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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 PMCID: PMC6709706 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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2
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Kannanganat S, Wyatt LS, Gangadhara S, Chamcha V, Chea LS, Kozlowski PA, LaBranche CC, Chennareddi L, Lawson B, Reddy PBJ, Styles TM, Vanderford TH, Montefiori DC, Moss B, Robinson HL, Amara RR. High Doses of GM-CSF Inhibit Antibody Responses in Rectal Secretions and Diminish Modified Vaccinia Ankara/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Protection in TRIM5α-Restrictive Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:3586-3596. [PMID: 27683750 PMCID: PMC5101171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested, in rhesus macaques, the effects of a 500-fold range of an admixed recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing rhesus GM-CSF (MVA/GM-CSF) on the immunogenicity and protection elicited by an MVA/SIV macaque 239 vaccine. High doses of MVA/GM-CSF did not affect the levels of systemic envelope (Env)-specific Ab, but it did decrease the expression of the gut-homing receptor α4β7 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p < 0.01) and the magnitudes of Env-specific IgA (p = 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05) in rectal secretions. The protective effect of the vaccine was evaluated using 12 weekly rectal challenges in rhesus macaques subgrouped by tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) genotypes that are restrictive or permissive for infection by the challenge virus SIVsmE660. Eight of nine TRIM5α-restrictive animals receiving no or the lowest dose (1 × 105 PFU) of MVA/GM-CSF resisted all 12 challenges. In the comparable TRIM5α-permissive group, only 1 of 12 animals resisted all 12 challenges. In the TRIM5α-restrictive animals, but not in the TRIM5α-permissive animals, the number of challenges to infection directly correlated with the magnitudes of Env-specific rectal IgG (r = +0.6) and IgA (r = +0.6), the avidity of Env-specific serum IgG (r = +0.5), and Ab dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (r = +0.6). Titers of neutralizing Ab did not correlate with protection. We conclude that 1) protection elicited by MVA/SIVmac239 is strongly dependent on the presence of TRIM5α restriction, 2) nonneutralizing Ab responses contribute to protection against SIVsmE660 in TRIM5α-restrictive animals, and 3) high doses of codelivered MVA/GM-CSF inhibit mucosal Ab responses and the protection elicited by MVA expressing noninfectious SIV macaque 239 virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Linda S Wyatt
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Venkatesarlu Chamcha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and
| | - Lakshmi Chennareddi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Benton Lawson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
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Michelini Z, Negri D, Biava M, Baroncelli S, Spada M, Leone P, Bona R, Blasi M, Nègre D, Klotman ME, Cara A. Murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expressed from a bicistronic simian immunodeficiency virus-based integrase-defective lentiviral vector does not enhance T-cell responses in mice. Viral Immunol 2015; 27:512-20. [PMID: 25343523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a prelude to immunization studies in nonhuman primates, we compared in mice the immunogenicity of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based integrase (IN)-defective lentiviral vector (IDLV) encoding the model antigen-enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) in the presence or absence of the murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) expressed from an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence. BALB/c mice were immunized once intramuscularly with IDLV expressing eGFP alone or eGFP and mGM-CSF and immune responses were evaluated up to 90 days from the single intramuscular immunization. Results indicated that the mGM-CSF was unable to improve the magnitude and quality of the immune response against the eGFP transgene in the context of the SIV-based IDLV, as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and by intracellular cytokine staining for IFN-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). These findings suggest that for vaccination purposes, the presence of mGM-CSF expressed after the IRES in a SIV-based IDLV system does not favor the improvement of the immunological response against the transgene of interest. Further studies should investigate whether the selection of a different cytokine gene might improve the immune response against the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleika Michelini
- 1 Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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Schell JB, Bahl K, Folta-Stogniew E, Rose N, Buonocore L, Marx PA, Gambhira R, Rose JK. Antigenic requirement for Gag in a vaccine that protects against high-dose mucosal challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology 2015; 476:405-412. [PMID: 25591175 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously on a vaccine approach that conferred apparent sterilizing immunity to SIVsmE660. The vaccine regimen employed a prime-boost using vectors based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and an alphavirus replicon expressing either SIV Gag or SIV Env. In the current study, we tested the ability of vectors expressing only the SIVsmE660 Env protein to protect macaques against the same high-dose mucosal challenge. Animals developed neutralizing antibody levels comparable to or greater than seen in the previous vaccine study. When the vaccinated animals were challenged with the same high-dose of SIVsmE660, all became infected. While average peak viral loads in animals were slightly lower than those of previous controls, the viral set points were not significantly different. These data indicate that Gag, or the combination of Gag and Env are required for the generation of apparent sterilizing immunity to the SIVsmE660 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Schell
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kapil Bahl
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Keck Biophysical Resource Facility, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nina Rose
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Linda Buonocore
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Preston A Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ratish Gambhira
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - John K Rose
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Gambhira R, Keele BF, Schell JB, Hunter MJ, Dufour JP, Montefiori DC, Tang H, Rose JK, Rose N, Marx PA. Transmitted/founder simian immunodeficiency virus envelope sequences in vesicular stomatitis and Semliki forest virus vector immunized rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109678. [PMID: 25360552 PMCID: PMC4215841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of transmitted/founder simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope sequences responsible for infection may prove critical for understanding HIV/SIV mucosal transmission. We used single genome amplification and phylogenetic analyses to characterize transmitted/founder SIVs both in the inoculum and in immunized-infected rhesus monkeys. Single genome amplification of the SIVsmE660 inoculum revealed a maximum diversity of 1.4%. We also noted that the consensus sequence of the challenge stock differed from the vaccine construct in 10 amino acids including 3 changes in the V4 loop. Viral env was prepared from rhesus plasma in 3 groups of 6 immunized with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors and boosted with Semliki forest virus (SFV) replicons expressing (a) SIVsmE660 gag-env (b) SIVsmE660 gag-env plus rhesus GM-CSF and (c) control influenza hemagglutinin protein. Macaques were immunized twice with VSV-vectors and once with SFV vector and challenged intrarectally with 4000 TCID50. Single genome amplification characterized the infections of 2 unprotected animals in the gag-env immunized group, both of which had reduced acute plasma viral loads that ended as transient infections indicating partial immune control. Four of 6 rhesus were infected in the gag-env + GM-CSF group which demonstrated that GM-CSF abrogated protection. All 6 animals from the control group were infected having high plasma viral loads. We obtained 246 full-length envelope sequences from SIVsmE660 infected macaques at the peak of infection and determined the number of transmitted/founder variants per animal. Our analysis found that 2 of 2 gag-env vaccinated but infected macaques exhibited single but distinct virus envelope lineages whereas rhesus vaccinated with gag-env-GM-CSF or HA control exhibited both single and multiple env lineages. Because there were only 2 infected animals in the gag-env vaccinated rhesus compared to 10 infected rhesus in the other 2 groups, the significance of finding single env variants in the gag-env vaccinated group could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratish Gambhira
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John B. Schell
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Meredith J. Hunter
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John K. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nina Rose
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
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Neeland MR, Meeusen EN, de Veer MJ. Afferent lymphatic cannulation as a model system to study innate immune responses to infection and vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Herbert R, Baron J, Batten C, Baron M, Taylor G. Recombinant adenovirus expressing the haemagglutinin of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) protects goats against challenge with pathogenic virus; a DIVA vaccine for PPR. Vet Res 2014; 45:24. [PMID: 24568545 PMCID: PMC3941483 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. The socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. Current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of PPRV, which induce a similar antibody profile to that induced by natural infection. Generation of a vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) would benefit PPR control and eradication programmes, particularly in the later stages of an eradication campaign and for countries where the disease is not endemic. In order to create a vaccine that would enable infected animals to be distinguished from vaccinated ones (DIVA vaccine), we have evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant fowlpox (FP) and replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad), expressing PPRV F and H proteins, in goats. The Ad constructs induced higher levels of virus-specific and neutralising antibodies, and primed greater numbers of CD8+ T cells than the FP-vectored vaccines. Importantly, a single dose of Ad-H, with or without the addition of Ad expressing ovine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and/or ovine interleukin-2, not only induced strong antibody and cell-mediated immunity but also completely protected goats against challenge with virulent PPRV, 4 months after vaccination. Replication-defective Ad-H therefore offers the possibility of an effective DIVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Hellerstein M, Xu Y, Marino T, Lu S, Yi H, Wright ER, Robinson HL. Co-expression of HIV-1 virus-like particles and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by GEO-D03 DNA vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1654-8. [PMID: 23111169 PMCID: PMC3601140 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on GEO-D03, a DNA vaccine that co-expresses non-infectious HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) and the human cytokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The virus-like particles display the native gp160 form of the HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) and are designed to elicit antibody against the natural form of Env on virus and virus-infected cells. The DNA-expressed HIV Gag, Pol and Env proteins also have the potential to elicit virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. The purpose of the co-expressed GM-CSF is to target a cytokine that recruits, expands and differentiates macrophages and dendritic cells to the site of VLP expression. The GEO-D03 DNA vaccine is currently entered into human trials as a prime for a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boost. In preclinical studies in macaques using an SIV prototype vaccine, this vaccination regimen elicited both anti-viral T cells and antibody, and provided 70% protection against acquisition during 12 weekly rectal exposures with a heterologous SIV. Higher avidity of the Env-specific Ab for the native form of the Env in the challenge virus correlated with lower likelihood of SIV infection.
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