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Raj S, Alizadeh M, Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Denis MS, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Efficacy of an inactivated influenza vaccine adjuvanted with Toll-like receptor ligands against transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 268:110715. [PMID: 38219434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV), including the H9N2 subtype, pose a major threat to the poultry industry as well as to human health. Although vaccination provides a protective control measure, its effect on transmission remains uncertain in chickens. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of beta-propiolactone (BPL) whole inactivated H9N2 virus (WIV) vaccine either alone or in combination with CpG ODN 2007 (CpG), poly(I:C) or AddaVax™ (ADD) to prevent H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens. The seeder chickens (trial 1) and recipient chickens (trial 2) were vaccinated twice with different vaccine formulations. Ten days after secondary vaccination, seeder chickens were infected with H9N2 AIV (trial 1) and co-housed with healthy recipient chickens. In trial 2, the recipient chickens were vaccinated and then exposed to H9N2 AIV-infected seeder chickens. Our results demonstrated that BPL+ CpG and BPL+ poly(I:C) treated chickens exhibited reduced oral and cloacal shedding in both trials post-exposure (PE). The number of H9N2 AIV+ recipient chickens in the BPL+ CpG group (trial 1) was lower than in other vaccinated groups, and the reduction was higher in BPL+ CpG recipient chickens in trial 2. BPL+ CpG vaccinated chickens demonstrated enhanced systemic antibody responses with high IgM and IgY titers with higher rates of seroprotection by day 21 post-primary vaccination (ppv). Additionally, the induction of IFN-γ expression and production was higher in the BPL+ CpG treated chickens. Interleukin (IL)- 2 expression was upregulated in both BPL+ CpG and BPL+ poly(I:C) groups at 12 and 24 hr post-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myles St Denis
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NE, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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An SH, Hong SM, Song JH, Son SE, Lee CY, Choi KS, Kwon HJ. Engineering an Optimal Y280-Lineage H9N2 Vaccine Strain by Tuning PB2 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108840. [PMID: 37240186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) cause economic losses in the poultry industry and provide internal genomic segments for the evolution of H5N1 and H7N9 AIVs into more detrimental strains for poultry and humans. In addition to the endemic Y439/Korea-lineage H9N2 viruses, the Y280-lineage spread to Korea since 2020. Conventional recombinant H9N2 vaccine strains, which bear mammalian pathogenic internal genomes of the PR8 strain, are pathogenic in BALB/c mice. To reduce the mammalian pathogenicity of the vaccine strains, the PR8 PB2 was replaced with the non-pathogenic and highly productive PB2 of the H9N2 vaccine strain 01310CE20. However, the 01310CE20 PB2 did not coordinate well with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the Korean Y280-lineage strain, resulting in a 10-fold lower virus titer compared to the PR8 PB2. To increase the virus titer, the 01310CE20 PB2 was mutated (I66M-I109V-I133V) to enhance the polymerase trimer integrity with PB1 and PA, which restored the decreased virus titer without causing mouse pathogenicity. The reverse mutation (L226Q) of HA, which was believed to decrease mammalian pathogenicity by reducing mammalian receptor affinity, was verified to increase mouse pathogenicity and change antigenicity. The monovalent Y280-lineage oil emulsion vaccine produced high antibody titers for homologous antigens but undetectable titers for heterologous (Y439/Korea-lineage) antigens. However, this defect was corrected by the bivalent vaccine. Therefore, the balance of polymerase and HA/NA activities can be achieved by fine-tuning PB2 activity, and a bivalent vaccine may be more effective in controlling concurrent H9N2 viruses with different antigenicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Son
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Republic of Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- GeNiner Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kang YM, Cho HK, An SJ, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Kang HM. Updating the National Antigen Bank in Korea: Protective Efficacy of Synthetic Vaccine Candidates against H5Nx Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Belonging to Clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111860. [PMID: 36366368 PMCID: PMC9697692 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2018, Korea has been building an avian influenza (AI) national antigen bank for emergency preparedness; this antigen bank is updated every 2 years. To update the vaccine strains in the antigen bank, we used reverse genetics technology to develop two vaccine candidates against avian influenza strains belonging to clades 2.3.2.1d and 2.3.4.4h, and then evaluated their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in SPF chickens challenged with H5 viruses. The two vaccine candidates, named rgCA2/2.3.2.1d and rgES3/2.3.4.4h, were highly immunogenic, with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of 8.2−9.3 log2 against the vaccine strain, and 7.1−7.3 log2 against the lethal challenge viruses (in which the HA genes shared 97% and 95.4% homology with that of rgCA2/2.3.2.1d and rgES3/2.3.4.4h, respectively). A full dose of each vaccine candidate provided 100% protection against the challenge viruses, with a reduction in clinical symptoms and virus shedding. A 1/10 dose provided similar levels of protection, whereas a 1/100 dose resulted in mortality and virus shedding by 7 dpi. Moreover, immunity induced by the two vaccines was long lasting, with HI titers of >7 log2 against the vaccine strain remaining after 6 months. Thus, the two vaccine candidates show protective efficacy and can be used to update the AI national antigen bank.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-549120972; Fax: +82-549120977
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Sahoo M, Panigrahi C, Aradwad P. Management strategies emphasizing advanced food processing approaches to mitigate food borne zoonotic pathogens in food system. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Chirasmita Panigrahi
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Aradwad
- Division of Agricultural Engineering Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi India
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Alqazlan N, Astill J, Raj S, Sharif S. Strategies for enhancing immunity against avian influenza virus in chickens: A review. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:211-235. [PMID: 35297706 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poultry infection with avian influenza viruses (AIV) is a continuous source of concern for poultry production and human health. Uncontrolled infection and transmission of AIV in poultry increases the potential for viral mutation and reassortment, possibly resulting in the emergence of zoonotic viruses. To this end, implementing strategies to disrupt the transmission of AIVs in poultry, including a wide array of traditional and novel methods, is much needed. Vaccination of poultry is a targeted approach to reduce clinical signs and shedding in infected birds. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of AIV vaccines are multi-pronged and include methods directed towards eliciting immune responses in poultry. Strategies include producing vaccines of greater immunogenicity via vaccine type and adjuvant application and increasing bird responsiveness to vaccines by modification of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome and dietary interventions. This review provides an in-depth discussion of recent findings surrounding novel AIV vaccines for poultry, including reverse genetics vaccines, vectors, protein vaccines and virus like particles, highlighting their experimental efficacy among other factors such as safety and potential for use in the field. In addition to the type of vaccine employed, vaccine adjuvants also provide an effective way to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy, therefore, research on different types of vaccine adjuvants and vaccine adjuvant delivery strategies is discussed. Finally, the poultry gastrointestinal microbiome is emerging as an important factor in the effectiveness of prophylactic treatments. In this regard, current findings on the effects of the chicken GIT microbiome on AIV vaccine efficacy are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON, N1L 1E3, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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An SH, Son SE, Song JH, Hong SM, Lee CY, Lee NH, Jeong YJ, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Kang HM, Choi KS, Kwon HJ. Selection of an Optimal Recombinant Egyptian H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccine Strain for Poultry with High Antigenicity and Safety. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020162. [PMID: 35214621 PMCID: PMC8876024 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For the development of an optimized Egyptian H9N2 vaccine candidate virus for poultry, various recombinant Egyptian H9N2 viruses generated by a PR8-based reverse genetics system were compared in terms of their productivity and biosafety since Egyptian H9N2 avian influenza viruses already possess mammalian pathogenicity-related mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and PB2 genes. The Egyptian HA and NA genes were more compatible with PR8 than with H9N2 AIV (01310) internal genes, and the 01310-derived recombinant H9N2 strains acquired the L226Q reverse mutation in HA after passages in eggs. Additionally, the introduction of a strong promoter at the 3′-ends of PB2 and PB1 genes induced an additional mutation of P221S. When recombinant Egyptian H9N2 viruses with intact or reverse mutated HA (L226Q and P221S) and NA (prototypic 2SBS) were compared, the virus with HA and NA mutations had high productivity in ECES but was lower in antigenicity when used as an inactivated vaccine due to its high binding affinity into non-specific inhibitors in eggs. Finally, we substituted the PB2 gene of PR8 with 01310 to remove the replication ability in mammalian hosts and successfully generated the best recombinant vaccine candidate in terms of immunogenicity, antigenicity, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Son
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
| | - Jin-Ha Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Nak-Hyung Lee
- KBNP, Inc., 235-9, Chusa-ro, Sinam-myeon, Yesan-gun 32417, Korea; (N.-H.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Young-Ju Jeong
- KBNP, Inc., 235-9, Chusa-ro, Sinam-myeon, Yesan-gun 32417, Korea; (N.-H.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39960, Korea; (J.-G.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39960, Korea; (J.-G.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39960, Korea; (J.-G.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea; (S.-H.A.); (S.-E.S.); (J.-H.S.); (S.-M.H.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-S.C.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1266 (K.-S.C. & H.-J.K.); Fax: +82-2-885-6614 (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-S.C.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1266 (K.-S.C. & H.-J.K.); Fax: +82-2-885-6614 (H.-J.K.)
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Dealing with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: An Impending Crisis. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100084. [PMID: 34557739 PMCID: PMC8456418 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Fu C, Ye S, Liang Y, Qi Z, Yao C, Wang Z, Wang J, Cai S, Tang S, Chen Y, Li S. The inactivated vaccine of reassortant H3N2 canine influenza virus based on internal gene cassette from PR8 is safe and effective. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108997. [PMID: 33524810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza (CI) is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs, which poses a threat to canine health. A safe, high-yield vaccine seed virus is critical for CI vaccine development. We developed a PR8-based reassortant H3N2 canine influenza virus (RT CIV) using the reverse genetic method and evaluated its yield in canine kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells, Vero cells, and specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Mice and dogs were infected with RT CIV, and the pathogenicity was evaluated. The viral titers of RT CIV increased in MDCK cells, Vero cells, and SPF chicken embryos; the HA yield in SPF chicken embryos increased 4-fold. However, RT CIV was not lethal to mice, and it showed similar virulence as wild-type CIV. RT CIV also showed minimal pathogenicity in dogs, which manifested as mild fever and rhinorrhea for the first two days post-infection. Thus, RT CIV carrying the internal gene cassette from PR8 showed almost no pathogenicity in dogs. And the reassortant virus inactivated vaccine could provide complete protection against H3N2 CIV. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the pathogenicity of PR8-based reassortant H3N2 CIV in dogs. These studies are relevant for developing a high-yield and safe CI vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhonghe Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Congwen Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Improvement of PR8-Derived Recombinant Clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 Vaccine Strains by Optimization of Internal Genes and H103Y Mutation of Hemagglutinin. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040781. [PMID: 33419331 PMCID: PMC7766170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) may have originally adapted to infect chickens and have caused highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry and human fatalities. Although A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8)-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 vaccine strains have been effective in embryonated chicken eggs-based vaccine production system, they need to be improved in terms of immunogenicity and potential mammalian pathogenicity. We replaced the PB2 gene alone or the PB2 (polymerase basic protein 2), NP (nucleoprotein), M (matrix protein) and NS (non-structural protein) genes together in the PR8 strain with corresponding genes from AIVs with low pathogenicity to remove mammalian pathogenicity and to match CD8+ T cell epitopes with contemporary HPAI viruses, respectively, without loss of viral fitness. Additionally, we tested the effect of the H103Y mutation of hemagglutinin (HA) on antigen productivity, mammalian pathogenicity and heat/acid stability. The replacement of PB2 genes and the H103Y mutation reduced the mammalian pathogenicity but increased the antigen productivity of the recombinant vaccine strains. The H103Y mutation increased heat stability but unexpectedly decreased acid stability, probably resulting in increased activation pH for HA. Interestingly, vaccination with inactivated recombinant virus with replaced NP, M and NS genes halted challenge virus shedding earlier than the recombinant vaccine without internal genes replacement. In conclusion, we successfully generated recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 vaccine strains that were less pathogenic to mammals and more productive and heat stable than conventional PR8-derived recombinant strains by optimization of internal genes and the H103Y mutation of HA.
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Novel Mutations Evading Avian Immunity around the Receptor Binding Site of the Clade 2.3.2.1c Hemagglutinin Gene Reduce Viral Thermostability and Mammalian Pathogenicity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100923. [PMID: 31600990 PMCID: PMC6832455 DOI: 10.3390/v11100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, highly pathogenic clade 2.3.2 H5N1 avian influenza A (A(H5N1)) viruses have evolved to clade 2.3.2.1a, b, and c; currently only 2.3.2.1c A(H5N1) viruses circulate in wild birds and poultry. During antigenic evolution, clade 2.3.2.1a and c A(H5N1) viruses acquired both S144N and V223I mutations around the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin (HA), with S144N generating an N-glycosylation sequon. We introduced single or combined reverse mutations, N144S and/or I223V, into the HA gene of the clade 2.3.2.1c A(H5N1) virus and generated PR8-derived, 2 + 6 recombinant A(H5N1) viruses. When we compared replication efficiency in embryonated chicken eggs, mammalian cells, and mice, the recombinant virus containing both N144S and I223V mutations showed increased replication efficiency in avian and mammalian hosts and pathogenicity in mice. The N144S mutation significantly decreased avian receptor affinity and egg white inhibition, but not all mutations increased mammalian receptor affinity. Interestingly, the combined reverse mutations dramatically increased the thermostability of HA. Therefore, the adaptive mutations possibly acquired to evade avian immunity may decrease viral thermostability as well as mammalian pathogenicity.
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