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Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, Toothacre NE, Anguera MC. The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:487-502. [PMID: 38383754 PMCID: PMC11216897 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
There are notable sex-based differences in immune responses to pathogens and self-antigens, with female individuals exhibiting increased susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases, and male individuals displaying preferential susceptibility to some viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. Although sex hormones clearly contribute to sex differences in immune cell composition and function, the presence of two X chromosomes in female individuals suggests that differential gene expression of numerous X chromosome-linked immune-related genes may also influence sex-biased innate and adaptive immune cell function in health and disease. Here, we review the sex differences in immune system composition and function, examining how hormones and genetics influence the immune system. We focus on the genetic and epigenetic contributions responsible for altered X chromosome-linked gene expression, and how this impacts sex-biased immune responses in the context of pathogen infection and systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Forsyth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikhil Jiwrajka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia D Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie E Toothacre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kim Y, Kim G, Min G, Woo Y, Peck KR, Hong JJ, Kim SB. Age-related antibody response to Orthopoxviruses and implications for public health measures: Insights from a South Korean study. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:956-960. [PMID: 38608456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the eradication of smallpox, there have been no specific public health measures for any Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs). Therefore, it is necessary to countermeasure OPXV infections after Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurrences, such as the latest global outbreak in 2022-2023. This study aimed to provide crucial insights for the development of effective public health policy making against mpox in populations residing in regions where the virus is not prevalent. METHODS This study used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to examine smallpox and mpox antibodies in Koreans with three different age groups. We analyzed 56 sera obtained from a tertiary care hospital in South Korea between September 2022 and April 2023. Plasma levels of antibodies against the viral proteins of smallpox (variola cytokine response-modifying protein B) and MPXV (A29) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Plasma samples from participants in their early 40 s and older exhibited higher reactivity to viral antigens than those from younger participants. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation in antibody positivity for the two different viruses across the sera. CONCLUSIONS The presence of low antibody levels in participants ˂40 years may hinder their ability to defend against OPXV. Therefore, it is imperative to implement effective public health measures to mitigate the transmission of OPXV within the community. These findings serve as fundamental information for devising strategies to combat mpox efficiently, particularly in regions where the virus is not prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, South Korea
| | - Green Kim
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, South Korea
| | - Gukhui Min
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, South Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - YoungMin Woo
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, South Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, South Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Sun Bean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Yin A, Wang N, Shea PJ, Rosser EN, Kuo H, Shapiro JR, Fenstermacher KZJ, Pekosz A, Rothman RE, Klein SL, Morgan R. Sex and gender differences in adverse events following receipt of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.17.24301440. [PMID: 38318206 PMCID: PMC10843156 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.24301440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Active and passive surveillance studies have found that a greater proportion of females report adverse events (AE) following receipt of either the COVID-19 or seasonal influenza vaccine compared to males. We sought to determine the intersection of biological sex and sociocultural gender differences in prospective active reporting of vaccine outcomes, which remains poorly characterized. Methods This cohort study enrolled Johns Hopkins Health System healthcare workers (HCWs) who were recruited from the annual fall 2019-2022 influenza vaccine and the fall 2022 COVID-19 bivalent vaccine campaigns. Vaccine recipients were enrolled the day of vaccination and AE surveys were administered two days post-vaccination (DPV) for bivalent COVID-19 and Influenza vaccine recipients. Data were collected regarding the presence of a series of solicited local and systemic AEs. Open-ended answers about participants' experiences with AEs also were collected for the COVID-19 vaccine recipients. Results Females were more likely to report local AEs after influenza (OR=2.28, p=0.001) or COVID-19 (OR=2.57, p=0.008) vaccination compared to males, regardless of age or race. Males and females had comparable probabilities of reporting systemic AEs after influenza (OR=1.18, p=0.552) or COVID-19 (OR=0.96, p=0.907) vaccination. Exogenous hormones from birth control use did not impact the rates of reported AEs following COVID-19 vaccination among reproductive-aged female HCWs. Women reported more interruptions in their daily routine following COVID-19 vaccination than men and were more likely to seek out self-treatment. More women than men scheduled their COVID-19 vaccination before their days off in anticipation of AEs. Conclusions Our findings highlight the need for sex- and gender-inclusive policies to inform more effective occupational health vaccination strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential disruption of AEs on occupational responsibilities following mandated vaccination for healthcare workers and to more fully characterize the post-vaccination behavioral differences between men and women. KEY MESSAGE What is already known on this topic: ⇒ Among diversely aged adults 18-64 years, females report more AEs to vaccines, including the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines, than males.⇒ Vaccine AEs play a role in shaping vaccine hesitancy and uptake.⇒ Vaccine uptake related to influenza and COVID-19 are higher among men than women.⇒ Research that addresses both the sex and gender disparities of vaccine outcomes and behaviors is lacking.What this study adds: ⇒ This prospective active reporting study uses both quantitative and qualitative survey data to examine sex and gender differences in AEs following influenza or COVID-19 vaccination among a cohort of reproductive-aged healthcare workers.How this study might affect research, practice, or policy: ⇒ Sex and gender differences in AEs and perceptions relating to vaccination should drive the development of more equitable and effective vaccine strategies and policies in occupational health settings.
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Xia A, Wang X, He J, Wu W, Jiang W, Xue S, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Han Y, Li Y, Peng X, Xie M, Mayer CT, Liu J, Hua C, Sha Y, Xu W, Huang J, Ying T, Jiang S, Xie Y, Cai Q, Lu L, Silva IT, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Cross-reactive antibody response to Monkeypox virus surface proteins in a small proportion of individuals with and without Chinese smallpox vaccination history. BMC Biol 2023; 21:205. [PMID: 37784185 PMCID: PMC10546712 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the eradication of smallpox in China in 1979, vaccination with the vaccinia virus (VACV) Tiantan strain for the general population was stopped in 1980. As the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is rapidly spreading in the world, we would like to investigate whether the individuals with historic VACV Tiantan strain vaccination, even after more than 40 years, could still provide ELISA reactivity and neutralizing protection; and whether the unvaccinated individuals have no antibody reactivity against MPXV at all. RESULTS We established serologic ELISA to measure the serum anti-MPXV titer by using immunodominant MPXV surface proteins, A35R, B6R, A29L, and M1R. A small proportion of individuals (born before 1980) with historic VACV Tiantan strain vaccination exhibited serum ELISA cross-reactivity against these MPXV surface proteins. Consistently, these donors also showed ELISA seropositivity and serum neutralization against VACV Tiantan strain. However, surprisingly, some unvaccinated young adults (born after 1980) also showed potent serum ELISA activity against MPXV proteins, possibly due to their past infection by some self-limiting Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). CONCLUSIONS We report the serum ELISA cross-reactivity against MPXV surface protein in a small proportion of individuals both with and without VACV Tiantan strain vaccination history. Combined with our serum neutralization assay against VACV and the recent literature about mice vaccinated with VACV Tiantan strain, our study confirmed the anti-MPXV cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization of smallpox vaccine using VACV Tiantan strain. Therefore, it is necessary to restart the smallpox vaccination program in high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yidan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minxiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiou Sha
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Israel T Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil.
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Hoff NA, Bratcher A, Kelly JD, Musene K, Kompany JP, Kabamba M, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Dighero-Kemp B, Kocher G, Elliott E, Reilly C, Halbrook M, Ilunga Kebela B, Gadoth A, Ngoie Mwamba G, Tambu M, McIlwain DR, Mukadi P, Hensley LE, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Rutherford GW, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Rimoin AW. Immunogenicity of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccination in exposed and potentially exposed persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118895119. [PMID: 35110410 PMCID: PMC8833182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118895119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 300,000 rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-glycoprotein (GP) vaccine doses having been administered during Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 2018 and 2020, seroepidemiologic studies of vaccinated Congolese populations are lacking. This study examines the antibody response at 21 d and 6 mo postvaccination after single-dose rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccination among EVD-exposed and potentially exposed populations in the DRC. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 608 rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP-vaccinated individuals during an EVD outbreak in North Kivu Province, DRC. Participants provided questionnaires and blood samples at three study visits (day 0, visit 1; day 21, visit 2; and month 6, visit 3). Anti-GP immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers were measured in serum by the Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group anti-Ebola virus GP IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody response was defined as an antibody titer that had increased fourfold from visit 1 to visit 2 and was above four times the lower limit of quantification at visit 2; antibody persistence was defined as a similar increase from visit 1 to visit 3. We then examined demographics for associations with follow-up antibody titers using generalized linear mixed models. A majority of the sample, 87.2%, had an antibody response at visit 2, and 95.6% demonstrated antibody persistence at visit 3. Being female and of young age was predictive of a higher antibody titer postvaccination. Antibody response and persistence after Ebola vaccination was robust in this cohort, confirming findings from outside of the DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anna Bratcher
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kamy Musene
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Paul Kompany
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Michel Kabamba
- Expanded Programme for Immunization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bonnie Dighero-Kemp
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Gregory Kocher
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Elizabeth Elliott
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Megan Halbrook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Benoit Ilunga Kebela
- Division of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Adva Gadoth
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Merly Tambu
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - David R McIlwain
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - George W Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jean Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Grill DE, Poland GA. Proteomic assessment of humoral immune responses in smallpox vaccine recipients. Vaccine 2022; 40:789-797. [PMID: 34952760 PMCID: PMC8792332 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of effective smallpox vaccines was a critical element of the successful eradication of smallpox in 1980. Antibody responses play a primary role in protective immunity and neutralizing antibody is an established correlate of protection against smallpox. In this study we used a poxvirus proteome array to assess the antibody response to individual viral proteins in a cohort of 1,037 smallpox vaccine recipients. Several statistically significant differences were observed in the antibody response to immunodominant proteins between men and women, including B5R-a major target of neutralizing antibody in vaccinia immune globulin, and the membrane proteins D8L and A27L, both of which have been used as vaccine antigens providing protection in animal models. We also noted differences across racial/ethnic groups. In this cohort, which consisted of both ACAM2000 and Dryvax recipients, we noted minute differences in the antibody responses to a restricted number of viral proteins, providing additional support for the use of ACAM2000 as a replacement smallpox vaccine. Furthermore, our data indicate that poxvirus proteome microarrays can be valuable for screening and monitoring smallpox vaccine-induced humoral immune responses in large-scale serologic surveillance studies and prove useful in the guidance of developing novel smallpox candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA,Corresponding author: Richard B. Kennedy, Ph.D., Co-Director, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, Phone: (507) 284-0708, Fax: (507) 266-4716,
| | - Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Diane E. Grill
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Are sex disparities in COVID-19 a predictable outcome of failing men's health provision? Nat Rev Urol 2021; 19:47-63. [PMID: 34795426 PMCID: PMC8600906 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has taken a catastrophic toll on society, health-care systems and the economy. Notably, COVID-19 has been shown to be associated with a higher mortality rate in men than in women. This disparity is likely to be a consequence of a failure to invest in men’s health, as it has also been established that men have a lower life expectancy and poorer outcomes from non-communicable diseases than women. A variety of biological, social and economic factors have contributed to the sex disparities in mortality from COVID-19. A streamlined men’s health programme — with the urologist as the gatekeeper of men’s health — is needed to help prevent future tragedies of this nature. COVID-19 has been shown to be associated with a higher mortality rate in men than in women. In this Perspectives article, the authors posit that this disparity is due to a failure to invest in men’s health and discuss the biological, social and economic factors that have contributed to the sex disparities in mortality from COVID-19, as well as considering how a streamlined men’s health programme with the urologist in a central role could address these issues.
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Effect of Serial Passage on the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccinia Virus LC16m8 Strain. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111158. [PMID: 34827150 PMCID: PMC8614788 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of an attenuated live vaccine depends on gene mutation achieved by, for example, many passages in cultured cells. Viral clones with preferable phenotypes are selected and the causative genetic mutation(s) are later identified. LC16m8 is an example of a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine that was developed and licensed in Japan in the 1970s. LC16m8 was obtained by the passaging of Lister strain, with indicators of small plaque formation and temperature sensitivity as virus phenotypes. This strain can replicate in mammalian cells and provides robust cellular and humoral immunity, as well as long-term immune memory. Recent studies using proteome-wide antigen arrays have revealed that antibody production against LC16m8 and other VACVs differs largely among individuals. Moreover, associations between SNPs in immune-related genes and immune outcomes have been increasingly found. These results lead to predicting adverse events of a vaccine, which is a purpose of vaccinomics. Studies on VACV will continue to contribute to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions and to development of a vaccine for other infectious and non-infectious diseases. Here, we review studies of VACV, including our recent research on LC16m8, with a focus on the phenotype and genotype, and we discuss future research directions.
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Trevisan A, Mason P, Nicolli A, Maso S, Bertoncello C. Rubella Serosurvey Among Future Healthcare Workers. Front Public Health 2021; 9:741178. [PMID: 34589465 PMCID: PMC8473731 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.741178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Rubella is a very diffusive but relatively benign infectious disease unless contracted during pregnancy, when it causes congenital rubella syndrome. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and titer of antirubella antibodies in a population of future healthcare workers (students at the school of medicine). Methods: The cohort consisted of 11,022 students who underwent antibody analysis after the presentation of a vaccine certificate. Results: Vaccination compliance was very high, particularly in younger students (born after 1995), reaching almost 100% (at least one dose). Unvaccinated students born before 1990 had high seropositivity (>95%), but this percentage dropped to zero among the youngest students. Variables affecting antibody titer included year of birth and sex. Considering only vaccinated students, a greater antibody response was observed if the vaccine was administered between 8 and 10 years of age. Female sex was associated with more significant (p < 0.0001) positivity and higher antibody titer after one and two doses. However, this difference appeared less consistent in relation to year of birth. Conclusions: The studied population exhibited excellent vaccination compliance, high seropositivity, and high antibody titer. Vaccine and immune coverage were higher than what is deemed necessary to achieve herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova (Italy), Padova, Italy
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10
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Crooke SN, Goergen KM, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. Inflammasome Activity in Response to Influenza Vaccination Is Maintained in Monocyte-Derived Peripheral Blood Macrophages in Older Adults. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:719103. [PMID: 35822051 PMCID: PMC9261430 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.719103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Each year, a disproportionate number of the total seasonal influenza-related hospitalizations (90%) and deaths (70%) occur among adults who are >65 years old. Inflammasome activation has been shown to be important for protection against influenza infection in animal models but has not yet been demonstrated in humans. We hypothesized that age-related dysfunction (immunosenescence) of the inflammasome may be associated with poor influenza-vaccine response among older adults.Methods: A cohort of younger (18–40 years of age) and older (≥65 years of age) adults was recruited prior to the 2014–2015 influenza season. We measured hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers in serum before and 28 days after receipt of the seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine. Inflammasome-related gene expression and protein secretion were quantified in monocyte-derived macrophages following stimulation with influenza A/H1N1 virus.Results: Younger adults exhibited higher HAI titers compared to older adults following vaccination, although inflammasome-related protein secretion in response to influenza stimulation was similar between the age groups. Expression of P2RX7 following influenza stimulation was lower among older adults. Interestingly, CFLAR expression was significantly higher among females (p = 2.42 × 10−5) following influenza stimulation and this gene may play an important role in the development of higher HAI antibody titers among older females.Conclusion: Inflammasome activation in response to influenza vaccination appears to be maintained in monocyte-derived macrophages from older adults and does not explain the poor influenza vaccine responses generally observed among this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N. Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Krista M. Goergen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard B. Kennedy,
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11
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Response to Vaccination against Mumps in Medical Students: Two Doses Are Needed. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071311. [PMID: 34372517 PMCID: PMC8310302 DOI: 10.3390/v13071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease diffuse worldwide. The implementation of mumps vaccination reduced largely the spread of infection. On 11,327 Medical School students the prevalence of mumps positive antibodies was evaluated according to dose/doses of vaccine, year of birth and sex. Compliance to mumps vaccine was low in students born before 1990 but increased consistently after this year, above all compliance to two doses, due to the implementation of the vaccine offer. Positivity of mumps antibodies is significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in students vaccinated once (71.2%) compared to those vaccinated twice (85.4%). In addition, students born after 1995, largely vaccinated twice, showed a seropositivity near to 90%. Further, females had a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher proportion of positive antibodies after vaccination than males, both one (74.6% vs. 64.7%) and two doses (86.8% vs. 82.9%). Finally, seropositivity after two vaccine doses remains high (86.1%) even 15 years after the second dose. In conclusion, the research highlighted that vaccination against mumps reaches a good level of coverage only after two doses of vaccine persisting at high levels over 15 years and induces a more significant response in females.
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Van Tilbeurgh M, Lemdani K, Beignon AS, Chapon C, Tchitchek N, Cheraitia L, Marcos Lopez E, Pascal Q, Le Grand R, Maisonnasse P, Manet C. Predictive Markers of Immunogenicity and Efficacy for Human Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:579. [PMID: 34205932 PMCID: PMC8226531 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the major advances of modern medicine. Despite the many successes of vaccination, continuous efforts to design new vaccines are needed to fight "old" pandemics, such as tuberculosis and malaria, as well as emerging pathogens, such as Zika virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccination aims at reaching sterilizing immunity, however assessing vaccine efficacy is still challenging and underscores the need for a better understanding of immune protective responses. Identifying reliable predictive markers of immunogenicity can help to select and develop promising vaccine candidates during early preclinical studies and can lead to improved, personalized, vaccination strategies. A systems biology approach is increasingly being adopted to address these major challenges using multiple high-dimensional technologies combined with in silico models. Although the goal is to develop predictive models of vaccine efficacy in humans, applying this approach to animal models empowers basic and translational vaccine research. In this review, we provide an overview of vaccine immune signatures in preclinical models, as well as in target human populations. We also discuss high-throughput technologies used to probe vaccine-induced responses, along with data analysis and computational methodologies applied to the predictive modeling of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Van Tilbeurgh
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Katia Lemdani
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Unité de Recherche i3, Inserm UMR-S 959, Bâtiment CERVI, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Lina Cheraitia
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Ernesto Marcos Lopez
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Caroline Manet
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
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Xie J, Zi W, Li Z, He Y. Ontology-based Precision Vaccinology for Deep Mechanism Understanding and Precision Vaccine Development. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:900-910. [PMID: 33238868 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201125112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most important innovations in human history. It has also become a hot research area in a new application - the development of new vaccines against non-infectious diseases such as cancers. However, effective and safe vaccines still do not exist for many diseases, and where vaccines exist, their protective immune mechanisms are often unclear. Although licensed vaccines are generally safe, various adverse events, and sometimes severe adverse events, still exist for a small population. Precision medicine tailors medical intervention to the personal characteristics of individual patients or sub-populations of individuals with similar immunity-related characteristics. Precision vaccinology is a new strategy that applies precision medicine to the development, administration, and post-administration analysis of vaccines. Several conditions contribute to make this the right time to embark on the development of precision vaccinology. First, the increased level of research in vaccinology has generated voluminous "big data" repositories of vaccinology data. Secondly, new technologies such as multi-omics and immunoinformatics bring new methods for investigating vaccines and immunology. Finally, the advent of AI and machine learning software now makes possible the marriage of Big Data to the development of new vaccines in ways not possible before. However, something is missing in this marriage, and that is a common language that facilitates the correlation, analysis, and reporting nomenclature for the field of vaccinology. Solving this bioinformatics problem is the domain of applied biomedical ontology. Ontology in the informatics field is human- and machine-interpretable representation of entities and the relations among entities in a specific domain. The Vaccine Ontology (VO) and Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) have been developed to support the standard representation of vaccines, vaccine components, vaccinations, host responses, and vaccine adverse events. Many other biomedical ontologies have also been developed and can be applied in vaccine research. Here, we review the current status of precision vaccinology and how ontological development will enhance this field, and propose an ontology-based precision vaccinology strategy to support precision vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangan Xie
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenrui Zi
- Chongqing engineering research center of medical electronics and information technology, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Chongqing engineering research center of medical electronics and information technology, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Development of Microbiology and Immunology, Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Trevisan A, Mason P, Nicolli A, Maso S, Scarpa B, Moretto A, Scapellato ML. Vaccination and Immunity toward Measles: A Serosurvey in Future Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:377. [PMID: 33924547 PMCID: PMC8069293 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a very contagious infectious disease, and vaccination is the only medical aid to counter the spread of the infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vaccination schedule and type of vaccine, number of doses, and sex on the immune response. In a population of Italian medical students (8497 individuals born after 1980 with certificate of vaccination and quantitative measurement of antibodies against measles), the prevalence of positive antibodies to measles and antibody titer was measured. Vaccination schedule such as number of doses and vaccine type (measles alone or combined as measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)) and sex were the variables considered to influence the immune response. The vaccination schedule depends on the year of birth: students born before 1990 were prevalently vaccinated once and with measles vaccine alone (not as MMR). One dose of vaccine induces a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher positive response and antibody titer than two doses, in particular when measles alone is used (p < 0.0001). Females have a significantly higher percentage of positive response (p = 0.0001) than males but only when the MMR formulation was used. Multiple linear regression confirms that sex significantly influences antibody titer when only MMR is used, after one (p = 0.0002) or two (p = 0.0060) doses. In conclusion, vaccination schedule and, partially, sex influence immune response to measles vaccination. Most notably, the measles vaccine alone (one dose) is more effective than one and two doses of MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.M.); (A.N.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Paola Mason
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.M.); (A.N.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Annamaria Nicolli
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.M.); (A.N.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Stefano Maso
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.M.); (A.N.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Bruno Scarpa
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Mathematics “Tullio Levi-Civita”, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.M.); (A.N.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Maria Luisa Scapellato
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (P.M.); (A.N.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.S.)
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Casali P, Shen T, Xu Y, Qiu Z, Chupp DP, Im J, Xu Z, Zan H. Estrogen Reverses HDAC Inhibitor-Mediated Repression of Aicda and Class-Switching in Antibody and Autoantibody Responses by Downregulation of miR-26a. Front Immunol 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 32265934 PMCID: PMC7105609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen contributes to females' strong antibody response to microbial vaccines and proneness to autoimmunity, particularly antibody-mediated systemic autoimmunity, in females. We have hypothesized that this is due to estrogen-mediated potentiation of class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). As we have shown, estrogen boosts AID expression, which is critical for both CSR and SHM, through upregulation of HoxC4, which together with NF-κB critically mediates Aicda (AID gene) promoter activation. We contend here that additional regulation of Aicda expression by estrogen occurs through epigenetic mechanisms. As we have shown, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate and propionate as well as the pharmacologic HDI valproic acid upregulate miRNAs that silence AID expression, thereby modulating specific antibody responses in C57BL/6 mice and autoantibody responses in lupus-prone MRL/Faslpr/lpr mice. Here, using constitutive knockout Esr1-/- mice and B cells as well as conditional knockout Aicdacre/creEsr1flox/flox mice and B cells, we showed that the HDI-mediated downregulation of Aicda expression as well as the maturation of antibody and autoantibody responses is reversed by estrogen and enhanced by deletion of ERα or E2 inhibition. Estrogen's reversion of HDI-mediated inhibition of Aicda and CSR in antibody and autoantibody responses occurred through downregulation of B cell miR-26a, which, as we showed, targets Aicda mRNA 3'UTR. miR-26a was significantly upregulated by HDIs. Accordingly, enforced expression of miR-26a reduced Aicda expression and CSR, while miR-26a-sponges (competitive inhibitors of miR-26a) increased Aicda expression and CSR. Thus, our findings show that estrogen reverses the HDI-mediated downregulation of AID expression and CSR through selective modulation of miR-26a. They also provide mechanistic insights into the immunomodulatory activity of this hormone and a proof-of-principle for using combined ER inhibitor-HDI as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Zhang D, Guo Y, Rutherford S, Qi C, Wang X, Wang P, Zheng Z, Xu Q, Li X. The relationship between meteorological factors and mumps based on Boosted regression tree model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133758. [PMID: 31422317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps remains a major global public health problem. Many studies have explored the relationship between meteorological factors and mumps, few have comprehensively explored such associations considering nonlinear relationship, delayed effects and collinearity in order to more accurately estimate them. This study aims to explore the relationship between meteorological factors and mumps in consideration of nonlinearity, delayed effects and collinearity. METHODS We collected daily reported mumps cases and meteorological data for Jining City, Shandong Province, China from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016. By building a Boosted regression tree model (BRT) for each day from lag 0days to the maximum lag time, the optimal lag time was selected and the relationship between meteorological factors and mumps was explored for this lag time. RESULTS From 2007 to 2016, a total of 15,064 cases of mumps were reported in Jining, with a sex ratio of 2.11:1. Cases were most prevalent in 5-9-year-olds (42.15%) followed by 10-14-year-olds (24.72%). The optimal lag time identified was 10days and the three meteorological factors that contributed the most to the risk of mumps were daily mean temperature, daily mean relative humidity and daily mean sunshine duration. Their relative contribution rates were 24.4%, 19.9% and 18.3%, respectively. The mean temperature and sunshine duration relationships approximated a U-shaped effect on the risk of mumps, with estimated thresholds of 5.5°C and 9.5h, respectively. The effect of relative humidity on mumps increased slightly and then decreased rapidly, with a threshold of 64%. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that daily mean temperature, relative humidity and sunshine duration were three significant meteorological factors associated with the incidence of mumps in Jining, China. Understanding the shape of relationships and their thresholds are critical for establishing early warning systems which are important tools in the prevention and control of mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Chang Qi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peizhu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaolei Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xiujun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Comparison of antibody response between boys and girls after infant and childhood vaccinations in the Netherlands. Vaccine 2019; 37:4504-4510. [PMID: 31279563 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases can differ by sex in their incidence, prevalence, or severity of disease. These differences may be induced by sex-dependent immune responses and resulting protection, for example after vaccination. Therefore, this study aims to assess possible sex-differences in immunoglobulin levels (IgG) after infant and childhood vaccination. METHODS Data from a national cross-sectional serosurvey conducted in 2006/2007 were used (Pienter 2). We compared IgG levels against measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) between girls and boys both short term (1 month to 1 year) and long term (1-3 year) after infant and childhood vaccinations, using linear regression analysis. Proportions of boys and girls reaching a protective IgG level were compared using Fishers exact test. RESULTS Differences in IgG were found at specific time points after vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, MenC, and polio. The geometric mean concentration or titer (GMC/T) girls:boys ratios ranged between 1.10 for polio type 1 <1 year after the first childhood booster to 1.90 for MenC <1 year after infant vaccination, indicating higher antibody levels in girls. No significant differences were found between boys and girls for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Hib at either time point. Proportions with protective levels differed only at 1-3 years after infant vaccination for mumps (82.5% boys vs. 91.9% girls, p = 0.046), and at the same time point for MenC (7.0% boys vs. 18.2% girls, p = 0.015), and polio type 1 (87.8% boys vs. 95.9% girls, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION Differences in IgG between boys and girls were generally small and not consistent, neither between pathogens nor within pathogens. If differences were observed, girls were favored over boys. On the whole, the results suggest that there are no major sex differences in protection from the studied pathogens in the Netherlands.
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Reduced IgG titers against pertussis in rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence for a citrulline-biased immune response and medication effects. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217221. [PMID: 31136605 PMCID: PMC6538243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antibody response to pertussis vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, a concerning omission given the relatively low efficacy of the pertussis vaccine, a rise in pertussis infections, and a general increased susceptibility to infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, the contributions from an intrinsically dysregulated immune system in rheumatoid arthritis and immune-suppressing medications to the response to pertussis vaccination is poorly defined. This study examines antibody titers against pertussis in vaccinated rheumatoid arthritis patients and controls as well as evaluates potential contributions from demographic factors, immune suppressing medications, and reactivity against citrullinated pertussis. METHODS Serum IgG titers against native and citrullinated pertussis and tetanus were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in rheumatoid arthritis subjects and controls who were vaccinated within 10 years. Titers were compared by t-test and percent immunity by Fisher's exact test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify clinical factors that correlate with native pertussis titers. RESULTS Compared to controls, rheumatoid arthritis subjects had lower titers against pertussis, but not tetanus, and reduced immunity to pertussis. These results were even more prominent at 5-10 years post-vaccination, when rheumatoid arthritis patients had 50% lower titers than controls and 2.5x more rheumatoid arthritis subjects were not considered immune to pertussis. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that female sex and methotrexate use, but not TNF inhibiting medications, correlated with reduced immunity to pertussis. Finally, rheumatoid arthritis patients had higher IgG titers against citrullinated pertussis than native pertussis. CONCLUSIONS Pertussis titers are lower in vaccinated rheumatoid arthritis patients with evidence for contributions from female sex, a citrulline-biased immune response, and methotrexate use.
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Seroprevalence and durability of rubella virus antibodies in a highly immunized population. Vaccine 2019; 37:3876-3882. [PMID: 31126859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the administration of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been widespread in the United States for decades, gaps in vaccine coverage still persist for various reasons. The maintenance of herd immunity against rubella virus (RV) is important to controlling the spread and resurgence of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS In this study, we sought to assess the seroprevalence of RV-specific antibodies in an adult population from a defined geographic area in Olmsted County, MN, and the surrounding municipalities, with relatively high vaccine coverage and no documented evidence of circulating RV in the past 24 years. Rubella-specific IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA in a large set of serum samples (n = 1393) obtained from the Mayo Clinic Biobank. This cohort was 80.2% female and ranged from 20 to 44 years of age. RESULTS In total, 97.8% of subjects were seropositive for rubella-specific IgG antibodies, with a median titer of 40.56 IU/mL, suggesting a high degree of immunization; however, 2.2% of subjects were found to be seronegative. Interestingly, 25.1% of subjects were seropositive but had titers lower than 25 IU/mL, indicating either a population of low responders or individuals that could potentially be at risk of waning immunity. No significant associations or differences were found between RV-specific titers and demographic variables such as age, sex, or body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS A high rate of seropositivity for rubella was found among this young adult cohort, but a significant percent of the cohort had lower titers that may indicate poor initial vaccine response and potential risk if their antibody titers decline.
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Abstract
There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
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21
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Voigt EA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Grill DE, Goergen KM, Schaid DJ, Poland GA. Sex Differences in Older Adults' Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:180. [PMID: 30873150 PMCID: PMC6400991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sex differences in immune responses to influenza vaccine may impact efficacy across populations. Methods: In a cohort of 138 older adults (50-74 years old), we measured influenza A/H1N1 antibody titers, B-cell ELISPOT response, PBMC transcriptomics, and PBMC cell compositions at 0, 3, and 28 days post-immunization with the 2010/11 seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine. Results: We identified higher B-cell ELISPOT responses in females than males. Potential mechanisms for sex effects were identified in four gene clusters related to T, NK, and B cells. Mediation analysis indicated that sex-dependent expression in T and NK cell genes can be partially attributed to higher CD4+ T cell and lower NK cell fractions in females. We identified strong sex effects in 135 B cell genes whose expression correlates with ELISPOT measures, and found that cell subset differences did not explain the effect of sex on these genes' expression. Post-vaccination expression of these genes, however, mediated 41% of the sex effect on ELISPOT responses. Conclusions: These results improve our understanding of sexual dimorphism in immunity and influenza vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Voigt
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Diane E. Grill
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Krista M. Goergen
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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22
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Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Thomas A, Larrabee BR, Rubin S, Poland GA. Differential durability of immune responses to measles and mumps following MMR vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 37:1775-1784. [PMID: 30797639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development and wide-spread use of mumps vaccine resulted in a dramatic and sustained decrease in the incidence of mumps disease; however, since 2000, an increase in the size and number of mumps outbreaks in the United States and other countries has sparked renewed interest in the durability of mumps-specific immunity elicited by mumps vaccination. The most likely explanation for mumps cases in previously immunized persons may be secondary vaccine failure, or waning immunity. In the current study, we examined changes in markers of measles and mumps immunity at two timepoints, approximately 7 and 17 years after two-dose MMR-II® vaccination, in a cohort of 98 healthy adults. Our results indicate that mumps IgG titers exhibited a large and significant decline during this time period, while mumps neutralizing Ab titers were relatively stable. There was a similar discrepancy with measles-specific immune responses. For both pathogens, neutralizing antibody titers were fairly low and, given the length of time since vaccination, may have already declined. These data suggest that specific immune outcomes may wane at different rates and highlight our currently incomplete understanding of protective immune responses to mumps and measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | - Antonia Thomas
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Beth R Larrabee
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven Rubin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Pilkerton CS, Hobbs GR, Lilly C, Knox SS. Rubella immunity and serum perfluoroalkyl substances: Sex and analytic strategy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203330. [PMID: 30248109 PMCID: PMC6152869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been associated with decreased immunity to childhood tetanus and diphtheria immunizations. If these vaccinations are vulnerable to influence from PFASs, questions arise about associations with other common inoculations. Objective To examine whether serum PFASs were associated with reduced immunity to rubella immunization, and whether interactions with sex or ethnicity warranted analytic stratification. Usually, toxicology analyses are calculated controlling for race and sex. However, sex differences in immune function have been reported and a reduction of immunity to rubella in women could pose risks such miscarriage. Methods We analyzed a nationally representative sample of individuals ≥ 12 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for years 1999–2000 and 2003–2004 for whom PFAS measures were available. Our analytic strategy was to start with separate analyses for youth and adults controlling for several covariates including ethnicity and sex, as well as the interaction of these terms with PFASs. If there was a main effect of PFASs and an interaction term, we would stratify analyses of effect size. The outcome variable was Rubella IgG titers by quartile of perfluoroalkyl substances. Results After exclusion for missing data, the analyzed sample contained 581 adult women, 621 adult men, and 1012 youth. There was no significant effect of PFASs on immunity in youths but a significant effect of both PFOA and PFOS in adults, as well as a significant interaction of PFOA x sex and a borderline significant interaction of PFOS x sex. When effect size analyses were stratified by sex, a significant association between rubella titres and PFOA was found in men but not women and PFOS was not significant in either sex. Conclusions These results support our earlier studies showing sex specific responses to PFASs and indicate the importance of thinking carefully about analytic strategies in population based toxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S. Pilkerton
- WVU School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gerald R. Hobbs
- Deptarment of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christa Lilly
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Knox
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Scepanovic P, Alanio C, Hammer C, Hodel F, Bergstedt J, Patin E, Thorball CW, Chaturvedi N, Charbit B, Abel L, Quintana-Murci L, Duffy D, Albert ML, Fellay J. Human genetic variants and age are the strongest predictors of humoral immune responses to common pathogens and vaccines. Genome Med 2018; 10:59. [PMID: 30053915 PMCID: PMC6063007 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humoral immune responses to infectious agents or vaccination vary substantially among individuals, and many of the factors responsible for this variability remain to be defined. Current evidence suggests that human genetic variation influences (i) serum immunoglobulin levels, (ii) seroconversion rates, and (iii) intensity of antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we evaluated the impact of intrinsic (age and sex), environmental, and genetic factors on the variability of humoral response to common pathogens and vaccines. METHODS We characterized the serological response to 15 antigens from common human pathogens or vaccines, in an age- and sex-stratified cohort of 1000 healthy individuals (Milieu Intérieur cohort). Using clinical-grade serological assays, we measured total IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM levels, as well as qualitative (serostatus) and quantitative IgG responses to cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, influenza A virus, measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis B virus. Following genome-wide genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms and imputation, we examined associations between ~ 5 million genetic variants and antibody responses using single marker and gene burden tests. RESULTS We identified age and sex as important determinants of humoral immunity, with older individuals and women having higher rates of seropositivity for most antigens. Genome-wide association studies revealed significant associations between variants in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II region on chromosome 6 and anti-EBV and anti-rubella IgG levels. We used HLA imputation to fine map these associations to amino acid variants in the peptide-binding groove of HLA-DRβ1 and HLA-DPβ1, respectively. We also observed significant associations for total IgA levels with two loci on chromosome 2 and with specific KIR-HLA combinations. CONCLUSIONS Using extensive serological testing and genome-wide association analyses in a well-characterized cohort of healthy individuals, we demonstrated that age, sex, and specific human genetic variants contribute to inter-individual variability in humoral immunity. By highlighting genes and pathways implicated in the normal antibody response to frequently encountered antigens, these findings provide a basis to better understand disease pathogenesis. TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT01699893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Scepanovic
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cell Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Hammer
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Hodel
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Bergstedt
- Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Etienne Patin
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 3012, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Christian W Thorball
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nimisha Chaturvedi
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Charbit
- Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker branch, Inserm U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,St Giles laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 3012, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cell Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew L Albert
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Mucker EM, Wollen-Roberts SE, Kimmel A, Shamblin J, Sampey D, Hooper JW. Intranasal monkeypox marmoset model: Prophylactic antibody treatment provides benefit against severe monkeypox virus disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006581. [PMID: 29927927 PMCID: PMC6029809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns regarding outbreaks of human monkeypox or the potential reintroduction of smallpox into an immunological naïve population have prompted the development of animal models and countermeasures. Here we present a marmoset model of monkeypox and smallpox disease utilizing a relevant poxvirus via a natural exposure route. We found that 1000 plaque forming units (PFU) of Monkeypox virus was sufficient to recapitulate smallpox disease, to include an incubation period of approximately 13 days, followed by the onset of rash, and death between 15 and 17 days. Temporally accurate manifestation of viremia and oral shedding were also features. The number of lesions ranged from no lesions to 299, the most reported in a marmoset exposed to a poxvirus. To both evaluate the efficacy of our antibodies and the applicability of the model system, marmosets were prophylactically treated with two monoclonal antibodies, c7D11 and c8A. Of three marmosets, two were completely free of disease and a single marmoset died 8 days after the mock (n = 1) or PBS control(s) (n = 2). Evaluation of the serum levels of the three animals provided a possible explanation to the animal succumbing to disease. Interestingly, more females had lesions (and a greater number of lesions) and lower viral burden (viremia and oral shedding) than males in our studies, suggesting a possible gender effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Mucker
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Fort Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Wollen-Roberts
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Fort Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Kimmel
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Fort Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josh Shamblin
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Fort Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darryl Sampey
- BioFactura, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Fort Detrick Maryland, United States of America
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26
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. Personalized vaccinology: A review. Vaccine 2017; 36:5350-5357. [PMID: 28774561 PMCID: PMC5792371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part, historically been driven by an empiric “isolate-inactivate-inject” paradigm. In turn, a population-level public health paradigm of “the same dose for everyone for every disease” model has been the normative thinking in regard to prevention of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. In addition, up until recently, no vaccines had been designed specifically to overcome the immunosenescence of aging, consistent with a post-WWII mentality of developing vaccines and vaccine programs for children. It is now recognized that the current lack of knowledge concerning how immune responses to vaccines are generated is a critical barrier to understanding poor vaccine responses in the elderly and in immunoimmaturity, discovery of new correlates of vaccine immunogenicity (vaccine response biomarkers), and a directed approach to new vaccine development. The new fields of vaccinomics and adversomics provide models that permit global profiling of the innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses integrated at a systems biology level. This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing “downstream” adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. Others have applied systems level approaches to the study of antibody responses (a.k.a. “systems serology”), [1] high-dimensional cell subset immunophenotyping through CyTOF, [2,3] and vaccine induced metabolic changes [4]. In turn, this knowledge is being utilized to better understand the following: identifying who is at risk for which infections; the level of risk that exists regarding poor immunogenicity and/or serious adverse events; and the type or dose of vaccine needed to fully protect an individual. In toto, such approaches allow for a personalized approach to the practice of vaccinology, analogous to the substantial inroads that individualized medicine is playing in other fields of human health and medicine. Herein we briefly review the field of vaccinomics, adversomics, and personalized vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - I G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - R B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Li X, Guo S, Yang L, Hua L, Li Z, Hao X, Yu Y, Sun W, Wang L. Impact of antigens, adjuvants and strains on sexually dimorphic antibody response to vaccines in mice. Biologicals 2017; 48:47-54. [PMID: 28596048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic antibody response to vaccines has long been noticed. In addition to sex hormones, other factors such as antigens, adjuvants and strains of mice, as shown by indirect evidence, could also impact the sexual dimorphism. To clarify this, we immunized both gender mice of distinct strains with inactivated FMDV or HBsAg with or without adjuvants, and detected the specific antibody response of the mice. We found that in absence of adjuvants, the recombinant HBsAg but not the inactivated FMDV induced enhanced IgG antibody response in the female BALB/c mice. The o/w emulsion could facilitate the HBsAg to induce the comparable level of IgG antibodies in the male BALB/c mice as that in the females. The o/w emulsion rather than ISA206, a w/o/w emulsion, could assist the inactivated FMDV to induce higher levels of IgM antibodies in the female BALB/c mice. Moreover, the sexually dimorphic antibody response varied among the ICR, BALB/c and the F1 (BALB/c × C57BL/6) mice. Thus the data suggest that antigens, adjuvants and strains all impact the sexually dimorphic antibody response to vaccines and may provide insights for developing gender-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Li Hua
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Hao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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28
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Cross-sectional study involving healthcare professionals in a Vaccinia virus endemic area. Vaccine 2017; 35:3281-3285. [PMID: 28495317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging viruses with great importance in human and veterinary medicine, such as Vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. The clinical aspects of BV are similar to other vesicular infections, complicating the clinical diagnosis. This cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge of Healthcare Professionals about BV and revealed their unpreparedness about BV in a VACV hyper-endemic area in Brazil, highlighting the public health issues associated with VACV infections. This study presents an opportunity to discuss the importance of vaccination for healthcare professionals who work in areas of VACV circulation and brings an educational measure on VACV infections for health professionals around the world.
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29
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Voigt EA, Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Larrabee BR, Schaid DJ, Poland GA. Genetically defined race, but not sex, is associated with higher humoral and cellular immune responses to measles vaccination. Vaccine 2016; 34:4913-4919. [PMID: 27591105 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to host genetic and environmental factors, variations in immune responses to vaccination are influenced by demographic variables, such as race and sex. The influence of genetic race and sex on measles vaccine responses is not well understood, yet important for the development of much-needed improved measles vaccines with lower failure rates. We assessed associations between genetically defined race and sex with measles humoral and cellular immunity after measles vaccination in three independent and geographically distinct cohorts totaling 2872 healthy racially diverse children, older adolescents, and young adults. We found no associations between biological sex and either humoral or cellular immunity to measles vaccine, and no correlation between humoral and cellular immunity in these study subjects. Genetically defined race was, however, significantly associated with both measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, with subjects genetically classified as having African-American ancestry demonstrating significantly higher antibody and cell-mediated immune responses relative to subjects of Caucasian ancestry. This information may be useful in designing novel measles vaccines that are optimally effective across human genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Voigt
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Beth R Larrabee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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30
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Costa GB, Augusto LTS, Leite JA, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Moreno EC, Trindade GDS. Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus in rural Brazil: insights into anti-OPV immunity status and its implications for emergent zoonotic OPV. Virol J 2016; 13:121. [PMID: 27377374 PMCID: PMC4932698 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus, a virus from Orthopoxvirus genus (OPV) that affects mainly cattle herds and humans in rural areas in Brazil. Because most studies have focused on outbreaks situations, data on BV epidemiology is limited. A cross sectional study in Brazilian rural areas during 2012–2013 was conducted to determine the neutralizing antibodies seroprevalence and risk factors for BV. Methods A structured questionnaire was applied to elicit demographics data and farming practices considered risk factors for BV exposure. Neutralizing anti-OPV antibodies were investigated using plaque reduction neutralization test. The neutralizing antibodies prevalence rates were calculated and the risk factor analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Two hundred and forty participants were enrolled in this study with a prevalence of neutralizing antibodies of 30.8 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 25.3–36.9). In multivariate analysis, age > 35 years (Odds Ratio [OR] = 18.2; CI 95 % = 7.7 – 43.2) and previous outbreak in property (OR = 3.9; C I95 % = 1.2 – 12.6) were independently associated with anti-OPV neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions In this study, anti-OPV protective immunity (neutralizing antibody titers) was assessed in an endemic BV Brazilian rural area. Our findings indicate that epidemiological surveillance is required and should be applied by public health authorities to create interventions and/or prevention strategies to avoid viral spread causing future outbreaks among individuals who are under risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,, Present address: Av Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Almeida Leite
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Castro Moreno
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,, Present address: Av Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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Kennedy RB, Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Oberg AL, Asmann YW, Grill DE, Vierkant RA, Jacobson RM. Impaired innate, humoral, and cellular immunity despite a take in smallpox vaccine recipients. Vaccine 2016; 34:3283-90. [PMID: 27177944 PMCID: PMC5528000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox vaccine is highly effective, inducing protective immunity to smallpox and diseases caused by related orthopoxviruses. Smallpox vaccine efficacy was historically defined by the appearance of a lesion or "take" at the vaccine site, which leaves behind a characteristic scar. Both the take and scar are readily recognizable and were used during the eradication effort to indicate successful vaccination and to categorize individuals as "protected." However, the development of a typical vaccine take may not equate to the successful development of a robust, protective immune response. In this report, we examined two large (>1000) cohorts of recipients of either Dryvax(®) or ACAM2000 using a testing and replication study design and identified subgroups of individuals who had documented vaccine takes, but who failed to develop robust neutralizing antibody titers. Examination of these individuals revealed that they had suboptimal cellular immune responses as well. Further testing indicated these low responders had a diminished innate antiviral gene expression pattern (IFNA1, CXCL10, CXCL11, OASL) upon in vitro stimulation with vaccinia virus, perhaps indicative of a dysregulated innate response. Our results suggest that poor activation of innate antiviral pathways may result in suboptimal immune responses to the smallpox vaccine. These genes and pathways may serve as suitable targets for adjuvants in new attenuated smallpox vaccines and/or effective antiviral therapy targets against poxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert M Jacobson
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
Smallpox has shaped human history, from the earliest human civilizations well into the 20th century. With high mortality rates, rapid transmission, and serious long-term effects on survivors, smallpox was a much-feared disease. The eradication of smallpox represents an unprecedented medical victory for the lasting benefit of human health and prosperity. Concerns remain, however, about the development and use of the smallpox virus as a biological weapon, which necessitates the need for continued vaccine development. Smallpox vaccine development is thus a much-reviewed topic of high interest. This review focuses on the current state of smallpox vaccines and their context in biodefense efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Voigt
- a Mayo Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- a Mayo Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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An interaction quantitative trait loci tool implicates epistatic functional variants in an apoptosis pathway in smallpox vaccine eQTL data. Genes Immun 2016; 17:244-50. [PMID: 27052692 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have functionalized nucleic acid variants through the regulation of gene expression. Although most eQTL studies only examine the effects of single variants on transcription, a more complex process of variant-variant interaction (epistasis) may regulate transcription. Herein, we describe a tool called interaction QTL (iQTL) designed to efficiently detect epistatic interactions that regulate gene expression. To maximize biological relevance and minimize the computational and hypothesis testing burden, iQTL restricts interactions such that one variant is within a user-defined proximity of the transcript (cis-regulatory). We apply iQTL to a data set of 183 smallpox vaccine study participants with genome-wide association study and gene expression data from unstimulated samples and samples stimulated by inactivated vaccinia virus. While computing only 0.15% of possible interactions, we identify 11 probe sets whose expression is regulated through a variant-variant interaction. We highlight the functional epistatic interactions among apoptosis-related genes, DIABLO, TRAPPC4 and FADD, in the context of smallpox vaccination. We also use an integrative network approach to characterize these iQTL interactions in a posterior network of known prior functional interactions. iQTL is an efficient, open-source tool to analyze variant interactions in eQTL studies, providing better understanding of the function of epistasis in immune response and other complex phenotypes.
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Figueiredo PDO, Silva-Fernandes ATD, Mota BEF, Costa GB, Borges IA, Ferreira PCP, Abrahão JS, Braga EM, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Evaluating anti-Orthopoxvirus antibodies in individuals from Brazilian rural areas prior to the bovine vaccinia era. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 110:804-8. [PMID: 26517662 PMCID: PMC4667586 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus naturally circulates in Brazil and is the causative agent of a zoonotic disease known as bovine vaccinia (BV). We retrospectively evaluated two populations from the Amazon and Southeast Regions. BV outbreaks had not been reported in these regions before sample collection. Neutralising antibodies were found in 13 individuals (n = 132) with titres ranging from 100 ≥ 6,400 neutralising units/mL. Univariate analysis identified age and vaccination as statistically significant risk factors in individuals from the Southeast Region. The absence of detectable antibodies in vaccinated individuals raises questions about the protection of smallpox vaccine years after vaccination and reinforces the need for surveillance of Orthopoxvirus in Brazilian populations without evidence of previous outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - André Tavares da Silva-Fernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruno Eduardo Fernandes Mota
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Erika Martins Braga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Troy JD, Hill HR, Ewell MG, Frey SE. Sex difference in immune response to vaccination: A participant-level meta-analysis of randomized trials of IMVAMUNE smallpox vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5425-5431. [PMID: 26319063 PMCID: PMC4581981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research shows immune response to vaccination differs by sex but this has not been explored for IMVAMUNE, a replication-deficient smallpox vaccine developed in response to the potential for bioterrorism using smallpox. METHODS We conducted a participant-level meta-analysis (N=275, 136 men, 139 women) of 3 randomized trials of IMVAMUNE conducted at 13 centers in the US through a federally-funded extramural research program. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they tested the standard dose (1×10(8)TCID₅₀/mL on Days 0 and 28) of liquid formulation IMVAMUNE, were completed at the time of our search, and enrolled healthy vaccinia-naïve participants. Models of the peak log₂ ELISA and PRNT titers post-second vaccination were constructed for each study with sex as a covariate. Results from these models were combined into random effects meta-analyses of the sex difference in response to IMVAMUNE. We then compared this approach with fixed effects models using the combined participant level data. RESULTS In each study the mean peak log₂ ELISA titer was higher in men than women but no single study demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Combination of the adjusted study-specific estimates into the random effects model showed a higher mean peak log₂-titer in men compared with women (absolute difference [men-women]: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.02-0.60). Fixed effects models controlling for study showed a similar result (log₂ ELISA titer, men-women: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.04-0.63). This equates to a geometric mean peak titer that is approximately 27% higher in men than women (95% CI: 3-55%). Peak log₂ PRNT titers were also higher (although not significantly) in men (men-women: 0.14, 95% CI: -0.30 to 0.58). CONCLUSION Our results show statistically significant differences in response to IMVAMUNE comparing healthy, vaccinia-naïve men with women and suggest that sex should be considered in further development and deployment of IMVAMUNE and other MVA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Troy
- The EMMES Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Heather R Hill
- The EMMES Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Marian G Ewell
- The EMMES Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Bld., Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States.
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Kennedy RB, Tosh PK, Goergen KM, Grill DE, Oberg AL, Poland GA. Statistical modeling using early markers of innate immunity to explain variation in humoral responses to influenza vaccine in older adults. Vaccine 2015; 33:3682-8. [PMID: 26087295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Greater understanding of the factors associated with a protective response to influenza vaccine in older adults could have tremendous public health benefits. We studied 158 participants age 50-74 years vaccinated with 2010-2011 inactivated influenza vaccine and performed innate immunity and humoral immunity assays directed against influenza A/California/2009 (H1N1) as measured through hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), microneutralization, and B cell ELISPOT at days 0, 3, and 28 postvaccination. We report the results of statistical modeling using Day 3 cytokines, chemokines, and innate cell populations to model Day 0 to Day 28 HAI seroconversion, viral neutralization seroconversion, and B cell ELISPOT results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritish K Tosh
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krista M Goergen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Giefing-Kröll C, Berger P, Lepperdinger G, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell 2015; 14:309-21. [PMID: 25720438 PMCID: PMC4406660 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Do men die young and sick, or do women live long and healthy? By trying to explain the sexual dimorphism in life expectancy, both biological and environmental aspects are presently being addressed. Besides age-related changes, both the immune and the endocrine system exhibit significant sex-specific differences. This review deals with the aging immune system and its interplay with sex steroid hormones. Together, they impact on the etiopathology of many infectious diseases, which are still the major causes of morbidity and mortality in people at old age. Among men, susceptibilities toward many infectious diseases and the corresponding mortality rates are higher. Responses to various types of vaccination are often higher among women thereby also mounting stronger humoral responses. Women appear immune-privileged. The major sex steroid hormones exhibit opposing effects on cells of both the adaptive and the innate immune system: estradiol being mainly enhancing, testosterone by and large suppressive. However, levels of sex hormones change with age. At menopause transition, dropping estradiol potentially enhances immunosenescence effects posing postmenopausal women at additional, yet specific risks. Conclusively during aging, interventions, which distinctively consider the changing level of individual hormones, shall provide potent options in maintaining optimal immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Giefing-Kröll
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of Innsbruck University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Peter Berger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of Innsbruck University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of Innsbruck University; Innsbruck Austria
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Oberg AL, McKinney BA, Schaid DJ, Pankratz VS, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Lessons learned in the analysis of high-dimensional data in vaccinomics. Vaccine 2015; 33:5262-70. [PMID: 25957070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of vaccinology is increasingly moving toward the generation, analysis, and modeling of extremely large and complex high-dimensional datasets. We have used data such as these in the development and advancement of the field of vaccinomics to enable prediction of vaccine responses and to develop new vaccine candidates. However, the application of systems biology to what has been termed "big data," or "high-dimensional data," is not without significant challenges-chief among them a paucity of gold standard analysis and modeling paradigms with which to interpret the data. In this article, we relate some of the lessons we have learned over the last decade of working with high-dimensional, high-throughput data as applied to the field of vaccinomics. The value of such efforts, however, is ultimately to better understand the immune mechanisms by which protective and non-protective responses to vaccines are generated, and to use this information to support a personalized vaccinology approach in creating better, and safer, vaccines for the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brett A McKinney
- Tandy School of Computer Science, Department of Mathematics, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- UNM Health Sciences Library & Informatics Center, Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Whitaker JA, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA. Adversomics: a new paradigm for vaccine safety and design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:935-47. [PMID: 25937189 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1038249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous population benefits of routine vaccination, vaccine adverse events (AEs) and reactions, whether real or perceived, have posed one of the greatest barriers to vaccine acceptance--and thus to infectious disease prevention--worldwide. A truly integrated clinical, translational, and basic science approach is required to understand the mechanisms behind vaccine AEs, predict them, and then apply this knowledge to new vaccine design approaches that decrease, or avoid, these events. The term 'adversomics' was first introduced in 2009 and refers to the study of vaccine adverse reactions using immunogenomics and systems biology approaches. In this review, we present the current state of adversomics research, review known associations and mechanisms of vaccine AEs/reactions, and outline a plan for the further development of this emerging research field.
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40
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Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Salk HM, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. HLA alleles associated with the adaptive immune response to smallpox vaccine: a replication study. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1083-92. [PMID: 24880604 PMCID: PMC4127812 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported HLA allelic associations with vaccinia virus (VACV)-induced adaptive immune responses in a cohort of healthy individuals (n = 1,071 subjects) after a single dose of the licensed smallpox (Dryvax) vaccine. This study demonstrated that specific HLA alleles were significantly associated with VACV-induced neutralizing antibody (NA) titers (HLA-B*13:02, *38:02, *44:03, *48:01, and HLA-DQB1*03:02, *06:04) and cytokine (HLA-DRB1*01:03, *03:01, *10:01, *13:01, *15:01) immune responses. We undertook an independent study of 1,053 healthy individuals and examined associations between HLA alleles and measures of adaptive immunity after a single dose of Dryvax-derived ACAM2000 vaccine to evaluate previously discovered HLA allelic associations from the Dryvax study and determine if these associations are replicated with ACAM2000. Females had significantly higher NA titers than male subjects in both study cohorts [median ID50 discovery cohort 159 (93, 256) vs. 125 (75, 186), p < 0.001; replication cohort 144 (82, 204) vs. 110 (61, 189), p = 0.024]. The association between the DQB1*03:02 allele (median ID50 discovery cohort 152, p = 0.015; replication cohort 134, p = 0.010) and higher NA titers was replicated. Two HLA associations of comparable magnitudes were consistently found between DRB1*04:03 and DRB1*08:01 alleles and IFN-γ ELISPOT responses. The association between the DRB1*15:01 allele with IFN-γ secretion was also replicated (median pg/mL discovery cohort 182, p = 0.052; replication cohort 203, p = 0.014). Our results suggest that smallpox vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses are significantly influenced by HLA gene polymorphisms. These data provide information for functional studies and design of novel candidate smallpox vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - V. Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hannah M. Salk
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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41
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Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Lambert ND, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Genetic polymorphisms associated with rubella virus-specific cellular immunity following MMR vaccination. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1407-17. [PMID: 25098560 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus causes a relatively benign disease in most cases, although infection during pregnancy can result in serious birth defects. An effective vaccine has been available since the early 1970s and outbreaks typically do not occur among highly vaccinated (≥2 doses) populations. Nevertheless, considerable inter-individual variation in immune response to rubella immunization does exist, with single-dose seroconversion rates ~95 %. Understanding the mechanisms behind this variability may provide important insights into rubella immunity. In the current study, we examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected cytokine, cytokine receptor, and innate/antiviral genes and immune responses following rubella vaccination in order to understand genetic influences on vaccine response. Our approach consisted of a discovery cohort of 887 subjects aged 11-22 at the time of enrollment and a replication cohort of 542 older adolescents and young adults (age 18-40). Our data indicate that SNPs near the butyrophilin genes (BTN3A3/BTN2A1) and cytokine receptors (IL10RB/IFNAR1) are associated with variations in IFNγ secretion and that multiple SNPs in the PVR gene, as well as SNPs located in the ADAR gene, exhibit significant associations with rubella virus-specific IL-6 secretion. This information may be useful, not only in furthering our understanding immune responses to rubella vaccine, but also in identifying key pathways for targeted adjuvant use to boost immunity in those with weak or absent immunity following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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42
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Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Larrabee BR, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. HLA genotypes and rubella vaccine immune response: additional evidence. Vaccine 2014; 32:4206-13. [PMID: 24837503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent population-based studies have demonstrated the genetic heritability of rubella vaccine response and assessed that the HLA system may explain about 20% of the inter-individual variance in humoral immune response to this vaccine. Our earlier studies compared HLA allelic associations with rubella vaccine-specific antibodies between two smaller cohorts of healthy Rochester, MN, children (346 and 396 subjects) after two doses of rubella-containing vaccine. This study found that specific HLA alleles were consistently associated with rubella-specific antibody titers (B*27:05, DPA1*02:01, and DPB1*04:01 alleles). The current study examined HLA associations in an independent larger cohort of 1012 healthy San Diego, CA, subjects (age 19-40 years) after rubella vaccine in order to replicate our previous findings in the Rochester subjects. Two HLA associations of comparable magnitudes were consistently observed between B*27:05 (median NT50 Rochester cohort 48.9, p=0.067; San Diego cohort 54.8, p=0.047) and DPB1*04:01 (median NT50 Rochester cohort 61.6, p<0.001; San Diego cohort 70.8, p=0.084) alleles and rubella virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Additional HLA alleles resulted in consistent effects on IL-6 production in both cohorts, but did not meet criteria for statistical significance. Our data suggest these HLA alleles play a role in rubella vaccine-induced immunity and provide the basis for future studies that may explain the mechanism(s) by which these HLA polymorphisms affect immune responses to rubella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Beth R Larrabee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert M Jacobson
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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43
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Haralambieva IH, Salk HM, Lambert ND, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Warner ND, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Associations between race, sex and immune response variations to rubella vaccination in two independent cohorts. Vaccine 2014; 32:1946-53. [PMID: 24530932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune response variations after vaccination are influenced by host genetic factors and demographic variables, such as race, ethnicity and sex. The latter have not been systematically studied in regard to live rubella vaccine, but are of interest for developing next generation vaccines for diverse populations, for predicting immune responses after vaccination, and for better understanding the variables that impact immune response. METHODS We assessed associations between demographic variables, including race, ethnicity and sex, and rubella-specific neutralizing antibody levels and secreted cytokines (IFNγ, IL-6) in two independent cohorts (1994 subjects), using linear and linear mixed models approaches, and genetically defined racial and ethnic categorizations. RESULTS Our replicated findings in two independent, large, racially diverse cohorts indicate that individuals of African descent have significantly higher rubella-specific neutralizing antibody levels compared to individuals of European descent and/or Hispanic ethnicity (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our study provides consistent evidence for racial/ethnic differences in humoral immune response following rubella vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Hannah M Salk
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Nathaniel D Lambert
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Nathaniel D Warner
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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High-throughput assay optimization and statistical interpolation of rubella-specific neutralizing antibody titers. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:340-6. [PMID: 24391140 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00681-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rubella remains a social and economic burden due to the high incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in some countries. For this reason, an accurate and efficient high-throughput measure of antibody response to vaccination is an important tool. In order to measure rubella-specific neutralizing antibodies in a large cohort of vaccinated individuals, a high-throughput immunocolorimetric system was developed. Statistical interpolation models were applied to the resulting titers to refine quantitative estimates of neutralizing antibody titers relative to the assayed neutralizing antibody dilutions. This assay, including the statistical methods developed, can be used to assess the neutralizing humoral immune response to rubella virus and may be adaptable for assessing the response to other viral vaccines and infectious agents.
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Lambert ND, Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Larrabee BR, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity to rubella vaccine in four distinct cohorts. Immunol Res 2014; 58:1-8. [PMID: 24375276 PMCID: PMC4212652 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the global burden of rubella disease, there are still regional outbreaks and cases of congenital rubella syndrome. Rubella vaccination elicits a strong humoral as well as cellular response. The relationship between these two measures in response to rubella vaccine is poorly understood. We have previously reported no correlation between rubella-virus-specific cytokine secretion and IgG antibody levels after rubella vaccination. In the current study, we extend our previous work to report correlations between secreted cytokines and functional neutralizing antibodies after rubella vaccination in four distinct cohorts. There was evidence of significant differences (p < 0.05) in rubella-virus-specific humoral and cellular responses between cohorts. When investigating relationships between rubella-vaccine-specific humoral and cellular immunity, we observed a significant correlation between neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ (r(s) = 0.21, p = 0.0004). We also observed correlations in subjects with extreme humoral immune phenotypes and IFN-γ levels in two of the four cohorts (r(s) = 0.32, p = 0.01; r(s) = 0.36, p = 0.01, respectively). These findings indicate that there is a high level of heterogeneity in rubella-specific immune responses between study populations. We believe that the novel correlation discovered between IFN-γ and neutralizing antibody titers will give future insight into the functional mechanisms of immunity induced by rubella virus and other live viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Lambert
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Soft truncation thresholding for gene set analysis of RNA-seq data: application to a vaccine study. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2898. [PMID: 24104466 PMCID: PMC3793215 DOI: 10.1038/srep02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene set analysis (GSA) has been used for analysis of microarray data to aid the interpretation and to increase statistical power. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, the use of GSA is even more relevant, as studies are often conducted on a small number of samples. We propose the use of soft truncation thresholding and the Gamma Method (GM) to determine significant gene set (GS), where a generalized linear model is used to assess per-gene significance. The approach was compared to other methods using an extensive simulation study and RNA-seq data from smallpox vaccine study. The GM was found to outperform other proposed methods. Application of the GM to the smallpox vaccine study found the GSs to be moderately associated with response, including focal adhesion (p = 0.04) and extracellular matrix receptor interaction (p = 0.05). The application of GSA to RNA-seq data will provide new insights into the genomic basis of complex traits.
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Larrabee BR, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Race and sex-based differences in cytokine immune responses to smallpox vaccine in healthy individuals. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1263-6. [PMID: 23806267 PMCID: PMC4170575 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of sex, race and ethnicity on smallpox vaccine-induced immune responses in 1071 armed forces members after primary Dryvax(®) smallpox vaccination, including 790 males and 281 females; 580 Caucasians, 217 African-Americans, and 217 Hispanics. Analysis of vaccinia-specific cytokine responses revealed that Caucasians had higher total IFNγ ELISPOT responses (median 57 spot-forming units/SFUs per 200,000 cells, p=0.01) and CD8(+)IFNγ ELISPOT responses (12 SFUs, p<0.001) than African-Americans (51 and 4 SFUs, respectively) and Hispanics (47 and 8 SFUs, respectively). Similarly, Caucasians secreted higher levels of vaccinia-specific IL-2 (p=0.003) and IFNα (p<0.001) compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Males had higher total IFNγ ELISPOT responses (median 55 SFUs) compared to females (41 SFUs, p<0.001). We observed statistically significant sex-related differences in the secretion of IL-2 (p<0.001), IL-1β (p<0.001) and IL-10 (p=0.017). These data suggest that vaccinia-specific cytokine responses following primary smallpox vaccination are significantly influenced by race and sex of vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Beth R. Larrabee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - V. Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, O'Byrne MM, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Genetic variation in IL18R1 and IL18 genes and Inteferon γ ELISPOT response to smallpox vaccination: an unexpected relationship. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1422-30. [PMID: 23901078 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic association studies demonstrated a role for cytokine proteins and cytokine or cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms in smallpox vaccine-induced adaptive immunity. METHODS We examined the association of genetic polymorphisms with cellular (interferon [IFN] γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay [ELISPOT]) immune response to smallpox vaccine in 1076 immunized individuals. RESULTS The majority of significant associations were discovered between single-nucleotide polymorphisms/haplotypes in IL18R1 and IL18 genes, in which we previously reported an association with vaccinia virus-induced neutralizing antibody titers in this study cohort. A functional coding IL18R1 polymorphism (rs1035130/Phe251Phe; P = .01) was significantly associated with an allele dose-related increase in IFN-γ production and was also associated with vaccinia-specific neutralizing antibody titers. Significant associations were also found between IL18R1 haplotypes and variations in IFN-γ ELISPOT responses (global P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the importance of variants in the IL18R1 and IL18 genetic loci for broad-based smallpox vaccine-induced adaptive immunity.
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Kennedy RB, Oberg AL, Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Grill D, Poland GA. Transcriptomic profiles of high and low antibody responders to smallpox vaccine. Genes Immun 2013; 14:277-85. [PMID: 23594957 PMCID: PMC3723701 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite its eradication over 30 years ago, smallpox (as well as other orthopox viruses) remains a pathogen of interest both in terms of biodefense and for its use as a vector for vaccines and immunotherapies. Here we describe the application of mRNA-Seq transcriptome profiling to understanding immune responses in smallpox vaccine recipients. Contrary to other studies examining gene expression in virally infected cell lines, we utilized a mixed population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in order to capture the essential intercellular interactions that occur in vivo, and would otherwise be lost, using single cell lines or isolated primary cell subsets. In this mixed cell population we were able to detect expression of all annotated vaccinia genes. On the host side, a number of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, complement factors and intracellular signaling molecules were downregulated upon viral infection, whereas genes encoding histone proteins and the interferon response were upregulated. We also identified a small number of genes that exhibited significantly different expression profiles in subjects with robust humoral immunity compared with those with weaker humoral responses. Our results provide evidence that differential gene regulation patterns may be at work in individuals with robust humoral immunity compared with those with weaker humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
| | - Ann L. Oberg
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Diane Grill
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA
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Poland GA, Kennedy RB, McKinney BA, Ovsyannikova IG, Lambert ND, Jacobson RM, Oberg AL. Vaccinomics, adversomics, and the immune response network theory: individualized vaccinology in the 21st century. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:89-103. [PMID: 23755893 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines, like drugs and medical procedures, are increasingly amenable to individualization or personalization, often based on novel data resulting from high throughput "omics" technologies. As a result of these technologies, 21st century vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of a "one size fits all" approach to vaccine dosing and delivery, as well as the abandonment of the empiric "isolate-inactivate-inject" paradigm for vaccine development. In this review, we discuss the immune response network theory and its application to the new field of vaccinomics and adversomics, and illustrate how vaccinomics can lead to new vaccine candidates, new understandings of how vaccines stimulate immune responses, new biomarkers for vaccine response, and facilitate the understanding of what genetic and other factors might be responsible for rare side effects due to vaccines. Perhaps most exciting will be the ability, at a systems biology level, to integrate increasingly complex high throughput data into descriptive and predictive equations for immune responses to vaccines. Herein, we discuss the above with a view toward the future of vaccinology.
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