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Vo TTM, Lai YY, Lin CH. The influence of a GT repeat polymorphism on poly(I:C) induction of the grouper MxII gene promoter in GK cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:99-105. [PMID: 32224278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferons play an important role in the fish innate immune system against viral infection by inducing the interferon stimulated genes, such as Mx gene. We cloned the MxII gene promoter from orange-spotted grouper and found three MxII gene promoters. All of them contained two interferon stimulated response elements (ISREs), and three dinucleotide repeat sequences located at 5' end of ISREs. Interestingly, there is a polymorphic GT repeat element located upstream of these ISREs. The three MxII gene promoters respectively contained 27, 29, and 31 GT repeats, namely EcMx_27, EcMx_29, and EcMx_31. To determine whether GT repeat element influence the MxII gene expression, the MxII gene promoters were subcloned into promoterless reporter plasmid and transfected into grouper kidney (GK) cells. The results showed that a significant induction by poly(I:C) was detected in GK cells transfected with pEcMx_31 (2.65 folds) whereas there was no induction in GK cells transfected with pEcMx_27 and pEcMx_29. However, the significant induction by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection was found in GK cells separately transfected with three reporter plasmids. These results suggest that the GT repeat element plays an important role in modulation of MxII gene expression and the induction by poly(I:C) and NNV may be mediated through different signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuyet Minh Vo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yi Lai
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
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2
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Li L, Chen SN, Laghari ZA, Huo HJ, Hou J, Huang L, Li N, Nie P. Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene and its differential expression regulated by three type I and two type II IFNs in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103604. [PMID: 31899304 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) can induce the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as myxovirus resistance (Mx) protein, to inhibit virus replication. In this study, the expression of Mx gene in mandarin fish, and the IFN-sensitive response elements (ISREs) and gamma-interferon activated sites (GASs) in the promoter of Mx gene were analyzed in relation to the stimulation of three distinct type I IFNs, IFNc, IFNd and IFNh, and two type II IFNs, IFN-γ and IFN-γ related molecule (IFN-γrel). A single Mx gene was found in mandarin fish, and its expression was highly and constitutively observed in all organs/tissues examined. The Mx gene was significantly induced in vivo for 120 h following infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. Furthermore, the overexpression and recombinant of IFNh, IFNc, as well as IFN-γ can significantly induce Mx expression in MFF-1 cells at transcript and protein levels, although all the three type I IFNs and the two type II IFNs can activate the Mx promoter. In addition, ISRE1 which is the proximal one among the three predicted ISREs seems to be the important ISRE for the higher and efficient activation of the Mx promoter. However, the possible interaction between the GASs and type II IFN signalling molecules require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Zubair Ahmed Laghari
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Hui Jun Huo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - P Nie
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China.
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Gémez-Mata J, Álvarez-Torres D, García-Rosado E, Alonso MC, Béjar J. Comparative analysis of marine and freshwater viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates antagonistic activity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101426. [PMID: 32014622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV) isolates virulent to marine fish species can replicate in freshwater species, although producing little or no mortality. Conversely, isolates from freshwater fish do not cause disease in marine species. An inverse relationship between VHSV virulence and host mx gene up-regulation has been described for several fish species, suggesting that differences between the antagonistic activity exerted by these isolates might be involved in the outcome of infections. In this study, the antagonistic activity against the type I interferon system of two representative marine and freshwater VHSV isolates has been characterised using RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of the Senegalese sole mx (ssmx) promoter, RTG pssmx-luc cells. Both isolates exerted a dose-dependent negative effect on the activation of ssmx promoter, showing a notably different minimal viral dose to exert the antagonism. In particular, an inverse relationship between the minimal MOI required and the viral virulence to sole has been recorded, which suggests this parameter as a possible in vivo VHSV virulence marker. Furthermore, the quantification of the endogenous inf I, mx1 and mx3 mRNA has demonstrated differences between both isolates in their antagonistic activity. Besides, a different nv RNA kinetics, which seems to depend on specific cellular factors, has been recorded for both isolates. This knowledge could contribute to the development of efficient tools to fight against viral infections in fish farming. For that purpose, the RTG pssmx-luc cells may be a suitable in vitro tool to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying VHSV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gémez-Mata
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Área De Genética, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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4
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González-Mariscal JA, Fernández-Trujillo MA, Alonso MC, García-Rosado E, Álvarez MC, Béjar J. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Mx gene promoters respond differentially to IPNV and VHSV infections in RTG-2 cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:73-80. [PMID: 26964720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of virus-host interactions relies on the knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the type I interferon (IFN I)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Among ISGs, those coding Mx proteins play a main role due to their direct antiviral activity. The study of these genes in gilthead seabream is interesting, since this species displays high natural resistance to viral diseases, being asymptomatic carrier of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Gilthead seabream has three Mx genes (Mx1, Mx2, and Mx3), encoding proteins with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. The structure of the three promoters (pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3) has been previously disclosed, and their response to poly I:C in RTG-2 cells characterized. To further analyze these promoters, their response to two viral infections has been evaluated in the present study. For that purpose, RTG-2 cells transiently transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of each promoter were inoculated with either IPNV or VHSV at two different doses. The highest and lowest fold induction values were recorded for pMx2 and pMx3, respectively. The promoter induction was always stronger after VHSV inoculation than in IPNV-inoculated cells. In addition, the higher dose of VHSV tested induced higher response of the three promoters, whereas in IPNV-infected cells the highest induction was recorded after inoculation with the lower viral dose. To further study the response of the Mx2 promoter, RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of pMx2 were stimulated with poly I:C and subsequently infected with IPNV or VHSV. Interestingly, IPNV infection inhibited the induction caused by poly I:C, suggesting an antagonistic activity of IPNV on Mx2 transcription. In contrast, VHSV infection did not alter the response triggered by poly I:C. These results highlight the specific regulation that controls the activity of each promoter, and support the existence of complex interactions between host cells, specific Mx promoters, and viruses, which are responsible for the final outcome of a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Microbiology, Spain
| | | | - M C Álvarez
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Genetics, Spain
| | - J Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Genetics, Spain.
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Alvarez-Torres D, Podadera AM, Bejar J, Bandin I, Alonso MC, Garcia-Rosado E. Role of the IFN I system against the VHSV infection in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Vet Res 2016; 47:3. [PMID: 26743229 PMCID: PMC4705576 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Senegalese sole is susceptible to marine VHSV isolates but is not affected by freshwater isolates, which may indicate differences regarding virus-host immune system interaction. IFN I induces an antiviral state in fish, stimulating the expression of genes encoding antiviral proteins (ISG). In this study, the stimulation of the Senegalese sole IFN I by VHSV infections has been evaluated by the relative quantification of the transcription of several ISG (Mx, Isg15 and Pkr) after inoculation with marine (pathogenic) and freshwater (non-pathogenic) VHSV isolates. Compared to marine VHSV, lower levels of RNA of the freshwater VHSV induced transcription of ISG to similar levels, with the Isg15 showing the highest fold induction. The protective role of the IFN I system was evaluated in poly I:C-inoculated animals subsequently challenged with VHSV isolates. The cumulative mortality caused by the marine isolate in the control group was 68%, whereas in the poly I:C-stimulated group was 5%. The freshwater VHSV isolate did not cause any mortality. Furthermore, viral RNA fold change and viral titers were lower in animals from the poly I:C + VHSV groups than in the controls. The implication of the IFN I system in the protection observed was confirmed by the transcription of the ISG in animals from the poly I:C + VHSV groups. However, the marine VHSV isolate exerts a negative effect on the ISG transcription at 3 and 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), which is not observed for the freshwater isolate. This difference might be partly responsible for the virulence shown by the marine isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alvarez-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ana M Podadera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Julia Bejar
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bandin
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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