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Park N, Hur JI, Lee S, Ryu S. Prevalence of CTX-M types among ESBL-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from foodborne diarrheal patients in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2825-2833. [PMID: 39184973 PMCID: PMC11339195 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli from foodborne diarrheal patients were studied. Analysis of 495 E. coli isolates revealed that 80 isolates were ESBL-producing pathogenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli were two of the most prevalent pathotypes. In silico Clermont phylo-typing of the 80 ESBL-producing E. coli showed that phylogroup A (49/80) and D (22/80) were the predominant phylogroups. The average nucleotide identity analysis of ESBL-producing E. coli disclosed that they could be grouped into two phylogenetic groups; 25 A and 55 B groups. All strains, except one, harbored the blaCTX-M gene. All CTX-M-15 type ESBL-producing strains also carried qnrS, a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene (PMQR). These results suggest that the diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli is high and that co-existence of blaCTX-M-15 and qnrS genes is widespread, highlighting their high risk of antibiotic-resistance spreading in infectious disease outbreaks. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01549-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjoo Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeong In Hur
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sohyun Lee
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Chalmers G, Anderson REV, Murray R, Topp E, Boerlin P. Characterization of Proteus mirabilis and associated plasmids isolated from anaerobic dairy cattle manure digesters. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289703. [PMID: 37561682 PMCID: PMC10414651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen associated with a variety of human infections, including urinary tract infections. The prevalence of P. mirabilis in foods of animal origin and in the manure by-products created in animal production is not well documented. Further, the prevalence and persistence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistant P. mirabilis is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized ESC-resistant P. mirabilis recovered from various stages of dairy manure anaerobic digestion. Isolates were screened by PCR for blaCTX-M, blaCMY and blaSHV, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Fifty-six P. mirabilis carrying CTX-M were sequenced with short and long read sequencing technologies, and the assembled chromosomes and plasmids were compared. ESC-resistant Proteus was found in four of the six manure digesters, an indication that not all digesters were colonized with resistant strains. Both CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-15 plasmids were found in P. mirabilis isolates. Transfer of plasmid DNA by conjugation was also explored, with ESC-resistance plasmids able to transfer to Escherichia coli at high frequency. We concluded that P. mirabilis can harbour and transfer ESC-resistance genes and plasmids, and may be an overlooked reservoir of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca E. V. Anderson
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Murray
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Lysitsas M, Chatzipanagiotidou I, Billinis C, Valiakos G. Fosfomycin Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats). Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050337. [PMID: 37235420 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fosfomycin is an old antibacterial agent, which is currently used mainly in human medicine, in uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). The purpose of this review is to investigate the presence and the characteristics of Fosfomycin resistance in bacteria isolated from canine or feline samples, estimate the possible causes of the dissemination of associated strains in pets, and underline the requirements of prospective relevant studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines were used for the search of current literature in two databases. A total of 33 articles were finally included in the review. Relevant data were tracked down, assembled, and compared. Referring to the geographical distribution, Northeast Asia was the main area of origin of the studies. E. coli was the predominant species detected, followed by other Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, and Pseudomonas spp. FosA and fosA3 were the more frequently encountered Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the related Gram-negative isolates, while fosB was regularly encountered in Gram-positive ones. The majority of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and co-carried resistance genes against several classes of antibiotics and especially β-Lactams, such as blaCTX-M and mecA. These results demonstrate the fact that the cause of the spreading of Fosfomycin-resistant bacteria among pets could be the extended use of other antibacterial agents, that promote the prevalence of MDR, epidemic strains among an animal population. Through the circulation of these strains into a community, a public health issue could arise. Further research is essential though, for the comprehensive consideration of the issue, as the current data are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Lysitsas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | | | - George Valiakos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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4
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Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug Resistance and Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing E. coli Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020229. [PMID: 36830140 PMCID: PMC9951988 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Household cats have been identified as potential antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reservoirs, and the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli circulating among cats has been more frequently reported globally, but the factors linked to its colonization remain poorly understood. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine E. coli shedding and the occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR)- and ESBL-producing E. coli, as well as to determine risk factors associated with colonization of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from both healthy and diseased cats in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. In a cross-sectional study, 2000 swabs were collected from five anatomical regions (anus, skin, ear canal, nares, and conjunctival sac) of 209 healthy and 191 diseased cats that were admitted to a veterinary clinic in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. In addition, each cat owner filled out a questionnaire about their cat's demographics, management, health status, and antimicrobial usage. E. coli was detected in 165 (41.3%) of all cats, including 59 (28.2%) healthy and 106 (55.5%) diseased cats. In total, 170 E. coli isolates were found in healthy (35.3%) and diseased (64.7%) cats. Susceptibility testing revealed that 123 (72.4%) of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Overall, 17.6% (30/170) of E. coli isolates were MDR, with 10 (5.9%) and 20 (11.8%) isolates found in healthy and diseased cats, respectively. However, only 12 (7.1%) E. coli isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and harbored the blaCTX-M gene (ESBL-producer), with seven (4.1%) in healthy and five (2.9%) in diseased cats. Risk factor analysis showed that the odds of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli were (20 and 17) and (six and eight) times higher when the family and cats were previously treated with antimicrobials, respectively. The presence of a child in the cat's family was also linked to an increased risk of MDR E. coli colonization (OR = 3.4). In conclusion, a high frequency of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli was detected among healthy and diseased cats in Saudi Arabia, raising concerns about transmission to humans and supporting the need of a "One Health" approach to address the potential threats of cats as AMR reservoirs.
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Zamudio R, Boerlin P, Beyrouthy R, Madec JY, Schwarz S, Mulvey MR, Zhanel GG, Cormier A, Chalmers G, Bonnet R, Haenni M, Eichhorn I, Kaspar H, Garcia-Fierro R, Wood JLN, Mather AE. Dynamics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from Europe and North America. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7490. [PMID: 36509735 PMCID: PMC9744880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) are critically important antimicrobial agents for human and veterinary medicine. ESC resistance (ESC-R) genes have spread worldwide through plasmids and clonal expansion, yet the distribution and dynamics of ESC-R genes in different ecological compartments are poorly understood. Here we use whole genome sequence data of Enterobacterales isolates of human and animal origin from Europe and North America and identify contrasting temporal dynamics. AmpC β-lactamases were initially more dominant in North America in humans and farm animals, only later emerging in Europe. In contrast, specific extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were initially common in animals from Europe and later emerged in North America. This study identifies differences in the relative importance of plasmids and clonal expansion across different compartments for the spread of different ESC-R genes. Understanding the mechanisms of transmission will be critical in the design of interventions to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Zamudio
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Racha Beyrouthy
- Microbes Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2ISH), Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France.,Centre National de Référence de la résistance aux antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Anses Laboratoire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany.,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ashley Cormier
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Microbes Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2ISH), Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France.,Centre National de Référence de la résistance aux antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Anses Laboratoire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany.,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Heike Kaspar
- Department Method Standardisation, Resistance to Antibiotics Unit Monitoring of Resistance to Antibiotics, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, 12277, Germany
| | - Raquel Garcia-Fierro
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Anses Laboratoire de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Alison E Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK. .,University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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El-Tarabili RM, Ahmed EM, Alharbi NK, Alharbi MA, AlRokban AH, Naguib D, Alhag SK, El Feky TM, Ahmed AE, Mahmoud AE. Prevalence, antibiotic profile, virulence determinants, ESBLs, and non-β-lactam encoding genes of MDR Proteus spp. isolated from infected dogs. Front Genet 2022; 13:952689. [PMID: 36276974 PMCID: PMC9583872 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.952689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence, antibiogram, virulence, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and non-β-lactam encoding genes of Proteus species isolated from infected dogs in Ismailia province, Egypt. The study was conducted on 70 fecal swabs collected from dogs with diarrhea for bacteriological identification of Proteus spp. The positive isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility, molecular tests of virulence, ESBLs, and non-β-lactam encoding genes. Prevalence of Proteus spp. was 35.7% (25/70), including Proteus mirabilis (n = 23) and Proteus vulgaris (n = 2). The Proteus spp. prevalence revealed diversity, higher in males than females, in ages < 12 weeks. Investigation of antimicrobial resistance was found against penicillin and amoxicillin (100%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (32%), cephalosporins: cefotaxime and ceftazidime (36%), and monobactam: aztreonam (28%) as ESBLs, in addition to tetracycline (32%) and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (100%). The strains retrieved by PCR revealed ureC, zapA, and rsbA virulence genes with variant prevalence as 92%, 60%, and 52%, respectively. In addition, the recovered strains contained ESBL genes with a dramatic variable prevalence of 100%, 92%, 36%, and 32%, to blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaOXA-1, respectively, and non β-lactam encoding genes with a prevalence of 100%, 48%, 44%, 20%, and 12%, to sul1, tetA, intI1, qnrA, and aadA1. Moreover, 28% (7/25) of recovering strains were MDR (multidrug-resistant) up to four classes of antimicrobials, and 48% (12/25) of the examined strains were MDR up to three antimicrobial classes. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, our study could be the first report recording MDR Proteus spp. in dogs in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Elsayyad M Ahmed
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Nada K Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam H AlRokban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Naguib
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamer Mohamed El Feky
- Animal Health Research Institute(AHRI), Mansoura laboratory Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Cormier AC, Chalmers G, Zamudio R, Mulvey MR, Mather AE, Boerlin P. Diversity of blaCTX-M-1-carrying plasmids recovered from Escherichia coli isolated from Canadian domestic animals. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264439. [PMID: 35294479 PMCID: PMC8926264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved IncI1 and IncHI1 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-1 have been found circulating in chickens and horses from continental Europe, respectively. In Canada, blaCTX-M-1 is overwhelmingly the most common blaCTX-M variant found in Escherichia coli from chicken and horses and can be recovered at lower frequencies in swine, cattle, and dogs. Whole-genome sequencing has identified a large genetic diversity of isolates carrying this variant, warranting further investigations into the plasmids carrying this gene. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the genetic profiles of blaCTX-M-1 plasmids circulating in E. coli from Canadian domestic animals and compare them to those recovered in animals in Europe. Fifty-one blaCTX-M-1 positive E. coli isolates from chicken (n = 14), horses (racetrack horses n = 11; community horses n = 3), swine (n = 7), turkey (n = 6), dogs (n = 5), beef cattle (n = 3), and dairy cattle (n = 2) were selected for plasmid characterization. Sequences were obtained through both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. Genomes were assembled using either Unicycler hybrid assembly or Flye with polishing performed using Pilon. blaCTX-M-1 was found residing on a plasmid in 45 isolates and chromosomally located in six isolates. A conserved IncI1/ST3 plasmid was identified among chicken (n = 12), turkey (n = 4), swine (n = 6), dog (n = 2), and beef cattle (n = 2) isolates. When compared against publicly available data, these plasmids showed a high degree of similarity to those identified in isolates from poultry and swine in Europe. These results suggest that an epidemic IncI1/ST3 plasmid similar to the one found in Europe is contributing to the spread of blaCTX-M-1 in Canada. A conserved IncHI1/FIA(HI1)/ST2 plasmid was also recovered from nearly all racetrack horse isolates (n = 10). Although IncHI1/ST2 plasmids have been reported among European horse isolates, IncHI1/ST9 plasmids appear to be more widespread. Further studies are necessary to understand the factors contributing to these plasmids' success in their respective populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Cormier
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roxana Zamudio
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alison E. Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Verma A, Carney K, Taylor M, Amsler K, Morgan J, Gruszynski K, Erol E, Carter C, Locke S, Callipare A, Shah DH. Occurrence of potentially zoonotic and cephalosporin resistant enteric bacteria among shelter dogs in the Central and South-Central Appalachia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:313. [PMID: 34563197 PMCID: PMC8467218 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance and presence of zoonotic enteropathogens in shelter dogs pose a public health risk to shelter workers and potential adopters alike. In this study we investigated the prevalence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens and cephalosporin resistant (CefR) enteric bacteria in the feces of apparently healthy shelter dogs in the Cumberland Gap Region (CGR) in the US states of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. Results Fecal samples of 59 dogs from 10 shelters in the CGR of Central and South-Central Appalachia were screened for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella and CefR enteric bacteria. C. jejuni, C. perfringens were detected by PCR based assays. Culture and PCR were used for Salmonella detection. Of 59 dogs, fecal samples from 14 (23.7%) and 8 (13.6%) dogs tested positive for cpa and hipO genes of C. perfringens and C. jejuni, respectively. Salmonella was not detected in any of the tested samples by PCR or culture. CefR enteric bacteria were isolated on MacConkey agar supplemented with ceftiofur followed by identification using MALDI-TOF. Fecal samples from 16 dogs (27.1%) yielded a total of 18 CefR enteric bacteria. Majority of CefR isolates (14/18, 77.8%) were E. coli followed by, one isolate each of Enterococcus hirae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter pittii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CefR enteric bacteria were tested for resistance against 19- or 24-antibiotic panels using broth microdilution method. Seventeen (94.4%) CefR bacteria were resistant to more than one antimicrobial agent, and 14 (77.8%) displayed multidrug resistance (MDR). Conclusions This study shows that shelter dogs within the CGR not only carry zoonotic bacterial pathogens, but also shed multidrug resistant enteric bacteria in their feces that may pose public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Verma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA. .,Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne diseases, Harrogate, USA.
| | - Kimberly Carney
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA.,Center for Animal and Human Health in Appalachia, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | | | | | - Joey Morgan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA
| | - Karen Gruszynski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA.,Center for Animal and Human Health in Appalachia, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stephan Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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Characterization of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in a Northern Portuguese Hospital: Predominance of CTX-M-15 and High Genetic Diversity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091914. [PMID: 34576808 PMCID: PMC8467980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterobacteriaceae are major players in the spread of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through the action of CTX-M β-lactamases. We aimed to analyze the diversity and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients in a Northern Portuguese hospital. Methods: A total of 62 cefotaxime/ceftazidime-resistant E. coli (n = 38) and K. pneumoniae (n = 24) clinical isolates were studied. Identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 13 antibiotics was performed. Detection of ESBL-encoding genes and other resistance genes, phylogenetic grouping, and molecular typing (for selected isolates) was carried out by PCR/sequencing. Results: ESBL activity was detected in all 62 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Most of the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates carried a blaCTX-M gene (37/38 isolates), being blaCTX-M-15 predominant (n = 32), although blaCTX-M-27 (n = 1) and blaCTX-M-1 (n = 1) were also detected. Two E. coli isolates carried the blaKPC2/3 gene. The lineages ST131-B2 and ST410-A were detected among the ESBL-producing blood E. coli isolates. Regarding the 24 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, 18 carried a blaCTX-M gene (blaCTX-M-15, 16 isolates; blaCTX-M-55, 2 isolates). All K. pneumoniae isolates carried blaSHV genes, including ESBL-variants (blaSHV-12 and blaSHV-27, 14 isolates) or non-ESBL-variants (blaSHV-11 and blaSHV-28, 10 isolates); ten K. pneumoniae isolates also carried the blaKPC2/3 gene and showed imipenem-resistance. ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were ascribed to the B2 phylogenetic group (82%), mostly associated with ST131 lineage and, at a lower rate, to ST410/A. Regarding K. pneumoniae, the three international lineages ST15, ST147, and ST280 were detected among selected isolates. Conclusions: Different ESBL variants of CTX-M (especially CTX-M-15) and SHV-type (specially SHV-12) were detected among CTX/CAZRE. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, in occasions associated with carbapenemase genes (blaKPC2/3 gene).
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10
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Lee D, Oh JY, Sum S, Park HM. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella species isolated from clinically ill companion animals. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e17. [PMID: 33774933 PMCID: PMC8007443 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella spp. is an important conditional pathogen in humans and animals. However, due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has increased. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance in strains of Klebsiella strains and the phylogenetic relatedness of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistance among Klebsiella strains isolated from clinically ill companion animals. Methods A total of 336 clinical specimens were collected from animal hospitals. Identification of Klebsiella species, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations, detection of ESC resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction-based replicon typing of plasmids by conjugation, and multilocus sequence typing were performed. Results Forty-three Klebsiella strains were isolated and, subsequently, 28 were identified as K. pneumoniae, 11 as K. oxytoca, and 4 as K. aerogenes. Eleven strains were isolated from feces, followed by 10 from ear, 7 from the nasal cavity, 6 from urine, 5 from genitals, and 4 from skin. Klebsiella isolates showed more than 40% resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and aminoglycoside. ESCresistance genes, CTX-M groups (CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, and CTX-M-65), and AmpC (CMY-2 and DHA-1) were most common in the K. pneumoniae strains. Some K. pneumoniae carrying CTX-M or AmpC were transferred via IncFII plasmids. Two sequence types, ST709 and ST307, from K. pneumoniae were most common. Conclusions In conclusion, this is the first report on the prevalence, ESCresistance genotypes, and sequence types of Klebsiella strains isolated from clinically ill companion animals. The combination of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance by Klebsiella in companion animals suggest that, in clinical veterinary, antibiotic selection should be made carefully and in conjunction with the disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae Young Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Samuth Sum
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hee Myung Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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11
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Salgado-Caxito M, Benavides JA, Adell AD, Paes AC, Moreno-Switt AI. Global prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing- Escherichia coli in dogs and cats - A scoping review and meta-analysis. One Health 2021; 12:100236. [PMID: 33889706 PMCID: PMC8050393 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to human and animal health. Part of the AMR dimension is the circulation of extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing-Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli), which is now commonly reported among companion animals. However, the global perspective of the prevalence and population structure of ESBL-E. coli circulating in dogs and cats has not been estimated limiting our understanding of their role in the dissemination of ESBL-E. coli. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of ESBL-E. coli between dogs and cats and across countries through meta-analysis. We also performed a scoping review to summarize the current knowledge on ESBL genes and E. coli clones circulating among companion animals. A total of 128 studies published in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to April 2020 were selected and contained information on prevalence and/or molecular characterization of ESBL genes and ESBL-E. coli clones. Our review shows an increase in the number of publications between 2000 and 2019, concentrated mainly in Europe. Prevalence varied across continents, ranging from 0.63% (Oceania) to 16.56% (Africa) in dogs and from 0% (Oceania) to 16.82% (Asia) in cats. Although there were twice as many studies reporting prevalence on dogs (n = 61) than on cats (n = 32), and only 9 studies focused exclusively on cats, our meta-analysis showed no difference in the global prevalence of ESBL-E. coli between dogs (6.87% [95% CI: 4.46-10.45%]) and cats (5.04% [95% CI: 2.42-10.22%]). A considerable diversity of ESBL genes (n = 60) and sequence types (ST) (n = 171) were recovered from companion animals. ESBL-E. coli encoded by CTX-M-15 (67.5%, 77/114) and SHV-12 (21.9%, 25/114), along with resistant strains of ST38 (22.7%, 15/66) and ST131 (50%, 33/66) were widespread and detected in all continents. While presence of ESBL-E. coli is widespread, the drivers influencing the observed ESBL-E. coli prevalence and the clinical relevance in veterinary medicine and public health along with economic impact of ESBL-E. coli infections among companion animals need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio A. Benavides
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aiko D. Adell
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Carlos Paes
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea I. Moreno-Switt
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Chalmers G, Cobean J, Snyder RP, Barta JR, Boerlin P. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli from broiler chickens raised with or without antibiotics in Ontario, Canada. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109116. [PMID: 34022763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli were isolated from fecal samples enriched in ESC-containing broth over two years from broiler chickens raised with and without therapeutic antimicrobials. Pooled samples were obtained from 13 different farms in Canada over two rearing cycles each. Resistant isolates were screened for blaCMY, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV by PCR, and several isolates were sequenced and assembled using Oxford Nanopore MinION technology. Flocks raised with or without antimicrobials contained similar ESC-resistant E. coli. Some plasmids were found in isolates from both farm types and many shared replicon types (IncI1, F, C, and B/O/K/Z) and resistance determinants. Although the use of cephalosporins has stopped in poultry production in Canada, the prevalence of ESC-resistant E. coli found in this study remained high; therefore, further studies are required to determine routes of transmission and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Julie Cobean
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ryan P Snyder
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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13
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Carvalho I, Safia Chenouf N, Cunha R, Martins C, Pimenta P, Pereira AR, Martínez-Álvarez S, Ramos S, Silva V, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Diversity of Clones among ESBL- and Acquired AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Samples of Healthy and Sick Cats in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030262. [PMID: 33807601 PMCID: PMC8001562 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the mechanisms of resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and acquired AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and sick cats in Portugal. A total of 141 rectal swabs recovered from 98 sick and 43 healthy cats were processed for cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli recovery (in MacConkey agar supplemented with 2 µg/mL cefotaxime). The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) method was used for E. coli identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by a disk diffusion test. The presence of resistance/virulence genes was tested by PCR sequencing. The phylogenetic typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were determined by specific PCR sequencing. CTXRE. coli isolates were detected in seven sick and six healthy cats (7.1% and 13.9%, respectively). Based on the synergy tests, 11 of 13 CTXRE. coli isolates (one/sample) were ESBL-producers (ESBL total rate: 7.8%) carrying the following ESBL genes: blaCTX-M-1 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-27 (n = 2) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 1). Six different sequence types were identified among ESBL-producers (sequence type/associated ESBLs): ST847/CTX-M-9, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-1; ST10/CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27; ST6448/CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55; ST429/CTX-M-15; ST101/CTX-M-1 and ST40/CTX-M-1. Three of the CTXR isolates were CMY-2-producers (qAmpC rate: 2.1%); two of them were ESBL-positive and one ESBL-negative. These isolates were typed as ST429 and ST6448 and were obtained in healthy or sick cats. The phylogenetic groups A/B1/D/clade 1 were detected among ESBL- and qAmpC-producing isolates. Cats are carriers of qAmpC (CMY-2)- and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (mostly of variants of CTX-M group 1) of diverse clonal lineages, which might represent a public health problem due to the proximity of cats with humans regarding a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valuation of the Steppe Ecosystem, University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Rita Cunha
- Hospital Veterinário de São Bento, 1200-822 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Carla Martins
- Clínica Veterinária do Vouga, 3740-253 Sever do Vouga, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Pimenta
- Hospital Veterinário de Trás-os-Montes, 5000-056 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | | | - Sandra Martínez-Álvarez
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Sónia Ramos
- VetRedondo, Consultório Veterinário de Monte Redondo Unipessoal Lda, Monte Redondo, 2425-618 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466; Fax: +351-259350629
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14
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Salgado-Caxito M, Benavides JA, Munita JM, Rivas L, García P, Listoni FJP, Moreno-Switt AI, Paes AC. Risk factors associated with faecal carriage of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli among dogs in Southeast Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105316. [PMID: 33725561 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (ESC-R E. coli) in dogs has been reported worldwide and can reduce the effectiveness of treatments against bacterial infections. However, the drivers that influence faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli in dogs are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of ESC-R E. coli among dogs prior to their admission to a veterinary teaching hospital and to identify risk factors associated with the faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli. Rectal swabs (n = 130) were collected from dogs and screened for ESC-R E. coli using MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 μg/mL). E. coli species was confirmed by MALDI-TOF and screening of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes was conducted by multiplex PCR. Questionnaires were completed by each dog's owner to test several human and dog characteristics associated with ESC-R E. coli. The prevalence of faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli was 9.2 % and 67 % of ESC-R E. coli isolates harboured ESBL genes including CTX-M alone or in combination with TEM. All ESC-R E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, and cefotaxime and were susceptible to cefoxitin and carbapenems. The likelihood of carrying ESC-R E. coli was 15 times higher (OR = 14.41 [95 % CI: 1.80-38.02], p < 0.01) if the dog was treated with antibiotics 3-12 months prior to sampling and 8 times higher (OR = 7.96 [95 % CI: 2.96-92.07], p < 0.01) if the dog had direct contact with livestock, but 15 times lower (OR = 0.07 [95 % CI: 0.01-0.32], p < 0.01) if the dog was dewormed during the previous year. Our findings confirm the faecal carriage of ESC-R E. coli in subclinical dogs and call for further investigation regarding the impact of deworming on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil; Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Julio A Benavides
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose M Munita
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile; Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Rivas
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile; Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando J P Listoni
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Andrea I Moreno-Switt
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio C Paes
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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15
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Schmitt K, Kuster SP, Zurfluh K, Jud RS, Sykes JE, Stephan R, Willi B. Transmission Chains of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae at the Companion Animal Veterinary Clinic-Household Interface. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020171. [PMID: 33572066 PMCID: PMC7914568 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) among animals and humans are a public health threat. This study analyzed the occurrence of ESBL-E in a high-risk environment in a companion animal clinic and two animal patients’ households. In an intensive care unit (ICU), rectal swabs from 74 dogs and cats, 74 hand swabs from staff and 298 swabs from surfaces were analyzed for ESBL-E. Seventeen hospitalized patients (23%) and ten (3%) surfaces in the ICU tested ESBL-E positive. Transmission chains for Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 blaCTX-M-15 and Escherichia coli ST38 blaCTX-M-14, ST88 blaCTX-M-14 and ST224 blaCTX-M-1 were observed over extended periods of time (14 to 30 days) with similar strains isolated from patients and the clinical environment. After discharge, two colonized dogs (dogs 7 and 12) and their household contacts were resampled. Dog 7 tested repeatedly positive for 77 days, dog 12 tested negative; six (24%) surfaces in the household of the persistently colonized dog tested ESBL-E positive. The owner of dog 7 and one of the owners of dog 12 were colonized. Based on whole genome sequencing, isolates from the owners, their dogs and other ICU patients belonged to the same clusters, highlighting the public health importance of ESBL-E in companion animal clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Schmitt
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.S.); (K.Z.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan P. Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Katrin Zurfluh
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Rahel S. Jud
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Small Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Jane E. Sykes
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.S.); (K.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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16
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Awosile B, Eisnor J, Saab ME, Heider L, McClure JT. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat products from the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:537-547. [PMID: 33242259 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) in Escherichia coli isolates. The isolates were collected from retail meat products collected in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Our analyses involved the use of both selective and traditional culture methods; we also conducted genotype analyses using multiplex polymerase chain reactions. ESC-resistant (ESC-R) E. coli were detected in 33 of 559 samples (5.9%) using the traditional culture method, compared with 151 of 557 samples (27.1%) using the selective culture method. We recovered more isolates of ESC-R E. coli from poultry compared with beef and pork (P < 0.001). Multidrug resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and AmpC phenotypes were more common in chicken-derived isolates than other retail meat products (P < 0.001). From the 98 isolates examined, 76 isolates (77.6%) were positive for either ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases or both. Among the 76 isolates, blaCMY-2 (78.9%), blaCTXM (46.1%), blaTEM (21.1%), and blaSHV (1.3%) genes were detected. Among the blaCTXM-producing isolates, blaCTXM-1, blaCTXM-2, and blaCTXM-9 phylogenetic groups were detected. β-lactamase genes were more commonly detected in chicken-derived isolates compared with other meat types (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates the occurrence of ESBL- and AmpC-resistance genes in retail meat products in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. We found that selective culture significantly improved the recovery of ESC-R E. coli isolates from retail meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela Awosile
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jessica Eisnor
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luke Heider
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - J T McClure
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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17
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Flament-Simon SC, de Toro M, García V, Blanco JE, Blanco M, Alonso MP, Goicoa A, Díaz-González J, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Blanco J. Molecular Characteristics of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and Multidrug Resistant E. coli Isolated from Healthy Dogs in Spain. Whole Genome Sequencing of Canine ST372 Isolates and Comparison with Human Isolates Causing Extraintestinal Infections. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111712. [PMID: 33142871 PMCID: PMC7716232 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Under a one health perspective and the worldwide antimicrobial resistance concern, we investigated extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli from 197 isolates recovered from healthy dogs in Spain between 2013 and 2017. A total of 91 (46.2%) isolates were molecularly classified as ExPEC and/or UPEC, including 50 clones, among which (i) four clones were dominant (B2-CH14-180-ST127, B2-CH52-14-ST141, B2-CH103-9-ST372 and F-CH4-58-ST648) and (ii) 15 had been identified among isolates causing extraintestinal infections in Spanish and French humans in 2015 and 2016. A total of 28 (14.2%) isolates were classified as MDR, associated with B1, D, and E phylogroups, and included 24 clones, of which eight had also been identified among the human clinical isolates. We selected 23 ST372 strains, 21 from healthy dogs, and two from human clinical isolates for whole genome sequencing and built an SNP-tree with these 23 genomes and 174 genomes (128 from canine strains and 46 from human strains) obtained from public databases. These 197 genomes were segregated into six clusters. Cluster 1 comprised 74.6% of the strain genomes, mostly composed of canine strain genomes (p < 0.00001). Clusters 4 and 6 also included canine strain genomes, while clusters 2, 3, and 5 were significantly associated with human strain genomes. Finding several common clones and clone-related serotypes in dogs and humans suggests a potentially bidirectional clone transfer that argues for the one health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia-Camille Flament-Simon
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.-C.F.-S.); (V.G.); (J.E.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - María de Toro
- Plataforma de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Vanesa García
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.-C.F.-S.); (V.G.); (J.E.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jesús E. Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.-C.F.-S.); (V.G.); (J.E.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.-C.F.-S.); (V.G.); (J.E.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - María Pilar Alonso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Unidade de Microbioloxía, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), 27003 Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Goicoa
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, USC, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, USC, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Juan Díaz-González
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.-C.F.-S.); (V.G.); (J.E.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.-G.)
| | | | - Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.-C.F.-S.); (V.G.); (J.E.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Kidsley AK, White RT, Beatson SA, Saputra S, Schembri MA, Gordon D, Johnson JR, O'Dea M, Mollinger JL, Abraham S, Trott DJ. Companion Animals Are Spillover Hosts of the Multidrug-Resistant Human Extraintestinal Escherichia coli Pandemic Clones ST131 and ST1193. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1968. [PMID: 32983008 PMCID: PMC7492567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli sequence types 131 (ST131) and 1193 are multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogens that have recently spread epidemically among humans and are occasionally isolated from companion animals. This study characterized a nationwide collection of fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ R ) E. coli isolates from extraintestinal infections in Australian cats and dogs. For this, 59 cat and dog FQ R clinical E. coli isolates (representing 6.9% of an 855-isolate collection) underwent PCR-based phylotyping and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Isolates from commensal-associated phylogenetic groups A (14/59, 24%) and B1 (18/59, 31%) were dominant, with ST224 (10/59, 17%), and ST744 (8/59, 14%) predominating. Less prevalent were phylogenetic groups D (12/59, 20%), with ST38 (8/59, 14%) predominating, and virulence-associated phylogenetic group B2 (7/59, 12%), with ST131 predominating (6/7, 86%) and no ST1193 isolates identified. In a WGS-based comparison of 20 cat and dog-source ST131 isolates with 188 reference human and animal ST131 isolates, the cat and dog-source isolates were phylogenetically diverse. Although cat and dog-source ST131 isolates exhibited some minor sub-clustering, most were closely related to human-source ST131 strains. Furthermore, the prevalence of ST131 as a cause of FQ R infections in Australian companion animals was relatively constant between this study and the 5-year-earlier study of Platell et al. (2010) (9/125 isolates, 7.2%). Thus, although the high degree of clonal commonality among FQ R clinical isolates from humans vs. companion animals suggests the possibility of bi-directional between-species transmission, the much higher reported prevalence of ST131 and ST1193 among FQ R clinical isolates from humans as compared to companion animals suggests that companion animals are spillover hosts rather than being a primary reservoir for these lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Kidsley
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Rhys T White
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sugiyono Saputra
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Gordon
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James R Johnson
- VA Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Joanne L Mollinger
- Biosercurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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19
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Shnaiderman-Torban A, Navon-Venezia S, Kelmer E, Cohen A, Paitan Y, Arielly H, Steinman A. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales Shedding by Dogs and Cats Hospitalized in an Emergency and Critical Care Department of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E545. [PMID: 32867088 PMCID: PMC7557403 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) gut shedding in human medicine is considered as a major reservoir for ESBL-associated infections in high risk patients. In veterinary medicine, data regarding ESBL-PE gut shedding on admission to emergency and critical care department is scarce. We aimed to determine ESBL-PE shedding rates by dogs and cats in this setting and to determine the risk factors for shedding, at two separate periods, three-years apart. Rectal swabs were collected from animals, on admission and 72 h post admission, enriched and plated on Chromagar ESBL plates, followed by bacterial identification. ESBL phenotype was confirmed and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined (Vitek 2). Medical records were reviewed for risk factor analysis (SPSS). Overall, 248 animals were sampled, including 108 animals on period I (2015-2016) and 140 animals on period II (2019). In both periods combined, 21.4% of animals shed ESBL-PE on admission, and shedding rates increased significantly during hospitalization (53.7%, p-value < 0.001). The main ESBL-PE species were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, accounting for more than 85% of the isolates. In a multivariable analysis, previous hospitalization was a risk factor for ESBL-PE gut shedding (p-value = 0.01, Odds ratio = 3.05, 95% Confidence interval 1.28-7.27). Our findings demonstrate significant ESBL-PE gut shedding among small animals in the emergency and critical care department, posing the necessity to design and implement control measures to prevent transmission and optimize antibiotic therapy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shnaiderman-Torban
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.S.-T.); (E.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Shiri Navon-Venezia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- The Miriam and Sheldon Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.S.-T.); (E.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Adar Cohen
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.S.-T.); (E.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Yossi Paitan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Clinical Microbiology Lab, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel;
| | - Haya Arielly
- Clinical Microbiology Lab, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel;
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (A.S.-T.); (E.K.); (A.C.)
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20
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Santaniello A, Sansone M, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Occurrence of ESKAPE Bacteria Group in Dogs, and the Related Zoonotic Risk in Animal-Assisted Therapy, and in Animal-Assisted Activity in the Health Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093278. [PMID: 32397230 PMCID: PMC7246456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions are widely implemented in different contexts worldwide. Particularly, animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities are often implemented in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and other health facilities. These interventions bring several benefits to patients but can also expose them to the risk of infection with potentially zoonotic agents. The dog is the main animal species involved used in these interventions. Therefore, we aimed at collecting data regarding the occurrence of the pathogens ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) in dogs, in order to draft guidelines concerning the possible monitoring of dogs involved in animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities in healthcare facilities. We performed a literature search using the PRISMA guidelines to examine three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Out of 2604 records found, 52 papers were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review/meta-analysis. Sixteen papers reported data on E. faecium; 16 on S. aureus; nine on K. pneumoniae; four on A. baumannii; eight on P. aeruginosa; and six on Enterobacter spp. This work will contribute to increased awareness to the potential zoonotic risks posed by the involvement of dogs in animal-assisted therapies, and animal-assisted activities in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-253-6134
| | - Mario Sansone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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21
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Belas A, Menezes J, Gama LT, Pomba C. Sharing of Clinically Important Antimicrobial Resistance Genes by Companion Animals and Their Human Household Members. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1174-1185. [PMID: 32354251 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to implement a rapid easy methodology, to characterize the antimicrobial resistance gene (AMR) gut content associated with Enterobacteriales and staphylococci; and to evaluate statistical association between AMRs present in fecal samples from healthy companion animals and their human household members. Fecal samples were collected from 27 humans and 29 companion animals living in close contact in 20 households. Nineteen healthy humans without daily contact with companion animals were the control group. After DNA extraction, β-lactamase families and 10 genes of other antimicrobial classes were screened by PCR. Furthermore, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant, and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriales and methicillin-resistant staphylococci were screened by bacteriological methods. The blaTEM-1B gene with a P3 promotor was the most frequent β-lactam-resistant gene detected in humans and companion animals from households (33.3%, and 17.2%, respectively). The sul2 was the most frequently shared gene by humans and animals from the same household. In 50% of households at least one AMR was detected simultaneously in companion animal/owner pairs. Healthy humans and companion animals carried several AMRs of clinical importance. To the best our knowledge, this study reports the first detection of the blaSHV-27 gene in fecal samples from healthy humans in Portugal and in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Belas
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Juliana Menezes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís T Gama
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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de Lagarde M, Fairbrother JM, Arsenault J. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant and ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Horses in Quebec, Canada, in 2015-2016. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030523. [PMID: 32245112 PMCID: PMC7143171 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance has been recognised as a global threat by the WHO. ESBL/AmpC genes, responsible for cephalosporin resistance, are particularly worrisome. Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous bacterium. Most strains are commensal, although some can cause disease in humans and animals. Due to its genome plasticity, it is a perfect candidate to acquire resistance genes. We hypothesized that multidrug-resistant E. coli and E. coli resistant to cephalosporins are present in the fecal microbiota of healthy horses in Quebec. We characterised antimicrobial resistance, identified ESBL/AmpC genes and assessed potential risk factors for their presence. Fecal samples from 225 horses, distributed in 32 premises, were cultured for indicator E. coli (selected without enrichment) and specific E. coli (selected after enrichment with ceftriaxone). Of the 209 healthy horses in which E. coli were detected, 46.3% shed multidrug-resistant (resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials tested) E. coli. Non-susceptibility was most frequently observed for ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or streptomycin. ESBL/AmpC genes were detected in E. coli from 7.3% of horses and 18.8% of premises. The number of staff and equestrian event participation within the last three months were identified as risk factors for horses shedding multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates. The horse intestinal microbiota is a reservoir for ESBL/AmpC genes. The presence of ESBL/AmpC in horses is both a public and equine health concern, considering the close contact between horses and owners. Abstract Although antimicrobial resistance is an increasing threat in equine medicine, molecular and epidemiological data remain limited in North America. We assessed the prevalence of, and risk factors for, shedding multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli in healthy horses in Quebec, Canada. We collected fecal samples in 225 healthy adult horses from 32 premises. A questionnaire on facility management and horse medical history was completed for each horse. Indicator (without enrichment) and specific (following enrichment with ceftriaxone) E. coli were isolated and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The presence of ESBL/AmpC genes was determined by PCR. The prevalence of isolates that were non-susceptible to antimicrobials and to antimicrobial classes were estimated at the horse and the premises level. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess potential risk factors for MDR and ESBL/AmpC isolates. The shedding of MDR E. coli was detected in 46.3% of horses. Non-susceptibility was most commonly observed to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or streptomycin. ESBL/AmpC producing isolates were detected in 7.3% of horses. The most commonly identified ESBL/AmpC gene was blaCTX-M-1, although we also identified blaCMY-2. The number of staff and equestrian event participation were identified as risk factors for shedding MDR isolates. The prevalence of healthy horses harboring MDR or ESBL/AmpC genes isolates in their intestinal microbiota is noteworthy. We identified risk factors which could help to develop guidelines to preclude their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud de Lagarde
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada;
| | - John M. Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada;
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23
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Carvalho I, Alonso CA, Silva V, Pimenta P, Cunha R, Martins C, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Healthy and Sick Dogs in Portugal. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:709-715. [PMID: 31895642 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase (CP)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates are a public health concern at clinical level, mainly in Southern European countries. However, there are scarce data on the role of companion animals in the emergence of resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the presence of K. pneumoniae with relevant beta-lactamases in fecal samples from healthy dogs (kennel and house dogs) and sick dogs in seven different hospitals in Portugal. Fecal samples from 125 healthy dogs and 231 sick dogs (one per animal) were collected during April-August 2017. Samples were screened on MacConkey agar supplemented with meropenem, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) was used for K. pneumoniae identification. Genotypic detection of ESBLs or CPs was carried out by PCR/sequencing. Moreover, the presence of other antimicrobial resistance genes and multilocus sequence typing was tested by PCR/sequencing. K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from 16 tested samples (4.4%), and 3 of them were ertapenem and/or meropenem intermediate/resistant (all of them imipenem susceptible and negative for CP genes). Fifteen K. pneumoniae isolates were ESBL producers, and they carried the following beta-lactamase genes: blaCTX-M-15+blaSHV-28 (four isolates, in three cases associated with blaTEM-1), blaCTX-M-15+blaSHV-1 (five isolates, associated with TEM-1 in three cases), and blaSHV-28+blaTEM-1 (six isolates). Three ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates of different origins and beta-lactamase genotypes (CTX-M-15+SHV-28, CTX-M-15+SHV-28+TEM-1, or SHV-28+TEM-1) belonged to the lineage ST307, and one isolate was identified as ST15 (CTX-M-15+SHV-1). These findings highlight that dogs are frequent carriers of ESBL-producing K. pneumonia isolates, harboring mostly genes encoding CTX-M-15 or SHV-28, associated in some cases with the high-risk clones ST307 and ST15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Vanessa Silva
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pimenta
- Veterinary Hospital of Trás-os-Montes, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Cunha
- Veterinary Hospital of São Bento, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- Veterinary Clinic of Vouga, Sever do Vouga, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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24
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Tanaka H, Hayashi W, Iimura M, Taniguchi Y, Soga E, Matsuo N, Kawamura K, Arakawa Y, Nagano Y, Nagano N. Wastewater as a Probable Environmental Reservoir of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase Genes: Detection of Chimeric β-Lactamases CTX-M-64 and CTX-M-123. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01740-19. [PMID: 31519655 PMCID: PMC6821968 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01740-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquatic environments is a serious public health concern. This study focused on Escherichia coli possessing blaCTX-M genes in wastewater inflows. Twelve crude inflow water samples from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) A and two samples each from three other WWTPs were collected in 2017 and 2018. A total of 73 E. coli isolates with 31 different sequence types (STs) harboring distinctive blaCTX-M gene repertoires were detected. In WWTP A influents, blaCTX-M-14 (14 isolates) was dominant, followed by blaCTX-M-15 (12 isolates) and blaCTX-M-27 (10 isolates). The chimeric blaCTX-M-64 and blaCTX-M-123 genes were each identified in one of the E. coli isolates from the same WWTP A inflow port. The blaCTX-M-27 gene was associated with five of seven B2-ST131 isolates, including three isolates of the B2-O25b-ST131-H30R/non-Rx lineage. One of the remaining two isolates belonged to the B2-O25b-ST131-H30R/Rx lineage harboring the blaCTX-M-15 gene. As for the B2-O25b-ST131-H30R/non-Rx lineage, two isolates with blaCTX-M-27 were recovered from each of the WWTP B and D influents, and one isolate with blaCTX-M-174 was also recovered from WWTP B influent. Whole-genome sequencing of chimeric blaCTX-M-harboring E. coli isolates revealed that the blaCTX-M-64 gene was integrated into the chromosome of ST10 E. coli B22 via ISEcp1-mediated transposition of a 9,467-bp sequence. The blaCTX-M-123-carrying IncI1 plasmid pB64 was 109,169 bp in length with pST108. The overall findings suggest that wastewater may act as a probable reservoir of clinically significant clonal lineages mediating antimicrobial resistance genes and chimeric genes that have not yet been identified from human isolates of domestic origin in Japan.IMPORTANCE Global spread of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is a critical concern in both clinical and community settings. This dominance of CTX-M-type ESBL producers may be largely due to the successful international spread of epidemic clones, as represented by the extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) ST131. Our findings highlight the worrisome presence of diverse E. coli clones associated with humans, including ExPEC lineages harboring the most common blaCTX-M variants in untreated wastewater samples. Moreover, the chimeric genes blaCTX-M-64 and blaCTX-M-123, which have not yet been identified from human isolates of domestic origin in Japan, were identified. Exposure to untreated wastewater through combined sewer overflow caused by heavy rains derived from abnormal weather change could pose a risk for human health due to ingesting those antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tanaka
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Wataru Hayashi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masaki Iimura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yui Taniguchi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Eiji Soga
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nao Matsuo
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kawamura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Arakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nagano
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagano
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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25
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Das N, Madhavan J, Selvi A, Das D. An overview of cephalosporin antibiotics as emerging contaminants: a serious environmental concern. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:231. [PMID: 31139546 PMCID: PMC6534636 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been categorized as emerging pollutants due to their indiscriminate usage, continuous input and persistence in various environmental matrices even at lower concentrations. Cephalosporins are the broad-spectrum antibiotics of β-lactam family. Owing to its enormous production and consumption, it is reported as the second most prescribed antibiotic classes in Europe. The cephalosporin wastewater contains toxic organic compounds, inorganic salts, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) which pose a potential threat to the organisms in the environment. Therefore, removal of cephalosporin antibiotics from the environment has become mandatory as it contributes to increase in the level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), causing toxicity of the effluent and production of cephalosporin-resistant microbes. So far, several processes have been reported for degradation/removal of cephalosporins from the environment. A number of individual studies have been published within the last decade covering the various aspects of antibiotics. However, a detailed compilation on cephalosporin antibiotics as an emerging environmental contaminant is still lacking. Hence, the present review intends to highlight the current ecological scenario with respect to distribution, toxicity, degradation, various remediation technologies, and the regulatory aspects concerning cephalosporins. The latest successful technologies for cephalosporin degradation/removal discussed in this review will help researchers for a better understanding of the nature and persistence of cephalosporins in the environment along with the risks associated with their existence. The research thrust discussed in this review will also evoke new technologies to be attempted by the future researchers to develop sustainable options to remediate cephalosporin-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Das
- Bioremediation Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014 India
| | - Jagannathan Madhavan
- Solar Energy Lab, Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632115 India
| | - Adikesavan Selvi
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632115 India
| | - Devlina Das
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
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Cormier A, Zhang PLC, Chalmers G, Weese JS, Deckert A, Mulvey M, McAllister T, Boerlin P. Diversity of CTX-M-positive Escherichia coli recovered from animals in Canada. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:71-75. [PMID: 30955827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in bacteria from animals in Canada has been attributed to the SHV and CMY β-lactamase families. This pattern is beginning to change with the emergence of the blaCTX-M gene family among Escherichia coli recovered from various animal species. Here we analyze and compare whole genome sequences of blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates (n = 173) from dogs, chicken, swine, horses and beef cattle in Canada. Ten blaCTX-M variants were identified with blaCTX-M-1,-14, -15, -27 and blaCTX-M-55 being identified in most animal species. These variants occurred across many sequence types, suggesting that mobile genetic elements mediate the spread of blaCTX-M. The variants blaCTX-M-14, -15, -27 and blaCTX-M-55 are associated with the global spread of blaCTX-M in human clinical isolates and their presence could be indicative of transfer between humans and animals. These variants were also the principal variants identified among sequence type 131 isolates, which were not associated with any other species than dogs. These isolates carried the same blaCTX-M variants as E. coli isolates found in humans. Close contact may promote the transmission of these isolates between humans and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cormier
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pauline L C Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anne Deckert
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane - 103, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5B2, Canada
| | - Michael Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 5403-1 Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Lucas P, Jouy E, Le Devendec L, de Boisséson C, Perrin-Guyomard A, Jové T, Blanchard Y, Touzain F, Kempf I. Characterization of plasmids harboring blaCTX-M genes in Escherichia coli from French pigs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:100-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Wyres KL, Holt KE. Klebsiella pneumoniae as a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 45:131-139. [PMID: 29723841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen known for its high frequency and diversity of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. In addition to being a significant clinical problem in its own right, K. pneumoniae is the species within which several new AMR genes were first discovered before spreading to other pathogens (e.g. carbapenem-resistance genes KPC, OXA-48 and NDM-1). Whilst K. pneumoniae's contribution to the overall AMR crisis is impossible to quantify, current evidence suggests it has a wider ecological distribution, significantly more varied DNA composition, greater AMR gene diversity and a higher plasmid burden than other Gram negative opportunists. Hence we propose it plays a key role in disseminating AMR genes from environmental microbes to clinically important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wyres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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