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Tare DS, Pawar SD, Keng SS, Kode SS, Walimbe AM, Limaye VV, Mullick J. The evolution, characterization and phylogeography of avian influenza H9N2 viruses from India. Virology 2023; 579:9-28. [PMID: 36587605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus is a significant zoonotic agent and contributes genes to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H9N2 viruses are prevalent in India with a reported human case. We elucidate the spatio-temporal origins of the H9N2 viruses from India. A total of 30H9N2 viruses were isolated from poultry and environmental specimens (years 2015-2020). Genome sequences of H9N2 viruses (2003-2020) from India were analyzed, revealing several substitutions. We found five reassortant genotypes. The HA, NA and PB2 genes belonged to the Middle-Eastern B sublineage; NP and M to the classical G1 lineage; PB1, PA and NS showed resemblance to genes from either HPAI-H7N3/H5N1 viruses. Molecular clock and phylogeography revealed that the introduction of all the genes to India took place around the year 2000. This is the first report of the genesis and evolution of the H9N2 viruses from India, and highlights the need for surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
| | - Sachin S Keng
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sadhana S Kode
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Vinayak V Limaye
- Disease Investigation Section, Western Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Aundh, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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Panickan S, Bhatia S, Bhat S, Bhandari N, Pateriya AK, Kalaiyarasu S, Sood R, Tripathi M. Reverse genetics based H5N2 vaccine provides clinical protection against H5N1, H5N8 and H9N2 avian influenza infection in chickens. Vaccine 2022; 40:6998-7008. [PMID: 36374710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to develop broadly protective vaccines for avian influenza. In an earlier study, HA stalk (universal flu vaccine) was found to be broadly protective against different subtypes of influenza virus in mice. Hence, we were interested to know its breadth of protective efficacy either alone or combined with inactivated rgH5N2 (clade 2.3.2.1a) vaccine against challenge viruses of homologous H5N1, heterologous H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) and heterosubtypic H9N2 virus in specific pathogen-free chickens. The rgH5N2 vaccine alone or in combination with HA stalk elicited sufficient pre-challenge immunity in the form of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (MNT) against H5N1, H5N8, and H9N2 in chickens. The rgH5N2 vaccine alone or in combination with HA stalk also attenuated the shedding of H5N1, H5N8 and H9N2 in chickens and protected against the lethal challenge of H5N1 or H5N8. In contrast, all HA stalk immunised chickens died upon H5N1 or H5N8 challenge and H9N2 challenged chickens survived. Our study suggests that the rgH5N2 vaccine can provide clinical protection against H5N1, H5N8 and can attenuate the viral shedding of H9N2 in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Panickan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India; ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India.
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India.
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha Bhandari
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Atul Kumar Pateriya
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | | | - Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Meghna Tripathi
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
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Lu A, Yang J, Huang X, Huang X, Yin G, Cai Y, Feng X, Zhang X, Li Y, Liu Q. The Function behind the Relation between Lipid Metabolism and Vimentin on H9N2 Subtype AIV Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081814. [PMID: 36016436 PMCID: PMC9416647 DOI: 10.3390/v14081814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza caused by H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a great threat to the healthy development of the poultry industry. Vimentin is closely related to intracellular lipid metabolism, which plays an important role during the viral infection process. However, the function of lipid metabolism and vimentin on H9N2 AIV replication is unclear. In this paper, the cholesterol level and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (HMGCR) phosphorylation were investigated in vimentin knockout (KO) and human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) cell with or without AIV infection. The results showed that compared to the control group without infected with H9N2 subtype AIV, the cholesterol contents were significantly increased, while HMGCR phosphorylation level was reduced in both KO and HeLa cell after virus infection. Furthermore, viral replication was significantly inhibited in the cells treated with the cholesterol inhibitor lovastatin. Compared with the control group, adenylate activated protein kinase (AMPK), a kinase regulating HMGCR enzymatic activity was inhibited in both KO and HeLa cells in the infected virus group, and AMPK phosphorylation levels were significantly lower in KO HeLa cell than that of HeLa cells. Additionally, after MβCD treatment, viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene level was significantly decreased in HeLa cells, while it was significantly increased in KO HeLa cells. In addition, vimentin expression was significantly increased in MβCD-treated HeLa cells with the viral infection and returned to normal levels after exogenous cholesterol to backfill the MβCD-treated cells. Therefore, the disruption of lipid rafts during the binding phase of viral invasion of cells significantly reduced viral infection. These studies indicated that the lipid rafts and cholesterol levels might be critical for H9N2 subtype AIV infection of human-derived cells and that vimentin might play an important role in the regulation of lipids on viral replication, which provided an important antiviral target against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Lu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guihu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence:
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Kotey EN, Asante IA, Adusei-Poku M, Arjarquah A, Ampadu R, Rodgers D, Nyarko EO, Asiedu W, Dafeamekpor C, Wiley MR, Mawuli G, Obeng RA, Nyarko SO, Magnusen V, Kodua E, Attram N, Nimo-Paintsil SC, Pratt C, Fox AT, Letizia A, Ampofo WK. Phylogenetic and genetic characterization of influenza A H9N2 viruses isolated from backyard poultry in selected farms in Ghana. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1570-1577. [PMID: 35451231 PMCID: PMC9297761 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Avian influenza viruses (AIV) cause significant economic losses to poultry farmers worldwide. These viruses have the ability to spread rapidly, infect entire poultry flocks, and can pose a threat to human health. The National Influenza Centre (NIC) at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in collaboration with the Ghana Armed forces (GAF) and the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment (NAMRU-3) performs biannual surveillance for influenza viruses among poultry at military barracks throughout Ghana. This study presents poultry surveillance data from the years 2017 to 2019. METHODOLOGY Tracheal and cloacal swabs from sick and healthy poultry were collected from the backyards of GAF personnel living quarters and transported at 4°C to the NIC. Viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated and analyzed for the presence of influenza viruses using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Viral nucleic acids extracted from influenza A-positive specimens were sequenced using universal influenza A-specific primers. RESULTS Influenza A H9N2 virus was detected in 11 avian species out of 2000 samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis of viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein confirms the possibility of importation of viruses from North Africa and Burkina Faso. Although the detected viruses possess molecular markers of virulence and mammalian host adaptation, the HA cleavage site anlaysis confirmed low pathogenicity of the viruses. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the ongoing spread of H9 viruses among poultry in Ghana. Poultry farmers need to be vigilant for sick birds and take the appropriate public health steps to limit the spread to other animals and spillover to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmus Nikoi Kotey
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ivy Asantewaa Asante
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mildred Adusei-Poku
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustina Arjarquah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - David Rodgers
- 37 Military Hospital, Ghana Armed Forces, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Wiley
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gifty Mawuli
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard Asomadu Obeng
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Ofori Nyarko
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vanessa Magnusen
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kodua
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research National Influenza Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Naiki Attram
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Catherine Pratt
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anne T Fox
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew Letizia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
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Coinfection of Chickens with H9N2 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Leads to Emergence of Reassortant H9N9 Virus with Increased Fitness for Poultry and a Zoonotic Potential. J Virol 2022; 96:e0185621. [PMID: 35019727 PMCID: PMC8906417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01856-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) emerged in 2013 through genetic reassortment between H9N2 and other LPAIVs circulating in birds in China. This virus causes inapparent clinical disease in chickens, but zoonotic transmission results in severe and fatal disease in humans. To examine a natural reassortment scenario between H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses predominant in the Indian subcontinent, we performed an experimental coinfection of chickens with A/Anhui/1/2013/H7N9 (Anhui/13) virus and A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/2008/H9N2 (UDL/08) virus. Plaque purification and genotyping of the reassortant viruses shed via the oropharynx of contact chickens showed H9N2 and H9N9 as predominant subtypes. The reassortant viruses shed by contact chickens also showed selective enrichment of polymerase genes from H9N2 virus. The viable "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having nucleoprotein [NP] and neuraminidase [NA] from H7N9 and the remaining genes from H9N2) was successfully shed from the oropharynx of contact chickens, plus it showed an increased replication rate in human A549 cells and a significantly higher receptor binding to α2,6 and α2,3 sialoglycans compared to H9N2. The reassortant H9N9 virus also had a lower fusion pH, replicated in directly infected ferrets at similar levels compared to H7N9 and transmitted via direct contact. Ferrets exposed to H9N9 via aerosol contact were also found to be seropositive, compared to H7N9 aerosol contact ferrets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that cocirculation of H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses could represent a threat for the generation of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with greater virulence in poultry and a zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE We evaluated the consequences of reassortment between the H7N9 and the contemporary H9N2 viruses of the G1 lineage that are enzootic in poultry across the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Coinfection of chickens with these viruses resulted in the emergence of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with genes derived from both H9N2 and H7N9 viruses. The "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having NP and NA from H7N9) virus was shed from contact chickens in a significantly higher proportion compared to most of the reassortant viruses, showed significantly increased replication fitness in human A549 cells, receptor binding toward human (α2,6) and avian (α2,3) sialic acid receptor analogues, and the potential to transmit via contact among ferrets. This study demonstrated the ability of viruses that already exist in nature to exchange genetic material, highlighting the potential emergence of viruses from these subtypes with zoonotic potential.
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Verma AK, Kumar M, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Namdeo P, Singh R, Mishra S, Kombiah S, Dhanapal S, Singh VP. Experimental Infection and In-Contact Transmission of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Crows. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030304. [PMID: 35335628 PMCID: PMC8955285 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential of H9N2 avian influenza virus to cause disease and intra-species transmission in house crows (Corvus splendens). A group of six crows were intranasally inoculated with 106.0 EID50 of H9N2 virus (A/chicken/India/07OR17/2021), and 24 h post-inoculation six naïve crows were co-housed with infected crows. Crows were observed for 14 days for any overt signs of illness. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected up to 14 days to assess virus excretion. No apparent clinical signs were observed in either infected or in-contact crows. Virus excretion was observed only in infected birds up to 9 days post-infection (dpi) through both oropharyngeal and cloacal routes. All six infected crows seroconverted to H9N2 virus at 14 dpi, whereas all in-contact crows remained negative to H9N2 virus antibodies. No virus could be isolated from tissues viz., lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine. Although crows became infected with the H9N2 virus, transmission of the virus was inefficient to the in-contact group. However, virus excretion through oral and cloacal swabs from infected crows suggests a potential threat for inter-species transmission, including humans. Crows, being a common synanthrope species, might have some role in influenza virus transmission to poultry and humans, which needs to be explored further.
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El-Sayed MM, Arafa AS, Abdelmagid M, Youssef AI. Epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in Egypt 2015-2016. Vet World 2021; 14:949-955. [PMID: 34083945 PMCID: PMC8167522 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.949-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: LPAI H9N2 infection among the poultry population in Egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial and backyard chickens in Egypt. A 2-year survey of H9N2 AIV in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016. Materials and Methods: Direct detection of H9N2 AIV was performed by detecting the virus in tracheal and cloacal swabs using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. A total of 20,421 samples were collected from chickens in farms and backyards in 26 Egyptian governorates. Results: In 2015, cases positive for H9N2 AIV numbered 388 (3.9%) out of 10,016 examined cases. However, in 2016, the total positive cases numbered 447 (4.3%) out of 10,405 examined cases. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV among chickens on commercial farms was 4.6% out of the 16,666 chickens examined. The rates of positive cases in 2015 and 2016 were 4.4% (349/7884) and 4.7% (417/8782), respectively. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV in backyard chickens was 1.8% (69/3755). The rates of positive cases in backyard chickens were 1.8% (39/2132) in 2015 and again 1.8% (30/1623) in 2016. The highest positivity rate of H9N2 in chicken farms was in Beni-Suef (61.5%) (8/13), whereas the highest positivity rate in backyard chickens was in Fayoum (8.2%) (8/97). Conclusion: The analysis of H9N2 infections among chicken farms and in backyard chickens in the different governorates of Egypt over 2 years indicated widespread infection throughout the country. Thus, continuous surveillance and implementation of control programs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Mohamed El-Sayed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdel Satar Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Youssef
- Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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Zhang X, Yao M, Tang Z, Xu D, Luo Y, Gao Y, Yan L. Development and application of a triplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and duck Tembusu virus. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:203. [PMID: 32560692 PMCID: PMC7304117 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogens including duck-origin avian influenza virus (AIV), duck-origin Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) posed great harm to ducks and caused great economic losses to the duck industry. In this study, we aim to develop a triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect these three viruses as early as possible in the suspicious duck flocks. Results The detection limit of the triplex real-time PCR for AIV, NDV, and DTMUV was 1 × 101 copies/μL, which was at least 10 times higher than the conventional PCR. In addition, the triplex assay was highly specific, and won’t cross-react with other duck pathogens. Besides, the intra-day relative standard deviation and inter-day relative standard deviation were lower than 4.44% for these viruses at three different concentrations. Finally, a total of 120 clinical samples were evaluated by the triplex real-time PCR, the conventional PCR and virus isolation, and the positive rates for these three methods were 20.83, 21.67, 19.17%, respectively. Taking virus isolation as the gold standard, the diagnostic specificity and positive predictive value of the three viruses were all above 85%, while the diagnostic sensitivity and negative predictive value of the three viruses were all 100%. Conclusion The developed triplex real-time PCR is fast, specific and sensitive, and is feasible and effective for the simultaneous detection of AIV, NDV, and DTMUV in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhihui Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daning Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Administration for Market Regulation of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Supervision for Edible Agricultural Products, Shenzhen Centre of Inspection and Testing for Agricultural Products, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Jofunhwa Biotechnology (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211102, China
| | - Liping Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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10
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Jin X, Zha Y, Hu J, Li X, Chen J, Xie S, Dai Y, Li Z, Wang X, Wang F, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. New molecular evolutionary characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza virus in Guangdong Province, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104064. [PMID: 31618691 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To understand the evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus genotype and its molecular evolution rate, we systematically analyzed 72 H9N2 avian influenza virus sequences isolated from Guangdong province from 2014 to 2018. We found three genotypes (G57, G68, and G118) of the H9N2 avian influenza virus, of which G118 is a newly discovered genotype and G57 is the dominant genotype. The internal gene cassette of the G57 genotype H9N2 avian influenza virus is a stable combination that can easily transport internal genes to other novel avian influenza viruses, and the internal gene cassettes of the G68 and G118 are identical to those of G57.In addition, we estimated the nucleotide substitution rate of the HA and NA genes of the H9N2 influenza virus from 2014 to 2018.The nucleotide substitution rate of HA and NA genes showed an upward trend in 2015 and 2016. In the past two years, H9N2 avian influenza virus recombination has produced genotype G68, which disappeared in 2014 for one year. And very coincidentally, in 2015, there was a new genotype G118. We observed that the emergence of new genotypes was accompanied by a slight increase in overall nucleotide substitution rate. Therefore we hypothesize that the emergence of new genotypes could accelerate the molecular evolution rate of genes. Our research shows that the H9N2 avian influenza virus in Guangdong province has been undergoing intense evolution, demonstrating the need to strengthen influenza surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjiang Jin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Yunfeng Zha
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Jingkai Hu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Jianglin Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- Experimental Animal Center, South China agricultural university,Guangzhou,China
| | - Yixue Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhixian Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Fuguang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture,Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture,Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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12
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Kaoud H, Hussein H, El-Dahshan A, Kaliefa H, Rohaim M. Co-circulation of avian influenza viruses in commercial farms, backyards and live market birds in Egypt. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H.A. Kaoud
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - H.A. Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - A.R. El-Dahshan
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - H.S. Kaliefa
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M.A. Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Awadin WF, Eladl AH, El-Shafei RA, El-Adl MA, Ali HS. Immunological and pathological effects of vitamin E with Fetomune Plus ® on chickens experimentally infected with avian influenza virus H9N2. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:24-32. [PMID: 30955817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 infection causes economic losses on poultry farms, and immunostimulants are essential for improving chicken immunity. This study evaluated the immunological and pathological effects of vitamin E with Fetomune Plus® (a commercial product based on a yeast extract and vitamins) on chickens experimentally infected with AIV H9N2. Three groups of white Hy-Line chicks were included. The G1 group was kept as an uninfected untreated control, the G2 group was intranasally infected with the AIV H9N2 strain (0.5 ml of 106 50% egg infectious dose (EID50)), and the G3 group was infected and treated with vitamin E (200 mg/kg of diet) and Fetomune Plus® (1 ml/liter of drinking water) for four weeks. The gene expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-2 was determined at 3, 5 and 7 days post-infection (PI). Virus shedding titers and rates and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers were detected. Clinical signs, mortalities and post-mortem lesions were recorded. The birds were weighed, and relative organ weights were calculated. Tissue specimens were taken for histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expression of IFN-γ in the duodenum revealed a significant increase in G2 compared to G3 at 3 days PI, while the duodenal and splenic expression of IL-6 was significantly increased in G2 compared to G3 at 5 days PI. IL-2 was overexpressed in the duodenum in G3 compared to G2 at 3 and 5 days PI. A significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the virus shedding titer and an increase in the HI titers were detected in G3 compared to G2. The clinical signs and the mortality rate were clearly appeared in G2 than in G3. By IHC, lower H9N2 staining intensity was observed in the examined organs from G3 than in those from G2. In conclusion, as a first report, vitamin E with Fetomune Plus® supplementation for four weeks could improve the immunological and pathological effects of H9N2 infection on chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa F Awadin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah H Eladl
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Reham A El-Shafei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hanaa S Ali
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura branch, Egypt
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Bonfante F, Mazzetto E, Zanardello C, Fortin A, Gobbo F, Maniero S, Bigolaro M, Davidson I, Haddas R, Cattoli G, Terregino C. A G1-lineage H9N2 virus with oviduct tropism causes chronic pathological changes in the infundibulum and a long-lasting drop in egg production. Vet Res 2018; 49:83. [PMID: 30157967 PMCID: PMC6116506 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, G1-lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Asia and later on in the Middle East, and they have been associated to mild respiratory disease, drops in egg production and moderate mortality in chickens, in particular in the presence of concurrent infections. In this study, we investigated the importance of the G1-lineage H9N2 A/chicken/Israel/1163/2011 virus as a primary pathogen in layers, analyzing its tropism and binding affinity for the oviduct tissues, and investigating the long-term impact on egg production. Besides causing a mild respiratory infection, the virus replicated in the oviduct of 60% of the hens causing different degrees of salpingitis throughout the organ, in particular at the level of the infundibulum, where the detection of the virus was associated with severe heterophilic infiltrate, and necrosis of the epithelium. Binding affinity assays confirmed that the infundibulum was the most receptive region of the oviduct. The drop in egg production was at its peek at 2 weeks post-infection (pi) (60% decrease) and continued up to 80 days pi (35% decrease). On day 80 pi, non-laying birds showed egg yolk peritonitis, and histopathological analyses described profound alteration of the infundibulum architecture, duct ectasia and thinning of the epithelium, while the rest of the oviduct and ovary appeared normal. Our results show that this H9N2 virus is a primary pathogen in layer hens, and that its replication in the infundibulum is responsible for acute and chronic lesions that limits the effective functionality of the oviduct, compromising the commercial life of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Fortin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Avian Medicine Laboratory and Mycoplasmas Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michela Bigolaro
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ruth Haddas
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Ghoke SS, Sood R, Kumar N, Pateriya AK, Bhatia S, Mishra A, Dixit R, Singh VK, Desai DN, Kulkarni DD, Dimri U, Singh VP. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica leaves extracts against H9N2 virus using embryonated chicken egg model. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:174. [PMID: 29866088 PMCID: PMC5987647 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the view of endemic avian influenza H9N2 infection in poultry, its zoonotic potential and emergence of antiviral resistance, two herbal plants, Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica, which are easily available throughout various geographical locations in India were taken up to study their antiviral activity against H9N2 virus. We evaluated antiviral efficacy of three different extracts each from leaves of O. sanctum (crude extract, terpenoid and polyphenol) and A. arabica (crude extract, flavonoid and polyphenol) against H9N2 virus using in ovo model. METHODS The antiviral efficacy of different leaves extracts was systematically studied in three experimental protocols viz. virucidal (dose-dependent), therapeutic (time-dependent) and prophylactic (dose-dependent) activity employing in ovo model. The maximum non-toxic concentration of each herbal extracts of O. sanctum and A. arabica in the specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs was estimated and their antiviral efficacy was determined in terms of reduction in viral titres, measured by Haemagglutination (HA) and real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. RESULTS All the extracts of O. sanctum (crude extract, terpenoid and polyphenol) and A. arabica (crude extract, flavonoid and polyphenol) showed significant virucidal activity, however, crude extract ocimum and terpenoid ocimum showed highly significant to significant (p < 0.001-0.01) decrease in virus genome copy numbers with lowest dose tested. Similarly, therapeutic effect was observed in all three extracts of O. sanctum in comparison to the virus control, nevertheless, crude extract ocimum and terpenoid ocimum maintained this effect for longer period of time (up to 72 h post-incubation). None of the leaves extracts of A. arabica had therapeutic effect at 24 and 48 h post-incubation, however, only the crude extract acacia and polyphenol acacia showed delayed therapeutic effect (72 h post-inoculation). Prophylactic potential was observed in polyphenol acacia with highly significant antiviral activity compared to virus control (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The crude extract and terpenoid isolated from the leaves of O. sanctum and polyphenol from A. arabica has shown promising antiviral properties against H9N2 virus. Future investigations are necessary to formulate combinations of these compounds for the broader antiviral activity against H9N2 viruses and evaluate them in chickens.
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Li H, Liu X, Chen F, Zuo K, Wu C, Yan Y, Chen W, Lin W, Xie Q. Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Affects Intestinal Microbiota, Barrier Structure Injury, and Inflammatory Intestinal Disease in the Chicken Ileum. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050270. [PMID: 29783653 PMCID: PMC5977263 DOI: 10.3390/v10050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses to the poultry industry due to the high mortality associated with secondary infections attributable to E. coli. This study tries to address the underlying secondary mechanisms after H9N2 AIV infection. Initially, nine day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to control (uninfected) and H9N2-infected groups, respectively. Using Illumina sequencing, histological examination, and quantitative real-time PCR, it was found that H9N2 AIV caused intestinal microbiota disorder, injury, and inflammatory damage to the intestinal mucosa. Notably, the genera Escherichia, especially E. coli, significantly increased (p < 0.01) at five days post-infection (dpi), while Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and other probiotic organisms were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin 3, and occludin), TFF2, and Muc2 were significantly reduced (p < 0.01), indicating the destruction of the intestinal epithelial cell tight junctions and the damage of mucin layer construction. Moreover, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-22, IFN-α, and IL-17A in intestinal epithelial cells were significantly upregulated, resulting in the inflammatory response and intestinal injury. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for observed gastroenteritis-like symptoms such as diarrhea and secondary E. coli infection following H9N2 AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Feiyang Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Kejing Zuo
- Veterinary Laboratory, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Che Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yiming Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Weiguo Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Zhao J, Yang H, Xu H, Ma Z, Zhang G. Efficacy of an inactivated bivalent vaccine against the prevalent strains of Newcastle disease and H9N2 avian influenza. Virol J 2017; 14:56. [PMID: 28302119 PMCID: PMC5356287 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza subtype H9N2 (H9N2 AI) are two of the most important diseases of poultry, causing severe economic losses in the global poultry industry. Vaccination is an effective way to prevent and control the spread of ND virus (NDV) and H9N2 AI virus (AIV), but the antigenic differences between the current circulating strains and the vaccine strains might account for recent ND and H9N2 AI outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. Methods We developed an inactivated bivalent H9N2 and NDV vaccine based on the current prevalent strains of H9N2 AIV and NDV in China and evaluated its efficacy in chickens in this study. Results The results indicated that the inactivated bivalent vaccine could induce a fast antibody response in vaccinated chickens. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer in the sera increased rapidly, and the highest HI titer was observed at 4 weeks post-vaccination (wpv) with a mean titre of 8.6 log2 for NDV and 9.5 log2 for H9N2. Up until 15 wpv, HI titers were still detectable at a high level of over 6 log2. The immunized chickens showed no signs of disease after challenge at 3 wpv with the prevalent strains of NDV and H9N2 AIV isolated in 2012–2014. Moreover, viral shedding was completely inhibited in vaccinated chickens after challenge with H9N2 AIV and inhibited by at least 90% with NDV compared to the controls at 5dpc. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the inactivated NDV and H9N2 vaccine induces a fast and strong antibody response in vaccinated chickens and is efficacious in poultry against NDVs and H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Xu
- Chengdu Tecbond Biological Products Co., Ltd, Sichuan, 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses;, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Pawar SD, Jamgaonkar AV, Umarani UB, Kode SS. Seroepidemiology of avian influenza H5N1, H9N2 & Newcastle disease viruses during 1954 to 1981 in India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:472-476. [PMID: 28139546 PMCID: PMC5320853 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.198666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh D Pawar
- National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex Campus, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aniruddha V Jamgaonkar
- National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex Campus, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Umesh B Umarani
- National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex Campus, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadhana S Kode
- National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex Campus, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
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Molecular Survey of Respiratory and Immunosuppressive Pathogens Associated with Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype and Virulent Newcastle Disease Viruses in Commercial Chicken Flocks. J Poult Sci 2017; 54:179-184. [PMID: 32908424 PMCID: PMC7477123 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out in 48 poultry flocks to elucidate the roles of various complicating pathogens involved along with Newcastle disease (ND)/ low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) outbreaks. Necropsy was conducted and samples were collected for the isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Influenza A virus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), pathogenic bacteria; molecular detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), fowl adeno virus (FAV), chicken anaemia virus (CAV), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). The isolation results confirmed that 18/48 flocks (37%) were positive for the presence of hemagglutinating agents. Out of 18 hemagglutination (HA) positive flocks, 11 flocks (61%) were positive for both avian influenza virus (AIV) and NDV; 4 flocks (22%) were positive for NDV; and 3 flocks (17%) were positive for AIV. Sequence analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of AIV revealed that all were belonging to LPAI-H9N2 subtype. Sequence analysis of F gene of NDV revealed that they belong to virulent type. The PCR results confirmed the presence of three to seven etiological agents (CAV, FAV, ILTV, MG, MS and avian pathogenic E. coli along with LPAI/NDV from all the 18 HA-positive flocks. The detection rate of triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple and sevenfold infections was 17% (3 flocks), 28% (5 flocks), 11%, (2 flocks) 28% (5 flocks) and 17% (3 flocks), respectively. In conclusion, the disease complex involved more than one pathogen, primarily resulting from the interplay between LPAI-H9N2 and NDV; subsequently this could be exacerbated by co-infection with other agents which may cause exacerbated outbreaks that may otherwise go undetected in field.
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Gowthaman V, Singh SD, Dhama K, Srinivasan P, Saravanan S, Murthy TRGK, Sukumar K, Mathapati B, Lebarbenchon C, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus isolated from commercial layers in India. Virusdisease 2016; 27:382-386. [PMID: 28004018 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is a highly infectious and dynamically evolving disease of birds causing high morbidity and mortality. It is caused by avian influenza virus (AIV) that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Two types of AIV have been described based on their pathogenicity viz. highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that causes severe disease with high mortality and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) that generally causes asymptomatic infection or a mild disease. The H9N2 subtype is the widely circulated LPAI type in the world. The H9N2 subtype of was first reported from northern India in March 2003. However, systematical surveillance information for the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry flocks of Southern India is lacking. The present study reports the isolation and characterization of H9N2 isolates from the southern parts of the country during the period between May 2010 and September 2011. Out of the 30 poultry flocks investigated, six were found to be positive for HA activity. Further, all the six samples conformed as AIV. Partial nucleotide sequencing of the HA and NA genes revealed that all were belonging to the H9N2 subtype. Phylogenetically, the HA and NA genes of the H9N2 viruses from India clustered with those isolated from Bangladesh, Pakistan and the Middle East, although we were not able to conclude on their exact geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Gowthaman
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India ; Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002 India
| | - Shambu Dayal Singh
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Palani Srinivasan
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002 India
| | - Sellappan Saravanan
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002 India
| | | | - Kuppanan Sukumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637002 India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138 India
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, Université de La Réunion, IRD 249 Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
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Liu J, Li N, Meng D, Hao M, Wei L, Chai T. The mRNA and Proteins Expression Levels Analysis of TC-1 Cells Immune Response to H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1039. [PMID: 27446066 PMCID: PMC4927568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1994, the H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has spread widely in mainland China, causing great economic losses to the poultry industry there. Subsequently, it was found that the H9N2 AIV had the ability to infect mammals, which gave rise to great panic. In order to investigate the immune response of a host infected with H9N2 AIV, TC-1 cells were set as a model in this research. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods were used to study the expression changes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in AIV-infected TC-1 cells. Our research found that TC-1 cells had similar susceptibility to both CK/SD/w3 (A/Chicken/Shandong/W3/2012) and CK/SD/w4 (A/Chicken/Shandong/W4/2012) H9N2 isolates, while the CK/SD/w3 isolate had a stronger capability of replication in the TC-1 cells. At the same time, the expression of PRRs (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, MDA-5), cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6], and chemokines [regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and interferon-γ-induced protein-10 kDa (IP-10)] were significantly up-regulated. These results indicated that MDA-5, IL-1β, IL-6, RANTES, and IP-10 might play important roles in the host immune response to H9N2 AIV infection. This study provided useful information for further understanding the interaction between H9N2 virus infection and host immunity, and had certain guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong ProvinceTai'an, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical CollegeTai'an, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong ProvinceTai'an, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical CollegeTai'an, China
| | - Dan Meng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong ProvinceTai'an, China
| | - Mengchan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong ProvinceTai'an, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong ProvinceTai'an, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical CollegeTai'an, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong ProvinceTai'an, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical CollegeTai'an, China
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22
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Dash SK, Kumar M, Kataria JM, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Kulkarni DD. Partial heterologous protection by low pathogenic H9N2 virus against natural H9N2-PB1 gene reassortant highly pathogenic H5N1 virus in chickens. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Yuk SS, Lee DH, Park JK, Tseren-Ochir EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Pre-immune state induced by chicken interferon gamma inhibits the replication of H1N1 human and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Virol J 2016; 13:71. [PMID: 27121613 PMCID: PMC4847267 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), an immunoregulatory cytokine, is known to control many microbial infections. In a previous study, chicken interferon gamma (chIFN-γ) was found to be up-regulated following avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in specific pathogen-free chickens. We aimed to investigate whether the pre-immune state induced by chIFN-γ could generate an antiviral response against influenza virus. Methods We generated a chIFN-γ-expressing plasmid and transfected it into chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and then infected the cells with human origin H1N1 or avian origin H9N2 influenza viruses. Viral titers of culture medium were evaluated in MDCK cell and the viral RNA and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were then quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase. To further evaluate the role of the antiviral effect of chIFN-γ by using a backward approach, synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting chIFN-γ were used to suppress chIFN-γ. Results The chIFN-γ-stimulated CEFs inhibited the replication of viral RNA (vRNA) and showed a mild decrease in the infectious virus load released in the culture medium. Compared to the mock-transfected control, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes were up-regulated in the cells expressing chIFN-γ. After treatment with the siRNA, we detected a higher expression of viral genes than that observed in the mock-transfected control. Conclusions Our results suggest that apart from the important role played by chIFN-γ in the antiviral state generated against influenza virus infection, the pre-immune state induced by chIFN-γ can be helpful in mitigating the propagation of influenza virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0527-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Yuk
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
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Gerloff NA, Khan SU, Zanders N, Balish A, Haider N, Islam A, Chowdhury S, Rahman MZ, Haque A, Hosseini P, Gurley ES, Luby SP, Wentworth DE, Donis RO, Sturm-Ramirez K, Davis CT. Genetically Diverse Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A Virus Subtypes Co-Circulate among Poultry in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152131. [PMID: 27010791 PMCID: PMC4806916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus surveillance, poultry outbreak investigations and genomic sequencing were assessed to understand the ecology and evolution of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses in Bangladesh from 2007 to 2013. We analyzed 506 avian specimens collected from poultry in live bird markets and backyard flocks to identify influenza A viruses. Virus isolation-positive specimens (n = 50) were subtyped and their coding-complete genomes were sequenced. The most frequently identified subtypes among LPAI isolates were H9N2, H11N3, H4N6, and H1N1. Less frequently detected subtypes included H1N3, H2N4, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N2, H5N2, H6N1, H6N7, and H7N9. Gene sequences were compared to publicly available sequences using phylogenetic inference approaches. Among the 14 subtypes identified, the majority of viral gene segments were most closely related to poultry or wild bird viruses commonly found in Southeast Asia, Europe, and/or northern Africa. LPAI subtypes were distributed over several geographic locations in Bangladesh, and surface and internal protein gene segments clustered phylogenetically with a diverse number of viral subtypes suggesting extensive reassortment among these LPAI viruses. H9N2 subtype viruses differed from other LPAI subtypes because genes from these viruses consistently clustered together, indicating this subtype is enzootic in Bangladesh. The H9N2 strains identified in Bangladesh were phylogenetically and antigenically related to previous human-derived H9N2 viruses detected in Bangladesh representing a potential source for human infection. In contrast, the circulating LPAI H5N2 and H7N9 viruses were both phylogenetically and antigenically unrelated to H5 viruses identified previously in humans in Bangladesh and H7N9 strains isolated from humans in China. In Bangladesh, domestic poultry sold in live bird markets carried a wide range of LPAI virus subtypes and a high diversity of genotypes. These findings, combined with the seven year timeframe of sampling, indicate a continuous circulation of these viruses in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Gerloff
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Salah Uddin Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Natosha Zanders
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Amanda Balish
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Najmul Haider
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ausraful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sukanta Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ainul Haque
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Emily S. Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
| | - Katharine Sturm-Ramirez
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - C. Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States of America
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25
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Ge F, Li X, Ju H, Yang D, Liu J, Qi X, Wang J, Yang X, Qiu Y, Liu P, Zhou J. Genotypic evolution and antigenicity of H9N2 influenza viruses in Shanghai, China. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1437-45. [PMID: 26935915 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses have been circulating in China since 1994, but a systematic investigation of H9N2 in Shanghai has not previously been undertaken. Here, using 14 viruses we isolated from poultry and pigs in Shanghai during 2002 and 2006-2014, together with the commercial vaccine A/chicken/Shanghai/F/1998 (Ck/SH/F/98), we analyzed the evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Shanghai and showed that all 14 isolates originated from Ck/SH/F/98 antigenically. We evaluated the immune protection efficiency of the vaccine. Our findings demonstrate that H9N2 viruses in Shanghai have undergone extensive reassortment. Various genotypes emerged in 2002, 2006 and 2007, while during 2009-2014 only one genotype was found. Four antigenic groups, A-D, could be identified among the 14 isolates and a variety of antigenically distinct H9N2-virus-derived avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulated simultaneously in Shanghai during this period. Challenge experiments using vaccinated chickens indicated that the vaccine prevented shedding of antigenic group A and B viruses, but not those of the more recent groups C and D. Genetic analysis showed that compared to the vaccine strain, representative viruses of antigenic groups C and D possess greater numbers of amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein than viruses in antigenic groups A and B. Many of these substitutions are located in antigenic sites. Our results indicate that the persistence of H9N2 AIV in China might be due to incomplete vaccine protection and that the avian influenza vaccine should be regularly evaluated and updated to maintain optimal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ge
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Li
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Houbin Ju
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dequan Yang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyong Qi
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchao Yang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihong Liu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Qi X, Tan D, Wu C, Tang C, Li T, Han X, Wang J, Liu C, Li R, Wang J. Deterioration of eggshell quality in laying hens experimentally infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus. Vet Res 2016; 47:35. [PMID: 26915662 PMCID: PMC4766683 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanism by which H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) affects eggshell quality. Thirty-week-old specific pathogen free egg-laying hens were inoculated with the chicken-origin H9N2 AIV strain (A/Chicken/shaanxi/01/2011) or with inoculating media without virus by combined intraocular and intranasal routes. The time course for the appearance of viral antigen and tissue lesions in the oviduct was coincident with the adverse changes in egg production in the infected hens. The viral loads of AIV have a close correlation with the changes in the uterus CaBP-D28k mRNA expression as well as the Ca concentrations in the eggshells in the infected hens from 1 to 7 days post inoculation (dpi). Ultrastructural examination of eggshells showed significantly decreased shell thickness in the infected hens from 1 to 5 dpi (P < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious changes in the structure of the external shell surface and shell membrane were detected in the infected hens from 1 to 5 dpi as compared with the control hens. In conclusion, this study confirmed that H9N2 AIV strain (A/Chicken/shaanxi/01/2011) infection is associated with severe lesions of the uterus and abnormal expression of CaBP-D28k mRNA in the uteri of the infected hens. The change of CaBP-D28k mRNA expression may contribute to the deterioration of the eggshell quality of the laying hens infected with AIV. It is noteworthy that the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV strains may vary depending on the virus strain and host preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chengqi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xueying Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Caihong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Redda YT, Venkatesh G, Kalaiyarasu S, Bhatia S, Kumar DS, Nagarajan S, Pillai A, Tripathi S, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Expression and purification of recombinant H5HA1 protein of H5N1 avian influenza virus in E. coli and its application in indirect ELISA. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 37:346-58. [PMID: 26829111 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2015.1135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The PCR amplified HA1 fragment of H5N1 (H5HA1) avian influenza virus (AIV) hemagglutinin gene was cloned into pET28a (+) expression vector and expressed in Rosetta Blue (DE3) pLysS cells. The recombinant H5HA1 (rH5HA1) protein purified by passive gel elution after SDS-PAGE of the inclusion bodies reacted specifically with H5N1 serum in Western blot analysis. A subtype specific indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) using the rH5HA1 protein as the coating antigen was developed for detecting antibodies to H5 subtype of AIV. The assay had 89.04% sensitivity and 95.95% specificity when compared with haemagglutination inhibition test. The Kappa value of 0.842 indicated a perfect agreement between the tests. The iELISA developed can be used for serosurveillance of avian influenza in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Redda
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - G Venkatesh
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - S Kalaiyarasu
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - S Bhatia
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - D Senthil Kumar
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - S Nagarajan
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - A Pillai
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - S Tripathi
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - D D Kulkarni
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - S C Dubey
- a ICAR - National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Anand Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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Bhat S, Bhatia S, Pillai AS, Sood R, Singh VK, Shrivas OP, Mishra SK, Mawale N. Genetic and antigenic characterization of H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.2.1 isolated in India. Microb Pathog 2015; 88:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Song Y, Cui J, Song H, Ye J, Zhao Z, Wu S, Xu C, Jiao P, Liao M. New reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from waterfowl in Southern China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1170. [PMID: 26557113 PMCID: PMC4615950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated from waterfowl in Southern China. Blast analysis demonstrated that the PB2 gene in these viruses were most closely related to A/wild duck/Shangdong/628/2011 (H5N1), while their NP genes were both more closely related to A/wild duck/Shandong/1/2011 (H5N1) and A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). However, the HA, NA, PB1, PA, M, and NS genes had the highest identity with A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that their HA genes belonged to the same GsGd H5 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in China in 2010. Therefore, we supposed that these H5N8 viruses might be novel reassortant viruses that have a H5N8 backbone while acquiring PB2 and NP genes from H5N1 viruses. This study is useful for better understanding the genetic and antigenic evolution of H5 avian influenza viruses in Southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cui
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hui Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Ye
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Zhao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of GuangdongGuangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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30
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Use of embryonated chicken egg as a model to study the susceptibility of avian influenza H9N2 viruses to oseltamivir carboxylate. J Virol Methods 2015; 224:67-72. [PMID: 26297959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) H9N2 viruses are endemic in many bird species, and human infections of H9N2 viruses have been reported. Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu(®)) is the available antiviral drug for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. There are no reports of use of embryonated chicken egg as a model to study susceptibility of AI viruses to oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), the active metabolite. The present study was undertaken to explore the use of embryonated chicken eggs as a model for testing OC against the AI H9N2 viruses. A total of three AI H9N2 viruses, isolated in poultry in India, were used. Various virus dilutions were tested against 14μg/ml of OC. Three methods, namely (1) the in vitro virus-drug treatment, (2) drug delivery and virus challenge by allantoic route, and (3) drug delivery by albumen route and virus challenge by allantoic route were explored. The viruses were also tested using the fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) assay. There was significant inhibition (p<0.05) of the H9N2 viruses in presence of OC. The infectious virus titers as well as hemagglutination titers were significantly lower in presence of OC as compared to controls. The in vitro treatment of virus and drug; and drug and virus delivery at the same time by allantoic route showed significantly higher inhibition (p<0.05) of virus growth than that by the albumen route. In the NAI assay, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the H9N2 viruses were within the standard range for known susceptible reference virus. In conclusion, the H9N2 viruses used in the study were susceptible to OC. Embryonated chicken egg could be used as a model to study susceptibility of AI viruses to antiviral drugs.
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Parvin R, Shehata AA, Heenemann K, Gac M, Rueckner A, Halami MY, Vahlenkamp TW. Differential replication properties among H9N2 avian influenza viruses of Eurasian origin. Vet Res 2015; 46:75. [PMID: 26149130 PMCID: PMC4491879 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza H9N2 viruses have become panzootic in Eurasia causing respiratory manifestations, great economic losses and occasionally being transmitted to humans. To evaluate the replication properties and compare the different virus quantification methods, four Eurasian H9N2 viruses from different geographical origins were propagated in embryonated chicken egg (ECE) and Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell systems. The ECE-grown and cell culture-grown viruses were monitored for replication kinetics based on tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), Hemagglutination (HA) test and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The cellular morphology was analyzed using immunofluorescence (IF) and cellular ELISA was used to screen the sensitivity of the viruses to amantadine. The Eurasian wild type-H9N2 virus produced lower titers compared to the three G1-H9N2 viruses at respective time points. Detectable titers were observed earliest at 16 h post inoculation (hpi), significant morphological changes on cells were first observed at 32 hpi. Few nucleotide and amino acid substitutions were noticed in the HA, NA and NS gene sequences but none of them are related to the known conserved region that can alter pathogenesis or virulence following a single passage in cell culture. All studied H9N2 viruses were sensitive to amantadine. The G1-H9N2 viruses have higher replication capabilities compared to the European wild bird-H9N2 probably due to their specific genetic constitutions which is prerequisite for a successful vaccine candidate. Both the ECE and MDCK cell system allowed efficient replication but the ECE system is considered as the better cultivation system for H9N2 viruses in order to get maximum amounts of virus within a short time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
| | - Awad A Shehata
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. .,Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Gac
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Antje Rueckner
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Y Halami
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Thomas W Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
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Complete Genome Sequence of an H9N2 Influenza Virus Lethal to Chickens. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e00929-14. [PMID: 25428960 PMCID: PMC4246152 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00929-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An H9N2 virus lethal to chickens was isolated from an acutely ill chicken flock in 2012. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus was phylogenetically related to the Y280 lineage. Sequence analysis showed 1 amino acid deletion in HA1 and 3 amino acid deletions in the NA stalk region.
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Sengupta D, Shaikh A, Bhatia S, Pateriya A, Khandia R, Sood R, Prakash A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan H. Development of single-chain Fv against the nucleoprotein of type A influenza virus and its use in ELISA. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jakhesara SJ, Bhatt VD, Patel NV, Prajapati KS, Joshi CG. Isolation and characterization of H9N2 influenza virus isolates from poultry respiratory disease outbreak. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:196. [PMID: 24790833 PMCID: PMC4004788 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports isolation and characterization of H9N2 virus responsible for disease characterized by symptoms including difficulty in respiration, head swelling, nasal discharge, reduced feed intake, cyanotic comb, reduced egg production and mortality. Virus isolation from allantoic fluid inoculated with tracheal aspirates and whole genome sequencing of two isolates were performed on an Ion-Torrent sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two H9N2 isolates are reassortant viruses showing a G1-like lineage for HA, NA and NP, a Hok/49/98-like lineage for PB1 and PA, PK/UDL-01/05-like lineage for PB2, IL/90658/00-like lineage for NS and an unknown lineage for M gene. Analyses of the HA cleavage site showed a sequence of (333PARSSR↓GL340) indicating that these isolates are of low pathogenicity. Isolate 2 has leucine at amino acid position 226, a substitution which is associated with mammalian adaptation of avian influenza virus. Isolate 1 has the S31N substitution in the M2 gene that has been associated with drug resistance as well as R57Q and C241Y mutations in the NP gene which are associated with human adaptation. The result reported here gives deep insight in to H9N2 viruses circulating in domestic poultry of India and supports the policy of active efforts to control and manage H9N2 infections in Indian poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash J Jakhesara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Vaibhav D Bhatt
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Namrata V Patel
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Kantilal S Prajapati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
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Xue Y, Wang JL, Yan ZQ, Li GW, Chen SY, Zhang XB, Qin JP, Li HY, Chang S, Chen F, Bee YZ, Xie QM. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of surface protein genes of emerging H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in two geographical regions of China. Virus Genes 2014; 48:479-85. [PMID: 24682938 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Subtype H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in China have aroused increasing concerns for their impact on poultry and risk to public health. The present study was an attempt to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of H9N2 AIVs in two geographically distinct regions of China where vaccination is routinely practiced. A total of 18 emerging H9N2 isolates were identified and genetically characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes confirmed that the isolates belonged to the Y280 lineage. Based on the HA genes, the isolates were subdivided into two subgroups. The viruses from Zhejiang Province were clustered together in Group I, while the isolates from Guangdong Province were clustered together in Group II. Antigenic characterization showed that the tested viruses were antigenically different when compared to the current used vaccine strain. It was notable that 14 out of total 18 isolates had an amino acid exchange (Q→L) at position 216 (226 by H3 Numbering) in the receptor-binding site, which indicated that the virus had potential affinity of binding to human like receptor. These results suggest that the emerging viruses have potential risk to public health than previously thought. Therefore, continuous surveillance studies of H9N2 influenza virus are very important to the prognosis and control of future influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xue
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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36
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Transmissibility of novel H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses between chickens and ferrets. Virology 2014; 450-451:316-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang R, Liu J, Liang W, Wang A, Liu Z, Yang Y, Lv J, Bao Y, Gao Y, Miao Z, Chai T. Response profiles of cytokines and chemokines against avian H9N2 influenza virus within the mouse lung. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 203:109-14. [PMID: 24327325 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The circulation of H9N2 viruses throughout the world, along with their expanded host range, poses a potential health risk to the public, but the host responses to H9N2 virus in mammals were little known. To obtain insight into the host immune responses to the avian H9N2 virus, the expressions of both cytokines and chemokines in the lungs of infected mice were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was the dominant antiviral component, and IFN-γ-induced protein 10 kDa, interleukin 6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha all played a role in pro-inflammatory responses to H9N2 viruses. In conclusion, this research can make us further understand the infection characteristics of H9N2 virus in mammalian host by providing the data on mice lung immune responses to the avian H9N2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, 271018, Tai'an, China
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Bhat S, Bhatia S, Sood R, Bhatnagar H, Pateriya A, Venkatesh G. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nucleoprotein of Avian Influenza Virus. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:413-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bhat
- Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Bhatnagar
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Pateriya
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G. Venkatesh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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39
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Replication Efficiency of Influenza A Virus H9N2: A Comparative Analysis Between Different Origin Cell Types. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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40
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Jiang W, Liu S, Hou G, Li J, Zhuang Q, Wang S, Zhang P, Chen J. Chinese and global distribution of H9 subtype avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52671. [PMID: 23285143 PMCID: PMC3528714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
H9 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are of significance in poultry and public health, but epidemiological studies about the viruses are scarce. In this study, phylogenetic relationships of the viruses were analyzed based on 1233 previously reported sequences and 745 novel sequences of the viral hemagglutinin gene. The novel sequences were obtained through large-scale surveys conducted in 2008-2011 in China. The results revealed distinct distributions of H9 subtype AIVs in different hosts, sites and regions in China and in the world: (1) the dominant lineage of H9 subtype AIVs in China in recent years is lineage h9.4.2.5 represented by A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005; (2) the newly emerging lineage h9.4.2.6, represented by A/chicken/Guangdong/FZH/2011, has also become prevalent in China; (3) lineages h9.3.3, h9.4.1 and h9.4.2, represented by A/duck/Hokkaido/26/99, A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 and A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97, respectively, have become globally dominant in recent years; (4) lineages h9.4.1 and h9.4.2 are likely of more risk to public health than others; (5) different lineages have different transmission features and host tropisms. This study also provided novel experimental data which indicated that the Leu-234 (H9 numbering) motif in the viral hemagglutinin gene is an important but not unique determinant in receptor-binding preference. This report provides a detailed and updated panoramic view of the epidemiological distributions of H9 subtype AIVs globally and in China, and sheds new insights for the prevention of infection in poultry and preparedness for a potential pandemic caused by the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Jiang
- The Laboratory of Avian Disease Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
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41
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Slomka MJ, Hanna A, Mahmood S, Govil J, Krill D, Manvell RJ, Shell W, Arnold ME, Banks J, Brown IH. Phylogenetic and molecular characteristics of Eurasian H9 avian influenza viruses and their detection by two different H9-specific RealTime reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:530-542. [PMID: 23228620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of the H9 haemagglutinin subtype are endemic in many Asian and Middle-East countries, causing mortality and morbidity in poultry. Consequently there is a need for accurate and sensitive detection of Eurasian H9 subtype viruses. Two H9 RealTime reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) tests, developed by Monne et al. (2008) and Ben Shabat et al. (2010), were originally validated with a limited number of H9 specimens. In the present study, the two tests have been assessed using 66 diverse H9 isolates and 139 clinical specimens from six H9 poultry outbreaks in four geographically disparate Eurasian countries. The Monne et al. (2008) test was modified and successfully detected all H9 viruses from all three Eurasian H9 lineages. Bayesian analysis of the clinical specimens' results revealed this test to be more sensitive (97%) than the Ben Shabat et al. (2010) test (31%). The latter test detected most H9 isolates of the G1 lineage, but no isolates from other H9 lineages. Mismatches in the primer/probe binding sequences accounted for sensitivity differences between the two H9 RRT-PCRs. Genetic analysis of 34 sequenced H9 haemagglutinin genes showed the South Asian and Middle-East H9 isolates to belong to the H9 G1 lineage, and possessed residues that appear to preferably bind alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid receptors which indicate a potential for human infection. European H9s clustered phylogenetically in a broader geographical group that includes recent North American H9 wild bird isolates and contemporary Asian viruses in the Y439 H9 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Slomka
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - A Hanna
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - S Mahmood
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - J Govil
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Health, Milton Keynes, MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
| | - D Krill
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - R J Manvell
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - W Shell
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - M E Arnold
- AHVLA Sutton Bonington, The Elms, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RB, United Kingdom
| | - J Banks
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - I H Brown
- Avian Virology, OIE, FAO & EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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Pawar SD, Kale SD, Rawankar AS, Koratkar SS, Raut CG, Pande SA, Mullick J, Mishra AC. Avian influenza surveillance reveals presence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry during 2009-2011 in the West Bengal State, India. Virol J 2012; 9:151. [PMID: 22867041 PMCID: PMC3488339 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction More than 70 outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 have been reported in poultry in the western and north-eastern parts of India. Therefore, in view of the recent HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry, active AI surveillance encompassing wild, resident, migratory birds and poultry was undertaken during 2009–2011 in the State of West Bengal. Methods A total of 5722 samples were collected from West Bengal; 3522 samples (2906 fecal droppings + 616 other environmental samples) were from migratory birds and 2200 samples [1604 tracheal, cloacal swabs, environmental samples, tissue samples + 596 blood (serum)] were from domestic ducks and poultry. All tracheal, cloacal and environmental samples were processed for virus isolation. Virus isolates were detected using hemagglutination assay and identified using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial region of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes was done. Intravenous pathogenicity index assays were performed in chickens to assess pathogenicity of AI virus isolates. Serum samples were tested for detection of antibodies against AI viruses using HI assay. Results A total of 57 AI H9N2, 15 AI H4N6 and 15 Newcastle Disease (NDV) viruses were isolated from chickens, from both backyard and wet poultry markets; AI H4N6 viruses were isolated from backyard chickens and domestic ducks. Characterization of AI H9N2 and H4N6 viruses revealed that they were of low pathogenicity. Domestic ducks were positive for antibodies against H5 and H7 viruses while chickens were positive for presence of antibodies against AI H9N2 and NDV. Conclusions In the current scenario of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in West Bengal, this report shows presence of low pathogenic AI H9N2 and H4N6 viruses in chickens and domestic ducks during the period 2009–2011. This is the first report of isolation of H4N6 from India. Antibodies against AI H5 and H7 in ducks highlight the probable role of domestic ducks in the transmission of AI viruses. Human infections of H9N2 have been reported from China and Hong Kong. This necessitates implementation of prevention and control measures to limit the spread of AI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh D Pawar
- National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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Nagarajan S, Murugkar H, Tosh C, Behera P, Khandia R, Jain R, Katare M, Syed Z, Tripati S, Dubey S. Comparison of a nucleoprotein gene based RT-PCR with real time RT-PCR for diagnosis of avian influenza in clinical specimens. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:504-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arafa AS, Hagag N, Erfan A, Mady W, El-Husseiny M, Adel A, Nasef S. Complete genome characterization of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 from a commercial quail flock in Egypt. Virus Genes 2012; 45:283-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Shinde PV, Koratkar SS, Pawar SD, Kale SD, Rawankar AS, Mishra AC. Serologic evidence of avian influenza H9N2 and paramyxovirus type 1 infection in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in India. Avian Dis 2012; 56:257-60. [PMID: 22545557 DOI: 10.1637/9878-080511-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An avian influenza (AI) surveillance was undertaken in Maharashtra state, India during the period 2010-2011. There are no reports of AI surveillance in emus from India. A total of 202 blood samples and 467 tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from eight emu farms. A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was performed for detection of antibodies against AI H5N1, H7N1, H9N2, and avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) viruses. A microneutralization (MN) assay was performed to confirm the presence of neutralizing antibodies against AI H9N2 and to compare with HI assays. A total of 28.2% and 28.7% of samples were positive for antibodies against AI H9N2 by HI and MN assays, respectively, using > or = 1:40 as a cut-off titer; 15.3% samples were positive for APMV-1 by HI assay using a > or = 1:10 cut-off titer. Seropositivity of AI H9N2 was nil in the grower (<1 yr) age group and highest (78%) in the breeder (2-3 yr) age group, whereas seropositivity against APMV-1 was observed in all age groups. Performance of both HI and MN assays was similar, suggesting the utility of using the MN assay along with HI assay for surveillance studies. This is the first report of the seroprevalence of AI H9N2 and APMV-1 in emus in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant V Shinde
- Avian Influenza Group, National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, 131/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune--411 021, India
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Pawar SD, Tandale BV, Raut CG, Parkhi SS, Barde TD, Gurav YK, Kode SS, Mishra AC. Avian influenza H9N2 seroprevalence among poultry workers in Pune, India, 2010. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36374. [PMID: 22623954 PMCID: PMC3356154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) H9N2 has been reported from poultry in India. A seroepidemiological study was undertaken among poultry workers to understand the prevalence of antibodies against AI H9N2 in Pune, Maharashtra, India. A total of 338 poultry workers were sampled. Serum samples were tested for presence of antibodies against AI H9N2 virus by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. A total of 249 baseline sera from general population from Pune were tested for antibodies against AI H9N2 and were negative by HI assay using ≥40 cut-off antibody titre. Overall 21 subjects (21/338 = 6.2%) were positive for antibodies against AI H9N2 by either HI or MN assays using ≥40 cut-off antibody titre. A total of 4.7% and 3.8% poultry workers were positive for antibodies against AI H9N2 by HI and MN assay respectively using 40 as cut-off antibody titre. This is the first report of seroprevalence of antibodies against AI H9N2 among poultry workers in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akhilesh C. Mishra
- National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Pashan, Pune, India
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Nang NT, Song BM, Kang YM, Kim HM, Kim HS, Seo SH. Live attenuated H5N1 vaccine with H9N2 internal genes protects chickens from infections by both highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:120-31. [PMID: 22487301 PMCID: PMC5780756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Nang et al. (2013) Live attenuated H5N1 vaccine with H9N2 internal genes protects chickens from infections by both Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 Influenza Viruses. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2) 120–131. Background The highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses are endemic in many countries around the world and have caused considerable economic loss to the poultry industry. Objectives We aimed to study whether a live attenuated H5N1 vaccine comprising internal genes from a cold‐adapted H9N2 influenza virus could protect chickens from infection by both H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. Methods We developed a cold‐adapted H9N2 vaccine virus expressing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase derived from the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus using reverse genetics. Results and Conclusions Chickens immunized with the vaccine were protected from lethal infections with homologous and heterologous H5N1 or H9N2 influenza viruses. Specific antibody against H5N1 virus was detected up to 11 weeks after vaccination (the endpoint of this study). In vaccinated chickens, IgA and IgG antibody subtypes were induced in lung and intestinal tissue, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing interferon‐gamma were induced in the splenocytes. These data suggest that a live attenuated H5N1 vaccine with cold‐adapted H9N2 internal genes can protect chickens from infection with H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses by eliciting humoral and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tai Nang
- Laboratory of Influenza Research Institute for Influenza Virus Laboratory of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon, Korea
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Avian influenza (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2 in domestic poultry in India. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31844. [PMID: 22363750 PMCID: PMC3282738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asia has experienced regular outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza virus since its first detection in India and Pakistan in February, 2006. Till 2009, the outbreaks in this region were due to clade 2.2 H5N1 virus. In 2010, Nepal reported the first outbreak of clade 2.3.2 virus in South Asia. In February 2011, two outbreaks of H5N1 virus were reported in the State of Tripura in India. The antigenic and genetic analyses of seven H5N1 viruses isolated during these outbreaks were carried out. Antigenic analysis confirmed 64 to 256-fold reduction in cross reactivity compared with clade 2.2 viruses. The intravenous pathogenicity index of the isolates ranged from 2.80–2.95 indicating high pathogenicity to chickens. Sequencing of all the eight gene-segments of seven H5N1 viruses isolated in these outbreaks was carried out. The predicted amino acid sequence analysis revealed high pathogenicity to chickens and susceptibility to the antivirals, amantadine and oseltamivir. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses belong to clade 2.3.2.1 and were distinct to the clade 2.3.2.1 viruses isolated in Nepal. Identification of new clade 2.3.2 H5N1 viruses in South Asia is reminiscent of the introduction of clade 2.2 viruses in this region in 2006/7. It is now important to monitor whether the clade 2.3.2.1 is replacing clade 2.2 in this region or co-circulating with it. Continued co-circulation of various subclades of the H5N1 virus which are more adapted to land based poultry in a highly populated region such as South Asia increases the risk of evolution of pandemic H5N1 strains.
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Isolation and characterization of H6N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses from Ducks in Hanoi, Vietnam. Virus Res 2012; 163:448-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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50
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Dubey S, Dahal N, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Murugkar H, Rinzin K, Sharma B, Jain R, Katare M, Patil S, Khandia R, Syed Z, Tripathi S, Behera P, Kumar M, Kulkarni D, Krishna L. Isolation and characterization of influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) that caused the first highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in chicken in Bhutan. Vet Microbiol 2012; 155:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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