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Truong AD, Tran HTT, Thi Nguyen H, Thi Chu N, Phan L, Thi Phan H, Thi Pham N, Nguyen VH, Nguyen LH, Pham DK, Ho PH, Vu Dang H. Identification of differentially expressed genes and metabolism signaling pathway in the spleen of broilers supplemented with probiotic Bacillus spp. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110755. [PMID: 38643554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics are essential in the body's nutrients, improving the ratio of meat to meat, immune response, and preventing diseases. In this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enriched related pathways, and Gene Ontology (GO) terms among blank negative control (NC), supplemented with Bacillus spp. (BS) and commercial probiotic (PC) groups after a 42-day fed supplementation. The results showed that 2005, 1356, and 2189 DEGs were significantly altered in BS vs. NC, PC vs NC, and BS vs PC groups, respectively. On the other hand, 9 DEGs were further validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that the qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq results were more consistent. Therefore, the GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of DEGs showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched to metabolism signalling pathways (alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and metabolic pathway, etc) and immune response pathways (cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signalling pathway, and intestinal immune network for IgA production, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction etc). These results will provide a better understanding of the role of probiotics in chicken development and provide basic information on the genetic development of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nhu Thi Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Lanh Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hoai Thi Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Thi Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Van Hai Nguyen
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Lan Huong Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
| | - Dang Kim Pham
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam; Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 16 Thuy Khue, Tay Ho, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Phu-Ha Ho
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
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Nash TJ, Morris KM, Mabbott NA, Vervelde L. Temporal transcriptome profiling of floating apical out chicken enteroids suggest stability and reproducibility. Vet Res 2023; 54:12. [PMID: 36793124 PMCID: PMC9933378 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroids are miniature self-organising three-dimensional (3D) tissue cultures which replicate much of the complexity of the intestinal epithelium. We recently developed an apical-out leukocyte-containing chicken enteroid model providing a novel physiologically relevant in vitro tool to explore host-pathogen interactions in the avian gut. However, the replicate consistency and culture stability have not yet been fully explored at the transcript level. In addition, causes for the inability to passage apical-out enteroids were not determined. Here we report the transcriptional profiling of chicken embryonic intestinal villi and chicken enteroid cultures using bulk RNA-seq. Comparison of the transcriptomes of biological and technical replicate enteroid cultures confirmed their high level of reproducibility. Detailed analysis of cell subpopulation and function markers revealed that the mature enteroids differentiate from late embryonic intestinal villi to recapitulate many digestive, immune and gut-barrier functions present in the avian intestine. These transcriptomic results demonstrate that the chicken enteroid cultures are highly reproducible, and within the first week of culture they morphologically mature to appear similar to the in vivo intestine, therefore representing a physiologically-relevant in vitro model of the chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Nash
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katrina M. Morris
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK.
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3
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Lv Z, Hu Y, Tan J, Wang X, Liu X, Zeng C. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Immunopathogenesis of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle ( Trionyx sinensis) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111218. [PMID: 34827211 PMCID: PMC8615003 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) is an important cultured reptile in East Asia. Hemorrhagic sepsis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection is the dominant disease in the aquaculture of Chinese soft-shelled turtles, while the molecular pathology is far from clear due to the lag of research on turtle immunology. It has been reported in mammals and fish that the dysfunction of immune responses to pathogen infections causes host tissue hemorrhagic sepsis. In this study, two groups of turtles with different susceptibility to A. hydrophila infection are found. A comparative transcriptome strategy is adopted to examine the gene expression profiles in liver and spleen for these two phenotypes of turtles post A. hydrophila infection, for the first time revealing the full picture of immune mechanisms against A. hydrophila, which provides new insight into the molecular pathology during A. hydrophila infection in T. sinensis. The findings will promote further investigations on pathogenic mechanisms of hemorrhagic sepsis caused by A. hydrophila infection in T. sinensis, and also will benefit their culture industry. Abstract Although hemorrhagic sepsis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection is the dominant disease in the aquaculture of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, information on its molecular pathology is seriously limited. In this study, ninety turtles intraperitoneally injected with A. hydrophila exhibited two different phenotypes based on the pathological symptoms, referred to as active and inactive turtles. Comparative transcriptomes of liver and spleen from these two groups at 6, 24, and 72 h post-injection (hpi) were further analyzed. The results showed that cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, PRRs mediated signaling pathway, apoptosis, and phagocytosis enriched in active and inactive turtles were significantly different. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, the TLR signaling pathway, NLR signaling pathway, and RLR signaling pathway mediating cytokine expression, and apoptosis-related genes, were significantly up-regulated in inactive turtles at the early stage (6 hpi). The significant up-regulation of phagocytosis-related genes occurred at 24 hpi in inactive turtles and relatively lagged behind those in active turtles. The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL10, was significantly up-regulated during the tested periods (6, 24, and 72 hpi) in active turtles. These findings offer valuable information for the understanding of molecular immunopathogenesis after A. hydrophila infection, and facilitate further investigations on strategies against hemorrhagic sepsis in Chinese soft-shelled turtle T. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.T.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yazhou Hu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.T.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jin Tan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.T.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.T.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (J.T.); (X.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Cong Zeng
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Emami NK, Dalloul RA. Centennial Review: Recent developments in host-pathogen interactions during necrotic enteritis in poultry. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101330. [PMID: 34280643 PMCID: PMC8318987 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a significant enteric disease in commercial poultry with considerable economic effect on profitability manifested by an estimated $6 billion in annual losses to the global industry. NE presents a unique challenge, being a complex enteric disease that often leads to either clinical (acute) or subclinical (chronic) form. The latter typically results in poor performance (reduced feed intake, weight gain and eventually higher feed conversion ratio [FCR]) with low mortality rates, and represents the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has been an effective tool in protecting birds from enteric diseases by maintaining enteric health and modifying gut microbiota, thus improving broilers’ production efficiency and overall health. The removal of AGPs presented the poultry industry with several challenges, including reduced bird health and immunity as well as questioning the safety of poultry products. Consequently, research on antibiotic alternatives that can support gut health was intensified. Probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and organic acids were among various additives that have been tested for their efficacy against NE with some being effective but not to the level of AGPs. The focus of this review is on the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host immune responses, along with references to recent reviews addressing production aspects of NE. With a comprehensive understanding of these dynamic changes, new and programmed strategies could be developed to make use of the current products more effectively or build a stepping stone toward the development of a new generation of supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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5
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Mtshali SA, Adeleke MA. A review of adaptive immune responses to Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima challenge in chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1833693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Mtshali
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M. A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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6
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Truong AD, Hong Y, Nguyen HT, Nguyen CT, Chu NT, Tran HTT, Dang HV, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Molecular identification and characterisation of a novel chicken leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:68-80. [PMID: 32812773 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1812524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5 (LILRA5) is a key molecule that regulates the immune system. However, the LILRA5 gene has not been characterised in avian species, including chickens. The present study aimed to identify and functionally characterise LILRA5 identified from two genetically disparate chicken lines, viz., Marek's disease (MD)-resistant (R) line 6.3 and MD-susceptible (S) line 7.2. 2. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the identity and similarity homologies of amino acids of LILRA5 in chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 ranged between 93% and 93.7%, whereas those between chicken and mammals ranged between 20.9% and 43.7% and 21.1% to 43.9%, respectively. The newly cloned LILRA5 from chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 revealed high conservation and a close relationship with other known mammalian LILRA5 proteins. 3. The results indicated that LILRA5 from chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 was associated with phosphorylation of Src kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (SHP2), which play a regulatory role in immune functions. Moreover, the results demonstrated that LILRA5 in these lines was associated with the activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and β2-microglobulin and induced the expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing. In addition, LILRA5 in both chicken lines activated and induced Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and the activator of transcription (STAT), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling pathways; toll-like receptors; and Th1-, Th2-, and Th17- cytokines. 4. The data suggested that LILRA5 has innate immune receptors essential for macrophage immune response and provide novel insights into the regulation of immunity and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - H T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N T Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H T T Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H S Lillehoj
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services , Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Republic of Korea
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7
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Quercetin Improving Lipid Metabolism by Regulating Lipid Metabolism Pathway of Ileum Mucosa in Broilers. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8686248. [PMID: 33014279 PMCID: PMC7520004 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8686248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the regulatory mechanism of quercetin on lipid metabolism in the ileum of broilers to better understand these pathways decreasing abdominal fat. 480 chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups (control, 0.02% quercetin, 0.04% quercetin, and 0.06% quercetin). Breast muscle, thigh muscle, and abdominal fat pad were removed and weighed at 42 d of age. Serum was obtained by centrifuging blood samples from the jugular vein (10 ml) to determine high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), leptin, and adiponectin using ELISA. About 5 g of the ileum was harvested and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA-seq. Then, the confirmation of RNA-seq results by the Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method was evaluated using Pearson's correlation. Compared with control, abdominal fat percentage was significantly decreased with increasing quercetin supplementation, and the best result was obtained at 0.06% dietary quercetin supplementation (P < 0.01). Breast muscle percentage was significantly decreased at 0.02% quercetin (P < 0.01), and thigh muscle percentage tended to increase (P = 0.078). Meanwhile, 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin significantly decreased TG (P < 0.01), TC (P < 0.01), and LDL content (P < 0.05) in serum. Serum leptin and adiponectin contents were significantly increased by 0.04% and 0.06% dietary quercetin supplementation, compared with the control (P < 0.01). Analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were used to identify differently expressed genes and lipid metabolism pathways. Quercetin decreased abdominal fat percentage through regulating fat digestion and absorption, glycerophospholipid metabolism, AMPK signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, and cholesterol metabolism.
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8
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Truong AD, Hong Y, Tran HTT, Dang HV, Nguyen VK, Pham TT, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Characterization and functional analyses of novel chicken leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B members 4 and 5. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6989-7002. [PMID: 31376355 PMCID: PMC8913971 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory leukocyte immuno-globulin-like receptors (LILRBs) play an important role in innate immunity. Currently, no data exist regarding the role of LILRB4 and LILRB5 in the activation of immune signaling pathways in mammalian and avian species. Here, we report for the first time, the cloning and structural and functional analyses of chicken LILRB4–5 genes identified from 2 genetically disparate chicken lines. Comparison of LILRB4–5 amino acid sequences from lines 6.3 and 7.2 with those of mammalian proteins revealed 17 to 62% and 19 to 29% similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the chicken LILRB4–5 genes were closely associated with those of other species. LILRB4–5 could be subdivided into 2 groups having distinct immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, which bind to Src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2). Importantly, LILRB4–5 also upregulated the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and β2-microglobulin gene expression as well as the expression of transporter associated with antigen processing 1–2, which play an important role in MHC class I activation. Our results indicate that LILRB4–5 are transcriptional regulators of the MHC class I pathway components and regulate innate immune responses. Furthermore, LILRB4–5 could activate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway genes in macrophages and induce the expression of chemokines and T helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. Our data suggest that LILRB4–5 are innate immune receptors associated with SHP-2, MHC class I, and β2-microglobulin. Additionally, they activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and control the expression of cytokines in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Viet Khong Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Thao Pham
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
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9
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Yan Z, Cai L, Huang X, Sun W, Li S, Wang P, Yang Q, Jiang T, Gun S. Histological and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insights into Small Intestine Health in Diarrheal Piglets after Infection with Clostridium Perfringens Type C. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E269. [PMID: 31126046 PMCID: PMC6562977 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
C. perfringens type C can induce enteritis accompanied by diarrhea and annually causes significant economic losses to the global pig industry. The pathogenic mechanisms of C. perfringens type C in pigs are still largely unknown. To investigate this, we challenged seven-day-old piglets with C. perfringens type C to cause diarrhea. We performed hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining of the small intestine (including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and assessed gene expression in the ileal tissue. H&E staining of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum demonstrated inflammation and edema of the lamina propria and submucosa. A total of 2181 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in ileal tissues. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of DEGs indicated that the main pathways were enriched in the T cell receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and (tumor necrosis factor) TNF signaling pathway. These results provide insights into the pathogenicity of C. perfringens type C and improve our understanding of host-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Lijuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Wenyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Shouhu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Tiantuan Jiang
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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10
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Broom LJ, Kogut MH. Deciphering desirable immune responses from disease models with resistant and susceptible chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1634-1642. [PMID: 30534980 PMCID: PMC6414032 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) are among the most significant diseases affecting the poultry industry. These diseases have become more prominent in the wake of policies to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production. This has led to more research focused on better understanding the immune system and its responses to pathogen challenge, and thus developing informed strategies to exploit immune responses that can support enhanced disease resistance and growth performance. Some chicken breeds and lines show greater resistance or susceptibility to various diseases, and thus these birds maybe able to shed light on immune processes or pathways that contribute to the more resistant/susceptible state. This review attempts to identify potentially important genes that show some consistency in (relative) up or downregulation in key tissues between the resistant and susceptible chickens. For coccidiosis and NE, relative downregulation of IL-10 and (slightly less consistently) upregulation of IFN-γ appear to be features of more resistant birds. Data for IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-17D are currently less consistent. Gene expression data from NE studies have identified some potentially interesting, perhaps less well understood, immune-related genes (e.g., TCF12, BCL2, IRF2, TRAF3, TAB3, etc.,) that maybe associated with the resistant and/or susceptible phenotype. Salmonella and Campylobacter are important foodborne pathogens harbored by the chicken intestinal tract, while infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis are also important viral diseases of poultry. We, therefore, consider whether there are consistent features from resistant/susceptible disease models with these pathogens that relate to findings from the coccidiosis and NE studies. It is not anticipated that ideal immune responses to these pathogens will be identical but rather that consistent elements maybe identified that could help inform breeding or alternative strategies to support general disease resistance and enhanced (and efficient) flock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, Devon EX14 1QY, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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11
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Truong AD, Hong Y, Lee J, Lee K, Tran HTT, Dang HV, Nguyen VK, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Chicken novel leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamilies B1 and B3 are transcriptional regulators of major histocompatibility complex class I genes and signaling pathways. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:614-628. [PMID: 30381742 PMCID: PMC6502725 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs) play an important role in innate immunity. The present study represents the first description of the cloning and structural and functional analysis of LILRB1 and LILRB3 isolated from two genetically disparate chicken lines. Methods Chicken LILRB1-3 genes were identified by bioinformatics approach. Expression studies were performed by transfection, quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Signal transduction was analyzed by western blots, immunoprecipitation and flow cytometric. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Amino acid homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the homologies of LILRB1 and LILRB3 in the chicken line 6.3 to those proteins in the chicken line 7.2 ranged between 97%–99%, while homologies between chicken and mammal proteins ranged between 13%–19%, and 13%–69%, respectively. Our findings indicate that LILRB1 and LILRB3 subdivided into two groups based on the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) present in the transmembrane domain. Chicken line 6.3 has two ITIM motifs of the sequence LxYxxL and SxYxxV while line 7.2 has two ITIM motifs of the sequences LxYxxL and LxYxxV. These motifs bind to SHP-2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) that plays a regulatory role in immune functions. Moreover, our data indicate that LILRB1 and LILRB3 associated with and activated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and β2-microglobulin and induced the expression of transporters associated with antigen processing, which are essential for MHC class I antigen presentation. This suggests that LILRB1 and LILRB3 are transcriptional regulators, modulating the expression of components in the MHC class I pathway and thereby regulating immune responses. Furthermore, LILRB1 and LILRB3 activated Janus kinase2/tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2/TYK2); signal transducer and activator of transcription1/3 (STAT1/3), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 genes expressed in Macrophage (HD11) cells, which induced Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. Conclusion These data indicate that LILRB1 and LILRB3 are innate immune receptors associated with SHP-2, MHC class I, β2-microglobulin, and they activate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the regulation of immunity and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Janggeun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kyungbaek Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Viet Khong Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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12
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Truong AD, Hong Y, Rengaraj D, Lee J, Lee K, Hong YH. Identification and functional characterization, including cytokine production modulation, of the novel chicken Interleukin-11. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:51-63. [PMID: 29792901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 plays an important role in the immune system. However, IL-11 has not yet been characterized in avian species, including chickens. This study is the first to clone and functionally characterize chicken IL-11 (chIL-11). Multiple alignments and phylogenetic tree comparisons of chIL-11 with IL-11 proteins from other species revealed high levels of conservation and a close relationship between chicken and Japanese quail IL-11. Our results demonstrate that chIL-11 was a functional ligand of IL-11RA and IL-6ST in chicken HD11 and OU2 cell lines, as well as activated and regulated JAK-STAT, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways in chicken cell lines. In addition, chIL-11 inhibited nitric oxide production, affected proliferation of both tested cell lines, inhibited Type 1 and 17 T helper (Th) cytokine and IL-26, IL-12, and IL-17A-induced interferon-γ production, and enhanced Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-10) production. Taken together, functional analysis of chIL-11 revealed it bound to IL-11RA and IL-6ST and activated the JAK-STAT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways, which resulted in modulation of Th1/Th17 and Th2 cytokine production in chicken HD11 and OU2 cell lines. Overall, this indicates chIL-11 has a role in both the innate and adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Janggeun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbaek Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Shin J, Kim J, Goo D, Han G, Pitargue F, Kang H, Kil D. Effect of dietary supplementation of betaine on productive performance, egg quality and jejunal tight junction-related gene expression in laying hens raised under hot environmental conditions. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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14
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Yang S, Wang Y, Wang L, Shi Z, Ou X, Wu D, Zhang X, Hu H, Yuan J, Wang W, Cao F, Liu G. RNA-Seq reveals differentially expressed genes affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage in the Huangshan Black chicken population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195132. [PMID: 29672513 PMCID: PMC5908183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids metabolic products determine meat quality in chickens. Identifying genes associated with fatty acids composition could provide valuable information for the complex genetic networks of genes with underlying variations in fatty acids synthesis. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted to explore the chicken transcriptome from the thigh muscle tissue of 6 Huangshan Black Chickens with 3 extremely high and low phenotypic values for percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In total, we obtained 41,139,108–44,901,729 uniquely mapped reads, which covered 74.15% of the current annotated transcripts including 18964 mRNA transcripts, across all the six thigh muscle tissue samples. Of these, we revealed 274 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a highly significant correlation with polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage between the comparison groups based on the ratio of PUFA/SFA. Gene ontology and pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in particular biological processes affecting fatty acids metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), and cell junction-related pathways. Integrated interpretation of differential gene expression and formerly reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) demonstrated that FADS2, DCN, FRZB, OGN, PRKAG3, LHFP, CHCHD10, CYTL1, FBLN5, and ADGRD1 are the most promising candidate genes affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Ou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision and Management Bureau, Xuancheng, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Fuhu Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (FC); (GL)
| | - Guoqing Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (FC); (GL)
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Abstract
The increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. The rising incidence of Clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (NE) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. High-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from NE-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. Therefore, a better understanding of host- and environmentally related factors on Clostridium perfringens infections will be necessary for the development of effective sustainable strategies aimed to reduce the negative consequences of NE. In this short review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of host genomics and immunity in NE. The limited progress in understanding the complexity of host-pathogen interactions in NE underscores the urgent need for more fundamental research in host immunity against Clostridium pathogens in order to develop effective control strategies against NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung T Oh
- a Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- a Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
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Li Z, Wang W, Lv Z, Liu D, Guo Y. Bacillus subtilis and yeast cell wall improve the intestinal health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:635-643. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1370697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - W. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Z. Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Y. Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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17
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Analysis of JAK-STAT signaling pathway genes and their microRNAs in the intestinal mucosa of genetically disparate chicken lines induced with necrotic enteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Necrotic Enteritis-infected Fayoumi Chickens using RNA Sequencing. J Poult Sci 2017; 54:121-133. [PMID: 32908417 PMCID: PMC7477130 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified and evaluated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) in the intestinal mucosa of two Fayoumi chicken lines, M5.1 and M15.2, that are affected by necrotic enteritis (NE); these chicken lines share the same genetic background but have different major histocompatibility complexes. RNA-Seq generated over 49 and 40 million reads for lines M5.1 and M15.2, respectively. The alignment of these sequences with the Gallus gallus genome database revealed the expression of more than 14,500 genes in two lines, among which 581, 1270, and 1140 DEGs were detected when lines M15.2 and M5.1 were compared with the control and compared between each other. The analysis of all DEGs using the gene ontology database revealed annotations for 111 biological processes, 32 cellular components, and 17 molecular functions, and KEEG pathway mapping indicated that the DEGs were primarily involved in immunity, responses to various stimuli, and signal transduction. In addition, we analyzed 183 innate immune genes that were differentially expressed in NE-induced chicken lines, including 46 CD molecular genes, 89 immune-related genes, and 13 β-defensin genes with 3 lineage-specific duplications. Taken together, the transcriptional profiles showed that line M5.1 was more resistant to NE than line M15.2 and that differential gene expression patterns were associated with host genetic differences in resistance to NE. qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq analyses showed that all the genes examined had similar responses to NE (correlation coefficient R=0.84 to 0.88, p<0.01) in both lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that describes NE-induced DEGs using RNA-seq in two lines with different levels of susceptibility to NE. These results will lead to increased insights on NE disease resistance mechanisms and the role of host genes in the control of the host immune response.
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Marugan-Hernandez V, Cockle C, Macdonald S, Pegg E, Crouch C, Blake DP, Tomley FM. Viral proteins expressed in the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella are detected by the chicken immune system. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:463. [PMID: 27553200 PMCID: PMC4994267 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria species are parasitic protozoa that cause coccidiosis, an intestinal disease commonly characterised by malabsorption, diarrhoea and haemorrhage that is particularly important in chickens. Vaccination against chicken coccidiosis is effective using wild-type or attenuated live parasite lines. The development of protocols to express foreign proteins in Eimeria species has opened up the possibility of using Eimeria live vaccines to deliver heterologous antigens and function as multivalent vaccine vectors that could protect chickens against a range of pathogens. Results In this study, genetic complementation was used to express immunoprotective virus antigens in Eimeria tenella. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes Gumboro, an immunosuppressive disease that affects productivity and can interfere with the efficacy of poultry vaccination programmes. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes a highly transmissible respiratory disease for which strong cellular immunity and antibody responses are required for effective vaccination. Genes encoding the VP2 protein from a very virulent strain of IBDV (vvVP2) and glycoprotein I from ILTV (gI) were cloned downstream of 5’Et-Actin or 5’Et-TIF promoter regions in plasmids that also contained a mCitrine fluorescent reporter cassette under control of the 5’Et-MIC1 promoter. The plasmids were introduced by nucleofection into E. tenella sporozoites, which were then used to infect chickens. Progeny oocysts were sorted by FACS and passaged several times in vivo until the proportion of fluorescent parasites in each transgenic population reached ~20 % and the number of transgene copies per parasite genome decreased to < 10. All populations were found to transcribe and express the transgene and induced the generation of low titre, transgene-specific antibodies when used to immunise chickens. Conclusions E. tenella can express antigens of other poultry pathogens that are successfully recognised by the chicken immune system. Nonetheless, further work has to be done in order to improve the levels of expression for its future use as a multivalent vaccine vector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1756-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Cockle
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sarah Macdonald
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Elaine Pegg
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Colin Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Damer P Blake
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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Truong AD, Ban J, Park B, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. Characterization and functional analyses of a novel chicken CD8α variant X1 (CD8α1)1,2. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2737-51. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Rengaraj D, Truong AD, Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Expression analysis of cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway genes in the intestinal mucosal layer of necrotic enteritis-induced chicken. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 170:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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