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Kumar R, Srivastava V. Application of anti-fungal vaccines as a tool against emerging anti-fungal resistance. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1241539. [PMID: 37746132 PMCID: PMC10512234 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1241539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
After viruses and bacteria, fungal infections remain a serious threat to the survival and well-being of society. The continuous emergence of resistance against commonly used anti-fungal drugs is a serious concern. The eukaryotic nature of fungal cells makes the identification of novel anti-fungal agents slow and difficult. Increasing global temperature and a humid environment conducive to fungal growth may lead to a fungal endemic or a pandemic. The continuous increase in the population of immunocompromised individuals and falling immunity forced pharmaceutical companies to look for alternative strategies for better managing the global fungal burden. Prevention of infectious diseases by vaccines can be the right choice. Recent success and safe application of mRNA-based vaccines can play a crucial role in our quest to overcome anti-fungal resistance. Expressing fungal cell surface proteins in human subjects using mRNA technology may be sufficient to raise immune response to protect against future fungal infection. The success of mRNA-based anti-fungal vaccines will heavily depend on the identification of fungal surface proteins which are highly immunogenic and have no or least side effects in human subjects. The present review discusses why it is essential to look for anti-fungal vaccines and how vaccines, in general, and mRNA-based vaccines, in particular, can be the right choice in tackling the problem of rising anti-fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Collage of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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2
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Fatima MT, Islam Z, Ahmad E, Hoque M, Yamin M. Plasma Bead Entrapped Liposomes as a Potential Drug Delivery System to Combat Fungal Infections. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031105. [PMID: 35164370 PMCID: PMC8840493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin-based systems offer promises in drug and gene delivery as well as tissue engineering. We established earlier a fibrin-based plasma beads (PB) system as an efficient carrier of drugs and antigens. In the present work, attempts were made to further improve its therapeutic efficacy exploiting innovative ideas, including the use of plasma alginate composite matrices, proteolytic inhibitors, cross linkers, and dual entrapment in various liposomal formulations. In vitro efficacy of the different formulations was examined. Pharmacokinetics of the formulations encapsulating Amphotericin B (AmpB), an antifungal compound, were investigated in Swiss albino mice. While administration of the free AmpB led to its rapid elimination (<72 h), PB/liposome-PB systems were significantly effective in sustaining AmpB release in the circulation (>144 h) and its gradual accumulation in the vital organs, also compared to the liposomal formulations alone. Interestingly, the slow release of AmpB from PB was unusual compared to other small molecules in our earlier findings, suggesting strong interaction with plasma proteins. Molecular interaction studies of bovine serum albumin constituting approximately 60% of plasma with AmpB using isothermal titration calorimetry and in silico docking verify these interactions, explaining the slow release of AmpB entrapped in PB alone. The above findings suggest that PB/liposome-PB could be used as safe and effective delivery systems to combat fungal infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Tamkeen Fatima
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit (IBU), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh 202002, India; (E.A.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit (IBU), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh 202002, India; (E.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit (IBU), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh 202002, India; (E.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Marriam Yamin
- Functional and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil;
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3
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Vargas G, Honorato L, Guimarães AJ, Rodrigues ML, Reis FCG, Vale AM, Ray A, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L. Protective effect of fungal extracellular vesicles against murine candidiasis. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13238. [PMID: 32558196 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayered compartments released by virtually all living cells, including fungi. Among the diverse molecules carried by fungal EVs, a number of immunogens, virulence factors and regulators have been characterised. Within EVs, these components could potentially impact disease outcomes by interacting with the host. From this perspective, we previously demonstrated that EVs from Candida albicans could be taken up by and activate macrophages and dendritic cells to produce cytokines and express costimulatory molecules. Moreover, pre-treatment of Galleria mellonella larvae with fungal EVs protected the insects against a subsequent lethal infection with C. albicans yeasts. These data indicate that C. albicans EVs are multi-antigenic compartments that activate the innate immune system and could be exploited as vaccine formulations. Here, we investigated whether immunisation with C. albicans EVs induces a protective effect against murine candidiasis in immunosuppressed mice. Total and fungal antigen-specific serum IgG antibodies increased by 21 days after immunisation, confirming the efficacy of the protocol. Vaccination decreased fungal burden in the liver, spleen and kidney of mice challenged with C. albicans. Splenic levels of cytokines indicated a lower inflammatory response in mice immunised with EVs when compared with EVs + Freund's adjuvant (ADJ). Higher levels of IL-12p70, TNFα and IFNγ were detected in mice vaccinated with EVs + ADJ, while IL-12p70, TGFβ, IL-4 and IL-10 were increased when no adjuvants were added. Full protection of lethally challenged mice was observed when EVs were administered, regardless the presence of adjuvant. Physical properties of the EVs were also investigated and EVs produced by C. albicans were relatively stable after storage at 4, -20 or -80°C, keeping their ability to activate dendritic cells and to protect G. mellonella against a lethal candidiasis. Our data suggest that fungal EVs could be a safe source of antigens to be exploited in vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vargas
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan Jefferson Guimarães
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia C G Reis
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André M Vale
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anjana Ray
- Department of Medicine - Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Daniel Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kumar R, Kumar P. Yeast-based vaccines: New perspective in vaccine development and application. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5298404. [PMID: 30668686 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In presently licensed vaccines, killed or attenuated organisms act as a source of immunogens except for peptide-based vaccines. These conventional vaccines required a mass culture of associated or related organisms and long incubation periods. Special requirements during storage and transportation further adds to the cost of vaccine preparations. Availability of complete genome sequence, well-established genetic, inherent natural adjuvant and non-pathogenic nature of yeast species viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris makes them an ideal model system for the development of vaccines both for public health and for on-farm consumption. In this review, we compile the work in this emerging field during last two decades with major emphases on S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris which are routinely used worldwide for expression of heterologous proteins with therapeutic value against infectious diseases along with possible use in cancer therapy. We also pointed towards the developments in use of whole recombinant yeast, yeast surface display and virus-like particles as a novel strategy in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer along with other aspects including suitability of yeast in vaccines preparations, yeast cell wall component as an immune stimulator or modulator and present status of yeast-based vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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Fatima MT, Ahmad E, Hoque M. Effective antigen delivery via dual entrapment in erythrocytes and autologous plasma beads. J Drug Target 2017; 26:162-171. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1350859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Specific Human and Candida Cellular Interactions Lead to Controlled or Persistent Infection Outcomes during Granuloma-Like Formation. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00807-16. [PMID: 27799331 PMCID: PMC5203659 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00807-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A delayed type of multicellular process could be crucial during chronic candidiasis in determining the course of infection. This reaction, consisting of organized immune cells surrounding the pathogen, initiates an inflammatory response to avoid fungal dissemination. The goal of the present study was to examine, at an in vitro cellular scale, Candida and human immune cell interaction dynamics during a long-term period. By challenging human peripheral blood immune cells from 10 healthy donors with 32 Candida albicans and non-albicans (C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, and C. kefyr) clinical isolates, we showed that Candida spp. induced the formation of granuloma-like structures within 6 days after challenge, but their sizes and the respective fungal burdens differed according to the Candida species. These two parameters are positively correlated. Phenotypic characteristics, such as hypha formation and higher axenic growth rate, seem to contribute to yeast persistence within granuloma-like structures. We showed an interindividual variability of the human response against Candida spp. Higher proportions of neutrophils and elevated CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios during the first days after challenge were correlated with early production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and associated with controlled infection. In contrast, the persistence of Candida could result from upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and a poor anti-inflammatory negative feedback (IL-10). Importantly, regulatory subsets of NK cells and CD4lo CD8hi doubly positive (DP) lymphocytes at late stage infiltrate granuloma-like structures and could correlate with the IL-10 and TNF-α production. These data offer a base frame to explain cellular events that guide infection control or fungal persistence.
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Carneiro C, Correia A, Lima T, Vilanova M, Pais C, Gomes AC, Real Oliveira MEC, Sampaio P. Protective effect of antigen delivery using monoolein-based liposomes in experimental hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Acta Biomater 2016; 39:133-145. [PMID: 27150234 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the potential of a liposomal antigen delivery system (ADS) containing Candida albicans cell wall surface proteins (CWSP) in mediating protection against systemic candidiasis. Treatment of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells with CWSP-loaded dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide:monoolein (DODAB:MO) liposomes enhanced and prolonged their activation comparatively to free antigen, indicating that liposome-entrapped CWSP were released more sustainable. Therefore, we immunized mice with CWSP either in a free form or loaded into two different DODAB:MO liposome formulations, respectively designated as ADS1 and ADS2, prior to intravenous C. albicans infection. Immunization with ADS1, but not with ADS2, conferred significant protection to infected mice, comparatively to immunization with CWSP or empty liposomes as control. ADS1-immunized mice presented significantly higher serum levels of C. albicans-specific antibodies that enhanced phagocytosis of this fungus. In these mice, a mixed cytokine production profile was observed encompassing IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-10. Nevertheless, only production of IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 was higher than in controls. In this study we demonstrated that DODAB:MO liposomes enhance the immunogenicity of C. albicans antigens and host protection in a murine model of systemic candidiasis. Therefore, this liposomal adjuvant could be a promising candidate to assess in vaccination against this pathogenic fungus. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work describes the immunomodulation capacity of the previously validated antigen delivery system (ADS) composed by dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) and monoolein (MO) lipids incorporating the cell wall surface proteins (CWSP) from C. albicans. Here, we not only present the ability of this system in facilitating antigen uptake by DCs in vitro, but also that this system induces higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and opsonizing specific IgG antibodies in serum of mice immunized subcutaneously. We show that the ADS are efficient nanocarrier and modulate the immune response against intravenous C. albicans infection favoring mouse protection. In sum, we show that the incorporation of C. albicans antigens in DODAB:MO nanocarries are a promising vaccine strategy against C. albicans fungal infection.
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Mohammad O, Kaur J, Singh G, Faisal SM, Azhar A, Rauf MA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Pal R, Zubair S. TLR Agonist Augments Prophylactic Potential of Acid Inducible Antigen Rv3203 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Experimental Animals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152240. [PMID: 27023750 PMCID: PMC4811581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the members of Lip gene family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis evoke strong immune response in the host. Keeping this fact into consideration, we investigated role of Rv3203, a cell wall associated protein with lipolytic activity, in imparting protection against experimental murine tuberculosis. The data of the present study suggested that archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203 induce strong lymphocyte proliferation, up-regulated Th-1 biased cytokines profile, increased expression of co-stimulatory markers on both antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. The immuno-prophylactic response was further modulated by exposure of the animals to zymosan, a TLR2/6 agonist, prior to immunization with archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203. Interestingly, pre-treatment of experimental animals with zymosan boosted strong immunological memory as compared to archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203 as well as BCG vaccine. We conclude that priming of immunized animal with TLR agonist followed by immunization with archaeosomes encapsulated Rv3203 offer substantial protection against tuberculosis infection and could be a potential subunit vaccine based prophylactic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais Mohammad
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: (SZ); (OM)
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Syed Mohd Faisal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asim Azhar
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Umesh Dutt Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Rahul Pal
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: (SZ); (OM)
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Ahmad E, Zia Q, Fatima MT, Owais M, Saleemuddin M. Vaccine potential of plasma bead-based dual antigen delivery system against experimental murine candidiasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ahmad E, Fatima MT, Hoque M, Owais M, Saleemuddin M. Fibrin matrices: The versatile therapeutic delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:121-36. [PMID: 26231328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin sealants, that have been employed for over a century by surgeons to stop post surgery bleeding, are finding novel applications in the controlled delivery of antibiotics and several other therapeutics. Fibrinogen can be easily purified from blood plasma and converted by thrombolysis to fibrin that undergoes spontaneous aggregation to form insoluble clot. During the gelling, fibrin can be formulated into films, clots, threads, microbeads, nanoconstructs and nanoparticles. Whole plasma clots in the form of beads and microparticles can also be prepared by activating endogenous thrombin, for possible drug delivery. Fibrin formulations offer remarkable scope for controlling the porosity as well as in vivo degradability and hence the release of the associated therapeutics. Binding/covalent-linking of therapeutics to the fibrin matrix, crosslinking of the matrix with bifunctional reagents and coentrapment of protease inhibitors have been successful in regulating both in vitro and in vivo release of the therapeutics. The release rates can also be remarkably lowered by preentrapment of therapeutics in insoluble particles like liposomes or by anchoring them to the matrix via molecules that bind them as well as fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaj Ahmad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | | | - Mehboob Hoque
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammed Saleemuddin
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Portuondo DLF, Ferreira LS, Urbaczek AC, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Adjuvants and delivery systems for antifungal vaccines: Current state and future developments. Med Mycol 2014; 53:69-89. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Fatima MT, Ahmad E, Saleemuddin M. Entrapment in plasma microparticles: A promising strategy for antigen delivery. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:1244-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munazza T. Fatima
- The Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- The Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Mohammed Saleemuddin
- The Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 India
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Development of vaccines for Candida albicans: fighting a skilled transformer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:884-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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