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Sedgwick RL, ElBohy O, Daly JM. Role of pseudotyped viruses in understanding epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity of viral diseases affecting both horses and humans. Virology 2024; 597:110164. [PMID: 38959722 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we explore how pseudotyped viruses (PVs) are being applied to the study of viruses affecting both humans and horses. For the purposes of this review, we define PVs as non-replicative viruses with the core of one virus and the surface protein(s) of another and encapsulating a reporter gene such as luciferase. These 'reporter' PVs enable receptor-mediated entry into host cells to be quantified, and thus can be applied to study the initial stages of viral replication. They can also be used to test antiviral activity of compounds and measure envelope protein-specific antibodies in neutralisation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Sedgwick
- One Virology - WCGVR, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK
| | - Ola ElBohy
- One Virology - WCGVR, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- One Virology - WCGVR, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, UK.
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2
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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3
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Wu G, Lorraine MM, Goharriz H, Amaya-Cuesta J, Fooks AR, Banyard AC. A simplified method for measuring neutralising antibodies against rabies virus. J Virol Methods 2023:114769. [PMID: 37391076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes a fatal encephalitis that can be prevented through timely vaccination. The levels of virus neutralising antibodies against rabies virus induced by vaccination can be measured using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (FAVN) test. Following incubation of live virus with sera, this method involves the fixation of cell monolayers and staining of rabies virus-specific antigen using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -conjugated antibody to enable visualisation of rabies virus antigen using a fluorescence microscope. To simplify this procedure, a fluorescent recombinant rabies virus was constructed using reverse genetics by inserting the gene for the mCherry fluorescent protein in front of the ribonucleoprotein gene of the SAD B-19 genome and replacing its glycoprotein with that of the Challenge Virus Standard (CVS)-11 RABV strain to ensure antigenic authenticity with the FAVN. This new recombinant virus (termed mCCCG) expressed the mCherry protein to high levels enabling direct observation of infected cells. In vitro growth kinetics of mCCCG were indistinguishable from that of CVS-11. The stability of the recombinant virus was assessed by sequencing several passages of the rescued virus and only minor changes were detected. Comparative assessment of the virus neutralisation test using mCherry producing virus (NTmCV) against the FAVN demonstrated that test results were equivalent to each other; therefore, mCCCG can be used as an alternative to CVS-11 for measuring antibody titres against the rabies virus. The use of NTmCV removes the need for expensive antibody conjugates and significantly reduces assay time. This would be particularly beneficial for RABV serological assessment in resource limited settings. Moreover, the reading of the plates can be automatically using a cell imaging reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Wu
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M McElhinney Lorraine
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joan Amaya-Cuesta
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Viral Zoonoses Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Pseudotyped Viruses for Lyssavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:191-208. [PMID: 36920698 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Lyssaviruses, which belong to the family Rhabdoviridae, are enveloped and bullet-shaped ssRNA viruses with genetic diversity. All members of Lyssavirus genus are known to infect warm-blooded animals and cause the fatal disease rabies. The rabies virus (RABV) in lyssavirus is the major pathogen to cause fatal rabies. The pseudotyped RABV is constructed to study the biological functions of G protein and evaluation of anti-RABV products including vaccine-induced antisera, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG), neutralizing mAbs, and other antiviral inhibitors. In this chapter, we focus on RABV as a representative and describe the construction of RABV G protein bearing pseudotyped virus and its applications. Other non-RABV lyssaviruses are also included.
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Preparation and application of chikungunya pseudovirus containing double reporter genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9844. [PMID: 35701460 PMCID: PMC9194775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a highly infectious and rapidly spread viral pathogen, is classified as a pathogenic agent at the biosafety level 3. Operation of live authentic CHIKV needs a specific laboratory with the P3 or above containment, which greatly confines the CHIKV-associated studies. To establish an evaluation system of CHIKV that can be utilized in a BSL2 laboratory, we constructed a pseudovirus (PsV) system of CHIKV containing double reporter genes (ZsGreen1 and luciferase). The fluorescent ZsGreen1 is a convenient and cheap reporter for monitoring the efficiency of transfection and titration of PsV. The enzyme luciferase is a sensitive reporter for the application of PsV to neutralization assay or drug screening. The CHIKV PsV produced in this study, with a titer of up to 3.16 × 106 TU/ml, was confirmed by Western blotting and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Finally, we developed a microneutralization assay with the CHIKV PsV produced in this study, which was successfully applied to evaluate neutralizing activities of convalescent sera from CHIKV-infected patients. In summary, we have established a convenient and sensitive double-reporter CHIKV pseudovirus system, which provides a safe and effective platform for screening anti-CHIKV drugs and evaluating vaccines against CHIKV.
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Sievers BL, Chakraborty S, Xue Y, Gelbart T, Gonzalez JC, Cassidy AG, Golan Y, Prahl M, Gaw SL, Arunachalam PS, Blish CA, Boyd SD, Davis MM, Jagannathan P, Nadeau KC, Pulendran B, Singh U, Scheuermann RH, Frieman MB, Vashee S, Wang TT, Tan GS. Antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against Beta and Omicron pseudoviruses. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn7842. [PMID: 35025672 PMCID: PMC8891085 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn7842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that have mutations associated with increased transmission and antibody escape have arisen over the course of the current pandemic. Although the current vaccines have largely been effective against past variants, the number of mutations found on the Omicron (B.1.1.529) spike protein appear to diminish the protection conferred by preexisting immunity. Using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudoparticles expressing the spike protein of several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we evaluated the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response over time in individuals after infection and in mRNA-vaccinated individuals. We observed that boosting increases the magnitude of the antibody response to wild-type (D614), Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants; however, the Omicron variant was the most resistant to neutralization. We further observed that vaccinated healthy adults had robust and broad antibody responses, whereas responses may have been reduced in vaccinated pregnant women, underscoring the importance of learning how to maximize mRNA vaccine responses in pregnant populations. Findings from this study show substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude and breadth of responses after infection and mRNA vaccination and may support the addition of more conserved viral antigens to existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Yong Xue
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Terri Gelbart
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Joseph C. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Arianna G. Cassidy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Mary Prahl
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | | | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
| | - Gene S. Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
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Salazar-García M, Acosta-Contreras S, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cruz-Rangel A, Flores-Alanis A, Patiño-López G, Luna-Pineda VM. Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike for the Study of Variants, Vaccines, and Therapeutics Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:817200. [PMID: 35095820 PMCID: PMC8795712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the infectious emerging diseases such as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in terms of research and development of effective tests, vaccines, antivirals, and other treatments. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus belonging to risk group 3 that requires Biosafety Level (BSL)-3 laboratories and the corresponding facilities for handling. An alternative to these BSL-3/-4 laboratories is to use a pseudotyped virus that can be handled in a BSL-2 laboratory for study purposes. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can be generated with complementary DNA from complete negative-stranded genomic RNA, with deleted G glycoprotein and, instead, incorporation of other fusion protein, like SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S protein). Accordingly, it is called pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. In this review, we have described the generation of pseudotyped VSV with a focus on the optimization and application of pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. The application of this pseudovirus has been addressed by its use in neutralizing antibody assays in order to evaluate a new vaccine, emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants (delta and omicron), and approved vaccine efficacy against variants of concern as well as in viral fusion-focused treatment analysis that can be performed under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samyr Acosta-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Flores-Alanis
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Luna-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Delgadillo-Gutiérrez K, Castelán-Vega JA, Jiménez-Alberto A, Fernández-Lizárraga MDC, Aparicio-Ozores G, Monterrubio-López GP, Ribas-Aparicio RM. Characterization and use in neutralization assays of avian influenza codon-optimized H5 and H7 retroviral pseudotypes. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114391. [PMID: 34890710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a relevant problem for public and animal health, with a significant economic impact. In recent years, outbreaks of avian influenza virus have resulted in devastating losses in the poultry industry worldwide, and although its transmission to humans is very rare, there is always a potential risk for an even more severe outbreak. Currently, vaccination is considered the most effective tool for the control and prevention of influenza infections in both humans and animals. The maintenance of animal welfare and the successful implementation of animal health programs depend on the timely administration of vaccines, which must comply with quality specifications indicated by health authorities; for example, the capability to ensure a minimum antibody titer. The production of viral antigens used in these tests can pose a biosafety risk, and some viral strains can be difficult to grow. Therefore, new biotechnological alternatives are required to overcome these disadvantages. In this study, we produced pseudotypes carrying H5 and H7 hemagglutinins from lowly and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These pseudotypes were used in neutralization assays to detect neutralizing antibodies in avian sera, which were confirmed positive by inhibition of the hemagglutination test. Our results showed that the pseudotype neutralization assay is a viable alternative for the detection of neutralizing antibodies, by demonstrating subtype specificity and requiring reduced biosafety requirements. Therefore, it represents a versatile platform that can facilitate technology transfer protocols between laboratories, and an immediate application in serological tools for quality control of veterinary vaccines against avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Delgadillo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Arturo Castelán-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Jiménez-Alberto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Aparicio-Ozores
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Paulina Monterrubio-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Rodriguez MC, Fontana D, Garay E, Prieto C. Detection and quantification of anti-rabies glycoprotein antibodies: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6547-6557. [PMID: 34448897 PMCID: PMC8390338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient fatal disease with no other available treatment than post-exposure vaccination, where the bite of infected animals, mainly dogs, is the leading cause of its transmission to human beings. In this context, global vaccination campaigns of companion animals, as well as wildlife reservoirs vaccination, are key factors to achieve the "Zero by 30" plan that pursues the eradication of dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. Rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) play an essential role in the disease protection, as it correlates with an adequate immune response and allows evaluating pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis efficacy. Hence, counting with reliable, accurate, and robust serological tests is of paramount importance. Currently, RFFIT and FAVN are the gold standard VNAs tests recommended by both the WHO and the OIE. Despite these methodologies are efficient and widely used, they present several drawbacks, as they are less easily to standardize and require the use of live rabies virus, containment facilities, and skilled professionals. Thus, in this review, we describe the state-of-the-art of alternative analytical methodologies currently available for rabies serology, with novel approaches based on pseudotyped recombinant viruses and emphasizing in the antigen binding methodologies that detect and quantify antibodies against the rabies glycoprotein. We discussed the wide range of assays that are interesting tools for a faster measurement of anti-rabies glycoprotein antibodies and, in some cases, less complex and more versatile than the gold standard methods. Finally, we discussed the key issues during the design and optimization steps of ELISA assays, highlighting the importance of validation and standardization procedures to improve rabies serology tests and, as a consequence, their results. KEY POINTS: • An exhaustive revision of rabies serology testing was made. • No rabies serology assay can be thought as better than others for all intents and purposes. • The validation procedure guarantees reliable and consistent results among the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Rodriguez
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Fontana
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ernesto Garay
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Biotechnological Development Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
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10
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Cross-Neutralisation of Novel Bombali Virus by Ebola Virus Antibodies and Convalescent Plasma Using an Optimised Pseudotype-Based Neutralisation Assay. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030155. [PMID: 34449756 PMCID: PMC8412100 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses continue to pose a significant outbreak threat, and while Ebola virus (EBOV)-specific vaccines and antivirals have been licensed, efforts to develop candidates offering broad species cross-protection are continuing. The use of pseudotyped virus in place of live virus is recognised as an alternative, safer, high-throughput platform to evaluate anti-ebolavirus antibodies towards their development, yet it requires optimisation. Here, we have shown that the target cell line impacts neutralisation assay results and cannot be selected purely based on permissiveness. In expanding the platform to incorporate each of the ebolavirus species envelope glycoprotein, allowing a comprehensive assessment of cross-neutralisation, we found that the recently discovered Bombali virus has a point mutation in the receptor-binding domain which prevents entry into a hamster cell line and, importantly, shows that this virus can be cross-neutralised by EBOV antibodies and convalescent plasma.
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11
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Toon K, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G. More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation. Viruses 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 33572589 PMCID: PMC7911487 DOI: 10.3390/v13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
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12
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Meza DK, Broos A, Becker DJ, Behdenna A, Willett BJ, Viana M, Streicker DG. Predicting the presence and titre of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies from low-volume serum samples in low-containment facilities. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1564-1576. [PMID: 32931658 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serology is a core component of the surveillance and management of viral zoonoses. Virus neutralization tests are a gold standard serological diagnostic, but requirements for large volumes of serum and high biosafety containment can limit widespread use. Here, focusing on Rabies lyssavirus, a globally important zoonosis, we developed a pseudotype micro-neutralization rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (pmRFFIT) that overcomes these limitations. Specifically, we adapted an existing micro-neutralization test to use a green fluorescent protein-tagged murine leukaemia virus pseudotype in lieu of pathogenic rabies virus, reducing the need for specialized reagents for antigen detection and enabling use in low-containment laboratories. We further used statistical models to generate rapid, quantitative predictions of the probability and titre of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies from microscopic imaging of neutralization outcomes. Using 47 serum samples from domestic dogs with neutralizing antibody titres estimated using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN), pmRFFIT showed moderate sensitivity (78.79%) and high specificity (84.62%). Despite small conflicts, titre predictions were correlated across tests repeated on different dates both for dog samples (r = 0.93) and in a second data set of sera from wild common vampire bats (r = 0.72, N = 41), indicating repeatability. Our test uses a starting volume of 3.5 µl of serum, estimates titres from a single dilution of serum rather than requiring multiple dilutions and end point titration, and may be adapted to target neutralizing antibodies against alternative lyssavirus species. The pmRFFIT enables high-throughput detection of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in low-biocontainment settings and is suited to studies in wild or captive animals where large serum volumes cannot be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana K Meza
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice Broos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Abdelkader Behdenna
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Pseudotyping of VSV with Ebola virus glycoprotein is superior to HIV-1 for the assessment of neutralising antibodies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14289. [PMID: 32868837 PMCID: PMC7459353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD). It is thought that EVD survivors are protected against subsequent infection with EBOV and that neutralising antibodies to the viral surface glycoprotein (GP) are potential correlates of protection. Serological studies are vital to assess neutralising antibodies targeted to EBOV GP; however, handling of EBOV is limited to containment level 4 laboratories. Pseudotyped viruses can be used as alternatives to live viruses, which require high levels of bio-containment, in serological and viral entry assays. However, neutralisation capacity can differ among pseudotyped virus platforms. We evaluated the suitability of EBOV GP pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to measure the neutralising ability of plasma from EVD survivors, when compared to results from a live EBOV neutralisation assay. The sensitivity, specificity and correlation with live EBOV neutralisation were greater for the VSV-based pseudotyped virus system, which is particularly important when evaluating EBOV vaccine responses and immuno-therapeutics. Therefore, the EBOV GP pseudotyped VSV neutralisation assay reported here could be used to provide a better understanding of the putative correlates of protection against EBOV.
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14
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Napolitano F, Merone R, Abbate A, Ammendola V, Horncastle E, Lanzaro F, Esposito M, Contino AM, Sbrocchi R, Sommella A, Duncan JD, Hinds J, Urbanowicz RA, Lahm A, Colloca S, Folgori A, Ball JK, Nicosia A, Wizel B, Capone S, Vitelli A. A next generation vaccine against human rabies based on a single dose of a chimpanzee adenovirus vector serotype C. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008459. [PMID: 32667913 PMCID: PMC7363076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by RNA viruses in the Genus Lyssavirus, is the most fatal of all infectious diseases. This neglected zoonosis remains a major public health problem in developing countries, causing the death of an estimated 25,000-159,000 people each year, with more than half of them in children. The high incidence of human rabies in spite of effective vaccines is mainly linked to the lack of compliance with the complicated administration schedule, inadequacies of the community public health system for local administration by the parenteral route and the overall costs of the vaccine. The goal of our work was the development of a simple, affordable and effective vaccine strategy to prevent human rabies virus infection. This next generation vaccine is based on a replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus vector belonging to group C, ChAd155-RG, which encodes the rabies glycoprotein (G). We demonstrate here that a single dose of this vaccine induces protective efficacy in a murine model of rabies challenge and elicits strong and durable neutralizing antibody responses in vaccinated non-human primates. Importantly, we demonstrate that one dose of a commercial rabies vaccine effectively boosts the neutralizing antibody responses induced by ChAd155-RG in vaccinated monkeys, showing the compatibility of the novel vectored vaccine with the current post-exposure prophylaxis in the event of rabies virus exposure. Finally, we demonstrate that antibodies induced by ChAd155-RG can also neutralize European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2) found in bat reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma Horncastle
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua D. Duncan
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jospeh Hinds
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan K. Ball
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Benjamin Wizel
- GSK Vaccines, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Gold S, Donnelly CA, Nouvellet P, Woodroffe R. Rabies virus-neutralising antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals: What do they mean for rabies epidemiology? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007933. [PMID: 32053628 PMCID: PMC7017994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has been a widely feared disease for thousands of years, with records of rabid dogs as early as ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian texts. The reputation of rabies as being inevitably fatal, together with its ability to affect all mammalian species, contributes to the fear surrounding this disease. However, the widely held view that exposure to the rabies virus is always fatal has been repeatedly challenged. Although survival following clinical infection in humans has only been recorded on a handful of occasions, a number of studies have reported detection of rabies-specific antibodies in the sera of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife that are apparently healthy and unvaccinated. These 'seropositive' individuals provide possible evidence of exposure to the rabies virus that has not led to fatal disease. However, the variability in methods of detecting these antibodies and the difficulties of interpreting serology tests have contributed to an unclear picture of their importance. In this review, we consider the evidence for rabies-specific antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals as indicators of nonlethal rabies exposure and the potential implications of this for rabies epidemiology. Our findings indicate that whilst there is substantial evidence that nonlethal rabies exposure does occur, serology studies that do not use appropriate controls and cutoffs are unlikely to provide an accurate estimate of the true prevalence of nonlethal rabies exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Gold
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Timiryasova TM, Luo P, Zheng L, Singer A, Zedar R, Garg S, Petit C, Moore S, Hu BT, Brown M. Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test optimization and validation: Improved detection of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus. J Immunol Methods 2019; 474:112626. [PMID: 31228423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rabies rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is the most widely used cell-based assay for detecting and quantitating rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in human serum. However, it is a complex, labor intensive, and somewhat subjective manual assay, the performance of which may be affected by a number of factors including the quality of cells and virus, variability of assay reagents and the skill and expertise of analysts. This study sought to identify and evaluate conditions that may impact RFFIT performance and RVNA detection by evaluating assay parameters including: different serial dilution scheme of serum samples in a 96-well microplate using semi-automated pipetting systems, the range of dose of challenge virus standard (CVS-11) strain of rabies virus, the effect of complement (C'), the effect of cell seeding density and passage number, the effect of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran concentration on virus infectivity, and the assay incubation period prior to immunostaining. In addition the evaluation of counting fluorescent foci using a microscope versus using scanned images from a cell imaging reader was performed in an effort to ease the reading of slides and have permanent records of the raw data. The results from optimization of each parameter are presented along with subsequent assay validation in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The improved and optimized RFFIT accuracy, linearity and sensitivity was demonstrated by testing World Health Organization (WHO)-1 and WHO-2 Standard Rabies Immune Globulins (SRIGs) and complete assay development and validation was performed in compliance with Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Luo
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Lingyi Zheng
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Amy Singer
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Rebecca Zedar
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Celine Petit
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Susan Moore
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Branda T Hu
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Monique Brown
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
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17
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Qin S, Volokhov D, Rodionova E, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ, Chizhikov V, Dabrazhynetskaya A. A new recombinant rabies virus expressing a green fluorescent protein: A novel and fast approach to quantify virus neutralizing antibodies. Biologicals 2019; 59:56-61. [PMID: 30898479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) is a standard assay used to detect and assess the titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in blood sera. To simplify the multistep RFFIT procedure by eliminating the immunostaining step, we generated a new recombinant RV expressing a green fluorescent protein (rRV-GFP) and assess its suitability for quantifying RVNA. We rescued the rRV-GFP virus from plasmid DNA carrying a full-length genome of the CVS-N2c strain of RV in which the eGFP gene was inserted between the glycoprotein and RNA-polymerase genes. The recombinant virus was genetically stable and grew efficiently in appropriate cells expressing sufficient GFP fluorescence to detect directly 20 h post infection (hpi). We evaluated the feasibility of using rRV-GFP in RFFIT by comparing RVNA titers in 27 serum samples measured by conventional RFFIT and RFFIT-GFP. A linear regression analysis of the data demonstrated a good agreement between these two methods (r = 0.9776) including results with samples having RVNA titers close to the minimally acceptable vaccine potency threshold (0.5 IU/ml). Study results showed that the rRV-GFP virus could replace the CVS-11 challenge virus currently used in the conventional RFFIT and enabling more rapid, simpler, and less expensive detection and quantitation of RVNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Qin
- Laboratory of Method Development, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dmitriy Volokhov
- Laboratory of Method Development, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elvira Rodionova
- Laboratory of Method Development, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Jefferson Vaccine Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir Chizhikov
- Laboratory of Method Development, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alena Dabrazhynetskaya
- Laboratory of Method Development, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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18
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Mazzon M, Ortega-Prieto AM, Imrie D, Luft C, Hess L, Czieso S, Grove J, Skelton JK, Farleigh L, Bugert JJ, Wright E, Temperton N, Angell R, Oxenford S, Jacobs M, Ketteler R, Dorner M, Marsh M. Identification of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Compounds by Targeting Viral Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:E176. [PMID: 30791609 PMCID: PMC6410080 DOI: 10.3390/v11020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a major threat to human health and economic well-being. In recent years Ebola, Zika, influenza, and chikungunya virus epidemics have raised awareness that infections can spread rapidly before vaccines or specific antagonists can be made available. Broad-spectrum antivirals are drugs with the potential to inhibit infection by viruses from different groups or families, which may be deployed during outbreaks when specific diagnostics, vaccines or directly acting antivirals are not available. While pathogen-directed approaches are generally effective against a few closely related viruses, targeting cellular pathways used by multiple viral agents can have broad-spectrum efficacy. Virus entry, particularly clathrin-mediated endocytosis, constitutes an attractive target as it is used by many viruses. Using a phenotypic screening strategy where the inhibitory activity of small molecules was sequentially tested against different viruses, we identified 12 compounds with broad-spectrum activity, and found a subset blocking viral internalisation and/or fusion. Importantly, we show that compounds identified with this approach can reduce viral replication in a mouse model of Zika infection. This work provides proof of concept that it is possible to identify broad-spectrum inhibitors by iterative phenotypic screenings, and that inhibition of host-pathways critical for viral life cycles can be an effective antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Mazzon
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Douglas Imrie
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Christin Luft
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Lena Hess
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Jessica Katy Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Laura Farleigh
- Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Joachim J Bugert
- Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Richard Angell
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Sally Oxenford
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCL Medical School, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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19
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Delgadillo-Gutiérrez K, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Jiménez-Alberto A, Aparicio-Ozores G, Castelán-Vega JA. Stability of retroviral pseudotypes carrying the hemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses under various storage conditions. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:44-49. [PMID: 30347199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral pseudotypes are broadly used as safe instruments to mimic the structure and surface of highly pathogenic viruses. They have been employed for the discovery of new drugs, as diagnostic tools in vaccine studies, and part of serological assays. Because of their widespread use in research and their potential as tools for quality control, it is important to know their shelf life, stability, and best storage conditions. In this study, we produced pseudotypes carrying the lacZ reporter gene and the hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza virus subtypes H5 and H7 to investigate their stability under various storage conditions. We produced pseudotypes with titers of approximately 106 RLU/mL, which decreased to 105-106 RLU/mL after short-term storage at 4 °C (up to 4 weeks). Stability was maintained after long-term storage at -20 °C (up to 12 months), even under storage variations such as freeze-thaw cycles. We conclude that, although the titers decreased by 1 log10 under the different storage conditions, the remaining titers can be readily applicable in many techniques, such as neutralization assays. These findings show that large quantities of retroviral pseudotypes can be safely stored for short- or long-term use, allowing standardization and reduced variation in assays involving retroviral pseudotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Delgadillo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Jiménez-Alberto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Aparicio-Ozores
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Castelán-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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20
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Genetic fusion of peste des petits ruminants virus haemagglutinin and fusion protein domains to the amino terminal subunit of glycoprotein B of bovine herpesvirus 1 interferes with transport and function of gB for BHV-1 infectious replication. Virus Res 2018; 258:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Shah K, Bentley E, Tyler A, Richards KSR, Wright E, Easterbrook L, Lee D, Cleaver C, Usher L, Burton JE, Pitman JK, Bruce CB, Edge D, Lee M, Nazareth N, Norwood DA, Moschos SA. Field-deployable, quantitative, rapid identification of active Ebola virus infection in unprocessed blood. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7780-7797. [PMID: 29163915 PMCID: PMC5694917 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The West African Ebola virus outbreak underlined the importance of delivering mass diagnostic capability outside the clinical or primary care setting in effectively containing public health emergencies caused by infectious disease. Yet, to date, there is no solution for reliably deploying at the point of need the gold standard diagnostic method, real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), in a laboratory infrastructure-free manner. In this proof of principle work, we demonstrate direct performance of RT-qPCR on fresh blood using far-red fluorophores to resolve fluorogenic signal inhibition and controlled, rapid freeze/thawing to achieve viral genome extraction in a single reaction chamber assay. The resulting process is entirely free of manual or automated sample pre-processing, requires no microfluidics or magnetic/mechanical sample handling and thus utilizes low cost consumables. This enables a fast, laboratory infrastructure-free, minimal risk and simple standard operating procedure suited to frontline, field use. Developing this novel approach on recombinant bacteriophage and recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; Lentivirus), we demonstrate clinical utility in symptomatic EBOV patient screening using live, infectious Filoviruses and surrogate patient samples. Moreover, we evidence assay co-linearity independent of viral particle structure that may enable viral load quantification through pre-calibration, with no loss of specificity across an 8 log-linear maximum dynamic range. The resulting quantitative rapid identification (QuRapID) molecular diagnostic platform, openly accessible for assay development, meets the requirements of resource-limited countries and provides a fast response solution for mass public health screening against emerging biosecurity threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavit Shah
- Westminster Genomic Services , Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Westminster , 115 New Cavendish Str , London W1W 6UW , UK
- BGResearch Ltd. , 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Harvard Industrial Estate , Kimbolton , Huntingdon PE28 0NJ , UK
| | - Emma Bentley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Westminster , 115 New Cavendish Str , London W1W 6UW , UK
| | - Adam Tyler
- BioGene Ltd. , 8 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Harvard Industrial Estate , Kimbolton , Huntingdon PE28 0NJ , UK
| | - Kevin S R Richards
- Public Health England , National Infection Service , High Containment Microbiology Department , Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JG , UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Westminster , 115 New Cavendish Str , London W1W 6UW , UK
| | - Linda Easterbrook
- Public Health England , National Infection Service , High Containment Microbiology Department , Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JG , UK
| | - Diane Lee
- Fluorogenics LIMITED , Building 227, Tetricus Science Park, Dstl Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JQ , UK
| | - Claire Cleaver
- Fluorogenics LIMITED , Building 227, Tetricus Science Park, Dstl Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JQ , UK
| | - Louise Usher
- Westminster Genomic Services , Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Westminster , 115 New Cavendish Str , London W1W 6UW , UK
| | - Jane E Burton
- Public Health England , National Infection Service , High Containment Microbiology Department , Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JG , UK
| | - James K Pitman
- Public Health England , National Infection Service , High Containment Microbiology Department , Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JG , UK
| | - Christine B Bruce
- Public Health England , National Infection Service , High Containment Microbiology Department , Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JG , UK
| | - David Edge
- BioGene Ltd. , 8 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Harvard Industrial Estate , Kimbolton , Huntingdon PE28 0NJ , UK
| | - Martin Lee
- Fluorogenics LIMITED , Building 227, Tetricus Science Park, Dstl Porton Down , Salisbury , Wiltshire SP4 0JQ , UK
| | - Nelson Nazareth
- BioGene Ltd. , 8 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Harvard Industrial Estate , Kimbolton , Huntingdon PE28 0NJ , UK
| | - David A Norwood
- Diagnostic Systems Division and Virology Division , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD 21701-5011 , USA
| | - Sterghios A Moschos
- Westminster Genomic Services , Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Westminster , 115 New Cavendish Str , London W1W 6UW , UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Westminster , 115 New Cavendish Str , London W1W 6UW , UK
- Department of Applied Sciences , Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , C4.03 Ellison Building, Ellison Place , Newcastle Upon Tyne , Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST , UK . ; Tel: +44(0) 191 215 6623
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22
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Wu J, Zhao C, Liu Q, Huang W, Wang Y. Development and application of a bioluminescent imaging mouse model for Chikungunya virus based on pseudovirus system. Vaccine 2017; 35:6387-6394. [PMID: 29031692 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that is transmitted to humans primarily via the bite of an infected mosquito. Infection of humans by CHIKV can cause chikungunya fever which is an acute febrile illness associated with severe, often debilitating polyarthralgias. Since a re-emergence of CHIKV in 2004, the virus has spread into novel locations in nearly 40 countries including non-endemic regions and has led to millions of cases of disease throughout countries. Handling of CHIKV is restricted to the high-containment Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) facilities, which greatly impede the research progress of this virus. In this study, an envelope-pseudotyped virus expressing the firefly luciferase reporter protein (pHIV-CHIKV-Fluc) was generated. An in vitro sensitive neutralizing assay and an in vivo bioluminescent-imaging-based mouse infection model had been developed based on the CHIKV pseudovirus. Utilizing the platform, protection effect of DNA vaccine was evaluated. Therefore, this study provides a safe, sensitive and visualizing model for evaluating vaccines and antiviral therapies against CHIKV in low containment BSL-2 laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China.
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23
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Nie J, Wu X, Ma J, Cao S, Huang W, Liu Q, Li X, Li Y, Wang Y. Development of in vitro and in vivo rabies virus neutralization assays based on a high-titer pseudovirus system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42769. [PMID: 28218278 PMCID: PMC5316940 DOI: 10.1038/srep42769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoviruses are useful virological tools because of their safety and versatility; however the low titer of these viruses substantially limits their wider applications. We developed a highly efficient pseudovirus production system capable of yielding 100 times more rabies pseudovirus than the traditional method. Employing the high-titer pseudoviruses, we have developed robust in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays for the evaluation of rabies vaccine, which traditionally relies on live-virus based assays. Compared with current rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), our in vitro pseudovirus-based neutralization assay (PBNA) is much less labor-intensive while demonstrating better reproducibility. Moreover, the in vivo PBNA assay was also found to be superior to the live virus based assay. Following intravenous administration, the pseudovirus effectively infected the mice, with dynamic viral distributions being sequentially observed in spleen, liver and brain. Furthermore, data from in vivo PBNA showed great agreement with those generated from the live virus model but with the experimental time significantly reduced from 2 weeks to 3 days. Taken together, the effective pseudovirus production system facilitated the development of novel PBNA assays which could replace live virus-based traditional assays due to its safety, rapidity, reproducibility and high throughput capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Division of Arboviral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shouchun Cao
- Division of Arboviral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, On K1A 0K9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, On, Canada
| | - Yuhua Li
- Division of Arboviral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), No. 2 Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
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24
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Schwarz NG, Loderstaedt U, Hahn A, Hinz R, Zautner AE, Eibach D, Fischer M, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Microbiological laboratory diagnostics of neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). Acta Trop 2017; 165:40-65. [PMID: 26391646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on laboratory diagnostic approaches for selected, highly pathogenic neglected zoonotic diseases, i.e. anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, Taenia solium-associated diseases (neuro-/cysticercosis & taeniasis) and trypanosomiasis. Diagnostic options, including microscopy, culture, matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular approaches and serology are introduced. These procedures are critically discussed regarding their diagnostic reliability and state of evaluation. For rare diseases reliable evaluation data are scarce due to the rarity of samples. If bio-safety level 3 is required for cultural growth, but such high standards of laboratory infrastructure are not available, serological and molecular approaches from inactivated sample material might be alternatives. Multiple subsequent testing using various test platforms in a stepwise approach may improve sensitivity and specificity. Cheap and easy to use tests, usually called "rapid diagnostic tests" (RDTs) may impact disease control measures, but should not preclude developing countries from state of the art diagnostics.
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25
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Moeschler S, Locher S, Conzelmann KK, Krämer B, Zimmer G. Quantification of Lyssavirus-Neutralizing Antibodies Using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotype Particles. Viruses 2016; 8:E254. [PMID: 27649230 PMCID: PMC5035968 DOI: 10.3390/v8090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease which is primarily caused by rabies virus (RABV) although other members of the genus Lyssavirus can cause rabies as well. As yet, 14 serologically and genetically diverse lyssaviruses have been identified, mostly in bats. To assess the quality of rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin preparations, virus neutralization tests with live RABV are performed in accordance with enhanced biosafety standards. In the present work, a novel neutralization test is presented which takes advantage of a modified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from which the glycoprotein G gene has been deleted and replaced by reporter genes. This single-cycle virus was trans-complemented with RABV envelope glycoprotein. Neutralization of this pseudotype virus with RABV reference serum or immune sera from vaccinated mice showed a strong correlation with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Importantly, pseudotype viruses containing the envelope glycoproteins of other lyssaviruses were neutralized by reference serum to a significantly lesser extent or were not neutralized at all. Taken together, a pseudotype virus system has been successfully developed which allows the safe, fast, and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies directed against different lyssaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moeschler
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut und Genzentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 München, Germany.
| | - Beate Krämer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Abteilung Veterinärmedizin, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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26
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Urbanowicz RA, McClure CP, King B, Mason CP, Ball JK, Tarr AW. Novel functional hepatitis C virus glycoprotein isolates identified using an optimized viral pseudotype entry assay. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2265-2279. [PMID: 27384448 PMCID: PMC5042129 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus pseudotypes are a highly tractable model used to study the entry pathways of enveloped viruses. This model has been extensively applied to the study of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry pathway, preclinical screening of antiviral antibodies and for assessing the phenotype of patient-derived viruses using HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) possessing the HCV E1 and E2 glycoproteins. However, not all patient-isolated clones produce particles that are infectious in this model. This study investigated factors that might limit phenotyping of patient-isolated HCV glycoproteins. Genetically related HCV glycoproteins from quasispecies in individual patients were discovered to behave very differently in this entry model. Empirical optimization of the ratio of packaging construct and glycoprotein-encoding plasmid was required for successful HCVpp genesis for different clones. The selection of retroviral packaging construct also influenced the function of HCV pseudoparticles. Some glycoprotein constructs tolerated a wide range of assay parameters, while others were much more sensitive to alterations. Furthermore, glycoproteins previously characterized as unable to mediate entry were found to be functional. These findings were validated using chimeric cell-cultured HCV bearing these glycoproteins. Using the same empirical approach we demonstrated that generation of infectious ebolavirus pseudoviruses (EBOVpv) was also sensitive to the amount and ratio of plasmids used, and that protocols for optimal production of these pseudoviruses are dependent on the exact virus glycoprotein construct. These findings demonstrate that it is crucial for studies utilizing pseudoviruses to conduct empirical optimization of pseudotype production for each specific glycoprotein sequence to achieve optimal titres and facilitate accurate phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - C. Patrick McClure
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barnabas King
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher P. Mason
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander W. Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- Correspondence Alexander W. Tarr
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27
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De Benedictis P, Minola A, Rota Nodari E, Aiello R, Zecchin B, Salomoni A, Foglierini M, Agatic G, Vanzetta F, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Bentley E, Weiss R, Cattoli G, Capua I, Sallusto F, Wright E, Lanzavecchia A, Bourhy H, Corti D. Development of broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibodies for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:407-21. [PMID: 26992832 PMCID: PMC4818751 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for use in humans includes equine or human rabies immunoglobulins (RIG). The replacement of RIG with an equally or more potent and safer product is strongly encouraged due to the high costs and limited availability of existing RIG. In this study, we identified two broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that represent a valid and affordable alternative to RIG in rabies PEP. Memory B cells from four selected vaccinated donors were immortalized and monoclonal antibodies were tested for neutralizing activity and epitope specificity. Two antibodies, identified as RVC20 and RVC58 (binding to antigenic site I and III, respectively), were selected for their potency and broad-spectrum reactivity. In vitro, RVC20 and RVC58 were able to neutralize all 35 rabies virus (RABV) and 25 non-RABV lyssaviruses. They showed higher potency and breath compared to antibodies under clinical development (namely CR57, CR4098, and RAB1) and commercially available human RIG. In vivo, the RVC20-RVC58 cocktail protected Syrian hamsters from a lethal RABV challenge and did not affect the endogenous hamster post-vaccination antibody response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Mesocricetus
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
- Rabies/prevention & control
- Rabies virus/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Elena Rota Nodari
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Aiello
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Zecchin
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Salomoni
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Emma Bentley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Robin Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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28
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Meredith LW, Hu K, Cheng X, Howard CR, Baumert TF, Balfe P, van de Graaf KF, Protzer U, McKeating JA. Lentiviral hepatitis B pseudotype entry requires sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide and additional hepatocyte-specific factors. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:121-127. [PMID: 26474824 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the world's major unconquered infections, resulting in progressive liver disease, and current treatments rarely cure infection. A limitation to discovering new therapies is our limited knowledge of HBV entry and dissemination pathways that hinders the development of in vitro culture systems. To address this gap in our understanding we optimized the genesis of infectious lentiviral pseudoparticles (HBVpps). The recent discovery that the bile salt transporter sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) acts as a receptor for HBV enabled us to assess the receptor dependency of HBVpp infection. HBVpps preferentially infect hepatoma cells expressing NTCP, whereas other non-liver cells engineered to express NTCP do not support infection, suggesting that additional hepatocyte-specific factors are required for HBVpp internalization. These results highlight the value of the HBVpp system to dissect the pathways of HBV entry and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Meredith
- Centre for Human Virology, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Hu
- Centre for Human Virology, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - X Cheng
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - C R Howard
- Centre for Human Virology, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T F Baumert
- INSERM U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Balfe
- Centre for Human Virology, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K F van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - U Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - J A McKeating
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,Centre for Human Virology, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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29
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Bentley EM, Mather ST, Temperton NJ. The use of pseudotypes to study viruses, virus sero-epidemiology and vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:2955-62. [PMID: 25936665 PMCID: PMC7127415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The globalization of the world's economies, accompanied by increasing international travel, changing climates, altered human behaviour and demographics is leading to the emergence of different viral diseases, many of which are highly pathogenic and hence are considered of great public and animal health importance. To undertake basic research and therapeutic development, many of these viruses require handling by highly trained staff in BSL-3/4 facilities not readily available to the majority of the global R&D community. In order to circumvent the enhanced biosafety requirement, the development of non-pathogenic, replication-defective pseudotyped viruses is an effective and established solution to permit the study of many aspects of virus biology in a low containment biosafety level (BSL)-1/2 laboratory. Under the spectre of the unfolding Ebola crisis, this timely conference (the second to be organised by the Viral Pseudotype Unit, www.viralpseudotypeunit.info*) discusses the recent advances in pseudotype technology and how it is revolutionizing the study of important human and animal pathogens (human and avian influenza viruses, rabies/lyssaviruses, HIV, Marburg and Ebola viruses). Key topics addressed in this conference include the exploitation of pseudotypes for serology and serosurveillance, immunogenicity testing of current and next-generation vaccines and new pseudotype assay formats (multiplexing, kit development). The first pseudotype-focused Euroscicon conference organised by the Viral Pseudotype Unit was recently reviewed [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Bentley
- VPU Fitzrovia, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart T Mather
- VPU Medway, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- VPU Medway, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.
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30
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Abstract
Pseudotype viruses: applications and troubleshooting’ (EuroSciCon 2013), a 1-day conference held at Cineworld: The O2 (London, UK) on 2 October 2013, focused on the technique of pseudotyping enveloped viruses (for a review of the technique, see [1]). The talks and posters covered the challenges and successes of pseudotyping viruses from a broad range of families (Retroviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae) for a variety of applications. The conference was chaired by Nigel Temperton, University of Kent (UK), who placed a strong emphasis on using this event to explore the technical challenges of pseudotyping viruses, especially during the poster and afternoon question and answer sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas King
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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31
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Mather ST, Wright E, Scott SD, Temperton NJ. Lyophilisation of influenza, rabies and Marburg lentiviral pseudotype viruses for the development and distribution of a neutralisation -assay-based diagnostic kit. J Virol Methods 2014; 210:51-8. [PMID: 25286181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudotype viruses (PVs) are chimeric, replication-deficient virions that mimic wild-type virus entry mechanisms and can be safely employed in neutralisation assays, bypassing the need for high biosafety requirements and performing comparably to established serological assays. However, PV supernatant necessitates -80°C long-term storage and cold-chain maintenance during transport, which limits the scope of dissemination and application throughout resource-limited laboratories. We therefore investigated the effects of lyophilisation on influenza, rabies and Marburg PV stability, with a view to developing a pseudotype virus neutralisation assay (PVNA) based kit suitable for affordable global distribution. Infectivity of each PV was calculated after lyophilisation and immediate reconstitution, as well as subsequent to incubation of freeze-dried pellets at varying temperatures, humidities and timepoints. Integrity of glycoprotein structure following treatment was also assessed by employing lyophilised PVs in downstream PVNAs. In the presence of 0.5M sucrose-PBS cryoprotectant, each freeze-dried pseudotype was stably stored for 4 weeks at up to 37°C and could be neutralised to the same potency as unlyophilised PVs when employed in PVNAs. These results confirm the viability of a freeze-dried PVNA-based kit, which could significantly facilitate low-cost serology for a wide portfolio of emerging infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Mather
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
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32
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Multiplex evaluation of influenza neutralizing antibodies with potential applicability to in-field serological studies. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:457932. [PMID: 25101305 PMCID: PMC4101955 DOI: 10.1155/2014/457932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased number of outbreaks of H5 and H7 LPAI and HPAI viruses in poultry has major public and animal health implications. The continuous rapid evolution of these subtypes and the emergence of new variants influence the ability to undertake effective surveillance. Retroviral pseudotypes bearing influenza haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) envelope glycoproteins represent a flexible platform for sensitive, readily standardized influenza serological assays. We describe a multiplex assay for the study of neutralizing antibodies that are directed against both influenza H5 and H7 HA. This assay permits the measurement of neutralizing antibody responses against two antigenically distinct HAs in the same serum/plasma sample thus increasing the amount and quality of serological data that can be acquired from valuable sera. Sera obtained from chickens vaccinated with a monovalent H5N2 vaccine, chickens vaccinated with a bivalent H7N1/H5N9 vaccine, or turkeys naturally infected with an H7N3 virus were evaluated in this assay and the results correlated strongly with data obtained by HI assay. We show that pseudotypes are highly stable under basic cold-chain storage conditions and following multiple rounds of freeze-thaw. We propose that this robust assay may have practical utility for in-field serosurveillance and vaccine studies in resource-limited regions worldwide.
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Nolden T, Banyard AC, Finke S, Fooks AR, Hanke D, Höper D, Horton DL, Mettenleiter TC, Müller T, Teifke JP, Freuling CM. Comparative studies on the genetic, antigenic and pathogenic characteristics of Bokeloh bat lyssavirus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1647-1653. [PMID: 24828330 PMCID: PMC4103065 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV), a novel lyssavirus, was isolated from a Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattererii), a chiropteran species with a widespread and abundant distribution across Europe. As a novel lyssavirus, the risks of BBLV to animal and human health are unknown and as such characterization both in vitro and in vivo was required to assess pathogenicity and vaccine protection. Full genome sequence analysis and antigenic cartography demonstrated that the German BBLV isolates are most closely related to European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) and Khujand virus and can be characterized within phylogroup I. In vivo characterization demonstrated that BBLV was pathogenic in mice when inoculated peripherally causing clinical signs typical for rabies encephalitis, with higher pathogenicity observed in juvenile mice. A limited vaccination-challenge experiment in mice was conducted and suggested that current vaccines would afford some protection against BBLV although further studies are warranted to determine a serological cut-off for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nolden
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Woodham Lane, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stefan Finke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- University of Liverpool, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Liverpool L3 5TQ, UK.,Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Woodham Lane, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dennis Hanke
- FLI, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- FLI, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniel L Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Woodham Lane, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jens P Teifke
- FLI, Department of Animal Husbandry and Biorisk Management, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Horton DL, Banyard AC, Marston DA, Wise E, Selden D, Nunez A, Hicks D, Lembo T, Cleaveland S, Peel AJ, Kuzmin IV, Rupprecht CE, Fooks AR. Antigenic and genetic characterization of a divergent African virus, Ikoma lyssavirus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1025-1032. [PMID: 24496827 PMCID: PMC3983756 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.061952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, a novel lyssavirus (subsequently named Ikoma lyssavirus, IKOV) was detected in the brain of an African civet (Civettictis civetta) with clinical rabies in the Serengeti National Park of Tanzania. The degree of nucleotide divergence between the genome of IKOV and those of other lyssaviruses predicted antigenic distinction from, and lack of protection provided by, available rabies vaccines. In addition, the index case was considered likely to be an incidental spillover event, and therefore the true reservoir of IKOV remained to be identified. The advent of sensitive molecular techniques has led to a rapid increase in the discovery of novel viruses. Detecting viral sequence alone, however, only allows for prediction of phenotypic characteristics and not their measurement. In the present study we describe the in vitro and in vivo characterization of IKOV, demonstrating that it is (1) pathogenic by peripheral inoculation in an animal model, (2) antigenically distinct from current rabies vaccine strains and (3) poorly neutralized by sera from humans and animals immunized against rabies. In a laboratory mouse model, no protection was elicited by a licensed rabies vaccine. We also investigated the role of bats as reservoirs of IKOV. We found no evidence for infection among 483 individuals of at least 13 bat species sampled across sites in the Serengeti and Southern Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Denise A Marston
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Emma Wise
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - David Selden
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Daniel Hicks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison J Peel
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Charles E Rupprecht
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts.,Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, UK
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35
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Comparative serological assays for the study of h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses. INFLUENZA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:286158. [PMID: 24163763 PMCID: PMC3791816 DOI: 10.1155/2013/286158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The nature of influenza virus to randomly mutate and evolve into new types is an important challenge in the control of influenza infection. It is necessary to monitor virus evolution for a better understanding of the pandemic risk posed by certain variants as evidenced by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. This has been clearly recognized in Egypt following the notification of the first HPAI H5N1 outbreak. The continuous circulation of the virus and the mass vaccination programme undertaken in poultry have resulted in a progressive genetic evolution and a significant antigenic drift near the major antigenic sites. In order to establish if vaccination is sufficient to provide significant intra- and interclade cross-protection, lentiviral pseudotypes derived from H5N1 HPAI viruses (A/Vietnam/1194/04, A/chicken/Egypt-1709-01/2007) and an antigenic drift variant (A/chicken/Egypt-1709-06-2008) were constructed and used in pseudotype-based neutralization assays (pp-NT). pp-NT data obtained was confirmed and correlated with HI and MN assays. A panel of pseudotypes belonging to influenza Groups 1 and 2, with a combination of reporter systems, was also employed for testing avian sera in order to support further application of pp-NT as an alternative valid assay that can improve avian vaccination efficacy testing, vaccine virus selection, and the reliability of reference sera.
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36
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Boruah BM, Liu D, Ye D, Gu TJ, Jiang CL, Qu M, Wright E, Wang W, He W, Liu C, Gao B. Single domain antibody multimers confer protection against rabies infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71383. [PMID: 23977032 PMCID: PMC3748109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-exposure prophylactic (PEP) neutralizing antibodies against Rabies are the most effective way to prevent infection-related fatality. The outer envelope glycoprotein of the Rabies virus (RABV) is the most significant surface antigen for generating virus-neutralizing antibodies. The small size and uncompromised functional specificity of single domain antibodies (sdAbs) can be exploited in the fields of experimental therapeutic applications for infectious diseases through formatting flexibilities to increase their avidity towards target antigens. In this study, we used phage display technique to select and identify sdAbs that were specific for the RABV glycoprotein from a naïve llama-derived antibody library. To increase their neutralizing potencies, the sdAbs were fused with a coiled-coil peptide derived from the human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP48) to form homogenous pentavalent multimers, known as combodies. Compared to monovalent sdAbs, the combodies, namely 26424 and 26434, exhibited high avidity and were able to neutralize 85-fold higher input of RABV (CVS-11 strain) pseudotypes in vitro, as a result of multimerization, while retaining their specificities for target antigen. 26424 and 26434 were capable of neutralizing CVS-11 pseudotypes in vitro by 90–95% as compared to human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), currently used for PEP in Rabies. The multimeric sdAbs were also demonstrated to be partially protective for mice that were infected with lethal doses of rabies virus in vivo. The results demonstrate that the combodies could be valuable tools in understanding viral mechanisms, diagnosis and possible anti-viral candidate for RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi M. Boruah
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tie-jun Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-lai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingsheng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biochemistry Teaching and Research Office, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changzhen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Mather S, Scott S, Temperton N, Wright E, King B, Daly J. Current progress with serological assays for exotic emerging/re-emerging viruses. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed an unprecedented rise in the outbreak occurrence of infectious and primarily zoonotic viruses. Contributing factors to this phenomenon include heightened global connectivity via air travel and international trade links, as well as man-made environmental alterations, such as deforestation and climate change, which all serve to bring humans into closer contact with animal reservoirs and alter the habitat of vectors, thus facilitating the transmission of viruses between species. Serological assays are integral to tracking the epidemiological spread of a virus and evaluating mass vaccination programs by quantifying neutralizing antibody responses raised against antigenic epitopes on the viral surface. However, conventional serological tests are somewhat marred by equipment and reagent costs, the necessity for high-containment laboratories for studying many emerging viruses, and interlaboratory variability, among other issues. This review details ‘next-generation’ assays aimed at addressing some of the persistent problems with viral serology, focusing on how manipulating the genomes of RNA viruses can produce attenuated or chimeric viruses that can be exploited as surrogate viruses in neutralization assays. Despite the undoubted promise of such novel serological platforms, it must be remembered that these assays have to withstand rigorous validation and standardization measures before they can play an integral role in curtailing the severity of future emerging virus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Mather
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Barnabas King
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Janet Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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38
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Scott S, Molesti E, Temperton N, Ferrara F, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Daly J. The use of equine influenza pseudotypes for serological screening. J Mol Genet Med 2012; 6:304-8. [PMID: 23515229 PMCID: PMC3601075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard assays used for influenza serology present certain practical issues, such as inter-laboratory variability, complex protocols and the necessity for handling certain virus strains in high biological containment facilities. In an attempt to address this, avian and human influenza HA pseudotyped retroviruses have been successfully employed in antibody neutralization assays. In this study we generated an equine influenza pseudotyped lentivirus for serological screening. This was achieved by co-transfection of HEK293T cells with plasmids expressing the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of an H3N8 subtype equine influenza virus strain, HIV gag-pol and firefly luciferase reporter genes and harvesting virus from supernatant. In order to produce infective pseudotype particles it was necessary to additionally co-transfect a plasmid encoding the TMPRSS2 endoprotease to cleave the HA. High titre pseudotype virus (PV) was then used in PV antibody neutralization assays (PVNAs) to successfully distinguish between vaccinated and non-vaccinated equines. The sera were also screened by single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. There was a 65% correlation between the results of the two assays, with the PVNA assay appearing slightly more sensitive. Future work will extend the testing of the PVNA with a larger number of serum samples to assess sensitivity/specificity, inter/intra-laboratory variability and to define a protective titre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Scott
- †Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK,*Correspondence to: Simon Scott, , Tel: +44 (0)1634 202957, Fax: +44 (0)1634 883927
| | - Eleonora Molesti
- †Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- †Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- †Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK
| | | | - Janet Daly
- ¥School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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Garcia JM, Lai JCC. Production of influenza pseudotyped lentiviral particles and their use in influenza research and diagnosis: an update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:443-55. [PMID: 21504401 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudotyped viral particles are being used as safe surrogates to mimic the structure and surface of many viruses, including highly pathogenic viruses such as avian influenza H5N1, to investigate biological functions mediated by the envelope proteins derived from these viruses. The first part of this article evaluates and discusses the differences in the production and characterization of influenza pseudoparticles. The second part focuses on the applications that such a flexible tool can provide in modern influenza research, in particular in the fields of drug discovery, molecular biology and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Garcia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, Dexter HC Man Building, 8 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Virus neutralising activity of African fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses. Virology 2010; 408:183-9. [PMID: 20951400 PMCID: PMC7172354 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is likely that phylogroup 2 lyssaviruses circulate within bat reservoirs. We adapted a pseudotype (pt) neutralisation assay (PNA) to a multiplex format enabling serosurveillance for Lagos bat virus (LBV), Mokola virus (MOKV) and West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV) in a potential reservoir, the African straw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum. Highly correlated titres were observed between single and multiplex PNAs using ptLBV and ptMOKV (r=0.97, p<0.0001), validating its use for bat serosurveillance. Of the bat serum samples screened 56% neutralised ptLBV, 27% ptMOKV and 1% ptWCBV. Mean VNAb titres were 1:266, 1:35 and 1:7 against ptLBV, ptMOKV and ptWCBV respectively. The high seroprevalence estimates suggest that the infection rate of LBV in E. helvum remains high enough to persist in this species. This supports the hypothesis that LBV is endemic in Ghanaian E. helvum and we speculate that LBV may have co-evolved with African megachiroptera.
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