1
|
Cunha FS, Peralta RHS, Peralta JM. New insights into the detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium with emphasis in Brazilian studies: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e28. [PMID: 31241657 PMCID: PMC6592014 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is a pathogenic protozoan present in the gastrointestinal tract of several hosts. This protozoan was originally classified as within the Coccidia Class and has recently been reclassified to gregarine based on studies that observed the evolutionary phases from the process of excision and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Molecular biology techniques have become diagnostic tools and have also been used to understand the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., since several species of this genus are very similar morphologically and morphometrically. Molecular techniques have been used in the identification of parasites, at the species and subtypes levels and to study disease transmission. The laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis can be made by parasite detection methods, such as optical microscopy, antigens or genetic material detection, as well as serum antibodies raised to Cryptosporidium spp. Molecular methods were developed and allowed, not only an extensive revision of the taxonomy, but also an improvement in the laboratory diagnosis. In Brazil, there are few reports of Cryptosporidium spp. outbreaks in humans and all of them took place in nurseries. A few epidemiological studies developed in Brazil have used molecular methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., as well as genotyping studies of their species and subtypes. The use of real-time PCR, together with microscopy and immunochromatography techniques, would result in a more precise diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. The analysis of genotypes, subtypes and clonality of Cryptosporidium could be useful to understand and define the prognosis and severity of infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Souza Cunha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento
de Patologia, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Mauro Peralta
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia
Prof. Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maciel PMF, Sabogal-Paz LP. Removal of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. from water supply with high turbidity: analytical challenges and perspectives. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:369-378. [PMID: 27280604 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium species are a serious problem if present in water supplies. The removal of these protozoans and the adaptation of existing protocols are essential for supplying drinking water to developing countries. Considering this, the aim of this study is to evaluate, on a bench level, the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from water with high turbidity, using polyaluminium chloride as a coagulant. Filtration using mixed cellulose ester membranes, followed, or not, by purification through immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was used for detecting protozoans. By evaluating the adopted protocol, without using IMS, retrievals of 80% of cysts and 5% of oocysts were obtained, whereas by using IMS, recoveries of 31.5% of cysts and 5.75% of oocysts were reached. When analyzing the coagulant performance, a dosage of 65 mg L(-1) showed contamination from protozoans in all the samples of filtered water. A dosage of 25 mg L(-1) presented protozoans in 50% of the filtered water samples. The results showed an improved performance for the 25 mg L(-1) dosage; therefore, the control of coagulation and adaptation of detection protocols must be evaluated according to the features of raw water and availability of local resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M F Maciel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 400 Trabalhador São-carlense Avenue, Zip code: 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| | - L P Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 400 Trabalhador São-carlense Avenue, Zip code: 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gotteland C, Gilot-Fromont E, Aubert D, Poulle ML, Dupuis E, Dardé ML, Forin-Wiart MA, Rabilloud M, Riche B, Villena I. Spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil in a rural area: Influence of cats and land use. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:629-37. [PMID: 25178554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent zoonoses worldwide. T. gondii infects humans through the ingestion of meat containing bradyzoites or through soil, food or water contaminated with oocysts. Soil contamination with oocysts is increasingly recognized as a major source of infection for humans, but has rarely been quantified directly. In this study, we investigated the spatial pattern of soil contamination with T. gondii over an area of 2.25 km(2) in a rural area of eastern France. The frequency and spatial distribution of T. gondii in soil was analyzed in relation with the factors that could influence the pattern of contamination: cats' frequency and spatial distribution and land use. According to a stratified random sampling Scheme 243 soil samples were collected. The detection of T. gondii oocysts was performed using a recent sensitive method based on concentration and quantitative PCR. Sensitivity was improved by analyzing four replicates at each sampling point. T. gondii was detected in 29.2% of samples. Soil contamination decreased with increasing distance from the core areas of cat home ranges (households and farms). However, it remained high at the periphery of the study site, beyond the boundaries of the largest cat home ranges, and was not related to land use. This pattern of contamination strongly supports the role of inhabited areas which concentrate cat populations as sources of risk for oocyst-induced infection for both humans and animals. Moreover, soil contamination was not restricted to areas of high cat density suggesting a large spatial scale of environmental contamination, which could result from T. gondii oocysts dissemination through rain washing or other mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gotteland
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Bâtiment Mendel, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, UFR de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé FED 4231, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51096 Reims, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CERFE, 08240 Boult-aux-bois, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Bâtiment Mendel, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro-Sup Campus Vétérinaire, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, UFR de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé FED 4231, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51096 Reims, France
| | - Marie-Lazarine Poulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, UFR de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé FED 4231, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51096 Reims, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CERFE, 08240 Boult-aux-bois, France
| | - Emilie Dupuis
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, UFR de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé FED 4231, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51096 Reims, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Amélie Forin-Wiart
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, UFR de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé FED 4231, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51096 Reims, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CERFE, 08240 Boult-aux-bois, France
| | - Muriel Rabilloud
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Bâtiment Mendel, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire Biostatistique-Santé, Service de Biostatistique, 162 Avenue Lacassagne, 69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Benjamin Riche
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Bâtiment Mendel, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire Biostatistique-Santé, Service de Biostatistique, 162 Avenue Lacassagne, 69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 3800, UFR de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé FED 4231, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51096 Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Osaki SC, Soccol VT, Costa AO, Oliveira-Silva MB, Pereira JT, Procopio AE. Polymerase chain reaction and nested-PCR approaches for detecting Cryptosporidium in water catchments of water treatment plants in Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:270-6. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0053-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
5
|
Abstract
PCR is an important and powerful tool in several fields, including clinical diagnostics, food analysis, and forensic analysis. In theory, PCR enables the detection of one single cell or DNA molecule. However, the presence of PCR inhibitors in the sample affects the amplification efficiency of PCR, thus lowering the detection limit, as well as the precision of sequence-specific nucleic acid quantification in real-time PCR. In order to overcome the problems caused by PCR inhibitors, all the steps leading up to DNA amplification must be optimized for the sample type in question. Sampling and sample treatment are key steps, but most of the methods currently in use were developed for conventional diagnostic methods and not for PCR. Therefore, there is a need for fast, simple, and robust sample preparation methods that take advantage of the accuracy of PCR. In addition, the thermostable DNA polymerases and buffer systems used in PCR are affected differently by inhibitors. During recent years, real-time PCR has developed considerably and is now widely used as a diagnostic tool. This technique has greatly improved the degree of automation and reduced the analysis time, but has also introduced a new set of PCR inhibitors, namely those affecting the fluorescence signal. The purpose of this chapter is to view the complexity of PCR inhibition from different angles, presenting both molecular explanations and practical ways of dealing with the problem. Although diagnostic PCR brings together scientists from different diagnostic fields, end-users have not fully exploited the potential of learning from each other. Here, we have collected knowledge from archeological analysis, clinical diagnostics, environmental analysis, food analysis, and forensic analysis. The concept of integrating sampling, sample treatment, and the chemistry of PCR, i.e., pre-PCR processing, will be addressed as a general approach to overcoming real-time PCR inhibition and producing samples optimal for PCR analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hedman
- Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koken E, Darnault CJ, Jacobson AR, Powelson D, Hendrickson W. Quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum in natural soil matrices and soil solutions using qPCR. J Microbiol Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Burnet J, Ogorzaly L, Tissier A, Penny C, Cauchie H. Novel quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR assays for detection of Cryptosporidium
at the genus level and genotyping of major human and cattle-infecting species. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1211-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.B. Burnet
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Management; Université de Liège (ULg); Arlon Belgium
| | - L. Ogorzaly
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - A. Tissier
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - C. Penny
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - H.M. Cauchie
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quantitative estimation of the viability of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5127-32. [PMID: 22582074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00246-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts spread in the environment are an important source of toxoplasmosis for humans and animal species. Although the life expectancy of oocysts has been studied through the infectivity of inoculated soil samples, the survival dynamics of oocysts in the environment are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to quantify oocyst viability in soil over time under two rain conditions. Oocysts were placed in 54 sentinel chambers containing soil and 18 sealed water tubes, all settled in two containers filled with soil. Containers were watered to simulate rain levels of arid and wet climates and kept at stable temperature for 21.5 months. At nine sampling dates during this period, we sampled six chambers and two water tubes. Three methods were used to measure oocyst viability: microscopic counting, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and mouse inoculation. In parallel, oocysts were kept refrigerated during the same period to analyze their detectability over time. Microscopic counting, qPCR, and mouse inoculation all showed decreasing values over time and highly significant differences between the decreases under dry and damp conditions. The proportion of oocysts surviving after 100 days was estimated to be 7.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 5.1, 10.8) under dry conditions and 43.7% (5% CI = 35.6, 53.5) under damp conditions. The detectability of oocysts by qPCR over time decreased by 0.5 cycle threshold per 100 days. Finally, a strong correlation between qPCR results and the dose infecting 50% of mice was found; thus, qPCR results may be used as an estimate of the infectivity of soil samples.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kishida N, Miyata R, Furuta A, Izumiyama S, Tsuneda S, Sekiguchi Y, Noda N, Akiba M. Quantitative detection of Cryptosporidium oocyst in water source based on 18S rRNA by alternately binding probe competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ABC-RT-PCR). WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:187-194. [PMID: 22088270 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe an assay for simple and cost-effective quantification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples using a recently developed quantification method named alternately binding probe competitive PCR (ABC-PCR). The assay is based on the detection of 18S rRNA specific for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The standard curve of the ABC-PCR assay had a good fitting to a rectangular hyperbola with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9997. Concentrations of Cryptosporidium oocysts in real river water samples were successfully quantified by the ABC-reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. The quantified values by the ABC-RT-PCR assay very closely resemble those by the real-time RT-PCR assay. In addition, the quantified concentration in most water samples by the ABC-RT-PCR assay was comparable to that by conventional microscopic observation. Thus, Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples can be accurately and specifically determined by the ABC-RT-PCR assay. As the only equipment that is needed for this end-point fluorescence assay is a simple fluorometer and a relatively inexpensive thermal cycler, this method can markedly reduce time and cost to quantify Cryptosporidium oocysts and other health-related water microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Kishida
- Division of Water Management, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351 0197, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lélu M, Gilot-Fromont E, Aubert D, Richaume A, Afonso E, Dupuis E, Gotteland C, Marnef F, Poulle ML, Dumètre A, Thulliez P, Dardé ML, Villena I. Development of a sensitive method for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst extraction in soil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Helmi K, Skraber S, Burnet JB, Leblanc L, Hoffmann L, Cauchie HM. Two-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia occurrence in a recreational and drinking water reservoir using standard microscopic and molecular biology techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 179:163-175. [PMID: 20890786 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starting in 2006, a monitoring of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum occurrence was conducted for 2 years in the largest drinking water reservoir of Luxembourg (Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir) using microscopy and qPCR techniques. Parasite analyses were performed on water samples collected from three sites: site A located at the inlet of the reservoir, site B located 18 km downstream site A, at the inlet of the drinking water treatment plant near the dam of the reservoir and site C where the finished drinking water is injected in the distribution network. Results show that both parasites are present in the reservoir throughout the year with a higher occurrence of G. lamblia cysts compared to C. parvum oocysts. According to our results, only 25% of the samples positive by microscopy were confirmed by qPCR. (Oo)cyst concentrations were 10 to 100 times higher at site A compared to site B and they were positively correlated to the water turbidity and negatively correlated to the temperature. Highest (oo)cyst concentrations were observed in winter. In contrast, no relationship between the concentrations of (oo)cysts in the reservoir and rain events could be established. Though a correlation has been observed between both parasites and faecal indicators in the reservoir, some discrepancies highlight that the latter do not represent a reliable tool to predict the presence/absence of these pathogenic protozoa. In summer 2007, the maximal risk of parasite infection per exposure event for swimmers in the reservoir was estimated to be 0.0015% for C. parvum and 0.56% for G. lamblia. Finally, no (oo)cysts could be detected in large volumes of finished drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Helmi
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Detection of Coxiella burnetii in complex matrices by using multiplex quantitative PCR during a major Q fever outbreak in The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6516-23. [PMID: 21784920 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05097-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. A large rural area in the southeast of the Netherlands was heavily affected by Q fever between 2007 and 2009. This initiated the development of a robust and internally controlled multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of C. burnetii DNA in veterinary and environmental matrices on suspected Q fever-affected farms. The qPCR detects three C. burnetii targets (icd, com1, and IS1111) and one Bacillus thuringiensis internal control target (cry1b). Bacillus thuringiensis spores were added to samples to control both DNA extraction and PCR amplification. The performance of the qPCR assay was investigated and showed a high efficiency; a limit of detection of 13.0, 10.6, and 10.4 copies per reaction for the targets icd, com1, and IS1111, respectively; and no cross-reactivity with the nontarget organisms tested. Screening for C. burnetii DNA on 29 suspected Q fever-affected farms during the Q fever epidemic in 2008 showed that swabs from dust-accumulating surfaces contained higher levels of C. burnetii DNA than vaginal swabs from goats or sheep. PCR inhibition by coextracted substances was observed in some environmental samples, and 10- or 100-fold dilutions of samples were sufficient to obtain interpretable signals for both the C. burnetii targets and the internal control. The inclusion of an internal control target and three C. burnetii targets in one multiplex qPCR assay showed that complex veterinary and environmental matrices can be screened reliably for the presence of C. burnetii DNA during an outbreak.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lalonde LF, Gajadhar AA. Detection and differentiation of coccidian oocysts by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Parasitol 2011; 97:725-30. [PMID: 21506835 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2706.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable detection and identification of coccidian oocysts are essential for animal health and foodborne disease outbreak investigations. Traditional microscopy and morphological techniques can identify large and unique oocysts, but they are often subjective and require parasitological expertise. The objective of this study was to develop a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay using melting curve analysis (MCA) to detect, differentiate, and identify DNA from coccidian species of animal health, zoonotic, and food safety concern. A universal coccidia primer cocktail was designed and employed to amplify DNA from Cryptosporidium parvum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and several species of Eimeria, Sarcocystis, and Isospora using qPCR with SYBR Green detection. MCA was performed following amplification, and melting temperatures (T(m)) were determined for each species based on multiple replicates. A standard curve was constructed from DNA of serial dilutions of T. gondii oocysts to estimate assay sensitivity. The qPCR assay consistently detected DNA from as few as 10 T. gondii oocysts. T(m) data analysis showed that C. cayetanensis, C. parvum, Cryptosporidium muris, T. gondii, Eimeria bovis, Eimeria acervulina, Isospora suis, and Sarcocystis cruzi could each be identified by unique melting curves and could be differentiated based on T(m). DNA of coccidian oocysts in fecal, food, or clinical diagnostic samples could be sensitively detected, reliably differentiated, and identified using qPCR with MCA. This assay may also be used to detect other life-cycle stages of coccidia in tissues, fluids, and other matrices. MCA studies on multiple isolates of each species will further validate the assay and support its application as a routine parasitology screening tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Lalonde
- Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, S7N 2R3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu X, Van Dyke MI, Portt A, Huck PM. Development of a direct DNA extraction protocol for real-time PCR detection of Giardia lamblia from surface water. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:661-668. [PMID: 19499328 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is one of the most recognized waterborne protozoan parasites causing gastrointestinal disease. A simple but effective DNA extraction protocol for real-time PCR detection from surface water samples was developed in this study. Eleven protocols were compared, which consisted of freeze-thaw treatments (liquid N(2) and boiling water) and purification using the Qiagen DNeasy kit, together with different combinations of proteinase K, PVP360, GITC and Chelex 100 incubation. Using concentrated surface water samples spiked with G. lamblia cysts, the necessary steps for high DNA recovery were shown to be freeze-thaw, DNeasy purification and Chelex 100 incubation. Multiple rounds of freeze-thaw treatment (five cycles per round) were reported for the first time in this study to significantly increase the DNA yield from G. lamblia cysts, from ~20% after one round of freeze-thaw to 40 and 70% after two and three-rounds of freeze-thaw, respectively. More than three rounds of freeze-thaw treatment did not promote additional DNA recovery. The final protocol included three-three-rounds of freeze-thaw treatment, DNeasy purification and Chelex 100 incubation. This method was simpler, more cost-effective, and had a comparable DNA recovery to methods involving immunomagnetic separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Avenue, 361021 Xiamen, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Janjaroen D, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Nguyen TH. Deposition of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on natural organic matter surfaces: microscopic evidence for secondary minimum deposition in a radial stagnation point flow cell. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1594-1605. [PMID: 19133757 DOI: 10.1021/la803202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A radial stagnation point flow (RSPF) system combined with a microscope was used to determine the deposition kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on quartz surfaces and silica surfaces coated with Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) in solutions with different ionic strengths. Microscopic evidence of C. parvum oocysts entrapped in the secondary minimum energy well was presented to show that among the entrapped C. parvum oocysts some were washed away by the radial flow and some were able to transfer to deep primary minima and become irreversibly deposited. Experimental data were compared with simulation results obtained by the convective-diffusion equation and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The experimental results suggested that surface charge heterogeneity led to a higher attachment efficiency at low ionic strength. In addition, the maximum attachment efficiency was less than 1 at high ionic strength due to steric interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with System and Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bouzid M, Steverding D, Tyler KM. Detection and surveillance of waterborne protozoan parasites. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008; 19:302-6. [PMID: 18524569 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the world's population still live without access to healthy water and the contamination of drinking water with protozoan pathogens poses a serious threat to millions of people in the developing world. Even in the developed world periodic outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases are caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica. Thus, surveillance of drinking water is imperative to minimize such contaminations and ensure continuous supplies of healthy water world-wide. This article reviews the progress in technology for detection and surveillance of these important waterborne parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Bouzid
- BioMedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|