IZ-CD40L fusion construct bound to CD4 and neutralizing antibodies, while the CD40L moiety interacted with CD40. Furthermore, the chimeric molecule was able to signal efficiently through CD40 and induce maturation of human dendritic cells. Dendritic cells secreted IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 in response to stimulation by SOSIP.R6-IZ-CD40L and were able to activate naïve T cells. Conclusions Chimeric HIV-1 gp140 - CD40L trimers can target and activate dendritic cells. Targeting and activating immune cells using CD40L and other 'cis-adjuvants' may improve subunit protein vaccine immunogenicity for HIV-1 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Melchers
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Gupta S, Termini JM, Niu L, Kanagavelu SK, Rahmberg AR, Kornbluth RS, Evans DT, Stone GW. Latent Membrane Protein 1 as a molecular adjuvant for single-cycle lentiviral vaccines. Retrovirology 2011; 8:39. [PMID: 21592361 PMCID: PMC3118346 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular adjuvants are a promising method to enhance virus-specific immune responses and protect against HIV-1 infection. Immune activation by ligands for receptors such as CD40 can induce dendritic cell activation and maturation. Here we explore the incorporation of two CD40 mimics, Epstein Barr Virus gene LMP1 or an LMP1-CD40 chimera, into a strain of SIV that was engineered to be limited to a single cycle of infection. Results Full length LMP1 or the chimeric protein LMP1-CD40 was cloned into the nef-locus of single-cycle SIV. Human and Macaque monocyte derived macrophages and DC were infected with these viruses. Infected cells were analyzed for activation surface markers by flow cytometry. Cells were also analyzed for secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70 and TNF by cytometric bead array. Conclusions Overall, single-cycle SIV expressing LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 produced a broad and potent TH1-biased immune response in human as well as rhesus macaque macrophages and DC when compared with control virus. Single-cycle SIV-LMP1 also enhanced antigen presentation by lentiviral vector vaccines, suggesting that LMP1-mediated immune activation may enhance lentiviral vector vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Gupta S, Termini JM, Niu L, Kanagavelu SK, Schmidtmayerova H, Snarsky V, Kornbluth RS, Stone GW. EBV LMP1, a viral mimic of CD40, activates dendritic cells and functions as a molecular adjuvant when incorporated into an HIV vaccine. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:389-98. [PMID: 21586676 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 does not significantly activate cellular immunity, which has made it difficult to use attenuated forms of HIV-1 as a vaccine. In contrast, EBV induces robust T cell responses in most infected individuals, perhaps as this virus contains LMP1, a viral mimic of CD40, which is a key activating molecule for DCs and macrophages. Consequently, studies were conducted using LMP1 and LMP1-CD40, a related construct formed by replacing the intracellular signaling domain of LMP1 with that of CD40. Upon electroporation into DCs, LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 mRNAs were sufficient to up-regulate costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating that these molecules can function in isolation as adjuvant-like molecules. As a first step toward an improved HIV vaccine, LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 were introduced into a HIV-1 construct to produce virions encoding these proteins. Transduction of DCs and macrophages with these viruses induced morphological changes and up-regulated costimulatory molecules and cytokine production by these cells. HIV-LMP1 enhanced the antigen-presenting function of DCs, as measured in an in vitro immunization assay. Taken together, these data show that LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 are portable gene cassettes with strong adjuvant properties that can be introduced into viruses such as HIV, which by themselves, are insufficient to induce protective cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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30
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Pine SO, Kublin JG, Hammer SM, Borgerding J, Huang Y, Casimiro DR, McElrath MJ. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity modifies a complex mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine response to an Ad5/HIV-1 vaccine candidate in humans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18526. [PMID: 21533229 PMCID: PMC3076372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the recent Step Study highlight a need to clarify the effects of pre-existing natural immunity to a vaccine vector on vaccine-induced T-cell responses. To investigate this interaction, we examined the relationship between pre-existing Ad5 immunity and T-cell cytokine response profiles in healthy, HIV-uninfected recipients of MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag vaccine (HVTN 050, ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT00849732). Participants were grouped by baseline Ad5 neutralizing antibody titer as either Ad5-seronegative (titer ≤18; n = 36) or Ad5-seropositive (titer >200; n = 34). Samples from vaccine recipients were analyzed for immune responses to either HIV-1 Gag peptide pools or Ad5 empty vector using an ex vivo assay that measures thirty cytokines in the absence of long-term culture. The overall profiles of cytokine responses to Gag and Ad5 had similar combinations of induced Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-13, and IL-10, although the Ad5-specific responses were uniformly higher than the Gag-specific responses (p<0.0001 for 9 out of 11 significantly expressed analytes). At the peak response time point, PBMC from Ad5-seronegative vaccinees secreted significantly more IP-10 in response to Gag (p = 0.008), and significantly more IP-10 (p = 0.0009), IL-2 (p = 0.006) and IL-10 (p = 0.05) in response to Ad5 empty vector than PBMC from Ad5-seropositive vaccinees. Additionally, similar responses to the Ad5 vector prior to vaccination were observed in almost all subjects, regardless of Ad5 neutralizing antibody status, and the levels of secreted IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1Ra and GM-CSF were blunted following vaccination. The cytokine response profile of Gag-specific T cells mirrored the Ad5-specific response present in all subjects before vaccination, and included a number of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines not routinely assessed in current vaccine trials, such as IP-10, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF. Together, these results suggest that vector-specific humoral responses may reduce vaccine-induced T-cell responses by previously undetected mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Pine
- Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joleen Borgerding
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danilo R. Casimiro
- Vaccine Basic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Defining the objectives of the AIDS vaccine for Asia network: report of the WHO-UNAIDS/Global HIV vaccine enterprise regional consultation on expanding AIDS vaccine research and development capacity in Asia. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 5:435-52. [PMID: 20978386 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833c95c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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33
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Abstract
Numerous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines have been developed over the last three decades, but to date an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can be used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in humans has not been identified. The failures and limited successes of HIV-1 vaccines have highlighted the gaps in our knowledge with regard to fundamental immunity against HIV-1 and have provided insights for vaccine strategies that may be implemented for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future. Recent studies have shown that robust mucosal immunity, high avidity and polyfunctional T cells, and broadly neutralizing antibodies are important factors governing the induction of protective immunity against HIV-1. Furthermore, optimization of vaccine delivery methods for DNA or live viral vector-based vaccines, elucidating the immune responses of individuals who remain resistant to HIV-1 infections and also understanding the core immune responses mediating protection against simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) and HIV-1 in animal models following vaccination, are key aspects to be regarded for designing more effective HIV-1 vaccines in the future.
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34
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Cao J, Wang X, Du Y, Li Y, Wang X, Jiang P. CD40 ligand expressed in adenovirus can improve the immunogenicity of the GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine. Vaccine 2010; 28:7514-22. [PMID: 20851084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has recently caused heavy economic losses in swine industry worldwide. Current vaccination strategies only provide a limited protective efficacy, thus immune modulators are being considered to enhance the effectiveness of PRRSV vaccines. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses expressing porcine CD40 ligand (CD40L) and GP3/GP5 of PRRSV were constructed and the immune responses were examined in pigs. The results showed that rAd-CD40L-GP35 (co-expressing CD40L and GP3-GP5) or rAd-GP35 (expressing GP3-GP5) plus rAd-CD40L (expressing CD40L) could provide significant higher specific anti-PRRSV ELISA antibody and neutralizing antibody. And the levels of proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), IFN-γ and IL-4 were markedly increased in rAd-CD40L-GP35 and rAd-CD40L plus rAd-GP35 groups than those in rAd-GP35 group. Following homologous challenge with Chinese isolate of the North-American genotype of PRRSV, pigs inoculated with recombinant rAd-CD40L-GP35 and rAd-CD40L plus rAd-GP35 showed lighter clinical signs and lower viremia, as compared to those in rAd-GP35 group. It indicated that porcine CD40L could effectively increase humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of GP3 and GP5 of PRRSV. Porcine CD40L might be used as an attractive adjuvant or immunotargeting strategies to enhance the PRRSV subunit vaccine responses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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35
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Xu H, Zhao G, Huang X, Ding Z, Wang J, Wang X, Cheng Y, Kang Y, Wang B. CD40-expressing plasmid induces anti-CD40 antibody and enhances immune responses to DNA vaccination. J Gene Med 2010; 12:97-106. [PMID: 19950201 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various approaches have been used to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccination, including the incorporation of molecular adjuvants. Because the CD40 ligand-CD40 interaction plays a major role in initiating immune responses, we sought to develop a molecular adjuvant targeting this interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS We immunized mice with a foot-and-mouth disease virus DNA vaccine, pcD-VP1, together with a CD40-expressing plasmid, pcD-CD40. We found that pcD-CD40 induced anti-CD40 antibodies, which temporally correlated with the augmented production of anti-VP1 antibody. pcD-CD40 similarly augmented the humoral response of another DNA vaccine that targets hepatitis B virus, and passive transfer of anti-CD40 antisera also showed a similar effect. Furthermore, the pcD-CD40-elicited anti-CD40 antibodies were able to activate the CD40 signal pathway in antigen-presenting cells in vitro, which led to the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and DC-mediated T cell activation. Thus, pcD-CD40 augments DNA vaccination by inducing anti-CD40 antibodies, which in turn promotes T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported 'proadjuvant' that augments DNA vaccination indirectly by eliciting agonistic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqian Xu
- State Key Laboratories for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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36
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Abstract
For acute self-limiting infections a vaccine is successful if it elicits memory at least as good as the natural experience; however, for persistent and chronic infections such as HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and human herpes viruses, this paradigm is not applicable. At best, during persistent virus infection the person must be able to maintain the integrity of the immune system in equilibrium with controlling replicating virus. New vaccine strategies are required that elicit both potent high-avidity CD8(+) T-cell effector/memory and central memory responses that can clear the nidus of initial virus-infected cells at mucosal surfaces to prevent mucosal transmission or significantly curtail development of disease. The objective of an HIV-1 T-cell vaccine is to generate functional CD8(+) effector memory cells at mucosal portals of virus entry to prevent viral transmission. In addition, long-lived CD8(+) and CD4(+) central memory cells circulating through secondary lymphoid organs and resident in bone marrow, respectively, are needed to provide a concerted second wave of defense that can contain virus at mucosal surfaces and prevent systemic dissemination. Further understanding of factors which can influence long-lived effector and central memory cell differentiation will significantly contribute to development of effective T-cell vaccines. In this review we will focus on discussing mechanisms involved in T-cell memory and provide promising new approaches toward expanding current vaccine strategies to enhance antiviral memory.
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37
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Abstract
The CTL response plays a central part in deciding the outcome of viral infections. Evidence from host and viral genetics, gene expression microarrays and assays of T-cell phenotype and function indicate that individual differences in the efficiency of the virus-specific CTL response strongly determine the outcome of infection with the human retroviruses HTLV-1 and HIV-1. It is now believed that differences in anti-viral CTL efficiency or "quality" at the single-cell level are critical in determining the efficacy of the host response to viruses. However, it is difficult to identify and quantify the reasons for this apparent individual variation in CTL efficiency, because of the chronic course of infection and the dynamical complexity of the equilibrium that is established between the virus and the host immune response. Specifically, it is unclear whether the observed variations among infected hosts, i.e. in the frequency, phenotype and function or quality of T cells, are the causes or effects - or both - of the variation in the efficiency of virus control.
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38
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Wang HB, Kondo A, Yoshida A, Yoshizaki S, Abe S, Bao LL, Mizuki N, Ichino M, Klinman D, Okuda K, Shimada M. Partial protection against SIV challenge by vaccination of adenovirus and MVA vectors in rhesus monkeys. Gene Ther 2009; 17:4-13. [PMID: 19759567 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of priming rhesus monkeys with an Ad5/35 vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag and gp120, and then boosting the animals with an modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector encoding the same antigens after a 2-month interval. The animals were intravenously challenged with 100 TCID50 of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus 2 months after the booster vaccination. The priming vaccination induced robust SIV-specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and boosting further enhanced the cellular immunity. Vaccination reduced peak and long-term viral loads by 1-2 logs for a period of >6 months, as reflected by a reduction in both the SIV RNA and DNA levels. Of considerable interest, the immunized monkeys did not suffer from loss of CD4 T cells, particularly central memory CD4 T cells. These results demonstrate that prophylactic vaccination with Ad5/35 followed by MVA reduces viral replication and prevents CD4 T-cell loss, and that these effects may decrease the likelihood of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Wang
- Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Zhejiang, China
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39
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Liu J, Ngai N, Stone GW, Yue FY, Ostrowski MA. The adjuvancy of OX40 ligand (CD252) on an HIV-1 canarypox vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:5077-84. [PMID: 19573639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of current human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) canarypox vaccines is weak and needs to be improved. Ligation of OX40 (CD134), a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), by its ligand OX40L (CD252), a tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) molecule, has been demonstrated to provide a pivotal costimulatory signal to enhance CD4(+) T cell help of humoral and cytotoxic T cell immune responses. The present study examined whether an OX40L-expressing vector could boost the immunogenicity of the HIV-1 canarypox vaccine, vCP1452, in mice. Co-immunization of mice with OX40L-expressing canarypox and vCP1452 augmented HIV-1 specific CD8(+) T cell responses in terms of frequency and cytokine expression. OX40L-expressing canarypox enhanced the frequency of antigen specific CD8(+) T cells with an effector (CD127(-)CD62L(-)) phenotype, which was associated with an ex vivo expansion of HIV-1 specific CD4(+) T cells. This was in contrast to our previous work in which a CD40L-expressing construct preferentially enhanced antigen specific memory responses [Liu J, Yu Q, Stone GW, Yue FY, Ngai N, Jones RB, et al. CD40L expressed from the canarypox vector, ALVAC, can boost immunogenicity of HIV-1 canarypox vaccine in mice and enhance the in vitro expansion of viral specific CD8+ T cell memory responses from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals. Vaccine 2008;26(32):4062-72]. Surprisingly, OX40L did not enhance antibody responses elicited by the HIV-1 canarypox vaccine. We saw no added benefit by combining OX40L and CD40L vectors as an adjuvant strategy for vCP1452. Our results indicate that, similar to CD40L, canarypox vectors expressing OX40L can enhance the cellular but not humoral immunogenicity of HIV-1 canarypox vaccines. In summary, our findings show that OX40L can be used as a molecular adjuvant to enhance T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- University of Toronto, Canada.
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40
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Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Sánchez R, Jiménez V, Esteban M. Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) efficiently enhances HIV specific cellular immune responses during DNA prime and boost with attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC expressing HIV antigens. Vaccine 2009; 27:3165-74. [PMID: 19446187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC are now in clinical trials against HIV/AIDS. Due to the vectors restricted replication capacity in human cells, approaches to enhance their immunogenicity are highly desirable. Here, we have analyzed the ability of a soluble form of hexameric CD40L (sCD40L) to stimulate specific immune responses to HIV antigens when inoculated in mice during priming with DNA and in the booster with MVA or NYVAC, expressing the vectors HIV-1 Env, Gag, Pol and Nef antigens from clade B. Our findings revealed that sCD40L in DNA/poxvirus combination enhanced the magnitude about 2-fold (DNA-B/MVA-B) and 4-fold (DNA-B/NYVAC-B), as well as the breath of the HIV antigen specific cellular immune responses. sCD40L was necessary in both prime and boost inoculations triggering a potent polarization of the Th response towards a Th1 type. In DNA-B/NYVAC-B regime the addition of sCD40L significantly enhanced the humoral immune response against HIV gp160, but not in DNA-B/MVA-B combination. These findings provided evidence for the immunostimulatory benefit of sCD40L when DNA and the poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC are used as immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Plotkin SA. Sang Froid in a time of trouble: is a vaccine against HIV possible? J Int AIDS Soc 2009; 12:2. [PMID: 19187552 PMCID: PMC2647531 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the announcement of the STEP trial results in the past months, we have heard many sober pronouncements on the possibility of an HIV vaccine. On the other hand, optimistic quotations have been liberally used, from Shakespeare's Henry V's "Once more unto the breach, dear friends" to Winston Churchill's definition of success as "going from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm". I will forgo optimistic quotations for the phrase "Sang Froid", which translates literally from the French as "cold blood"; what it really means is to avoid panic when things look bad, to step back and coolly evaluate the situation. This is not to counsel easy optimism or to fly in face of the facts, but I believe that while the situation is serious, it is not desperate.I should stipulate at the outset that I am neither an immunologist nor an expert in HIV, but someone who has spent his life in vaccine development. What I will try to do is to provide a point of view from that experience.There is no doubt that the results of STEP were disappointing: not only did the vaccine fail to control viral load, but may have adversely affected susceptibility to infection. But HIV is not the only vaccine to experience difficulties; what lessons can we glean from prior vaccine development?
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