1
|
Thimmiraju SR, Kimata JT, Pollet J. Pseudoviruses, a safer toolbox for vaccine development against enveloped viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:174-185. [PMID: 38164690 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pseudoviruses are recombinant, replication-incompetent, viral particles designed to mimic the surface characteristics of native enveloped viruses. They are a safer, and cost-effective research alternative to live viruses. With the potential emergence of the next major infectious disease, more vaccine scientists must become familiar with the pseudovirus platform as a vaccine development tool to mitigate future outbreaks. AREAS COVERED This review aims at vaccine developers to provide a basic understanding of pseudoviruses, list their production methods, and discuss their utility to assess vaccine efficacy against enveloped viral pathogens. We further illustrate their usefulness as wet-lab simulators for emerging mutant variants, and new viruses to help prepare for current and future viral outbreaks, minimizing the need for gain-of-function experiments with highly infectious or lethal enveloped viruses. EXPERT OPINION With this platform, researchers can better understand the role of virus-receptor interactions and entry in infections, prepare for dangerous mutations, and develop effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syamala R Thimmiraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Derveni M, da Costa K, Del Rosario J, Ameh VO, Sabeta CT, Auld B, Hamlet A, Jones IM, Wright E, Scott SD, Giotis ES, Banyard AC, Temperton N. Serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats: implications for bushmeat consumption in Nigeria. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1283113. [PMID: 38106901 PMCID: PMC10723585 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1283113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Eidolon helvum fruit bat is one of the most widely distributed fruit bats in Africa and known to be a reservoir for several pathogenic viruses that can cause disease in animals and humans. To assess the risk of zoonotic spillover, we conducted a serological survey of 304 serum samples from E. helvum bats that were captured for human consumption in Makurdi, Nigeria. Methods Using pseudotyped viruses, we screened 304 serum samples for neutralizing antibodies against viruses from the Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families. Results We report the presence of neutralizing antibodies against henipavirus lineage GH-M74a virus (odds ratio 6.23; p < 0.001), Nipah virus (odds ratio 4.04; p = 0.00031), bat influenza H17N10 virus (odds ratio 7.25; p < 0.001) and no significant association with Ebola virus (odds ratio 0.56; p = 0.375) in this bat cohort. Conclusion The data suggest a potential risk of zoonotic spillover including the possible circulation of highly pathogenic viruses in E. helvum populations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining sero-surveillance of E. helvum, and the necessity for further, more comprehensive investigations to monitor changes in virus prevalence, distribution over time, and across different geographic locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Mariliza Derveni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica O. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- World Organisation for Animal Health Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Bethany Auld
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Hamlet
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios S. Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sung JCC, Wu PL, So EYM, Wu KC, Chan SMN, Kwong KWY, Sze ETP. Assessment of novel antiviral filter using pseudo-type SARS-CoV-2 virus in fast air velocity vertical-type wind tunnel. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13947. [PMID: 37626166 PMCID: PMC10457382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can remain suspended spread in aerosols for longer period of time under poorly ventilated indoor setting. To minimize spreading, application of antiviral filter to capture infectious aerosols and to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 can be a promising solution. This study aimed to develop a method to assess simultaneously the filtration and removal efficiency of aerosolized pseudo-type SARS-CoV-2 using a vertical-type wind tunnel with relatively high face velocity (1.3 m/s). Comparing with the untreated spunlace non-woven filter, the C-POLAR™ treated filter increased the filtration efficiency from 74.2 ± 11.5% to 97.2 ± 1.7%, with the removal efficiency of 99.4 ± 0.051%. The results provided not only solid evidence to support the effectiveness of the cationic polymeric coated filter in fighting against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but also a method to test viral filtration and removal efficiency under relative fast air velocity and with a safer environment to the operators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pak-Long Wu
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ellis Yung-Mau So
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Chau Wu
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sidney Man-Ngai Chan
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Eric Tung-Po Sze
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Struble EB, Rawson JMO, Stantchev T, Scott D, Shapiro MA. Uses and Challenges of Antiviral Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051538. [PMID: 37242780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major public health concerns and ever-present risks for developing into future pandemics. Antiviral antibody therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies, emerged as valuable preventative and treatment options, including during global emergencies. Here we will discuss polyclonal and monoclonal antiviral antibody therapies, focusing on the unique biochemical and physiological properties that make them well-suited as therapeutic agents. We will describe the methods of antibody characterization and potency assessment throughout development, highlighting similarities and differences between polyclonal and monoclonal products as appropriate. In addition, we will consider the benefits and challenges of antiviral antibodies when used in combination with other antibodies or other types of antiviral therapeutics. Lastly, we will discuss novel approaches to the characterization and development of antiviral antibodies and identify areas that would benefit from additional research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi B Struble
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jonathan M O Rawson
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marjorie A Shapiro
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pseudotyped Viruses for Lyssavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:191-208. [PMID: 36920698 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Lyssaviruses, which belong to the family Rhabdoviridae, are enveloped and bullet-shaped ssRNA viruses with genetic diversity. All members of Lyssavirus genus are known to infect warm-blooded animals and cause the fatal disease rabies. The rabies virus (RABV) in lyssavirus is the major pathogen to cause fatal rabies. The pseudotyped RABV is constructed to study the biological functions of G protein and evaluation of anti-RABV products including vaccine-induced antisera, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG), neutralizing mAbs, and other antiviral inhibitors. In this chapter, we focus on RABV as a representative and describe the construction of RABV G protein bearing pseudotyped virus and its applications. Other non-RABV lyssaviruses are also included.
Collapse
|
7
|
Iles RK, Iles JK, Zmuidinaite R, Roberts M. A How to Guide: Clinical Population Test Development and Authorization of MALDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry-Based Screening Tests for Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091958. [PMID: 36146765 PMCID: PMC9501081 DOI: 10.3390/v14091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry as a clinical diagnostic test for viruses is different from that of bacteria, fungi and other micro-organisms. This is because the systems biology of viral infections, the size and chemical nature of specific viral proteins and the mass spectrometry biophysics of how they are quantitated are fundamentally different. The analytical challenges to overcome when developing a clinical MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry tests for a virus, particularly human pathogenic enveloped viruses, are sample enrichment, virus envelope disruption, optimal matrix formulation, optimal MALDI ToF MS performance and optimal spectral data processing/bioinformatics. Primarily, the instrument operating settings have to be optimized to match the nature of the viral specific proteins, which are not compatible with setting established when testing for bacterial and many other micro-organisms. The capacity to be a viral infection clinical diagnostic instrument often stretches current mass spectrometers to their operational design limits. Finally, all the associated procedures, from sample collection to data analytics, for the technique have to meet the legal and operational requirement for often high-throughput clinical testing. Given the newness of the technology, clinical MALDI ToF mass spectrometry does not fit in with standard criteria applied by regulatory authorities whereby numeric outputs are compared directly to similar technology tests that have already been authorized for use. Thus, CLIA laboratory developed test (LDT) criteria have to be applied. This article details our experience of developing a SAR-CoV-2 MALDI-ToF MS test suitable for asymptomatic carrier infection population screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray K. Iles
- MAP Sciences Ltd., The iLAB, Stannard Way, Priory Business Park, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jason K. Iles
- MAP Sciences Ltd., The iLAB, Stannard Way, Priory Business Park, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Raminta Zmuidinaite
- MAP Sciences Ltd., The iLAB, Stannard Way, Priory Business Park, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Michael Roberts
- Chem Quant Analytical Solutions, LLC, 1093 Investment Blvd, Apex, NC 27502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Amanatidou E, Gkiouliava A, Pella E, Serafidi M, Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination: Insights, perspectives and challenges. Metabol Open 2022; 14:100180. [PMID: 35313532 PMCID: PMC8928742 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination programs against SARS-CoV-2 constitute the mainstay of public health interventions against the global COVID-19 pandemic. Currently available vaccines have shown 90% or better rates of protection against severe disease and mortality. Barely a year after vaccines became available, the Omicron variant and its unprecedented speed of transmission has posed a new challenge. Overall, Omicron presents increased immune escape, transmissibility, and decreased pathogenicity. Vaccines do not offer a full protection against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition, since "breakthrough" infections may occur in fully vaccinated individuals, who may in turn spread the virus to others. Breakthrough infections may be causally related to the viral profile (viral variant and load, incubation period, transmissibility, pathogenicity, immune evasion), immunity characteristics (mucosal versus systemic immunity, duration of immunity, etc.), host determinants (age, comorbidities, immune status, immunosuppressive drugs) and vaccination properties (platform, antigen dose, dose number, dose interval, route of administration). Determining the rate of breakthrough infections may be challenging and necessitates the conduction of population-based studies regarding vaccine effectiveness as well as neutralizing antibody testing, a surrogate of immune protection. In this review, we analyze the causes of breakthrough infections, their clinical consequences (severity of infection and transmission), methods of determining their incidence as well as challenges and perspectives. Long COVID as well as multi-inflammatory syndrome in adolescents may be significantly reduced in breakthrough infections. The need for universal pancoranavirus vaccines that would aim at protecting against a plethora of SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as emerging variants is discussed. Finally, novel vaccine strategies, such as nasal vaccines, may confer robust mucosal and systemic protection, reducing efficiently transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evropi Amanatidou
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anna Gkiouliava
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eva Pella
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Serafidi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia G. Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palmer P, Del Rosario JMM, da Costa KAS, Carnell GW, Huang CQ, Heeney JL, Temperton NJ, Wells DA. AutoPlate: Rapid Dose-Response Curve Analysis for Biological Assays. Front Immunol 2022; 12:681636. [PMID: 35222351 PMCID: PMC8866857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has emphasised that biological assay data must be analysed quickly to develop safe, effective and timely vaccines/therapeutics. For viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the primary way of measuring immune correlates of protection is through assays such as the pseudotype microneutralisation (pMN) assay, thanks to its safety and versatility. However, despite the presence of existing tools for data analysis such as PRISM and R the analysis of these assays remains cumbersome and time-consuming. We introduce an open-source R Shiny web application and R library (AutoPlate) to accelerate data analysis of dose-response curve immunoassays. Using example data from influenza studies, we show that AutoPlate improves on available analysis software in terms of ease of use, flexibility and speed. AutoPlate (https://philpalmer.shinyapps.io/AutoPlate/) is a tool for the use of laboratories and wider scientific community to accelerate the analysis of biological assays in the development of viral vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phil Palmer
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Marie M Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - George W Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Q Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - David A Wells
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sievers BL, Chakraborty S, Xue Y, Gelbart T, Gonzalez JC, Cassidy AG, Golan Y, Prahl M, Gaw SL, Arunachalam PS, Blish CA, Boyd SD, Davis MM, Jagannathan P, Nadeau KC, Pulendran B, Singh U, Scheuermann RH, Frieman MB, Vashee S, Wang TT, Tan GS. Antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against Beta and Omicron pseudoviruses. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn7842. [PMID: 35025672 PMCID: PMC8891085 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn7842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that have mutations associated with increased transmission and antibody escape have arisen over the course of the current pandemic. Although the current vaccines have largely been effective against past variants, the number of mutations found on the Omicron (B.1.1.529) spike protein appear to diminish the protection conferred by preexisting immunity. Using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudoparticles expressing the spike protein of several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we evaluated the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response over time in individuals after infection and in mRNA-vaccinated individuals. We observed that boosting increases the magnitude of the antibody response to wild-type (D614), Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants; however, the Omicron variant was the most resistant to neutralization. We further observed that vaccinated healthy adults had robust and broad antibody responses, whereas responses may have been reduced in vaccinated pregnant women, underscoring the importance of learning how to maximize mRNA vaccine responses in pregnant populations. Findings from this study show substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude and breadth of responses after infection and mRNA vaccination and may support the addition of more conserved viral antigens to existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Yong Xue
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Terri Gelbart
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Joseph C. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Arianna G. Cassidy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Mary Prahl
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | | | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
| | - Gene S. Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Simulation of Molecular Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein in the Presence of Multiple Arbidol Molecules: Interactions and Binding Mode Insights. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010119. [PMID: 35062323 PMCID: PMC8781717 DOI: 10.3390/v14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the antiviral activity of Arbidol (Umifenovir) against SARS-CoV-2 using a pseudoviral system with the glycoprotein S of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on its surface. In order to search for binding sites to protein S of the virus, we described alternative binding sites of Arbidol in RBD and in the ACE-2-RBD complex. As a result of our molecular dynamics simulations combined with molecular docking data, we note the following fact: wherever the molecules of Arbidol bind, the interaction of the latter affects the structural flexibility of the protein. This interaction may result both in a change in the shape of the domain-enzyme binding interface and simply in a change in the structural flexibility of the domain, which can subsequently affect its affinity to the enzyme. In addition, we examined the possibility of Arbidol binding in the stem part of the surface protein. The possibility of Arbidol binding in different parts of the protein is not excluded. This may explain the antiviral activity of Arbidol. Our results could be useful for researchers searching for effective SARS-CoV-2 virus inhibitors targeting the viral entry stage.
Collapse
|
12
|
Di Genova C, Sampson A, Scott S, Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Bentley E, Mattiuzzo G, Wright E, Derveni M, Auld B, Ferrara BT, Harrison D, Said M, Selim A, Thompson E, Thompson C, Carnell G, Temperton N. Production, Titration, Neutralisation, Storage and Lyophilisation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Lentiviral Pseudotypes. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4236. [PMID: 34859134 PMCID: PMC8595416 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol details a rapid and reliable method for the production and titration of high-titre viral pseudotype particles with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (and D614G or other variants of concern, VOC) on a lentiviral vector core, and use for neutralisation assays in target cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). It additionally provides detailed instructions on substituting in new spike variants via gene cloning, lyophilisation and storage/shipping considerations for wide deployment potential. Results obtained with this protocol show that SARS-CoV-2 pseudotypes can be produced at equivalent titres to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pseudotypes, neutralised by human convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies, and stored at a range of laboratory temperatures and lyophilised for distribution and subsequent application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Alex Sampson
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Emma Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Sussex), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mariliza Derveni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Sussex), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Bethany Auld
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Sussex), School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Bill T. Ferrara
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Dale Harrison
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Mohamed Said
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Arwa Selim
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Elinor Thompson
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | | | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU Kent), Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borkenhagen LK, Allen MW, Runstadler JA. Influenza virus genotype to phenotype predictions through machine learning: a systematic review. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1896-1907. [PMID: 34498543 PMCID: PMC8462836 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1978824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is great interest in understanding the viral genomic predictors of phenotypic traits that allow influenza A viruses to adapt to or become more virulent in different hosts. Machine learning techniques have demonstrated promise in addressing this critical need for other pathogens because the underlying algorithms are especially well equipped to uncover complex patterns in large datasets and produce generalizable predictions for new data. As the body of research where these techniques are applied for influenza A virus phenotype prediction continues to grow, it is useful to consider the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches to understand what has prevented these models from seeing widespread use by surveillance laboratories and to identify gaps that are underexplored with this technology. Methods and Results: We present a systematic review of English literature published through 15 April 2021 of studies employing machine learning methods to generate predictions of influenza A virus phenotypes from genomic or proteomic input. Forty-nine studies were included in this review, spanning the topics of host discrimination, human adaptability, subtype and clade assignment, pandemic lineage assignment, characteristics of infection, and antiviral drug resistance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that biases in model design and a dearth of wet laboratory follow-up may explain why these models often go underused. We, therefore, offer guidance to overcome these limitations, aid in improving predictive models of previously studied influenza A virus phenotypes, and extend those models to unexplored phenotypes in the ultimate pursuit of tools to enable the characterization of virus isolates across surveillance laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Borkenhagen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Martin W Allen
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruiz-Jiménez F, Pérez-Olais JH, Raymond C, King BJ, McClure CP, Urbanowicz RA, Ball JK. Challenges on the development of a pseudotyping assay for Zika glycoproteins. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001413. [PMID: 34499027 PMCID: PMC8697511 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a public health concern on the American continent during late 2015. As the number of infected grew so did the concerns about its capability to cause long-term damage especially with the appearance of the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Proteins from the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) were proposed as the cellular receptors, however, due to the ability of the virus to infect a variety of cell lines different strategies to elucidate the tropism of the virus should be investigated.Hypothesis. Pseudotyping is a powerful tool to interrogate the ability of the glycoprotein (GP) to permit entry of viruses.Aim. We aimed to establish a highly tractable pseudotype model using lenti- and retro-viral backbones to investigate the entry pathway of ZIKV.Methodology. We used different glycoprotein constructs and different lenti- or retro-viral backbones, in a matrix of ratios to investigate production of proteins and functional pseudotypes.Results. Varying the ratio of backbone and glycoprotein plasmids did not yield infectious pseudotypes. Moreover, the supplementation of the ZIKV protease or the substitution of the backbone had no positive impact on the infectivity. We showed production of the proteins in producer cells implying the lack of infectious pseudotypes is due to a lack of successful glycoprotein incorporation, rather than lack of protein production.Conclusion. In line with other reports, we were unable to successfully produce infectious pseudotypes using the variety of methods described. Other strategies may be more suitable in the development of an efficient pseudotype model for ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chidinma Raymond
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barnabas J King
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sampson AT, Heeney J, Cantoni D, Ferrari M, Sans MS, George C, Di Genova C, Mayora Neto M, Einhauser S, Asbach B, Wagner R, Baxendale H, Temperton N, Carnell G. Coronavirus Pseudotypes for All Circulating Human Coronaviruses for Quantification of Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Responses. Viruses 2021; 13:1579. [PMID: 34452443 PMCID: PMC8402765 DOI: 10.3390/v13081579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh identified human coronavirus. Understanding the extent of pre-existing immunity induced by seropositivity to endemic seasonal coronaviruses and the impact of cross-reactivity on COVID-19 disease progression remains a key research question in immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and the immunopathology of COVID-2019 disease. This paper describes a panel of lentiviral pseudotypes bearing the spike (S) proteins for each of the seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs), generated under similar conditions optimized for high titre production allowing a high-throughput investigation of antibody neutralization breadth. Optimal production conditions and most readily available permissive target cell lines were determined for spike-mediated entry by each HCoV pseudotype: SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 best transduced HEK293T/17 cells transfected with ACE2 and TMPRSS2, HCoV-229E and MERS-CoV preferentially entered HUH7 cells, and CHO cells were most permissive for the seasonal betacoronavirus HCoV-HKU1. Entry of ACE2 using pseudotypes was enhanced by ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in target cells, whilst TMPRSS2 transfection rendered HEK293T/17 cells permissive for HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 entry. Additionally, pseudotype viruses were produced bearing additional coronavirus surface proteins, including the SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) and Membrane (M) proteins and HCoV-OC43/HCoV-HKU1 Haemagglutinin-Esterase (HE) proteins. This panel of lentiviral pseudotypes provides a safe, rapidly quantifiable and high-throughput tool for serological comparison of pan-coronavirus neutralizing responses; this can be used to elucidate antibody dynamics against individual coronaviruses and the effects of antibody cross-reactivity on clinical outcome following natural infection or vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thomas Sampson
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
- DIOSynVax Ltd., Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
- DIOSynVax Ltd., Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Maria Suau Sans
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Charlotte George
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (B.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (B.A.); (R.W.)
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK;
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK; (D.C.); (C.D.G.); (M.M.N.); (N.T.)
| | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; (J.H.); (M.F.); (M.S.S.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen M, Zhang XE. Construction and applications of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses: a mini review. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1574-1580. [PMID: 33907521 PMCID: PMC8071765 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health and social stability. There is an urgent need for understanding the nature and infection mechanism of the virus. Owing to its high infectivity and pathogenicity and lack of effective treatments, live SARS-CoV-2 has to be handled in biosafety level 3 laboratories, which has impeded research into SARS-CoV-2 and the development of vaccines and therapeutics. Pseudotyped viruses that lack certain gene sequences of the virulent virus are safer and can be investigated in biosafety level 2 laboratories, providing a useful virological tool for the study of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will discuss the construction of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses based on different packaging systems, current applications, limitations, and further explorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Toon K, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G. More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation. Viruses 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 33572589 PMCID: PMC7911487 DOI: 10.3390/v13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meza DK, Broos A, Becker DJ, Behdenna A, Willett BJ, Viana M, Streicker DG. Predicting the presence and titre of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies from low-volume serum samples in low-containment facilities. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1564-1576. [PMID: 32931658 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serology is a core component of the surveillance and management of viral zoonoses. Virus neutralization tests are a gold standard serological diagnostic, but requirements for large volumes of serum and high biosafety containment can limit widespread use. Here, focusing on Rabies lyssavirus, a globally important zoonosis, we developed a pseudotype micro-neutralization rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (pmRFFIT) that overcomes these limitations. Specifically, we adapted an existing micro-neutralization test to use a green fluorescent protein-tagged murine leukaemia virus pseudotype in lieu of pathogenic rabies virus, reducing the need for specialized reagents for antigen detection and enabling use in low-containment laboratories. We further used statistical models to generate rapid, quantitative predictions of the probability and titre of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies from microscopic imaging of neutralization outcomes. Using 47 serum samples from domestic dogs with neutralizing antibody titres estimated using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN), pmRFFIT showed moderate sensitivity (78.79%) and high specificity (84.62%). Despite small conflicts, titre predictions were correlated across tests repeated on different dates both for dog samples (r = 0.93) and in a second data set of sera from wild common vampire bats (r = 0.72, N = 41), indicating repeatability. Our test uses a starting volume of 3.5 µl of serum, estimates titres from a single dilution of serum rather than requiring multiple dilutions and end point titration, and may be adapted to target neutralizing antibodies against alternative lyssavirus species. The pmRFFIT enables high-throughput detection of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in low-biocontainment settings and is suited to studies in wild or captive animals where large serum volumes cannot be obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana K Meza
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice Broos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Abdelkader Behdenna
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pseudotyping of VSV with Ebola virus glycoprotein is superior to HIV-1 for the assessment of neutralising antibodies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14289. [PMID: 32868837 PMCID: PMC7459353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD). It is thought that EVD survivors are protected against subsequent infection with EBOV and that neutralising antibodies to the viral surface glycoprotein (GP) are potential correlates of protection. Serological studies are vital to assess neutralising antibodies targeted to EBOV GP; however, handling of EBOV is limited to containment level 4 laboratories. Pseudotyped viruses can be used as alternatives to live viruses, which require high levels of bio-containment, in serological and viral entry assays. However, neutralisation capacity can differ among pseudotyped virus platforms. We evaluated the suitability of EBOV GP pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to measure the neutralising ability of plasma from EVD survivors, when compared to results from a live EBOV neutralisation assay. The sensitivity, specificity and correlation with live EBOV neutralisation were greater for the VSV-based pseudotyped virus system, which is particularly important when evaluating EBOV vaccine responses and immuno-therapeutics. Therefore, the EBOV GP pseudotyped VSV neutralisation assay reported here could be used to provide a better understanding of the putative correlates of protection against EBOV.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma R, Zheng H, Liu Q, Wu D, Li W, Xu S, Cai X, Li R. Exploring the interactions between engineered nanomaterials and immune cells at 3D nano-bio interfaces to discover potent nano-adjuvants. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102037. [PMID: 31220596 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) as adjuvants can potentiate the adaptive immune responses to antigens by activating immune cells in three dimensional (3D) matrixes of tissues. However, few reports explored the interactions of nano-adjuvants and immune cells at 3D nano-bio interfaces. Herein we designed an alginate-calcium microsphere of macrophage cells to explore the interactions. By an extensive comparison of ENM-induced cytokines in 2D and 3D cultured cells, IL-1β released in 3D microspheres was found to be a predictive biomarker to assess ENM-induced immune responses in vivo. Among nine representative ENMs, La2O3 boosts the highest adaptive humoral immune response, even stronger than clinically used Alum adjuvant. It could be attributed to the biotransformation of La2O3 from spherical particles into urchin-like LaPO4, resulting in strong biopersistence and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings could be potentially used for the high throughput screening of nano-adjuvants from increasingly invented ENMs to speed up their clinical uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Efficient Water Use and Disaster Mitigation, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Residual Pollution in Agricultural Film, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Li X, Wang Y. Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped viruses. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29218769 PMCID: PMC7169153 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases have a strong negative impact on public health. However, because many of these pathogens must be handled in biosafety level, 3 or 4 containment laboratories, research and development of antivirals or vaccines against these diseases are often impeded. Alternative approaches to address this issue have been vigorously pursued, particularly the use of pseudoviruses in place of wild‐type viruses. As pseudoviruses have been deprived of certain gene sequences of the virulent virus, they can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. Importantly, the envelopes of these viral particles may have similar conformational structures to those of the wild‐type viruses, making it feasible to conduct mechanistic investigation on viral entry and to evaluate potential neutralizing antibodies. However, a variety of challenging issues remain, including the production of a sufficient pseudovirus yield and the inability to produce an appropriate pseudotype of certain viruses. This review discusses current progress in the development of pseudoviruses and dissects the factors that contribute to low viral yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Division of Regulatory Research, Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen P, Wu X, Mao Q, Gao F, Hao X, Bian L, Zhu F, Li W, Xu M, Liang Z. A rapid and quantitative assay for measuring neutralizing antibodies of Coxsackievirus B3. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:1-7. [PMID: 26947399 PMCID: PMC7113863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have established a robust single round infection system of CVB3. A new quantitative assay for measuring NtAb of CVB3 in clinical samples. Seroprevalence of CVB3 in pre-school children is lower than that in adults.
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection has been found to account for an increasing proportion cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in recent epidemiology studies. CVB3 is a single stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus and the infection can cause prominent health threat to pre-school children. Here, by taking approaches of reverse genetics, we established a single-round infection system for CVB3. The pseudovirus was produced by sequential transfection of CVB3 capsid expresser plasmid and CVB3 replicon RNA bearing firefly luciferase as a reporter. The CVB3 pseudovirus system was used for quantifying neutralizing antibody (NtAb) levels of 720 human serum samples and showed superior specificity and sensitivity comparing traditional cytopathic effect (CPE) assay. Furthermore, we compared the seroprevalence of CVB3 NtAbs in pre-school children and healthy adults, and found that only 11.94% of pre-school children were NtAbs positive which suggested that most children were naive to CVB3 infection; while there is much higher positive rate in adults (60%) indicating that most adults have experienced CVB3 infection during childhood. This rapid and quantitative assay greatly facilitates evaluating the level of NtAbs against CVB3 in populations and will help to advance CVB3 vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Temperton N. The Viral Pseudotype Unit: viral pseudotype R&D, dissemination and education. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Viral Pseudotype Unit was established in 2010 to act as an interface between academia, industry and public/animal health laboratories with the purpose of translating basic virus research (on viral pseudotypes) into in vitro cell culture-based assays that can be readily employed for the immunogenicity testing of preclinical vaccine candidates, and for the functional screening of new antivirals and therapeutic antibodies. More recently the Viral Pseudotype Unit has become involved with the exploitation of pseudotypes for the development of serological standards, and with training and education via traditional and new media platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
King B, Temperton NJ, Grehan K, Scott SD, Wright E, Tarr AW, Daly JM. Technical considerations for the generation of novel pseudotyped viruses. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A pseudotyped virus (PV) is a virus particle with an envelope protein originating from a different virus. The ability to dictate which envelope proteins are expressed on the surface has made pseudotyping an important tool for basic virological studies such as determining the cellular targets of the envelope protein of the virus as well as identification of potential antiviral compounds and measuring specific antibody responses. In this review, we describe the common methodologies employed to generate PVs, with a focus on approaches to improve the efficacy of PV generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas King
- School of Life Sciences & NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Keith Grehan
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences & NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, NIBSC, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|