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Wang R, Huang H, Yu C, Li X, Wang Y, Xie L. Current status and future directions for the development of human papillomavirus vaccines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362770. [PMID: 38983849 PMCID: PMC11231394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has made substantive progress, as represented by the approval of five prophylactic vaccines since 2006. Generally, the deployment of prophylactic HPV vaccines is effective in preventing newly acquired infections and incidences of HPV-related malignancies. However, there is still a long way to go regarding the prevention of all HPV infections and the eradication of established HPV infections, as well as the subsequent progression to cancer. Optimizing prophylactic HPV vaccines by incorporating L1 proteins from more HPV subtypes, exploring adjuvants that reinforce cellular immune responses to eradicate HPV-infected cells, and developing therapeutic HPV vaccines used either alone or in combination with other cancer therapeutic modalities might bring about a new era getting closer to the vision to get rid of HPV infection and related diseases. Herein, we summarize strategies for the development of HPV vaccines, both prophylactic and therapeutic, with an emphasis on the selection of antigens and adjuvants, as well as implications for vaccine efficacy based on preclinical studies and clinical trials. Additionally, we outline current cutting-edge insights on formulation strategies, dosing schedules, and age expansion among HPV vaccine recipients, which might play important roles in addressing barriers to vaccine uptake, such as vaccine hesitancy and vaccine availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongpeng Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chulin Yu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, China
- Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Khan ANH, Emmons TR, Magner WJ, Alqassim E, Singel KL, Ricciuti J, Eng KH, Odunsi K, Tomasi TB, Lee K, Abrams SI, Mesa C, Segal BH. VSSP abrogates murine ovarian tumor-associated myeloid cell-driven immune suppression and induces M1 polarization in tumor-associated macrophages from ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2355-2369. [PMID: 35166871 PMCID: PMC10591410 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ovarian tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by the accumulation of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and granulocytic cells. Very small size particles (VSSP), comprised of the ganglioside NAcGM3 and Neisseria meningitidis derived outer membrane vesicles, is being developed as a nanoparticulated modulator of innate immunity. Prior studies have shown that VSSP enhanced antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell responses and reduced the suppressive phenotype of splenic granulocytic cells in tumor-bearing mice. Here, we hypothesized that intraperitoneal VSSP would modify myeloid cell accumulation and phenotypes in the ovarian TME and abrogate suppressor function of TAMs and tumor-associated granulocytic cells. In the ID8 syngeneic model of epithelial ovarian cancer, VSSP reduced peritoneal TAMs and induced M1-like polarization in TAMs. In addition, VSSP stimulated peritoneal inflammation characterized by increased granulocytes and monocytes, including inflammatory monocytic cells. VSSP treatment resulted in peritoneal TAMs and granulocytic cells being less suppressive of ex vivo stimulated CD8+ T cell responses. VSSP alone and combined with anti-PD-1 modestly but significantly prolonged survival in tumor-bearing mice. In addition, ex vivo treatment with VSSP induced M1-like polarization in TAMs from patients with metastatic ovarian cancer and variably abrogated their suppressor phenotype. VSSP treatment also partially abrogated the induction of suppressor function in healthy donor neutrophils exposed to ascites supernatants from patients with ovarian cancer. Together, these results point to VSSP reprogramming myeloid responses resulting in abrogation of suppressive pathways and raise the potential for administration of VSSP into the TME to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anm Nazmul H Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany R Emmons
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William J Magner
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emad Alqassim
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kelly L Singel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Office of Evaluation, Performance, and Reporting; Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives; Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Ricciuti
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kevin H Eng
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas B Tomasi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kelvin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Scott I Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Circe Mesa
- Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- Innovative Immunotherapy Alliance, S. A. Mariel, Artemisa, Cuba
| | - Brahm H Segal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Smalley Rumfield C, Roller N, Pellom ST, Schlom J, Jochems C. Therapeutic Vaccines for HPV-Associated Malignancies. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:167-200. [PMID: 33117742 PMCID: PMC7549137 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s273327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related malignancies are responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancer in women, and over 50% of all cases of head and neck carcinoma. Worldwide, HPV-positive malignancies account for 4.5% of the global cancer burden, or over 600,000 cases per year. HPV infection is a pressing public health issue, as more than 80% of all individuals have been exposed to HPV by age 50, representing an important target for vaccine development to reduce the incidence of cancer and the economic cost of HPV-related health issues. The approval of Gardasil® as a prophylactic vaccine for high-risk HPV 16 and 18 and low-risk HPV6 and 11 for people aged 11-26 in 2006, and of Cervarix® in 2009, revolutionized the field and has since reduced HPV infection in young populations. Unfortunately, prophylactic vaccination does not induce immunity in those with established HPV infections or HPV-induced neoplasms, and there are currently no therapeutic HPV vaccines approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This comprehensive review will detail the progress made in the development of therapeutic vaccines against high-risk HPV types, and potential combinations with other immunotherapeutic agents for more efficient and rational designs of combination treatments for HPV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Smalley Rumfield
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Roller
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Troy Pellom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Jeffrey Schlom Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD20892, USATel +1 240-858-3463Fax +1 240-541-4558 Email
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ding Z, Zhu H, Mo L, Li X, Xu R, Li T, Zhao L, Ren Y, Xu Y, Ou R. FLT3L and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhance the anti-tumor and immune effects of an HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11893-11904. [PMID: 31881013 PMCID: PMC6949056 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
HPV16 infections promote the development and progression of cervical cancer. We investigated Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as new adjuvants to an HPV16 vaccine. C57BL/6 mice were immunized by intramuscular injections of HPV16 E6/E7 plasmids every two weeks, three times in all. An in vivo imaging system was used to observe tumor growth and metastasis. Pathological changes to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, brain and kidneys were recorded, and the survival rate of the mice was determined. The constructed HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine had no notable side effects in terms of physiological or biochemical indexes. Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor increased the inhibitory effects of the HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The HPV16 E6/E7 vaccine enhanced the survival of mice and increased their serum-specific antibody and interferon-γ levels. Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor augmented these effects. In a cytotoxic lymphocyte killing test, Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor improved the ability of splenic lymphocytes from HPV16 E6/E7-vaccinated mice to kill B16 cells. As Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhanced the anti-tumor and immune effects of the HPV16 vaccine, these adjuvants should be considered for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Ding
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, China
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Laiming Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Rongying Ou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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