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Prichett L, Berry AA, Calderon G, Wang J, Hager ER, Klein LM, Edwards LV, Liu Y, Johnson SB. Parents' and Caregivers' Support for in-School COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies: A Socioecological Perspective. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:799-813. [PMID: 38174691 PMCID: PMC11337969 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231221160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Informed by the social ecological model, which asserts that health behaviors and beliefs are the result of multiple levels of influence, we examined factors related to parents' support for in-school COVID-19 mitigation strategies. Using data from a survey of 567 parents/caregivers of public elementary and middle school students in eight Maryland counties, we employed regression models to examine relationships between parent-, child-, family-, school-, and community-level factors and acceptability of mitigation strategies. Acceptance of COVID-19 mitigation strategies was positively correlated with child- and family-level factors, including child racial identity (parents of Black children were more accepting than those of White children, odds ratio [OR]: 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.5, 4.1]), parent receipt of the COVID-19 vaccine (OR: 2.4, 95% CI = [1.5, 3.7]), and parent Democrat or Independent political affiliation (compared with Republican affiliation, OR: 4.2, 95% CI = [2.6, 6.7]; OR: 2.2, 95%CI = [1.3, 3.8], respectively). Acceptance was also positively associated with parents' perceptions of their school's mitigation approach, including higher school mitigation score, indicating more intensive mitigation policies (OR: 1.1, 95% CI = [1.0, 1.1]), better school communication about COVID-19 (OR: 1.7, 95% CI = [1.4, 1.9]) and better school capacity to address COVID-19 (OR: 1.9, 95% CI = [1.5, 2.4]). Community-level factors were not associated with acceptance. Child- and parent-level factors identified suggest potential groups for messaging regarding mitigation strategies. School-level factors may play an important role in parents' acceptance of in-school mitigation strategies. Schools' capacity to address public health threats may offer an underappreciated and modifiable setting for disseminating and reinforcing public health guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prichett
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea A Berry
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - June Wang
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin R Hager
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren M Klein
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Yisi Liu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara B Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pask EB, Wu QL. Let's (not) talk about sexual health: How sexual communication apprehension with healthcare providers and peer communication influence intentions to protect sexual health. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2024; 126:108318. [PMID: 38743964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined how patients' clinical and peer interactions may affect their communication apprehension with healthcare providers, a major communication barrier to sexual health protective behaviors (SHPB). METHODS Between January 2022 and February 2023, we conducted an online survey with 310 participants recruited through snowball sampling. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we explored relationships among patient-provider interactions, peer communication about sex, communication apprehension with providers, and SHPB intentions. RESULTS Significant predictors of SHPB intentions included lower communication apprehension and more peer communication. Communication apprehension was a significant mediator in paths from peer communication and three types of patient-provider communication to SHPB intentions. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates the need to address communication barriers to increase patients' SHPB intentions. Active patient involvement and patient-centered communication may open up discussions about sex in the clinical setting. Peer interactions, informed by scientific guidance, may reduce patients' apprehension, leading to better health outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Communication interventions are needed to promote collaborative patient-provider environments and peer sexual communication. Active involvement and evidence-based discussions can help patients navigate difficult conversations (e.g., like sex), improving SHPB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiwei Luna Wu
- School of Communication, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Hodwitz K, Wigle J, Juando-Prats C, Allan K, Li X, Fallon B, Birken CS, Maguire JL, Parsons JA. Physicians' perspectives on COVID-19 vaccinations for children: a qualitative exploration in Ontario, Canada. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081694. [PMID: 39025822 PMCID: PMC11288156 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parents' decisions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 are complex and often informed by discussions with primary care physicians. However, little is known about physicians' perspectives on COVID-19 vaccinations for children or their experiences counselling parents in their decision-making. We explored physicians' experiences providing COVID-19 vaccination recommendations to parents and their reflections on the contextual factors that shaped these experiences. DESIGN We conducted an interpretive qualitative study using in-depth interviews. We analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis and a socioecological framework. SETTING This study involved primary care practices associated with The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) primary care research network in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 10 primary care physicians, including family physicians, paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists. RESULTS Participants discussed elements at the individual level (their identity, role, and knowledge), the interpersonal level (their relationships with families, responsiveness to parents' concerns, and efforts to build trust) and structural level (contextual factors related to the evolving COVID-19 climate, health system pandemic response, and constraints on care delivery) that influenced their experiences providing recommendations to parents. Our findings illustrated that physicians' interactions with families were shaped by a confluence of their own perspectives, their responses to parents' perspectives, and the evolving landscape of the broader pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores the social and relational nature of vaccination decision-making and highlights the multiple influences on primary care physicians' experiences providing COVID-19 vaccination recommendations to parents. Our findings offer suggestions for future COVID-19 vaccination programmes for children. Delivery of new COVID-19 vaccinations for children may be well suited within primary care offices, where trusting relationships are established, but physicians need support in staying knowledgeable about emerging information, communicating available evidence to parents to inform their decision-making and dedicating time for vaccination counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hodwitz
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jannah Wigle
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Juando-Prats
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Allan
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuedi Li
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Fallon
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine S. Birken
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathon L. Maguire
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet A. Parsons
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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McCollum G, Allgood A, Agne A, Cleveland D, Gray C, Ford E, Baral S, Mugavero M, Hall AG. Associations Between Social Networks and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in 4 Rural Alabama Counties: Survey Findings. Public Health Rep 2024:333549241250223. [PMID: 38780015 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241250223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated how vaccination decisions are influenced by misinformation, disinformation, and social pressures, leading to varied and inequitable uptake rates. In this study, we examined how COVID-19 vaccine messages received via social networks were associated with vaccine uptake in rural Alabama. METHODS From November 2021 through March 2022, we collected 700 responses to a telephone survey administered in 4 rural Alabama counties. We asked respondents to indicate whether certain social relationships (eg, family, businesses) tried to influence them to (1) obtain or (2) avoid a COVID-19 vaccine. We used χ2 tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mantel-Haenszel χ2 tests, and Fisher exact tests to examine the associations between vaccination status and survey responses. RESULTS Respondents in majority-African American counties were significantly more likely than those in majority-White counties to have received ≥1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine (89.8% vs 72.3%; P < .001). Respondents who received ≥1 dose had a significantly higher mean age than those who had not (58.0 vs 39.0 years; P < .001). Respondents who were encouraged to get vaccinated by religious leaders were more likely to have received ≥1 dose (P = .001), and those who were encouraged to avoid vaccination by family (P = .007), friends (P = .02), coworkers (P = .003), and health care providers (P < .001) were less likely to have received ≥1 dose. Respondents with more interpersonal relationships that encouraged them to avoid vaccination were more likely to be unvaccinated (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Interpersonal relationships and demographic characteristics appeared to be important in COVID-19 vaccine decision-making in rural Alabama. Further research needs to identify how to facilitate vaccine-positive interpersonal relationships, such as peer mentoring and trusted messenger interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer McCollum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ashleigh Allgood
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - April Agne
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dave Cleveland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cicily Gray
- Community Health Program, Department of Health and Human Services, School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric Ford
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Mugavero
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Allyson G Hall
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Fox GQ, Napper LE, Wakeel F. Utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour for predicting parents' intentions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. J Health Psychol 2024:13591053241233852. [PMID: 38439507 DOI: 10.1177/13591053241233852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial form of primary prevention, and it is important to understand the factors that influence parents' decisions to vaccinate their children. The current study examines the utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and anticipated affect for explaining parents' intentions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. Parents (N = 843) living in the United States completed an online survey. The TPB variables explained 65% of the variability in parents' intentions. In addition to all three of the TPB antecedents predicting vaccine intentions, both anticipated regret of not vaccinating and anticipated positive emotions of vaccinating were associated with parent intentions. Contrary to predictions, subjective norms were a stronger predictor of intentions when perceived behavioural control was lower compared to higher. These findings help further our understanding of parent-for-child vaccine decisions in the context of novel health threats and inform intervention efforts aimed at encouraging this behaviour.
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Enyinnaya JC, Anderson AA, Kelp NC, Long M, Duncan CG. The Social Ecology of Health Beliefs and Misinformation Framework: Examining the impact of misinformation on vaccine uptake through individual and sociological factors. Vaccine 2024; 42:455-463. [PMID: 38184392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misinformation presents a critical concern for academic and public health discourse, particularly around vaccine response. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy was responsible for decreased immunization uptake for vaccine-preventable diseases. Misinformation connected to the novel COVID-19 vaccine has further fueled vaccine hesitancy in Colorado and the United States. Our study brings together three different perspectives - physicians, public health professionals, and parents - to understand the impact of misinformation on vaccine uptake in Colorado. Our study proposes a framework for combining the Health Belief Model with the Socio-Ecological model to account for societal factors in healthcare decision making. METHODS Semi-structured interviews and focus groups with public health professionals, physicians, and parents (n = 31) were conducted in late spring and summer 2022. Data were coded inductively using thematic analysis. Identified themes were deductively categorized according to the Socio-Ecological Model and Health Belief Model. RESULTS Using a theoretical framework that combined the Health Belief Model and the Socio-Ecological Model, we identified seven factors that influenced vaccine hesitancy in Colorado. Intrapersonal factors included routine vaccine hesitancy connected to perceptions of severity and susceptibility, efficacy, and benefits and barriers to vaccine uptake; interpersonal factors included social networks; institutional factors included mass mediated platforms, portrayals of uncertainty, distrust in institutional sources of information, and political influences in vaccine decision making; and structural factors included economic barriers behind vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a unique, triangulated, post-positivist perspective on the role of misinformation in vaccine hesitancy in Colorado. The findings provide evidence that misinformation is an important barrier to vaccination uptake and can permeate multiple socio-ecological determinants/characteristics to influence vaccination behaviors including intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and structural levels. We introduce the Social Ecology of Health Beliefs and Misinformation Framework to account for how misinformation may interrupt vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy C Enyinnaya
- Department of Communication, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford Campus, BC Canada
| | - Ashley A Anderson
- Department of Journalism and Media Communication, Colorado State University, United States.
| | - Nicole C Kelp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, United States
| | - Marilee Long
- Department of Journalism and Media Communication, Colorado State University, United States
| | - Colleen G Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, United States
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Stultz JS, Eiland LS. A Review of the Data Supporting Use of COVID-19 Vaccinations in the Pediatric Population. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57:1328-1340. [PMID: 36847285 PMCID: PMC9974373 DOI: 10.1177/10600280231156625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in the pediatric population. DATA SOURCES PubMed/Medline (September 2020 to December 2022), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) websites. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Publications regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations in children were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Vaccines authorized for use in children include two monovalent mRNA vaccines (≥6 months old) and one monovalent protein subunit adjuvant vaccine (adolescents only). Omicron-specific mRNA bivalent boosters are authorized for children ≥6 months old. Studies after monovalent vaccine authorization illustrated efficacy in children >5 to 6 years of age, specifically decreased severe COVID-19 (including mortality) and multisystem inflammatory response syndrome occurrence (including during Omicron predominance). Available data for children <5 to 6 years suggests efficacy, although data are limited. Monovalent vaccine efficacy against Omicron infections may wane as early as 2 months, but protection against severe disease complications may last longer, and bivalent Omicron boosters are anticipated to increase effectiveness. Myocarditis/pericarditis is a safety concern associated with the COVID-19 vaccinations but occurs less frequently then COVID-19 complications and thus the benefit outweighs the risks. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Caregivers seek information from health care professionals regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. Pharmacists can use the objective information in this review to educate caregivers and effectively administer COVID-19 vaccines to patients. CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient and continually growing safety and efficacy data available to recommend COVID-19 vaccinations for children ≥6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Stultz
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lea S. Eiland
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
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8
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Hardin-Fanning FD, Hartson K, Lynette G, Gesler R, Kern N. Socioecological Analysis of a Nursing Advocacy Skills-Building Activity. J Nurs Educ 2023; 62:509-515. [PMID: 37672499 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20230712-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advocacy is an expectation of the nursing profession. Nursing curricula should include opportunities for advocacy skills building at multiple levels of potential effect. Analyses of student performances during these advocacy exercises provide insight into how well students understand the multifactorial nature of most public health issues. METHOD A socioecological model was used to evaluate nursing students' advocacy responses to food-insecurity scenarios during a guided online discussion activity aimed at advocacy skills building. RESULTS Student recommendations were categorized as individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy interventions, with subcategories at each socioecological level. CONCLUSION Recommendations are given for future educational research specific to advocacy skills building. Implications for nursing education at each socioecological level also are discussed. [J Nurs Educ. 2023;62(9):509-515.].
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Alabadi M, Pitt V, Aldawood Z. A Qualitative Analysis of Social-Ecological Factors Shaping Childhood Immunisation Hesitancy and Delay in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1400. [PMID: 37766077 PMCID: PMC10536341 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Immunisation is a crucial and effective method for preventing infectious diseases, with its success dependent on high immunisation rates to protect under-immunised individuals and promote herd immunity. This qualitative descriptive study is part of a larger explanatory sequential mixed method design that aims to explore factors influencing parents' decision making to complete childhood immunisation in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, a country experiencing disparities in immunisation coverage across its population. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of a subset of participants from the initial quantitative phase, which included a survey on the immunisation attitudes of parents living in Qatif. This initial phase included n = 350 participants, who were over 18, had access to one of the 27 Primary Health Care (PHC) Centres in Qatif, and had a child under 24 months. This paper presents the qualitative-descriptive phase, which used a qualitative survey to gain open-ended responses from parents (n = 20) and analysed using thematic analysis. (3) Results: Participants identified certain vaccines, particularly MMR, as influencing their immunisation practices. Specific factors identified as deterring parents from immunising their children included fear of autism and other developmental delays, concerns about risks and side effects, mistrust in vaccine efficacy, and discouraging information from the media. Parents' immunisation decisions were evidently affected by policy compliance, family and friends, and social networking sites. These factors are explained through the socio-ecological model. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic influenced parents' decisions on vaccine completion in terms of perceived barriers, perceived benefits, and perceived trust. (4) Conclusions: By examining the social-ecological factors shaping parents' decisions to immunise their children in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, this research contributes to the literature and informs the Saudi National Childhood Immunisation Programme about factors contributing to childhood immunisation hesitancy, helping to address a critical healthcare issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Alabadi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Victoria Pitt
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Zakariya Aldawood
- Primary Health Care Division of Qatif City, General Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Region, Ministry of Health, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia;
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Rose ID, Murray C, Hodges AM, Dyer H, Wallace S. Perceived Role of the School Nurse in Providing Pertinent COVID-19 Information to the School Community: Experiences of Public Health Graduate Students With School-Aged Children. J Sch Nurs 2023:10598405231193429. [PMID: 37559391 DOI: 10.1177/10598405231193429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major disruptor to school systems across the United States since March 2020. As a result, school nurses have had to adapt to these uncertain times. Previous research has demonstrated the impact of school nurses on student health; however, less is known about their role in educating the broader school community about COVID-19 prevention. In Spring 2022, four focus groups were conducted with public health graduate students with school-aged children, to assess perceptions of COVID-19 and public health emergency preparedness communication. MAXQDA was used for thematic analysis. School nurses were viewed as a credible source of COVID-19 information, especially for those who do not have access to healthcare services. While the primary role of school nurses is to provide health services to students, they also have the capacity to provide the community with vital public health emergency preparedness information.
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Affiliation(s)
- India D Rose
- Chamberlain University, Master of Public Health Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colleen Murray
- Chamberlain University, Master of Public Health Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne Marie Hodges
- Chamberlain University, Master of Public Health Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hedda Dyer
- Chamberlain University, Master of Public Health Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharonda Wallace
- Chamberlain University, Master of Public Health Program, Chicago, IL, USA
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Rose I, Powell L, King A, Murray CC, Rasberry CN, Pampati S, Barrios LC, Lee S. Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing COVID-19 Prevention Strategies in K-12 Public Schools. J Sch Nurs 2023:10598405231191282. [PMID: 37525562 PMCID: PMC11284594 DOI: 10.1177/10598405231191282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the educational needs of students, most schools in the United States (U.S.) reopened for in-person instruction during the 2021-2022 school year implementing a wide range of COVID-19 prevention strategies (e.g., mask requirements). To date, there have been limited studies examining facilitators and barriers to implementing each of the recommended COVID-19 prevention strategies in schools. Twenty-one semistructured interviews were conducted with public school staff from across the U.S. responsible for overseeing prevention strategy implementation. MAXQDA was used for thematic analysis. Findings identified key facilitators including utilizing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance and district policies to guide decision-making at the school level, possessing financial resources to purchase supplies, identifying key staff for implementation, and having school health services infrastructure in place. Key barriers included staff shortages, limited resources, and community opposition. Findings from this study provide important insight into how schools can prepare for future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Catherine N Rasberry
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjana Pampati
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa C Barrios
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Lee
- CDC Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Brandenberger J, Duchen R, Lu H, Wanigaratne S, Cohen E, To T, Piché-Renaud PP, Guttmann A. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Immigrant, Refugee, and Nonimmigrant Children and Adolescents in Ontario, Canada. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2325636. [PMID: 37494039 PMCID: PMC10372706 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.25636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance COVID-19 vaccinations are recommended for minors. Surveys indicate lower vaccine acceptance by some immigrant and refugee groups. Objective To identify characteristics in immigrant, refugee, and nonimmigrant minors associated with vaccination. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used linked, population-based demographic and health care data from Ontario, Canada, including all children aged 4 to 17 years registered for universal health insurance on January 1, 2021, across 2 distinct campaigns: for adolescents (ages 12-17 years), starting May 23, 2021, and for children (ages 5-11 years), starting November 25, 2021, through April 24, 2022. Data were analyzed from May 9 to August 2, 2022. Exposures Immigrant or refugee status and immigration characteristics (recency, category, region of origin, and generation). Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were crude rates of COVID-19 vaccination (defined as ≥1 vaccination for children and ≥2 vaccinations for adolescents) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CIs for vaccination, adjusted for clinical, sociodemographic, and health system factors. Results The total cohort included 2.2 million children and adolescents, with 1 098 749 children (mean [SD] age, 7.06 [2.00] years; 563 388 [51.3%] males) and 1 142 429 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 14.00 [1.99] years; 586 617 [51.3%] males). Among children, 53 090 (4.8%) were first-generation and 256 886 (23.4%) were second-generation immigrants or refugees; among adolescents, 104 975 (9.2%) were first-generation and 221 981 (19.4%) were second-generation immigrants or refugees, most being economic or family-class immigrants. Immigrants, particularly refugees, were more likely to live in neighborhoods with highest material deprivation (first-generation immigrants: 18.6% of children and 20.2% of adolescents; first-generation refugees: 46.4% of children and 46.3% of adolescents; nonimmigrants: 18.5% of children and 17.2% of adolescents) and COVID-19 risk (first-generation immigrants; 20.0% of children and 20.5% of adolescents; first-generation refugees: 9.4% of children and 12.6% of adolescents; nonimmigrants: 6.9% of children and 6.8% of adolescents). Vaccination rates (53.1% in children and 79.2% in adolescents) were negatively associated with material deprivation. In both age groups, odds for vaccination were higher in immigrants (children: aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.27-1.33; adolescents: aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.12) but lower in refugees (children: aOR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.33-0.36; adolescents: aOR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.84-0.91) compared with nonimmigrants. In immigrant- and refugee-only models stratified by generation, region of origin was associated with uptake, compared with the overall rate, with the lowest odds observed in immigrants and refugees from Eastern Europe (children: aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.35-0.46; adolescents: aOR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.38-0.43) and Central Africa (children: aOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.16-0.35; adolescents: aOR, 0.51,CI: 0.45-0.59) and the highest odds observed in immigrants and refugees from Southeast Asia (children: aOR, 2.68; 95% CI, 2.47-2.92; adolescents aOR, 4.42; 95% CI, 4.10-4.77). Adjusted odds of vaccination among immigrants and refugees from regions with lowest vaccine coverage were similar across generations. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study using a population-based sample in Canada, nonrefugee immigrants had higher vaccine coverage than nonimmigrants. Substantial heterogeneity by region of origin and lower vaccination coverage in refugees persisted across generations. These findings suggest that vaccine campaigns need precision public health approaches targeting specific barriers in identified, undervaccinated subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brandenberger
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pediatric Emergency Department, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hong Lu
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susitha Wanigaratne
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Cohen
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa To
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre-Philippe Piché-Renaud
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Harris JN, Mauro CM, Morgan TL, de Roche A, Zimet GD, Rosenthal SL. Factors impacting parental uptake of COVID-19 vaccination for U.S. Children ages 5-17. Vaccine 2023; 41:3151-3155. [PMID: 37045680 PMCID: PMC10080272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination of U.S. children lags behind adult vaccination, but remains critical in mitigating the pandemic. Using a subset of a nationally representative survey, this study examined factors contributing to parental uptake of COVID-19 vaccine for children ages 12-17 and 5-11, stratified by parental COVID-19 vaccination status. Among vaccinated parents, uptake was higher for 12-17-year-olds (78.6%) than 5-11-year-olds (50.7%); only two unvaccinated parents vaccinated their children. Child influenza vaccination was predictive of uptake for both age groups, while side effect concerns remained significant only for younger children. Although parents were more likely to involve adolescents in vaccine decision-making than younger children, this was not predictive of vaccine uptake. These results highlight the importance of addressing the unique and shared concerns parents have regarding COVID-19 vaccination for children of varying ages. Future work should further explore adolescent/child perspectives of involvement in COVID-19 vaccination decision-making to support developmentally appropriate involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen N Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine M Mauro
- Department of Biostatistics at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tucker L Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel de Roche
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory D Zimet
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan L Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry at Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Wigle J, Hodwitz K, Juando-Prats C, Allan K, Li X, Howard L, Fallon B, Birken CS, Maguire JL, Parsons JA. Parents' perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations for children: a qualitative analysis. CMAJ 2023; 195:E259-E266. [PMID: 36810223 PMCID: PMC9943572 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.221401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for children aged 5-11 years has been lower than anticipated in Canada. Although research has explored parental intentions toward SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for children, parental decisions regarding vaccinations have not been studied in-depth. We sought to explore reasons why parents chose to vaccinate or not vaccinate their children against SARS-CoV-2 to better understand their decisions. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study involving in-depth individual interviews with a purposive sample of parents in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. We conducted interviews via telephone or video call from February to April 2022 and analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS We interviewed 20 parents. We found that parental attitudes toward SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations for their children represented a complex continuum of concern. We identified 4 cross-cutting themes: the newness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the evidence supporting their use; the perceived politicization of guidance for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; the social pressure surrounding SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations; and the weighing of individual versus collective benefits of vaccination. Parents found making a decision about vaccinating their child challenging and expressed difficulty sourcing and evaluating evidence, determining the trustworthiness of guidance, and balancing their own conceptions of health care decisions with societal expectations and political messaging. INTERPRETATION Parents' experiences making decisions regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for their children were complex, even for those who were supportive of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. These findings provide some explanation for the current patterns of uptake of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among children in Canada; health care providers and public health authorities can consider these insights when planning future vaccine rollouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannah Wigle
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kathryn Hodwitz
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Clara Juando-Prats
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kate Allan
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Xuedi Li
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Lisa Howard
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Barbara Fallon
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Janet A Parsons
- Applied Health Research Centre (Wigle, Hodwitz, Juando-Prats, Maguire, Parsons), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Juando-Prats, Howard), University of Toronto; Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (Allan, Fallon), University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences (Li, Birken), The Hospital for Sick Children; Departments of Pediatrics (Birken, Maguire) and of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy (Parsons), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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15
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Anagaw TF, Tiruneh MG, Fenta ET. Application of behavioral change theory and models on COVID-19 preventive behaviors, worldwide: A systematic review. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231159750. [PMID: 37026109 PMCID: PMC10067469 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231159750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review aimed to assess the global application of behavioral change theory and models on COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses procedure. Databases such as PubMed/MIDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, EMB ASE, World Health Organization libraries, and Google Scholar were used to search all published articles in the area of application of behavioral change theory and model on COVID-19 preventive behavior until October 1, 2022. Studies published in another language other than English were excluded. Two independent reviewers did the article selection and quality check. A third reviewer asked if any disagreement were found. Result: Seventeen thousand four hundred thirty-six total articles were retrieved from all sources after the removal of duplicated articles and those not evaluating the outcome of interest were excluded. Finally, 82 articles done using behavioral change theory and model on COVID-19 preventive behaviors were included. The health belief model (HBM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) were most commonly used in COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The constructs of most behavioral theories and models were significantly associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors such as hand washing, face mask use, vaccine uptake, social isolation, self-quarantine, social distance, and use of sanitizers. Conclusion: This systematic review summarizes comprehensive evidence on the application of behavioral change theory and model on COVID-19 preventive behaviors globally. A total of seven behavioral change theories and models were included. The HBM and TPBs were most commonly used for COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Therefore, the application of behavioral change theory and models is recommended for developing behavioral change interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Fentabil Anagaw
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, School of Public health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Guadie Tiruneh
- Department of Public health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Eneyew Talie Fenta
- Department of Public health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
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