1
|
Murayama Y, Tabuchi M, Utsumi D, Naruse K, Tokuyama K, Ikedo A, Morimasa E, Kato S, Matsumoto K. Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels in an ovalbumin-induced murine food allergic model. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:6061-6074. [PMID: 38396155 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy (FA) has increased worldwide but an effective therapeutic strategy has not been established. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a mechanosensitive nonselective cation channel, is mainly expressed in the epithelium of various organs. The present study investigated the role of TRPV4 in the pathogenesis of an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced FA model in mice. Wild-type (WT) and TRPV4-deficient (TRPV4KO) mice were sensitized and challenged by OVA to establish FA model. Intestinal tissue samples were processed for biochemical, molecular, and image analyses. Intestinal permeability and antigen uptake assay were conducted using FITC-dextran and OVA-FITC, respectively. TRPV4 was expressed in the colonic epithelium in normal and OVA-treated WT mice. Repeated oral administration of OVA to mice induced systemic allergic symptoms, diarrhea, upregulation of T helper 2 cytokines, OVA-specific immunoglobulin, and FA-related inflammatory cells. These responses were significantly augmented in TRPV4KO mice compared with WT mice. After the induction of FA, the intestinal permeability was significantly increased in TRPV4KO mice compared with WT mice. The expressions of the tight junction protein occludin and adherence junction protein E-cadherin in the colon were significantly lower in TRPV4KO mice compared with WT mice under normal and FA conditions. In addition, the uptake of OVA by CD11c-positive cells was significantly increased in TRPV4KO mice compared with WT mice under FA conditions. These results suggest that epithelial TRPV4 protects against OVA-induced FA symptoms by suppressing the penetration of allergens by maintaining epithelial barrier functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murayama
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tabuchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Utsumi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Naruse
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouga Tokuyama
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayana Ikedo
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emina Morimasa
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HY, Cho S, Kim SB, Song EC, Jung W, Shin YG, Suh JH, Choi J, Yoon I, Kim U, Ban H, Hwang S, Mun J, Park J, Kim N, Lee Y, Kim MH, Kim S. Specific targeting of cancer vaccines to antigen-presenting cells via an endogenous TLR2/6 ligand derived from cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00469-6. [PMID: 39066478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been developed as a promising way to boost cancer immunity. However, their clinical potency is often limited due to the imprecise delivery of tumor antigens. To overcome this problem, we conjugated an endogenous Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/6 ligand, UNE-C1, to human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16)-derived peptide antigen, E7, and found that the UNE-C1-conjugated cancer vaccine (UCV) showed significantly enhanced antitumor activity in vivo compared with the noncovalent combination of UNE-C1 and E7. The combination of UCV with PD-1 blockades further augmented its therapeutic efficacy. Specifically, the conjugation of UNE-C1 to E7 enhanced its retention in inguinal draining lymph nodes, the specific delivery to dendritic cells and E7 antigen-specific T cell responses, and antitumor efficacy in vivo compared with the noncovalent combination of the two peptides. These findings suggest the potential of UNE-C1 derived from human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1 as a unique vehicle for the specific delivery of cancer antigens to antigen-presenting cells via TLR2/6 for the improvement of cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Yun Kim
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Cho
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee Chan Song
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchul Jung
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyeong Shin
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Suh
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ina Yoon
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijoo Kim
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamin Ban
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyo Hwang
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Mun
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Park
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research (AIBI), Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samuels S, Alwan Z, Egnin M, Jaynes J, Connell TD, Bernard GC, Nashar T. Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inhibition of HIV-1 Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Bacterial Toxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 29226013 PMCID: PMC5719890 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, critical virus components for immunity, vaccines trials, and drugs development, challenges remain in the fight against HIV-1. Of great importance is the inhibitory function of microbicidal cell penetrating peptides and bacterial toxins that interfere with production and neutralize infection of HIV-1 particles. We demonstrate that the neutralizing activity of a cationic 18 amino acids peptide, is similar to a broadly neutralizing human antibody, and inhibits production of two HIV-1 strains in human cell lines. Pretreatment of cells with bacterial toxins or toxoids derived from enterotoxigenic E. coli, boost subsequent activity of the peptide against HIV-1, to inhibit simultaneously production and infection. The synthetic peptide crosses the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and nucleus. In vitro analysis of a possible target for this peptide revealed specific binding to recombinant HIV-1 gag p24. This is the first demonstration of a synergy between bacterial toxins and a cell-penetrating peptide against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Samuels
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.,Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Perimeter College at Georgia State University, 555 North Indian Creek Drive, Clarkston, USA
| | - Zainab Alwan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.,Department of Community Health, Institute of Medical Technology, Middle Technical University Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marceline Egnin
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessie Jaynes
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gregory C Bernard
- Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Toufic Nashar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bradley JH, Harrison A, Corey A, Gentry N, Gregg RK. Ebola virus secreted glycoprotein decreases the anti-viral immunity of macrophages in early inflammatory responses. Cell Immunol 2017; 324:24-32. [PMID: 29195741 PMCID: PMC7094302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During Ebola virus (EBOV) infection, secreted glycoprotein (sGP) is found in large quantities in the serum of both patients and infected animal models. It is thought to serve as a decoy for anti-EBOV antibodies. Using an in vitro model incorporating treatment of non-infected human THP-1 macrophages with recombinant EBOV sGP, this study sought to examine the impact of sGP upon key macrophage functions. Macrophage polarization and phagocytic capacity of activated macrophages were found to be unaltered by sGP treatment. However, treatment with sGP inhibited macrophage production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 while the yield of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, remained intact. Interestingly, the migratory ability of macrophages was also diminished by sGP, potentially due to a decrease in expression of CD11b, a vital macrophage integrin. Thus, EBOV sGP may operate to diminish functional contributions of non-infected macrophages to increase the potential viral dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Bradley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Ametria Harrison
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, SC 29301, United States
| | - Ashley Corey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Nathan Gentry
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Randal K Gregg
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee CH, Hajishengallis G, Connell TD. Dendritic Cell-Mediated Mechanisms Triggered by LT-IIa-B 5, a Mucosal Adjuvant Derived from a Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:709-717. [PMID: 28144014 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1611.11072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are the initial site through which most pathogens invade. As such, vaccines and adjuvants that modulate mucosal immune functions have emerged as important agents for disease prevention. Herein, we investigated the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin type IIa (LT-IIa-B5), a potent non-toxic mucosal adjuvant. Alternations in gene expression in response to LT-IIa-B5 were identified using a genome-wide transcriptional microarray that focused on dendritic cells (DC), a type of cell that broadly orchestrates adaptive and innate immune responses. We found that LT-IIa-B5 enhanced the homing capacity of DC into the lymph nodes and selectively regulated transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors. These data are consistent with a model in which directional activation and differentiation of immune cells by LT-IIa-B5 serve as a critical mechanism whereby this potent adjuvant amplifies mucosal immunity to co-administered antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Kassas S, Odemuyiwa S, Hajishengallis G, Connell TD, Nashar TO. Expression and Regulation of Cholecystokinin Receptor in the Chicken's Immune Organs and Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7. [PMID: 28149670 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that affects growth rate in chickens by regulating appetite. CCK peptides exert their function by binding to two identified receptors, CCKAR and CCKBR in the GI tract and the brain, respectively, as well as in other organs. In mammals, CCK/CCKAR interactions affect a number of immunological parameters, including regulation of lymphocytes and functioning of monocytes. Thus, food intake and growth can potentially be altered by infection and the resulting inflammatory immune response. It is uncertain, however, whether chicken express CCKAR in immune organs and cells, and, if so, whether CCKAR expression is regulated by pathogen derived inflammatory stimuli. Herein, we identify expression of CCKAR protein in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) including monocytes, and expression of the CCKAR gene in PBMC, thymus, bursa, and spleen, in selected commercial and pure chicken breeds. Further, stimulation with various types of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxins or lipopolysaccharide significantly regulated expression of CCKAR on monocytes in the different breeds. Ligation of CCKAR with antibodies in PBMC induced mobilization of Ca2+, indicating that CCKAR is signal competent. Injection with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic analogue of double stranded viral RNA that binds Toll-Like Receptor-3 (TLR3), also regulated gene expressions of CCKAR and proinflammatory cytokines, in the different breeds. Interestingly, variations in the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the different breeds were highly correlated with CCKAR expression levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that the physiological function of CCKAR in the chicken is tightly regulated in immune organs and cells by external inflammatory stimuli, which in turn regulate growth. This is the first report CCKAR expression in immune organs and cells, in any species, and the initial observation that CCKAR is regulated by inflammatory stimuli associated with bacterial and viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seham El-Kassas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Solomon Odemuyiwa
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Research, University at Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Toufic O Nashar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim JJ, Hwang YH, Kang KY, Kim I, Kim JB, Park JH, Yoo YC, Yee ST. Enhanced dendritic cell maturation by the B-chain of Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-B), a novel TLR4 agonist. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 24859056 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) is composed of A and B sub-chains. The B-chain binds to cell surfaces, whereas the A-chain hinders translation because it is a RIP (ribosome inactivating protein) inducing apoptosis. Although KML has various biological and immunological activities, its potential use in cancer therapy or as an adjuvant therapy is limited by its toxicity to normal cells. This study was conducted to determine whether the B-chain of KML (KML-B) has immunoadjuvant activity and cytotoxicity activity. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of B chain KML, in vitro experiments employing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were performed. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique group of white blood cells that are able to capture and process antigens for presentation to T cells, which constitute primary immune response. In the present study, KML-B was found to be non-cytotoxic to BMDCs. Furthermore, the expressions of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II) and the secretions of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and TNF-α) were increased in BMDCs by KML-B. In addition, other indicators (antigen-uptake and CCR7 expression) of BMDC maturation were changed by KML-B, and the ability of KML-B to enhance various functions by BMDCs was found to be dependent on TLR4 expression. Moreover, BMDCs matured by KML-B induced naïve CD4(+) T cell differentiation toward Th1 cells directly and indirectly. These experiments confirm that KML-B exhibits potent immunomodulatory properties and suggest that KML-B be considered a potential dendritic cell-based cancer therapy and immunoadjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbo Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bae Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Choon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Yee
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hajishengallis G, Connell TD. Type II heat-labile enterotoxins: structure, function, and immunomodulatory properties. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 152:68-77. [PMID: 23137790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types on the basis of genetic, biochemical, and immunological properties. Type I and Type II HLT have been intensively studied for their exceptionally strong adjuvant activities. Despite general structural similarities, these molecules, in intact or derivative (non-toxic) forms, display notable differences in their mode of immunomodulatory action. The molecular basis of these differences has remained largely uncharacterized until recently. This review focuses on the Type II HLTs and their immunomodulatory properties which depend largely on interactions with unique gangliosides and Toll-like receptors that are not utilized by the Type I HLTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Distinctive immunomodulatory and inflammatory properties of the Escherichia coli type II heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIa and its B pentamer following intradermal administration. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1243-51. [PMID: 21677110 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00012-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The type I and type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-I and LT-II) are strong mucosal adjuvants when they are coadministered with soluble antigens. Nonetheless, data on the parenteral adjuvant activities of LT-II are still limited. Particularly, no previous study has evaluated the adjuvant effects and induced inflammatory reactions of LT-II holotoxins or their B pentameric subunits after delivery via the intradermal (i.d.) route to mice. In the present report, the adjuvant and local skin inflammatory effects of LT-IIa and its B subunit pentamer (LT-IIaB(5)) were determined. When coadministered with ovalbumin (OVA), LT-IIa and, to a lesser extent, LT-IIaB(5) exhibited serum IgG adjuvant effects. In addition, LT-IIa but not LT-IIaB(5) induced T cell-specific anti-OVA responses, particularly in respect to induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5) induced differential tissue permeability and local inflammatory reactions after i.d. injection. Of particular interest was the reduced or complete lack of local reactions, such as edema and tissue induration, in mice i.d. inoculated with LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5,) respectively, compared with mice immunized with LT-I. In conclusion, the present results show that LT-IIa and, to a lesser extent, LT-IIaB(5) exert adjuvant effects when they are delivered via the i.d. route. In addition, the low inflammatory effects of LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5) in comparison to those of LT-I support the usefulness of LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5) as parenterally delivered vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nawar HF, Greene CJ, Lee CH, Mandell LM, Hajishengallis G, Connell TD. LT-IIc, a new member of the type II heat-labile enterotoxin family, exhibits potent immunomodulatory properties that are different from those induced by LT-IIa or LT-IIb. Vaccine 2010; 29:721-7. [PMID: 21095251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of human pathogens invade and/or colonize mucosal surfaces. Elaboration of strong, protective immune responses against those pathogens by mucosal vaccination, however, is hampered by endogenous regulatory systems in the mucosae that dampen responses to foreign antigens (Ags). To overcome those natural barriers, mucosal adjuvants must be employed. Using a mouse mucosal immunization model and AgI/II, a weak immunogen from Streptococcus mutans, LT-IIc, a new member of the type II subgroup of the heat-labile enterotoxin family, was shown to have potent mucosal adjuvant properties. In comparison to mice intranasally immunized only with AgI/II, co-administration of AgI/II with LT-IIc enhanced production of Ag-specific IgA antibodies in the saliva and vaginal fluids and Ag-specific IgA and IgG in the serum. Secretion of IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was enhanced in cultures of AgI/II-stimulated splenic cells isolated from mice that had received LT-IIc as a mucosal adjuvant. In contrast, secretion of IL-10 was suppressed in those cells. This pattern of cytokine secretion suggested that LT-IIc stimulates both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In contrast to LT-IIa and LT-IIb, the original members of the type II subgroup that also are mucosal adjuvants, LT-IIc dramatically enhanced secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β in peritoneal macrophages that had been co-cultured with LPS. Furthermore, the B pentameric subunit of LT-IIc augmented uptake of Ag by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to levels that exceeded those attained by use of LPS or by the B pentamers of LT-IIa or LT-IIb. These data confirmed that LT-IIc is a strong mucosal adjuvant with immunomodulatory properties that are distinguishable from those of LT-IIa and LT-IIb and which has immunomodulatory properties that may be exploitable in vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham F Nawar
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Odumosu O, Nicholas D, Yano H, Langridge W. AB toxins: a paradigm switch from deadly to desirable. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1612-45. [PMID: 22069653 PMCID: PMC3153263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their survival, a number of bacterial and plant species have evolved a common strategy to capture energy from other biological systems. Being imperfect pathogens, organisms synthesizing multi-subunit AB toxins are responsible for the mortality of millions of people and animals annually. Vaccination against these organisms and their toxins has proved rather ineffective in providing long-term protection from disease. In response to the debilitating effects of AB toxins on epithelial cells of the digestive mucosa, mechanisms underlying toxin immunomodulation of immune responses have become the focus of increasing experimentation. The results of these studies reveal that AB toxins may have a beneficial application as adjuvants for the enhancement of immune protection against infection and autoimmunity. Here, we examine similarities and differences in the structure and function of bacterial and plant AB toxins that underlie their toxicity and their exceptional properties as immunomodulators for stimulating immune responses against infectious disease and for immune suppression of organ-specific autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oludare Odumosu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Dequina Nicholas
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Redlands, 1200 East Colton Ave, P.O. Box 3080, Redlands, CA 92373, USA; (H.Y.)
| | - William Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-909-558-1000 (81362); Fax: +1-909-558-0177
| |
Collapse
|