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Zanfagnini LG, Reis JL, Rocha VN, Souza SF, Hitara KY, Marcondes M, Pacheco AD. Ehrlichia spp. infection worsens cardiac damage in dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e018223. [PMID: 38836809 PMCID: PMC11253817 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In endemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), the occurrence of coinfection with other pathogens, such as Ehrlichia spp., has been associated with worsening of the clinical condition. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of histological changes in the myocardia of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi with or without coinfection with Ehrlichia spp.. We evaluated paraffin-embedded myocardial sections from 31 dogs, affected by either L. chagasi alone or coinfected with L. chagasi and Ehrlichia spp., to compare the extent and degree of cardiac damage. The blocks were divided into two groups. G1 (dogs infected only by L. chagasi) and G2 (dogs coinfected with L. chagasi and Ehrlichia spp.). The right atrium free wall, right ventricle free wall, left ventricle, and interventricular septum of all groups were evaluated. Cardiac alterations were observed in 41.93% (52/124) of the fragments evaluated and inflammatory infiltrate was the most common pattern found. The G2 group showed a higher incidence of myocarditis, with 61.53% (32/52), compared to the G1 group, in which 20 out of 72 cases (27.7%) exhibited histopathological changes (p <0.05). These findings confirmed that coinfection can potentiate cardiac damage in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janildo Ludolf Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Novaes Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Karina Yukie Hitara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Frigerio ED, Guizelini CDC, Jussiani GG, Março KS, de Melo GD, Watanabe TTN, Machado GF. Lymphocytic hypophysitis in dogs infected with Leishmania spp. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1208919. [PMID: 37781278 PMCID: PMC10537919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1208919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Morphological involvement of endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, remain uninvestigated in dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Therefore, this study investigated the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania spp. and characterized inflammatory changes, highlighting the involvement of TCD3+ lymphocytes in different regions of the pituitary gland of dogs. Methods Samples were collected from 21 naturally infected dogs and 5 control, uninfected dogs. The different pituitary regions were analyzed in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) under light microscopy. Inflammation was classified by intensity in a score from 0 to 3, absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), and marked (3). The immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation was performed in five high-power fields (hot spot) in a 40x objective of each region with manual counting (Image J1.52ª) of the TCD3+ lymphocytes and for amastigotes analyzed in 40x and 100x objectives. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. Differences between groups were determined by the Mann Whitney test. The correlation between variables was assessed by Sperman's correlation test. p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Amastigotes from the pituitary glands of two infected dogs were identified using IHC. The histopathological evaluation stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed greater intensity of inflammation in the pars distalis and pars intermedia regions of infected dogs. IHC for TCD3+ lymphocytes showed a higher median number of immunolabeled cells in pars nervosa in the infected group than in the control group (p < 0.05); and expecting a variation in the distribution and number of these cells in naturally infected dogs, the median of the control group was considered a cut-off point, an increase in T lymphocytes (p < 0.05) was also observed in the pars intermedia and pars distalis of an infected subgroup (n = 10). A moderate significant correlation between the intensity of inflammation and the number of immunolabeled TCD3+ lymphocytes was established in the analyzed pituitary regions, characterizing the occurrence of hypophysitis. Conclusion These findings presuppose that inflammation and/or the parasite in the pituitary region can result in gland dysfunction, worsening the clinical condition of the patient and compromising the efficiency of treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edenilson Doná Frigerio
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Cecilia de Castro Guizelini
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Giulia Gonçalves Jussiani
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karen Santos Março
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Surgery and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
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Silva JEDS, Jussiani GG, Grano FG, Pelissari MCC, de Melo GD, Negrão Watanabe TT, de Lima VF, Machado GF. Increased CCL-5 (RANTES) Gene Expression in the Choroid Plexus of Dogs with Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2060. [PMID: 37443858 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral canine leishmaniasis (CanL) can cause several clinical manifestations, including neurological lesions. Few reports have characterized the lesions observed in the central nervous system (CNS) during CanL; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The choroid plexus (CP) is a specialized structure responsible for the production and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and considered an interface between the peripheral immune system and CNS. It can allow the passage of inflammatory cells or pathogens and has the potential to act as a source of inflammatory mediators in several diseases. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role of CP as a possible route of inflammatory cells in the development of brain lesions in dogs with CanL, as well as its association with blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) dysfunction. Samples were collected from 19 dogs that were naturally infected with CanL. We evaluated the histopathological lesions in the brain and investigated the gene expression of the cytokines. Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the presence of the same cytokines in the CSF. Biochemical analysis was performed to compare the presence of albumin in the serum and CSF. Indirect ELISA was performed to measure the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies in the CSF, which would suggest the disruption of the BCSFB. Histopathological evaluation of the dogs' brains revealed mild-to-severe inflammatory infiltrates, mainly in the CP and meninges. We also detected the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies and albumin in the CSF, as well as Leishmania DNA in the CP. The gene expression of CCL-5 was increased in the CP of infected dogs compared with that of controls, and there was a tendency for the increase in the gene expression of CXCL-10. Thus, our findings confirm the disfunction of the BCSFB during CanL and suggest that the chemokines CCL-5 and CXCL-10 can be responsible for the recruitment of inflammatory cells found in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Dos Santos Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Giulia Gonçalves Jussiani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Grecco Grano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Clarindo Pelissari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Intitut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Antech Diagnostics, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Valéria Felix de Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Clóvis Pestana, 793, Dona Amélia, Araçatuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil
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Leishmania hide-and-seek: Parasite amastigotes in the choroid plexus of a dog with neurological signs in an endemic municipality in Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100291. [PMID: 31303241 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A female adult mixed-breed stray dog presented with hind limb paraparesis and clinical signs of visceral leishmaniasis. The cerebrospinal fluid presented signs of blood-brain barrier disruption. Both spleen and brain were positive for Leishmania spp. DNA. Besides inflammation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed the presence of intracellular amastigotes in the choroid plexus (CP). Despite other studies that revealed parasite DNA, the current study describes the presence of Leishmania within the brain of a naturally infected dog, specifically in CP, with no previous reports in the Americas, and suggests the CP as a possible pathway to parasite entry into the brain.
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Maia C, Campino L. Biomarkers Associated With Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:302. [PMID: 30237985 PMCID: PMC6136405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum species [syn. L. (L.) infantum chagasi species in the Americas] which is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly. This parasitosis is endemic and affect millions of dogs in Asia, the Americas and the Mediterranean basin. Domestic dogs are the main hosts and the main reservoir hosts for human zoonotic leishmaniosis. The outcome of infection is a consequence of intricate interactions between the protozoan and the immunological and genetic background of the host. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe disease. Early detection of infected dogs, their close surveillance and treatment are essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs, being also a pivotal element for the control of human zoonotic leishmaniosis. Hence, the identification of biomarkers for the confirmation of Leishmania infection, disease and determination of an appropriate treatment would represent an important tool to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring and in giving a realistic prognosis to subclinical infected and sick dogs. Here, we review the recent advances in the identification of Leishmania infantum biomarkers, focusing on those related to parasite exposure, susceptibility to infection and disease development. Markers related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to monitoring the evolution of leishmaniosis and treatment outcome are also summarized. Data emphasizes the complexity of parasite-host interactions and that a single biomarker cannot be used alone for CanL diagnosis or prognosis. Nevertheless, results are encouraging and future research to explore the potential clinical application of biomarkers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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Toll-like receptors and cytokines in the brain and in spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Macau WL, Cortez de Sá J, da Silva APDC, Rocha AL, Mondêgo-Oliveira R, de Andrade FHE, Cunha CM, Calabrese KDS, Abreu-Silva AL. Main lesions in the central nervous system of dogs due to Leishmania infantum infection. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:255. [PMID: 28821261 PMCID: PMC5563018 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic in São Luís Maranhão/Brazil and it leads a varied clinical picture, including neurological signs. Results Histopathological evaluation showed that 14 dogs exhibited pathological alterations in at least one of the analyzed areas. Of these, mononuclear inflammatory reaction was the most frequent, although other lesions, such as hemorrhage, chromatolysis and gliosis were also observed. The presence of L. infantum amastigotes was confirmed in eight dogs, identified in four regions: telencephalon, hippocampus, thalamus and caudal colliculus, but only one presented neurological signs. Polymerase chain reaction results detected the DNA of the parasite in 11 samples from seven dogs. The positive areas were the telencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, caudal and rostral colliculus. Conclusion These results reveal that during canine visceral leishmaniasis, the central nervous system may display some alterations, without necessarily exhibiting clinical neurological manifestations. In addition, the L. infantum parasite has the ability to cross the blood brain barrier and penetrate the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weline Lopes Macau
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, MA, CEP 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Joicy Cortez de Sá
- Medicine Coordination, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís, MA, CEP 65055-000, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Lima Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, CEP 65055-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Mondêgo-Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, CEP 65055-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, CEP 65055-000, Brazil.
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Giannuzzi AP, Ricciardi M, De Simone A, Gernone F. Neurological manifestations in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum: descriptions of 10 cases and a review of the literature. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:125-138. [PMID: 28267216 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate possible nervous system involvement in canine leishmaniasis, retrospective evaluation of all medical records of leishmaniotic dogs exhibiting neurological signs referred to our hospital over a 5-year period was performed. The records of 10 dogs were reviewed. Depending on the neuroanatomical localisation, the dogs underwent advanced diagnostic imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electrodiagnostic testing and histopathologic evaluations. The final neurological diagnosis was: meningoencephalitis (n=2), brain haemorrhagic stroke (n=1), haemorrhagic choroiditis (n=1), meningomyelitis (n=2), ischaemic myelopathy (n=1), polymyositis (n=2) and peripheral neuropathy (n=1). This study confirms that both central and peripheral nervous systems can be affected by leishmaniasis and provides an overview on the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms. In addition, clinical and diagnostic findings, therapy and follow-up of affected dogs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Ricciardi
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - A De Simone
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - F Gernone
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, Bari, 70126, Italy
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Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175588. [PMID: 28419136 PMCID: PMC5395170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and little is known about the occurrence and pathogenesis of this parasite in the CNS. The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological histological alterations associated with this protozoan and its co-infections in naturally infected dogs. Forty-eight Leishmania-seropositive dogs from which L. infantum was isolated after necropsy were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed by parasitological culture, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the rapid immunochromatographic Dual Path Platform test. Brain, spinal cord and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological culture, qPCR, and histological techniques. Additionally, anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in serum and distemper virus antigens in CSF were investigated. None of the dogs showed neurological signs. All dogs tested positive for L. infantum in the CNS. Viable forms of L. infantum were isolated from CSF, brain and spinal cord in 25% of the dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in CSF in 61% of 36 dogs. Inflammatory histological alterations were observed in the CNS of 31% of the animals; of these, 66% were seropositive for E. canis and/or T. gondii. Amastigote forms were associated with granulomatous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in a dog without evidence of co-infections. The highest frequency of L. infantum DNA was observed in the brain (98%), followed by the spinal cord (96%), spleen (95%), and CSF (50%). The highest L. infantum load in CNS was found in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that L. infantum can cross the blood-brain barrier, spread through CSF, and cause active infection in the entire CNS of dogs. Additionally, L. infantum can cause inflammation in the CNS that can lead to neurological signs with progression of the disease.
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T lymphocyte immunophenotypes in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 232:12-20. [PMID: 27890077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease causing several clinical manifestations in dogs, including neurological disorders. Nevertheless, there are few studies related to the evaluation of the brain alterations during VL. Evidences of the involvement of cerebral barriers in infected dogs was reported, including the presence of brain inflammatory infiltrate, with a predominance of CD3+ T cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the immunophenotypes of T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as in peripheral blood, and to correlate with brain alterations in dogs with VL. We detected elevated percentages of double negative (DN) and double positive (DP) T cells in the CSF, with a predominance of TCRαb. In the histopathological analysis, we observed a predominance of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, mainly in leptomeninges, ranging from mild to intense, and we observed a positive correlation between the intensity of inflammation in the subependymal area and the DN T cells of the CSF. Thus, the DN T cells seem be acting as villains of the immune system through pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Further, the proportion of the different population of CSF T cells did not differ from those observed in the blood, which provides us with more evidence of blood-CSF barrier breakdown. Together, the results provide more explanation to the inflammation observed in the brain of dogs with VL, which the DN T cells contribute to the origin and progression of the neurological disease. This study provides insight into the immunophenotypes of T lymphocytes in the CSF during canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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Melo GD, Grano FG, Silva JES, Kremer BE, Lima VMF, Machado GF. Blood-brain barrier disruption during spontaneous canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:635-45. [PMID: 26434684 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by Leishmania infantum, and in dogs, besides the classical symptoms, there are descriptions of inflammatory alterations in the brain. Brain inflammation is a strictly controlled process, and as the brain counts on the efficiency of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we aimed to assess BBB integrity in dogs with spontaneous visceral leishmaniasis. Therefore, we evaluated markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in brain tissue related to BBB disruption and brain inflammation. Elevated albumin quota revealed BBB breakdown, corroborated by increased concentrations of anti-Leishmania antibodies in the CSF. In the brain, albumin and IgG staining formed halos around blood vessels, a classical indicator of BBB leakage. Soluble IgG was also detected in the choroid plexus and ependyma, and in these structures, IgG stained random resident cells. IgG(+) cells and Fcγ-RI(+) cells were identified in the choroid plexus, ependyma and perivascular in the brain parenchyma. The data support the occurrence of BBB disruption in dogs with spontaneous visceral leishmaniasis, and IgG as a key molecule that is capable of initiating and/or maintaining the inflammatory stimuli in the nervous milieu and the CSF as an important disseminator of inflammatory stimuli within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Melo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F G Grano
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E S Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B E Kremer
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V M F Lima
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Imunologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Machado
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Patologia Aplicada (LApap), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cardinot CB, Silva JES, Yamatogi RS, Nunes CM, Biondo AW, Vieira RFC, Junior JPA, Marcondes M. Detection ofEhrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, andToxoplasma gondiiDNA in the Brain of Dogs Naturally Infected withLeishmania infantum. J Parasitol 2016; 102:275-9. [DOI: 10.1645/15-821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Maia CSF, Monteiro MC, Gavioli EC, Oliveira FR, Oliveira GB, Romão PRT. Neurological disease in human and canine leishmaniasis--clinical features and immunopathogenesis. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:385-93. [PMID: 25983042 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease caused by Leishmania protozoa, which is a major health problem and a neglected disease common in many regions of the world. Leishmania is an intracellular parasite transmitted by sand flies that causes clinical manifestations ranging from a severe and potentially fatal disease named visceral leishmaniasis to less severe but in many cases disfiguring diseases that mainly affect the skin or mucosal tissues, known as cutaneous leishmaniasis. Despite the detection of Leishmania parasites in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of human patients and dogs, epidemiological data, as well as information about the mechanisms of central and peripheral nervous system alterations, are poorly described. This review is focused on the current knowledge about the neurological manifestations and immunopathogenic mechanisms in human patients and animals infected with Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S F Maia
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post-graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - M C Monteiro
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil.,Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post-graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - E C Gavioli
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - F R Oliveira
- Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post-graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - G B Oliveira
- Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post-graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - P R T Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Melo GD, Silva JES, Grano FG, Souza MS, Machado GF. Leishmania infection and neuroinflammation: Specific chemokine profile and absence of parasites in the brain of naturally-infected dogs. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Melo GD, Silva JES, Grano FG, Homem CG, Machado GF. Compartmentalized gene expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in the brain and peripheral lymphoid organs during canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:726-31. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. Melo
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - J. E. S. Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. G. Grano
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. G. Homem
- College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - G. F. Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LApap); College of Veterinary Medicine; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
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José-López R, de la Fuente C, Pumarola M, Añor S. Intramedullary spinal cord mass presumptively associated with leishmaniasis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:200-4. [PMID: 24378030 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 9-year-old male Miniature Poodle was evaluated because of progressive severe right hemiparesis, right forelimb lameness, and signs of cervical pain. CLINICAL FINDINGS A low body condition score (2/9) and popliteal lymphadenopathy were detected. Results of a CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, cytologic examination of bone marrow and popliteal lymph node aspirates, and serum ELISA were consistent with systemic leishmaniasis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spinal cord revealed an intramedullary mass extending from the caudal aspect of the C5 vertebral body to the C5-6 intervertebral disk space with a contrast medium-enhanced pattern that had 3 zones (central contrast medium-enhanced core, intermediate isointense zone, and peripheral contrast medium-enhanced ring). Surgical biopsy of the mass was performed by means of a right C5-6 dorsal hemilaminectomy. Results of PCR assays for detection of Leishmania DNA in CSF and tissue biopsy samples were positive. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment for systemic leishmaniasis was initiated. Two months later, body condition, neurologic signs, and gait of the dog had substantially improved; the dog had mild right forelimb paresis at that time. Results of follow-up MRI indicated resolution of the cervical spinal cord lesion. Four months after diagnosis, the dog's neurologic condition was stable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this report is the first in which clinical findings, clinicopathologic data, and MRI characteristics of an intramedullary inflammatory spinal cord lesion presumptively attributable to leishmaniasis in a dog have been reported, and the first report of CNS leishmaniasis in a dog with MRI resolution and a successful clinical response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto José-López
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain., Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Grano FG, Melo GD, Belinchón-Lorenzo S, Gómez-Nieto LC, Machado GF. First detection of Leishmania infantum DNA within the brain of naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:376-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sakamoto KP, de Melo GD, Machado GF. T and B lymphocytes in the brains of dogs with concomitant seropositivity to three pathogenic protozoans: Leishmania chagasi, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:226. [PMID: 23758819 PMCID: PMC3701587 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease with great variability regarding the clinical manifestations in humans and dogs. Chronically infected dogs may develop neurological disorders, however, there are few reports that characterize the lesions and make clear the pathogenesis of the canine cerebral leishmaniasis. Concomitant with Leishmania chagasi, dogs may be infected by opportunistic pathogens, such as Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, which may contribute to the occurrence of lesions in the central nervous system. Hence, we aimed to compare the T and B lymphocytes population in the brains of infected dogs with seropositivity to L. chagasi, T. gondii and N. caninum concurrently (n = 24), seropositivity only to L. chagasi (n = 31), and seropositivity to T. gondii and N. caninum (n = 16). Uninfected dogs were used as control (n = 10). RESULTS Inflammatory lesions, characterised by mononuclear cell accumulation, composed mainly of CD3+ T lymphocytes predominated in several encephalic regions of the dogs from all the three infected groups, with no difference among them (P = 0.0004), whereas CD79α+ B lymphocytes were detected in very small intensity and presented no difference among groups (P = 0.5313). Furthermore, no association among diseases was detected at the serological enquire. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the peripheral infection by L. chagasi per se can promote the influx of lymphocytes within the nervous milieu as occurs during Toxoplasma and Neospora infections, and the concomitant seropositivity against these pathogens does not exacerbate the inflammatory brain lesions. Therefore, these findings give additional support that the brain should be included in the list of organs affected by visceral leishmaniasis and that even asymptomatic infected dogs may develop brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Priscilla Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LAPAP), College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 739, CEP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LAPAP), College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 739, CEP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology (LAPAP), College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 739, CEP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Machado GF, Bernardi F, Hosomi FYM, Peiró JR, Weiblen R, Roehe PM, Alessi AC, Melo GD, Ramos AT, Maiorka PC. Bovine herpesvirus-5 infection in a rabbit experimental model: immunohistochemical study of the cellular response in the CNS. Microb Pathog 2013; 57:10-6. [PMID: 23375887 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since little information is available regarding cellular antigen mapping and the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection, it were determined the BHV-5 distribution, the astrocytic reactivity, the involvement of lymphocytes and the presence of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the brain of rabbits experimentally infected with BHV-5. Twelve New Zealand rabbits that were seronegative for BHV-5 were used for virus inoculation, and five rabbits were used as mock-infected controls. The rabbits were kept in separate areas and were inoculated intranasally with 500 μl of virus suspension (EVI 88 Brazilian isolate) into each nostril (virus titer, 10(7.5) TCID50). Control rabbits were inoculated with the same volume of minimum essential medium. Five days before virus inoculation, the rabbits were submitted to daily administration of dexamethasone. After virus inoculation, the rabbits were monitored clinically on a daily basis. Seven rabbits showed respiratory symptoms and four animals exhibited neurological symptoms. Tissue sections were collected for histological examination and immunohistochemistry to examine BHV-5 antigens, astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes and MMP-9. By means of immunohistochemical and PCR methods, BHV-5 was detected in the entire brain of the animals which presented with neurological symptoms, especially in the trigeminal ganglion and cerebral cortices. Furthermore, BHV-5 antigens were detected in neurons and/or other non-neural cells. In addition to the neurons, most infiltrating CD3 T lymphocytes observed in these areas were positive for MMP-9 and also for BHV-5 antigen. These infected cells might contribute to the spread of the virus to the rabbit brain along the trigeminal ganglia and olfactory nerve pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele F Machado
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Márquez M, Pedregosa JR, López J, Marco-Salazar P, Fondevila D, Pumarola M. Leishmania amastigotes in the central nervous system of a naturally infected dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 25:142-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712466728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old male Labrador Retriever dog was presented with a 10-day history of tetraplegia, depression, and absent postural reflexes. The cerebrospinal fluid was positive for Leishmania spp. DNA. At necropsy, a 2-cm long mass was observed adhered to C7 and C8 left spinal nerves. Microscopically, nerve fiber destruction together with mixed inflammatory infiltration was observed in the spinal nerves. Cervical spinal cord sections showed multifocal, diffuse granulomatous inflammation in the white matter. In the brain, perivascular infiltrates were observed in some areas together with subtle pallor of the parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry for Leishmania infantum confirmed the presence of amastigotes in the spinal nerves, spinal cord, brain parenchyma, and choroid plexuses. The current study describes the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in nervous tissue inciting radiculoneuritis, myelitis, and mild meningoencephalitis, suggesting a likely route by which L. infantum amastigotes reach and affect the central nervous system parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merce Márquez
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Veterinario Al Sur, José Luis Pérez Pujadas, Granada, Spain (Pedregosa, López), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals (Marco-Salazar), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica (Márquez, Fondevila, Pumarola), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Raúl Pedregosa
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Veterinario Al Sur, José Luis Pérez Pujadas, Granada, Spain (Pedregosa, López), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals (Marco-Salazar), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica (Márquez, Fondevila, Pumarola), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jesús López
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Veterinario Al Sur, José Luis Pérez Pujadas, Granada, Spain (Pedregosa, López), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals (Marco-Salazar), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica (Márquez, Fondevila, Pumarola), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Paola Marco-Salazar
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Veterinario Al Sur, José Luis Pérez Pujadas, Granada, Spain (Pedregosa, López), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals (Marco-Salazar), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica (Márquez, Fondevila, Pumarola), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Dolors Fondevila
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Veterinario Al Sur, José Luis Pérez Pujadas, Granada, Spain (Pedregosa, López), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals (Marco-Salazar), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica (Márquez, Fondevila, Pumarola), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Veterinario Al Sur, José Luis Pérez Pujadas, Granada, Spain (Pedregosa, López), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals (Marco-Salazar), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica (Márquez, Fondevila, Pumarola), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Melo GD, Seraguci TF, Schweigert A, Silva JES, Grano FG, Peiró JR, Lima VMF, Machado GF. Pro-inflammatory cytokines predominate in the brains of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: a natural model of neuroinflammation during systemic parasitic infection. Vet Parasitol 2012. [PMID: 23207017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a multisystemic zoonotic disease that can manifest with several symptoms, including neurological disorders. To investigate the pathogenesis of brain alterations occurring during visceral leishmaniasis infection, the expression of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TGF-β and TNF-α and their correlations with peripheral parasite load were evaluated in the brains of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α were noticeably up-regulated, and IL-10, TGF-β and IL-12p40 were down-regulated in the brains of infected dogs. Expression levels did not correlate with parasite load suggestive that the brain alterations are due to the host's immune response regardless of the phase of the disease. These data indicate the presence of a pro-inflammatory status in the nervous milieu of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis especially because IL-1β and TNF-α are considered key factors for the initiation, maintenance and persistence of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D Melo
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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José-López R, la Fuente CD, Añor S. Presumed brain infarctions in two dogs with systemic leishmaniasis. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:554-7. [PMID: 22882167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging findings of multiple brain infarcts in two dogs infected with Leishmania spp. are reported. Clinical signs of intracranial dysfunction were peracute and there was no further deterioration. Magnetic resonance images of the brain were consistent with multifocal, non-haemorrhagic, ischaemic lesions. Routine serum biochemistry revealed hyperproteinaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. Serum antibody titres were highly positive for Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amastigotes were seen within bone marrow macrophages in both cases. Canine leishmaniasis can cause cerebrovascular alterations, such as vasculitis, that might predispose dogs to brain infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R José-López
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Melo GD, Marcondes M, Machado GF. Canine cerebral leishmaniasis: Potential role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the development of neurological disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:260-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Melo GD, Machado GF. Glial reactivity in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: correlation with T lymphocyte infiltration and with cerebrospinal fluid anti-Leishmania antibody titres. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 346:293-304. [PMID: 22160561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a multisystemic zoonotic disease that can manifest with several symptoms, including neurological disorders. Because glial cells are extensively associated with the immune response within the brain, we evaluated the morphology of astrocytes and microglia of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi. We used immunohistochemical and lectin-histochemical techniques for morphological analyses and we also examined the glial correlation with lymphocyte infiltration of the brain and with the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies within the cerebrospinal fluid of the dogs. Although we did not detect a shared morphological pattern in the astrocytes or microglia in the brain tissue, these cells were more intensely labelled in infected dogs than in the control group. The density of microglia was increased in the ependymal/subependymal area, thus demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of T lymphocytes and with cerebrospinal fluid antibody titres. Thus, our results indicate a pro-inflammatory state in the brains of dogs naturally infected with L. chagasi and strongly suggest that microglia and astrocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of the neurological disorders of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D Melo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Geurts N, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets in protozoan parasitic infections. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:257-79. [PMID: 22138604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with processes of tissue remodeling and are expressed in all infections with protozoan parasites. We here report the status of MMP research in malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis. In all these infections, the balances between MMPs and endogenous MMP inhibitors are disturbed, mostly in favor of active proteolysis. When the infection is associated with leukocyte influx into specific organs, immunopathology and collateral tissue damage may occur. These pathologies include cerebral malaria, sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis), Chagas disease (human American trypanosomiasis), leishmaniasis and toxoplasmic encephalitis in immunocompromised hosts. Destruction of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a common denominator that may be executed by leukocytic MMPs under the control of host cytokines and chemokines as well as influenced by parasite products. Mechanisms by which parasite-derived products alter host expression of MMP and endogenous MMP inhibitors, have only been described for hemozoin (Hz) in malaria. Hence, understanding these interactions in other parasitic infections remains an important challenge. Furthermore, the involved parasites are also known to produce their own metalloproteinases, and this forms an extra stimulus to investigate MMP inhibitory drugs as therapeutics. MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) may dampen collateral tissue damage, as is anecdotically reported for tetracyclines as MMP regulators in parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Geurts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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MARANGONI NR, MELO GD, MORAES OC, SOUZA MS, PERRI SHV, MACHADO GF. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:330-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Petersen CA, Greenlee MHW. Neurologic Manifestations ofLeishmania spp.Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4303/jnp/n110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Machado GF, Melo GD, Moraes OC, Souza MS, Marcondes M, Perri SH, Vasconcelos RO. Differential alterations in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases within the nervous tissue of dogs in distinct manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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