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Mahmoud AH, Abdellrazeq GS, Franceschi V, Schneider DA, Bannantine JP, Fry LM, Hulubei V, De Matteis G, Park KT, Minesso S, Davis WC, Donofrio G. Vaccination of cattle with a virus vector vaccine against a major membrane protein of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis elicits CD8 cytotoxic T cells that kill intracellular bacteria. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 275:110814. [PMID: 39142123 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of the recall response ex vivo in cattle vaccinated with a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) rel deletion mutant revealed the immune response was directed toward a 35 kD major membrane protein (MMP) of Map. Antigen presenting cells (APC) primed with MMP elicited expansion of CD8 cytotoxic memory T cells (CTL) with ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Development of CTL was MHC-restricted. The gene MAP2121c, encoding MMP, was modified for expression of MMP (tPA-MMP-2mut) in a mammalian cell line to explore the potential of developing MMP as a vaccine. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMC, from Map free cattle, with APC primed with tPA-MMP-2mut expressed p35 elicited a primary CD8 CTL response comparable to the recall response elicited with PBMC from cattle vaccinated with either the Maprel deletion mutant or MMP. In the present study, the modified gene for MMP, now referred to as p35NN, was placed into a bovine herpes virus-4 (BoHV4) vector to determine the potential use of BoHV-4AΔTK-p35NN as a peptide-based vaccine. Subcutaneous vaccination of healthy cattle with BoHV-4AΔTK-p35NN elicited a CTL recall response, as detected ex vivo. The results show use of a virus vector is an effective way for delivery of MMP as a vaccine. The immunogenic activity of MMP was not lost when modified for expression in mammalian cells. The next step is to conduct a field trial to determine if presence of an immune response to MMP prevents Map from establishing an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Giovanna De Matteis
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research - Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Monterotondo 00015, Italy
| | - Kun Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gishie, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergio Minesso
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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2
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Lee JJ, Abdullah M, Liu J, Carvalho IA, Junior AS, Moreira MAS, Mohammed H, DeLisa MP, McDonough SP, Chang YF. Proteomic profiling of membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Navigating towards an insilico design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting membrane vesicle proteins. J Proteomics 2024; 292:105058. [PMID: 38065354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria typically produce membrane vesicles (MVs) at varying levels depending on the surrounding environments. Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been extensively studied for over 30 years, but MVs from Gram-positive bacteria only recently have been a focus of research. In the present study, we isolated MVs from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and analyzed their protein composition using LC-MS/MS. A total of 316 overlapping proteins from two independent preparations were identified in our study, and topology prediction showed these cargo proteins have different subcellular localization patterns. When MVs were administered to bovine-derived macrophages, significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed via qRT-PCR. Proteome functional annotation revealed that many of these proteins are involved in the cellular protein metabolic process, tRNA aminoacylation, and ATP synthesis. Secretory proteins with high antigenicity and adhesion capability were mapped for B-cell and T-cell epitopes. Antigenic, Immunogenic and IFN-γ inducing B-cell, MHC-I, and MHC-II epitopes were stitched together through linkers to form multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) construct against MAP. Strong binding energy was observed during the docking of the 3D structure of the MEV with the bovine TLR2, suggesting that the putative MEV may be a promising vaccine candidate against MAP. However, in vitro and in vivo analysis is required to prove the immunogenic concept of the MEV which we will follow in our future studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Johne's disease is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that has a potential link to Crohn's disease in humans. The disease is characterized by persistent diarrhea and enteritis, resulting in significant economic losses due to reduced milk yield and premature culling of infected animals. The dairy industry in the United States alone experiences losses of approximately USD 250 million due to Johne's disease. The current vaccine against Johne's disease is limited by several factors, including variable efficacy, limited duration of protection, interference with diagnostic tests, inability to prevent infection, and logistical and cost-related challenges. Nevertheless, a multiepitope vaccine design approach targeting M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has the potential to overcome these challenges and offer improved protection against Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jie Lee
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Mohd Abdullah
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jinjing Liu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Isabel Azevedo Carvalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Abelardo Silva Junior
- Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL CEP 57072-900, Brazil
| | | | - Hussni Mohammed
- Departement of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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3
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Aitken JM, Aitken JE, Agrawal G. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease-Diagnostic Microbiological Investigations Can Inform New Therapeutic Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38391544 PMCID: PMC10886072 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne's disease (JD), which is a chronic infectious gastrointestinal disease of ruminants and is often fatal. In humans, MAP has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) for over a century, without conclusive evidence of pathogenicity. Numerous researchers have contributed to the subject, but there is still a need for evidence of the causation of CD by MAP. An infectious aetiology in CD that is attributable to MAP can only be proven by bacteriological investigations. There is an urgency in resolving this question due to the rising global incidence rates of CD. Recent papers have indicated the "therapeutic ceiling" may be close in the development of new biologics. Clinical trial outcomes have demonstrated mild or inconsistent improvements in therapeutic interventions over the last decades when compared with placebo. The necessity to revisit therapeutic options for CD is becoming more urgent and a renewed focus on causation is essential for progress in identifying new treatment options. This manuscript discusses newer interventions, such as vaccination, FMT, dietary remediation and gut microbiome regulation, that will become more relevant as existing therapeutic options expire. Revisiting the MAP theory as a potential infectious cause of CD, rather than the prevailing concept of an "aberrant immune response" will require expanding the current therapeutic programme to include potential new alternatives, and combinations of existing treatments. To advance research on MAP in humans, it is essential for microbiologists and medical scientists to microscopically detect CWDM and to biologically amplify the growth by directed culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Jack E Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Kim A, Xie F, Abed OA, Moon JJ. Vaccines for immune tolerance against autoimmune disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115140. [PMID: 37980949 PMCID: PMC10757742 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence and rising incidence of autoimmune diseases have become a prominent public health issue. Autoimmune disorders result from the immune system erroneously attacking the body's own healthy cells and tissues, causing persistent inflammation, tissue injury, and impaired organ function. Existing treatments primarily rely on broad immunosuppression, leaving patients vulnerable to infections and necessitating lifelong treatments. To address these unmet needs, an emerging frontier of vaccine development aims to restore immune equilibrium by inducing immune tolerance to autoantigens, offering a potential avenue for a cure rather than mere symptom management. We discuss this burgeoning field of vaccine development against inflammation and autoimmune diseases, with a focus on common autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Vaccine-based strategies provide a new pathway for the future of autoimmune disease therapeutics, heralding a new era in the battle against inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omar A Abed
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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Gupta SK, Wilson T, Maclean PH, Rehm BHA, Heiser A, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens induce cellular immune responses in cattle without causing reactivity to tuberculin in the tuberculosis skin test. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1087015. [PMID: 36741398 PMCID: PMC9889921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1087015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis leading to diarrhea, weight-loss, and eventual death in ruminants. Commercially available vaccine provides only partial protection against MAP infection and can interfere with the use of current diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Here, we characterized immune responses in calves to vaccines containing four truncated MAP antigens as a fusion (Ag85A202-347-SOD1-72-Ag85B173-330-74F1-148+669-786), either displayed on protein particles, or expressed as a soluble recombinant MAP (rMAP) fusion protein as well as to commercially available Silirum® vaccine. The rMAP fusion protein elicited the strongest antigen-specific antibody responses to both PPDA and recombinant antigen and strong and long-lasting T-cell immune responses to these antigens, as indicated by increased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A in antigen-stimulated whole blood cultures. The MAP fusion protein particle vaccine induced minimal antibody responses and weak IFN-γ responses but stimulated IL-17A responses to recombinant antigen. The immune response profile of Silirum® vaccine was characterized by weak antibodies and strong IFN-γ and IL-17A responses to PPDA. Transcription analysis on antigen-stimulated leukocytes from cattle vaccinated with rMAP fusion protein showed differential expression of several immune response genes and genes involved in costimulatory signaling, TLR4, TLR2, PTX3, PTGS2, PD-L1, IL1B, IL2, IL6, IL12B, IL17A, IL22, IFNG, CD40, and CD86. Moreover, the expression of several genes of immune pathways correlated with cellular immune responses in the rMAP fusion protein vaccinated group. These genes have key roles in pathways of mycobacterial immunity, including autophagy, manipulation of macrophage-mediated killing, Th17- and regulatory T cells- (Treg) mediated responses. Calves vaccinated with either the rMAP fusion protein or MAP fusion protein particle vaccine did not induce reactivity to PPDA and PPDB in a comparative cervical skin test, whereas Silirum® induced reactivity to these tuberculins in most of the vaccinated animals. Overall, our results suggest that a combination of recombinant MAP antigens in the form of a soluble fusion protein vaccine are capable of inducing strong antigen-specific humoral and a balanced Th1/Th17-cell immune response. These findings, together with the absence of reactivity to tuberculin, suggest this subunit vaccine could provide protective immunity against intracellular MAP infection in cattle without compromising the use of current bovine tuberculosis surveillance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Gupta
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Sandeep K. Gupta,
| | - Tania Wilson
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MHIQ), Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Axel Heiser
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M. Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D. Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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6
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Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020296. [PMID: 35214754 PMCID: PMC8876843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major problem in dairy farming. Vaccine prevention of mammary bacterial infections is of particular interest in helping to deal with this issue, all the more so as antibacterial drug inputs in dairy farms must be reduced. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of current vaccines is not satisfactory. In this review, we examine the possible reasons for the current shortcomings of mastitis vaccines. Some reasons stem from the peculiarities of the mammary gland immunobiology, others from the pathogens adapted to the mammary gland niche. Infection does not induce sterilizing protection, and recurrence is common. Efficacious vaccines will have to elicit immune mechanisms different from and more effective than those induced by infection. We propose focusing our research on a few points pertaining to either the current immune knowledge or vaccinology approaches to get out of the current deadlock. A possible solution is to focus on the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to udder protection based on the interactions of T cells with the mammary epithelium. On the vaccinology side, studies on the orientation of the immune response by adjuvants, the route of vaccine administration and the delivery systems are among the keys to success.
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ClearColi as a platform for untagged pneumococcal surface protein A production: cultivation strategy, bioreactor culture, and purification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1011-1029. [PMID: 35024919 PMCID: PMC8755982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have searched for new antigens to produce pneumococcal vaccines that are more effective and could provide broader coverage, given the great number of serotypes causing pneumococcal diseases. One of the promising subunit vaccine candidates is untagged recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro), obtainable in high quantities using recombinant Escherichia coli as a microbial factory. However, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in E. coli cell extracts must be removed, in order to obtain the target protein at the required purity, which makes the downstream process more complex and expensive. Endotoxin-free E. coli strains, which synthesize a nontoxic mutant LPS, may offer a cost-effective alternative way to produce recombinant proteins for application as therapeutics. This paper presents an investigation of PspA4Pro production employing the endotoxin-free recombinant strain ClearColi® BL21(DE3) with different media (defined, auto-induction, and other complex media), temperatures (27, 32, and 37 °C), and inducers. In comparison to conventional E. coli cells in a defined medium, ClearColi presented similar PspA4Pro yields, with lower productivities. Complex medium formulations supplemented with salts favored PspA4Pro yields, titers, and ClearColi growth rates. Induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (0.5 mM) and lactose (2.5 g/L) together in a defined medium at 32 °C, which appeared to be a promising cultivation strategy, was reproduced in 5 L bioreactor culture, leading to a yield of 146.0 mg PspA4Pro/g dry cell weight. After purification, the cell extract generated from ClearColi led to 98% purity PspA4Pro, which maintained secondary structure and biological function. ClearColi is a potential host for industrial recombinant protein production. Key points • ClearColi can produce as much PspA4Pro as conventional E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. • 10.5 g PspA4Pro produced in ClearColi bioreactor culture using a defined medium. • Functional PspA4Pro (98% of purity) was obtained in ClearColi bioreactor culture.Graphical abstract ![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9.
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Davis WC, Abdellrazeq GS, Mahmoud AH, Park KT, Elnaggar MM, Donofrio G, Hulubei V, Fry LM. Advances in Understanding of the Immune Response to Mycobacterial Pathogens and Vaccines through Use of Cattle and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a Prototypic Mycobacterial Pathogen. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101085. [PMID: 34696193 PMCID: PMC8541111 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of understanding of the immune response to mycobacterial pathogens has impeded progress in development of vaccines. Infection leads to development of an immune response that controls infection but is unable to eliminate the pathogen, resulting in a persistent infection. Although this puzzle remains to be solved, progress has been made using cattle as a model species to study the immune response to a prototypic mycobacterium, Mycobacterium a. paratuberculosis (Map). As chronicled in the review, incremental advances in characterizing the immune response to mycobacteria during the last 30 years with increases in information on the evolution of mycobacteria and relA, a gene regulating the stringent response, have brought us closer to an answer. We provide a brief overview of how mycobacterial pathogens were introduced into cattle during the transition of humankind to nomadic pastoralists who domesticated animals for food and farming. We summarize what is known about speciation of mycobacteria since the discovery of Mybacterium tuberculsis Mtb, M. bovis Mbv, and Map as zoonotic pathogens and discuss the challenges inherent in the development of vaccines to mycobacteria. We then describe how cattle were used to characterize the immune response to a prototypic mycobacterial pathogen and development of novel candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaber S. Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H. Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si 50834, Korea;
| | - Mahmoud M. Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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9
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de Silva K. Developing smarter vaccines for paratuberculosis: From early biomarkers to vaccine design. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:145-156. [PMID: 33619731 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for paratuberculosis have been used for over a hundred years but the disease continues to affect ruminant health and livestock industries globally. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis which causes the disease also known as Johne's disease is a subversive pathogen able to undermine both innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms. This review focuses on early protective immune pathways that lead to some animals becoming resilient to infection to provide a road map for designing better vaccines and emphasizes the need for harnessing the potential of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Narellan, NSW, Australia
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10
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Abdellrazeq GS, Mahmoud AH, Park KT, Fry LM, Elnaggar MM, Schneider DA, Hulubei V, Davis WC. relA is Achilles' heel for mycobacterial pathogens as demonstrated with deletion mutants in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 120:101904. [PMID: 32090858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in cattle revealed deletion of relA, a global regulator gene, abrogated ability of the mutant to establish a persistent infection, attributed to development of an immune response that cleared infection. Analysis of the recall response demonstrated presence of CD8 cytotoxic T cells that kill intracellular bacteria. Replication of the primary response demonstrated the CTL response could be elicited with the ΔMap/relA mutant or the target of the immune response, a 35 kD membrane protein. Follow up comparative studies with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and a BCG relA (ΔBCG/relA) deletion mutant revealed deletion of relA enhanced the CTL response compared to BCG. Analysis of the cytokine profile of cells proliferating in response to stimulation with BCG or BCG/relA showed increased expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 by cells stimulated with ΔBCG/relA in comparison with BCG. The proliferative and CTL responses were markedly reduced in response to stimulation with heat killed BCG or ΔBCG/relA. Intracellular bacterial killing was mediated through the perforin, granzyme B (GnzB), and the granulysin pathway. The data indicate relA is the Achilles' heel for pathogenic mycobacteria and deletion may be key to improving efficacy of attenuated vaccines for mycobacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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11
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Simultaneous cognate epitope recognition by bovine CD4 and CD8 T cells is essential for primary expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells following ex vivo stimulation with a candidate Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptide vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:2016-2025. [PMID: 31902643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in cattle show CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL), with the ability to kill intracellular bacteria, develop following stimulation of monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mdPBMC) with antigen presenting cells (APC, i.e. conventional dendritic cells [cDC] and monocyte-derived DC [MoDC]) pulsed with MMP, a membrane protein from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) encoded by MAP2121c. CTL activity was diminished if CD4 T cells were depleted from mdPBMC before antigen (Ag) presentation by APC, suggesting simultaneous cognate recognition of MMP epitopes presented by MHC I and MHC II molecules to CD4 and CD8 T cells is essential for development of CTL activity. To explore this possibility, studies were conducted with mdPBMC cultures in the presence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for MHC class I and MHC class II molecules. The CTL response of mdPBMC to MMP-pulsed APC was completely blocked in the presence of mAbs to both MHC I and II molecules and also blocked in the presence of mAbs to either MHC I or MHC II alone. The results demonstrate simultaneous cognate recognition of Ag by CD4 and CD8 T cells is essential for delivery of CD4 T cell help to CD8 T cells to elicit development of CTL.
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Franceschi V, Mahmoud AH, Abdellrazeq GS, Tebaldi G, Macchi F, Russo L, Fry LM, Elnaggar MM, Bannantine JP, Park KT, Hulubei V, Cavirani S, Davis WC, Donofrio G. Capacity to Elicit Cytotoxic CD8 T Cell Activity Against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Is Retained in a Vaccine Candidate 35 kDa Peptide Modified for Expression in Mammalian Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2859. [PMID: 31921129 PMCID: PMC6917596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies focused on development of an attenuated vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Ptb) in cattle and other species, revealed that deletion of relA, a global gene regulator, abrogates the ability of Map to establish a persistent infection. In the absence of relA, cattle develop CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL) with the ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Analysis of the recall response to a relA mutant, Map/ΔrelA, with cells from a vaccinated steer demonstrated that a 35-kDa membrane peptide (MMP) is one of the targets of the response. This observation suggested that it might be possible to develop a peptide-based vaccine. As reported here, the gene encoding the hypothetical MMP ORF, MAP2121c, was modified for expression in mammalian cells as a first step in developing an expression cassette for incorporation into a mammalian expression vector. The modified sequence of MMP, tPA-MMP, was mutated to generate two additional sequences for the study, one with substitutions to replace five potential residues that could be glycosylated, tPA-MMP-5mut, and one with substitutions to replace the first two potential residues that could be glycosylated, tPA-MMP-2mut. The sequences were placed in an expression cassette to produce peptides for analysis. An ex vivo platform was used with flow cytometry and a bacterium viability assay to determine if modifications in the gene encoding MMP for expression in mammalian cells altered its capacity to elicit development of CD8 CTL, essential for its use in a peptide-based vaccine. Monocyte-depleted PBMC (mdPBMC) were stimulated with antigen-presenting cells (APC) pulsed with different MMP constructs. CD4 and CD8 T cells proliferated in response to stimulation with MMP (control) expressed in Escherichia coli (eMMP), tPA-MMP, and tPA-MMP-2mut. CD8 T cells retained the capacity to kill intracellular bacteria. The tPA-MMP-5mut failed to elicit a proliferative response and was not included in further studies. The data show that the expression cassettes containing MMP and MMP-2mut can be used to screen and select a mammalian expression vector for the development of an efficacious peptide-based vaccine against Ptb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sandro Cavirani
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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