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Rojas-Moncada J, Torrel-Pajares T, Vargas-Rocha L. Validation of the natural sedimentation technique in the diagnosis of chronic fasciolosis. Parasitol Int 2024; 101:102889. [PMID: 38522780 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
There are various diagnostic techniques available for chronic fasciolosis in ruminants. However, many of them exhibit low specificity and sensitivity, making them impractical for field use and in low-resource laboratories. The present study evaluates the usefulness of the Natural Sedimentation technique in diagnosing chronic fasciolosis in three domestic species conducted at the Laboratorio de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinas, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca. Fecal samples were collected from n = 323 cattle, n = 362 sheep, and n = 231 swine for Fasciola hepatica fecal egg counts. The visualization of adult parasites in animal livers post-mortem was considered the gold standard. Additionally, the sensitivity of the technique was evaluated using five different amounts of feces. In cattle, a sensitivity of 0.93 ± 0.03, specificity of 0.91 ± 0.06, positive predictive value of 0.96 ± 0.03, and negative predictive value of 0.86 ± 0.07 were obtained. In sheep, a sensitivity of 0.79 ± 0.05, specificity of 0.83 ± 0.07, positive predictive value of 0.90 ± 0.04, and negative predictive value of 0.66 ± 0.08 were observed. In swine, a sensitivity of 0.92 ± 0.06, specificity of 1.00 ± 0.00, positive predictive value of 1.00 ± 0.00, and negative predictive value of 0.96 ± 0.03 were found. There was no statistical difference in egg counts when using 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g of feces (p = 0.907). Furthermore, 1 to 688 fecal eggs of F. hepatica were counted in 1 g of feces. The Natural Sedimentation technique has both qualitative and quantitative applications with satisfactory results when using 1 g of feces in the diagnosis of chronic fasciolosis in domestic animals. Due to its simplicity, it can be implemented in field conditions and low-resource laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rojas-Moncada
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Av. Atahualpa 1050, P.C. 06003 Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Téofilo Torrel-Pajares
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Av. Atahualpa 1050, P.C. 06003 Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Luis Vargas-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Av. Atahualpa 1050, P.C. 06003 Cajamarca, Peru..
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Duan J, Zhang N, Liu S, Li J, Gong P, Wang X, Li X, Zhang X, Tang B, Zhang X. The Detection of Circulating Antigen Glutathione S-Transferase in Sheep Infected with Fasciola hepatica with Double-Antibody Sandwich Signal Amplification Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:506. [PMID: 38338149 PMCID: PMC10854876 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by F. hepatica infection that is particularly harmful to cattle and sheep. A biotin-streptavidin signal amplification ELISA (streptavidin-ELISA/SA-ELISA) based on circulating antigens can allow for the early detection of F. hepatica-infected animals and is suitable for batch detection. It is considered to be a better means of detecting F. hepatica infection than traditional detection methods. In this study, using the serum of sheep artificially infected with F. hepatica, the cDNA expression library of F. hepatica was screened, 17 immunodominant antigen genes of F. hepatica were obtained, and glutathione s-transferase (GST) was selected as the candidate detection antigen. Firstly, the GST cDNA sequence was amplified from F. hepatica, followed by the preparation of recombinant protein GST (rFhGST). Then, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against rFhGST were prepared using the GST protein. Afterward, the immunolocalization of the target protein in the worm was observed via confocal microscopy, and it was found that the GST protein was localized in the uterus, intestinal tract, and body surface of F. hepatica. Finally, a double-antibody sandwich SA-ELISA based on the detection of circulating antigens was established. There was no cross-reaction with positive sera infected with Dicrocoelium lanceatum (D. lanceatum), Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), Neospora caninum (N. caninum), or Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Forty serum and fecal samples from the same batch of sheep in Nong'an County, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China were analyzed using the established detection method and fecal detection method. The positive rate of the SA-ELISA was 17.5%, and the positive rate of the fecal detection method was 15%. The detection results of this method were 100% consistent with commercial ELISA kits. A total of 152 sheep serum samples were tested in Nong'an County, Changchun City, Jilin Province, and the positive rate was 5.92%. This study laid the foundation for the development of serological detection preparations for F. hepatica infection based on the detection of circulating antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.D.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.D.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
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3
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Königová A, Burcáková Ľ, Babják M, Dolinská MU, Kostecká Z, Šimková J, Kremeň J, Kuzmina TA, Várady M. Efficacy of a single-dose albendazole against lancet liver fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum and liver enzymes activity in naturally infected sheep. Exp Parasitol 2024; 256:108656. [PMID: 38097154 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Infections with D. dendriticum are distributed worldwide and mostly associated with ruminant livestock. Depending on the length and strength of the infection it can be manifested with losses in milk production, reductions in milk and wool quality, decreased weight gains, reproductive performance and poor carcass quality. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of albendazole (ABZ) against the lancet liver fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum in naturally infected sheep using parasitological methods. Twenty-four sheep were divided into four groups: two untreated control groups (C1, C2) and two treated groups (T1, T2), with six animals in each group. The sheep in the treated groups were administered a single oral dose (15 mg/kg bwt) of ABZ suspension. After ABZ treatment the animals were slaughtered on Day 14 (groups C1, T1) and Day 30 (groups C2, T2) and were necropsied. Coprological therapeutic ABZ efficacy reached 92.4% on Day 14 (P < 0.001) and 88.5% on Day 30 (P < 0.001). On Day 30, the serum activities of hepatic and cholestatic enzymes including serological analysis of total protein concentration (TP) and protein fractions were evaluated. Significant decrease of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.01) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (P < 0.05) activity by 36.9% and 34.6%, respectively, were detected for sheep in T2 group. These enzymes showed a strong positive correlation to fluke burden: AST (r = 0.654) and GGT (r = 0.768), respectively (P < 0.05). Additionally, the electrophoretic analysis of serum total protein and protein fraction concentrations revealed minimal hypoproteinemia and hyperalbuminemia after ABZ treatment. The decrease of liver enzyme activities and their correlation with fluke burden may indicate recovery of hepatocellular and biliary damage following the reduction of fluke burdens after ABZ therapy. A decline in AST and GGT activity could serve as a valuable adjunct bioindicator of liver damage and fluke reduction after treatment of dicrocoeliosis in naturally infected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžbeta Königová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Ľudmila Burcáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Babják
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Urda Dolinská
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kostecká
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Šimková
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Kremeň
- Department of General Competencies, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tetiana A Kuzmina
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia; I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, Bogdan Khmelnytsky Street, 15, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Helm C, Hodgkinson J, Williams D, Weiher W, Terhalle W, Steuber S, Ganter M, Krücken J. Efficacy of flukicides against Fasciola hepatica and first report of triclabendazole resistance on German sheep farms. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:94-105. [PMID: 38006779 PMCID: PMC10757264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infections lead to severe health problems and production losses in sheep farming, if not treated effectively. Triclabendazole has been used extensively over decades due to its unique efficacy range against all definitive hostfluke stages but published data about the susceptibility of F. hepatica to anthelmintics in Germany are lacking. This study aimed to identify current F. hepatica infections in German sheep flocks by coproscopic examinations and to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintics with a focus on triclabendazole in a field study conducted from 2020 to 2022. Initial screening included 71 sheep farms, many of them with known history of fasciolosis. In this highly biased sample set, the frequency of F. hepatica infection at individual sheep and farm level were 12.8% and 35.2%, respectively. Additionally, eggs of Paramphistominae were found at frequencies of 4.8% and 15.5% at individual sheep and farm level, respectively. Due to low egg shedding intensity, faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests could only be conducted on a few farms. The efficacy of triclabendazole was tested on 11 farms and albendazole on one farm, including 3-53 sheep/farm. Individual faecal samples were collected before and two weeks after treatment to evaluate the FECR using the sedimentation or FLUKEFINDER® or a modified FLUKEFINDER® method. On all farms a coproantigen reduction test was conducted in parallel. Lacking efficacy of triclabendazole even at double dosage was shown on one farm associated with a high number of animal losses due to acute fasciolosis. On this farm, the Fasciola miracidium development test was additionally performed, revealing a high in vitro ovicidal activity of albendazole while closantel was effective in vivo. On all other farms, sufficient efficacy of triclabendazole was observed. In conclusion, triclabendazole resistance appears not to be widespread on German sheep farms but, when present, can have serious effects on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Helm
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, Liverpool, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wiebke Weiher
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Terhalle
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Steuber
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Helm CS, Hodgkinson J, Williams D, Weiher W, Terhalle W, Steuber S, Krücken J. Coproscopical diagnosis of patent Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep - A comparison between standard sedimentation, FLUKEFINDER® and a combination of both. Vet Parasitol 2023; 319:109956. [PMID: 37182357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a highly pathogenic and zoonotic trematode with a cosmopolitan distribution. In livestock, infections may lead to significant economic losses if not diagnosed promptly and treated effectively. Particularly for small ruminants, the standard method for the detection of fluke infection is based on coproscopical methods such as the sedimentation method, which detects F. hepatica eggs in faecal samples. In this respect a recent innovative coproscopical approach to diagnose patent infections is the FLUKEFINDER® method, which relies on differential sieving before sedimentation. These two methods and a combination of both methods that allows larger amounts of faeces to be processed with the FLUKEFINDER® apparatus were compared, to assess which method is most appropriate to determine the prevalence and intensity of F. hepatica egg shedding. The methods were compared for their ability to recover eggs from ovine faecal samples containing different numbers of fluke eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces and diluting the samples further by mixing with faeces from uninfected sheep. To compare the specificity of the test procedures, positive and negative samples with a low EPG were analysed in parallel by an investigator blinded to the nature of the samples. Significant differences concerning the EPG outcome were found: The FLUKEFINDER® method demonstrated the highest EPG values (p < 0.001) in the undiluted samples as well as in all mixing levels, followed by the modified FLUKEFINDER® method. The standard sedimentation showed the lowest EPG values and the highest variability between technical replicates. The precision of the FLUKEFINDER® method and the modified FLUKEFINDER® method were significantly higher than the precision of the standard sedimentation as determined by comparison of variability between technical replicates. The highest raw egg counts were detected using the modified FLUKEFINDER® method. The FLUKEFINDER® method and the combined method showed a sensitivity of 100 % even at the lowest egg concentrations, whereas the sensitivity of the standard sedimentation was 98.1 % for the same set of samples (i.e. one false negative sample). In a separate investigation aiming to estimate the specificity no differences were found between the three methods: all protocols showed 100 % specificity and were able to correctly distinguish between truly positive and truly negative samples without any evidence of cross-contamination between positive and negative samples processed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 13163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 13163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina S Helm
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 13163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF Liverpool, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF Liverpool, UK
| | - Wiebke Weiher
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstr. 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Terhalle
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstr. 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Steuber
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstr. 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 13163 Berlin, Germany.
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Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM. Field evaluation of the enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA test for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265569. [PMID: 35324959 PMCID: PMC8947386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a severe zoonosis responsible for major economic losses in livestock. The enhanced MM3-COPRO test (eMM3-COPRO) and the commercial version BIO K 201 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium) are widely used as immunodiagnostic tools for the specific detection of coproantigens released by Fasciola during the late prepatent and patent stages of infection. However, performance of the eMM3-COPRO has never been evaluated under field conditions. To address this gap, a large number of ovine faecal samples, collected in a region where fasciolosis is endemic (Galicia, NW Spain), were analyzed. Two groups of sheep flocks were selected according to the Fasciola infection status: ‘Fasciola-free’ and ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks. ‘Fasciola-free’ flocks were seronegative flocks with no history of fasciolosis detected by either coproscopy or necropsy in the last 5 years. Faecal samples from these sheep were used to calculate a cut-off value for infection (OD = 0.021). The cut-off was calculated using a bootstrap resampling method that enables estimation of the sampling distribution of the statistical parameters without making assumptions about the underlying data distribution. ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks were characterized by high seroprevalence, a history of fasciolosis and periodical treatment with flukicides. Samples from these flocks were used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the eMM3-COPRO relative to coproscopy, which although limited by poor sensitivity is the only reference test available for diagnosing fasciolosis in vivo. To overcome this limitation, all animals classified positive by eMM3-COPRO were treated with triclabendazole and then retested. The eMM3-COPRO displayed higher sensitivity than coproscopy, as it detected coproantigens in all samples with positive coproscopy and in 12% of samples with negative coproscopy. The test also proved highly specific as coproantigens disappeared after the treatment. The eMM3-COPRO was less time consuming than coproscopy, particularly when the procedure involved numerous samples, and showed promise as a tool for monitoring flukicide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
- * E-mail:
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
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Rogers MJ, McManus DP, Muhi S, Gordon CA. Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032920. [PMID: 34378956 PMCID: PMC8404699 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00329-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect over one billion people worldwide, with individuals from communities in low-socioeconomic areas being most at risk and suffering the most. Disease management programs are hindered by the lack of infrastructure and resources for clinical sample collection, storage, and transport and a dearth of sensitive diagnostic methods that are inexpensive as well as accurate. Many diagnostic tests and tools have been developed for the parasitic NTDs, but the collection and storage of clinical samples for molecular and immunological diagnosis can be expensive due to storage, transport, and reagent costs, making these procedures untenable in most areas of endemicity. The application of membrane technology, which involves the use of specific membranes for either sample collection and storage or diagnostic procedures, can streamline this process, allowing for long-term sample storage at room temperature. Membrane technology can be used in serology-based diagnostic assays and for nucleic acid purification prior to molecular analysis. This facilitates the development of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Rogers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ahmad T, Imran M, Ahmad K, Khan M, Baig M, Al-Rifai RH, Al-Omari B. A Bibliometric Analysis and Global Trends in Fascioliasis Research: A Neglected Tropical Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3385. [PMID: 34944162 PMCID: PMC8698141 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fascioliasis is a zoonotic neglected tropical disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. In endemic regions, fascioliasis represents a huge problem in livestock production and significantly threatens public health. The present study was performed to assess the key bibliometric indicators, plot the global research outcome, and strive to find the research frontiers and trends in fascioliasis. Methods: A descriptive bibliometric and visualized study was conducted. The data were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. The WoSCC was searched using key terms covering a wide range of synonyms related to the causative agent (Fasciola) and the disease (fascioliasis). The database search was performed for the period from the inception of WoSCC until 3 October 2021. The downloaded data were exported into VOSviewer software version 1.6.17 for Windows to construct co-authorship countries, keywords co-occurrence, bibliographic coupling sources, and citation and documents network visualization. Results: A total of 4165 documents were included in this bibliometric analysis. The included documents were published between the years 1913 and 2021 from 116 countries, mainly from the United States of America (USA) (n = 482, 11.6%). The most prolific year was 2018 (n = 108). The journal that attracted the most publications was Veterinary Parasitology (n = 324), while the most productive author in this area was Rondelaud D (n = 156). In terms of total link strength (TLS), the most influential country was Spain (TLS = 236), followed by the USA (TLS = 178). Conclusion: This study is of value for veterinarians, doctors, and researchers to explore insights into research frontiers and trends in research on fascioliasis. The number of publications on fascioliasis has increased over time. Above 35% of publications have been produced by the USA, France, England, and Spain. "Fasciola hepatica" and "cattle" were the most dominant and widely used keywords. Research collaboration should be established among the researchers from developing countries with developed countries to learn new advancements and effective control strategies for fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25289, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kabir Ahmad
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China;
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan;
| | - Mukhtiar Baig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 25289, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rami H. Al-Rifai
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirate University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- KU Research and Data Intelligence Support Center (RDISC) AW 8474000331, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Babják M, Königová A, Burcáková Ľ, Komáromyová M, Dolinská MU, Várady M. Assessing the Efficacy of Albendazole against Fasciola hepatica in Naturally Infected Cattle by In Vivo and In Vitro Methods. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110249. [PMID: 34822622 PMCID: PMC8618507 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed on a cattle farm with a long-term use of albendazole (ABZ) and a permanent history of fasciolosis for comparing in vivo and in vitro methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance and drug efficacy. A selected group of 10 Charolais cows was treated in autumn 2020 with ABZ at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Another group of 10 cows remained untreated as a control. The faecal egg count reduction test was used to determine in vivo efficacy. The percentage reduction of eggs on day 14 after treatment ranged from 77 to 81.8%, depending on the formula used for calculation. The in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) was used as a second diagnostic method. F. hepatica eggs for the EHT were isolated from faecal samples. The test was performed in two versions differing in the length of incubation with ABZ (12 h and 15 d). The percentage of eggs with inhibited development at a concentration of 0.5 μM in both versions of the EHT agreed with the in vivo results. Ovicidal activity at a concentration of 0.5 μM in the 12-h version suggested a reduced efficacy of ABZ (65.40%). An EHT prepared using pooled faecal samples was a prospective method for the detection of efficacy and ABZ resistance in F. hepatica.
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Hendrickx A, Marsboom C, Rinaldi L, Vineer HR, Morgoglione ME, Sotiraki S, Cringoli G, Claerebout E, Hendrickx G. Constraints of using historical data for modelling the spatial distribution of helminth parasites in ruminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:46. [PMID: 34047693 PMCID: PMC8162060 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dicrocoelium dendriticum is a trematode that infects ruminant livestock and requires two different intermediate hosts to complete its lifecycle. Modelling the spatial distribution of this parasite can help to improve its management in higher risk regions. The aim of this research was to assess the constraints of using historical data sets when modelling the spatial distribution of helminth parasites in ruminants. A parasitological data set provided by CREMOPAR (Napoli, Italy) and covering most of Italy was used in this paper. A baseline model (Random Forest, VECMAP®) using the entire data set was first used to determine the minimal number of data points needed to build a stable model. Then, annual distribution models were computed and compared with the baseline model. The best prediction rate and statistical output were obtained for 2012 and the worst for 2016, even though the sample size of the former was significantly smaller than the latter. We discuss how this may be explained by the fact that in 2012, the samples were more evenly geographically distributed, whilst in 2016 most of the data were strongly clustered. It is concluded that the spatial distribution of the input data appears to be more important than the actual sample size when computing species distribution models. This is often a major issue when using historical data to develop spatial models. Such data sets often include sampling biases and large geographical gaps. If this bias is not corrected, the spatial distribution model outputs may display the sampling effort rather than the real species distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Hendrickx
- Department of Research and Development, Avia-GIS NV, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium
| | - Cedric Marsboom
- Department of Research and Development, Avia-GIS NV, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- CREMOPAR, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Hannah Rose Vineer
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Elena Morgoglione
- CREMOPAR, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- CREMOPAR, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guy Hendrickx
- Department of Research and Development, Avia-GIS NV, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium
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Evaluation of two Fasciola hepatica faecal egg counting protocols in sheep and cattle. Vet Parasitol 2021; 294:109435. [PMID: 33946031 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis causes significant economic losses and is a constant challenge to livestock farmers globally. Fluke faecal egg counts (flukeFECs) are a simple, non-invasive method used to detect the presence of patent liver fluke infection. Many flukeFEC techniques exist but they vary in complexity, precision and accuracy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the egg recovery capabilities of two simple flukeFEC methods at different egg concentrations in two ruminant species, using artificially spiked faecal samples. We added Fasciola hepatica eggs to sheep and cattle faeces at 2, 5 10 and 20 epg and utilised the Flukefinder® (FF) and a simple sedimentation method (referred to as the Becker method) to investigate the effects of methods, species and egg density on egg recovery. We calculated the proportion of fluke eggs recovered using each technique, and determined the lowest reliable egg detection threshold of each flukeFEC method. The performance of the flukeFEC methods were also compared using faecal samples collected from naturally infected animals. The egg-spiking study revealed that both FF and the Becker sedimentation method are significantly more likely to recover eggs from cattle faeces than sheep (P < 0.001). Overall, FF recovered more eggs than the Becker method (P < 0.001), and importantly has a reliable low egg detection threshold of 5 epg in sheep and cattle. The kappa coefficient indicated a substantial agreement between FF and the Becker method in naturally infected faecal samples collected from cattle (0.62, P < 0.05) and a moderate agreement in sheep (0.41, P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that FF has a low egg detection threshold and therefore has promising potential for the future of on-farm liver fluke diagnostics.
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J, Ganter M. Chronic Wasting Due to Liver and Rumen Flukes in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:549. [PMID: 33669891 PMCID: PMC7923292 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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14
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Howell AK, Williams DJL. The Epidemiology and Control of Liver Flukes in Cattle and Sheep. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:109-123. [PMID: 32029178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, and Fascioloides magna are liver flukes causing disease in cattle and sheep. Damage to the liver due to F hepatica and F gigantica results in clinical disease and/or production losses. F magna seems to have little effect in cattle but causes high mortality in sheep. The fluke life cycle involves an aquatic or amphibious snail intermediate host and thus requires suitable moisture and temperature conditions. F magna requires the presence of deer. Drug treatment is the mainstay of control and needs to be applied considering the life cycle and epidemiology of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Howell
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Fairweather I, Brennan GP, Hanna REB, Robinson MW, Skuce PJ. Drug resistance in liver flukes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 12:39-59. [PMID: 32179499 PMCID: PMC7078123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver flukes include Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., Fascioloides magna, Gigantocotyle explanatum and Dicrocoelium spp. The two main species, F. hepatica and F. gigantica, are major parasites of livestock and infections result in huge economic losses. As with C. sinensis, Opisthorchis spp. and Dicrocoelium spp., they affect millions of people worldwide, causing severe health problems. Collectively, the group is referred to as the Food-Borne Trematodes and their true significance is now being more widely recognised. However, reports of resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ), the most widely used anti-Fasciola drug, and to other current drugs are increasing. This is a worrying scenario. In this review, progress in understanding the mechanism(s) of resistance to TCBZ is discussed, focusing on tubulin mutations, altered drug uptake and changes in drug metabolism. There is much interest in the development of new drugs and drug combinations, the re-purposing of non-flukicidal drugs, and the development of new drug formulations and delivery systems; all this work will be reviewed. Sound farm management practices also need to be put in place, with effective treatment programmes, so that drugs can be used wisely and their efficacy conserved as much as is possible. This depends on reliable advice being given by veterinarians and other advisors. Accurate diagnosis and identification of drug-resistant fluke populations is central to effective control: to determine the actual extent of the problem and to determine how well or otherwise a treatment has worked; for research on establishing the mechanism of resistance (and identifying molecular markers of resistance); for informing treatment options; and for testing the efficacy of new drug candidates. Several diagnostic methods are available, but there are no recommended guidelines or standardised protocols in place and this is an issue that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fairweather
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| | - G P Brennan
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - R E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - M W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - P J Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
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George S, George A, Rolfe P, Emery D. Comparative assessment of faecal diagnostics for detection and predictive modelling of endemic Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and cattle on Australian farms. Vet Parasitol 2019; 1:100001. [PMID: 32909553 PMCID: PMC7458369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2018.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis, monitoring and flukicide efficacy testing of fasciolosis on-farm is reliant on non-terminal methods. The coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) has been recommended for diagnosis of fasciolosis and associated flukicide efficacy testing as an alternative to fluke egg counts for monitoring parasitism. Recently experimental multi-age infections have suggested that the reliability of efficacy results can be improved by a second cELISA testing at 6 weeks post-treatment (wpt) in addition to the generally accepted 1 wpt. A field study was conducted to determine the suitability of faecal fluke egg counts (FFEC) and cELISA as diagnostic, drug efficacy testing and epidemiological tools on Australian sheep and cattle farms. Faecal samples from sheep and/or cattle on three endemic farms were taken at monthly intervals for 12 months and examined by both methods. Normal farm management was maintained during the study period and opportunistic efficacy testing, in line with each farm's normal flukicide management was undertaken. Additionally, the suitability of the Ollerenshaw Index as a predictive model for fasciolosis under Australian conditions was examined. While both diagnostics demonstrated their value in the farm environment, the current data demonstrate a distinct and significant increase in diagnostic sensitivity for epidemiological studies by using the two tests in parallel. The agreement between the two diagnostics was found to be higher in cattle, despite the poor sensitivity of FFEC in this species. Similar levels of agreement between the two tests were demonstrated at both sheep properties, regardless of the marked difference in the intensity of F. hepatica challenge. Linear regression models demonstrated the results of the two diagnostics utilized in parallel were explained substantially (R2 = 0.91) as were series data (R2 = 0.88) when the respective models were fitted. In contrast, the fitted models for FFEC (R2 = 0.54) and cELISA (R2 = 0.58) were poor explanations for test outcomes. The outcomes of these models support previous findings that suggest that the two diagnostic tests are best utilized together, particularly in parallel. The application of the Ollerenshaw Index to Australian conditions requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. George
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - A.J. George
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - P.F. Rolfe
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - D.L. Emery
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Takeuchi-Storm N, Denwood M, Petersen HH, Enemark HL, Stensgaard AS, Sengupta ME, Beesley NJ, Hodgkinson J, Williams D, Thamsborg SM. Patterns of Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle: implications for on-farm control of the parasite based on different diagnostic methods. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:674. [PMID: 30594235 PMCID: PMC6310998 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important livestock disease in Europe, and represents a particular challenge for organic farms, where cattle are grazed extensively and the use of anthelmintic is limited. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted on two conventional and two organic Danish dairy farms to examine the current temporal trend of F. hepatica infection on-farm, and to gather data of practical relevance for parasite control. Data were collected both at the herd and individual level using currently available diagnostic methods: a commercial serum antibody ELISA, a commercial copro-antigen ELISA, faecal egg counts, and monthly bulk tank milk (BTM) ELISA. The temporal patterns (animal age, farm-level temporal trends and seasonality) in the animal-level test results were analysed by generalised additive mixed models (GAMM). Results Patterns of infection differed substantially between the farms, due to different grazing management and anthelmintic use. However, animals were first infected at the age of 1.5–2 years (heifers), and most at-risk animals sero-converted in autumn, suggesting that summer infections in snails prevail in Denmark. Our results also suggest that the lifespan of the parasite could be over 2 years, as several cows showed signs of low grade infection even after several years of continuous indoor housing without access to freshly-cut grass. The serum antibody ELISA was able to detect infection first, whereas both copro-antigen ELISA and faecal egg counts tended to increase in the same animals at a later point. Decreasing BTM antibody levels were seen on the two farms that started anthelmintic treatment during the study. Conclusions While important differences between farms and over time were seen due to varying grazing management, anthelmintic treatment and climatic conditions, the young stock was consistently seen as the main high-risk group and at least one farm also had suspected transmission (re-infection) within the lactating herd. Careful interpretation of test results is necessary for older cows as they can show persistent infections several years after exposure has stopped. Rigorous treatment regimens can reduce BTM ELISA values, but further research is needed to develop a non-medicinal approach for sustainable management of bovine fasciolosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takeuchi-Storm
- Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- Research Group for Animal Health, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Sofie Stensgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Mita Eva Sengupta
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicola Jane Beesley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Yang Y, Li M, Pan C, Yang Y, Chen X, Yao C, Du A. A duplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:1-5. [PMID: 30056977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis are endemic in China, South Korea, Japan and other Southeast Asian countries. Reliable and sensitive diagnostic methods are needed for detecting their infections in humans and animals. Differential simplex and duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were developed. The PCRs targeted the second internal transcribed spacer (its2) (408 bp) of F. hepatica, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (nad2) (527 bp) of C. sinensis. Both simplex PCRs detected as little as 2 pg genomic DNA in one microliter in a 25 μL PCR reaction system. The duplex PCR had similar detection limit as well, and detected as low as one egg in 200 mg feces. These methods were analytical specific with no amplification being observed from the gemonic DNA of Fasciolopsis buski, Haemonchus contortus, Ascaris ovis or Eimeri ahsata. Of 158 sheep fecal samples collected from various farms, four and one samples were PCR-positive for F. hepatica and C. sinensis, respectively. The duplex PCR method described here is time-saving and convenient, and may prove to be an invaluable tool for molecular detection and epidemiological investigation of F. hepatica and C. sinensis in endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Minwei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Comparison of early detection of Fasciola hepatica in experimentally infected Merino sheep by real-time PCR, coproantigen ELISA and sedimentation. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:85-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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George S, Vanhoff K, Baker K, Lake L, Rolfe P, Seewald W, Emery D. Application of a coproantigen ELISA as an indicator of efficacy against multiple life stages of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Teimoori S, Arimatsu Y, Laha T, Kaewkes S, Sereerak P, Sripa M, Tangkawattana S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. Chicken IgY-based coproantigen capture ELISA for diagnosis of human opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:443-447. [PMID: 27140305 PMCID: PMC5086311 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini infection by conventional stool examination is increasingly difficult due to the low intensity of the infection after several rounds of control programmes in endemic regions as well as coinfections with intestinal flukes. Therefore sensitive and specific diagnostic test is needed. In this study, a coproantigen sandwich ELISA using recombinant O. viverrini cathepsin F (rOv-CF) was developed. This sandwich ELISA employing chicken IgY raised against rOv-CF in combination with rabbit IgG antibody to the somatic O. viverrini antigens showed a lower detection limit (LLD) of 70ng native O. viverrini somatic antigens by spiking the parasite antigens into control feces. When applied to the diagnosis, the IgY-based sandwich ELISA exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 76.7%, respectively, in an investigation of 90 human cases positive or negative for opisthorchiasis. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for this coproantigen detection were 66.7% and 95.2%, respectively. This IgY-based sandwich ELISA using parasite cathepsin F detection shows a promising immunodiagnostic alternative for human opisthorchiasis in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Teimoori
- Centre of Research Excellence for Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yuji Arimatsu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piya Sereerak
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Manop Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Centre of Research Excellence for Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Abstract
Trematode infections cause serious economic losses to livestock worldwide. Global production losses due to fasciolosis alone exceed US$3 billion annually. Many trematode infections are also zoonotic and thus a public health concern. The World Health Organization has estimated that about 56 million people worldwide are infected by at least one zoonotic trematode species, and up to 750 million people are at risk of infection. Fasciolosis caused by the fluke Fasciola gigantica is endemic in Nigeria and is one of the most common causes of liver condemnation in abattoirs. Total cattle losses from Fasciola infection in Nigeria have been estimated to cost £32.5 million. Other trematode infections of cattle, including paramphistomosis, dicrocoeliasis and schistosomiasis, have all been reported in various parts of Nigeria, with varying prevalence. Most publications on trematode infections are limited to Nigerian local and national journals, with very few international reports. This paper therefore summarized the current data on distribution, control and zoonotic trematode infections in Nigeria and other African countries. We also identified research gaps and made recommendations for future research and areas for funding for policy/planning.
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Innocent GT, Gilbert L, Jones EO, McLeod JE, Gunn G, McKendrick IJ, Albon SD. Combining Slaughterhouse Surveillance Data with Cattle Tracing Scheme and Environmental Data to Quantify Environmental Risk Factors for Liver Fluke in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:65. [PMID: 28534030 PMCID: PMC5421147 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fluke infection causes serious disease (fasciolosis) in cattle and sheep in many regions of the world, resulting in production losses and additional economic consequences due to condemnation of the liver at slaughter. Liver fluke depends on mud snails as an intermediate host and infect livestock when ingested through grazing. Therefore, environmental factors play important roles in infection risk and climate change is likely to modify this. Here, we demonstrate how slaughterhouse data can be integrated with other data, including animal movement and climate variables to identify environmental risk factors for liver fluke in cattle in Scotland. We fitted a generalized linear mixed model to the data, with exposure-weighted random and fixed effects, an approach which takes into account the amount of time cattle spent at different locations, exposed to different levels of risk. This enabled us to identify an increased risk of liver fluke with increased animal age, rainfall, and temperature and for farms located further to the West, in excess of the risk associated with a warmer, wetter climate. This model explained 45% of the variability in liver fluke between farms, suggesting that the unexplained 55% was due to factors not included in the model, such as differences in on-farm management and presence of wet habitats. This approach demonstrates the value of statistically integrating routinely recorded slaughterhouse data with other pre-existing data, creating a powerful approach to quantify disease risks in production animals. Furthermore, this approach can be used to better quantify the impact of projected climate change on liver fluke risk for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward O Jones
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - George Gunn
- Future Farming Systems, R&D Division, SRUC, An Lòchran - Inverness Campus, Inverness, UK
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Chaudhry U, van Paridon B, Lejeune M, Shabbir MZ, Rashid MI, Ashraf K, Ashraf S, Gilleard J, Sargison N. Morphological and molecular identification of Explanatum explanatum in domestic water buffalo in Pakistan. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:54-59. [PMID: 31014638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 70 species of the family Paramphistomatidae, have been identified in ruminants in different parts of the world. Most are pathogenic, causing amphistomosis. Adult flukes of this Family have a predilection for the rumen, liver or bile duct of ruminants where they may cause damage to the epithelium. Identification of adult paramphistomes to the species level based on morphology alone requires specialized knowledge, whereas, molecular genetic marker analysis is more precise and transferable. In the present study, we performed both morphological and molecular characterization of fifteen adult flukes collected from the liver of domesticated buffalo in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The morphology of five of these flukes was examined in detail and on this basis these were identified as either Explanatum explanatum or Explanatum bathycotyle. PCR and sequencing of the ITS-2 rDNA region from these 5 flukes, plus 10 others, revealed a single haplotype in all cases. This differed by just a single nucleotide polymorphism from a previously described E. explanatum ITS-2 rDNA sequence. Phylogenetic comparison of these E. explanatum ITS2-rDNA sequences with those from other Paramphistomatidae, Fasciola and Dicrocoelium species was performed to assess within and between species variation and validate the use of ITS-2 rDNA as a robust species-specific marker for E. explanatum. This work provides a validated species-specific marker of E. explanatum and the first report of this parasite species from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Chaudhry
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Bradley van Paridon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manigandan Lejeune
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Canada
| | - John Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil Sargison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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25
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French AS, Zadoks RN, Skuce PJ, Mitchell G, Gordon-Gibbs DK, Craine A, Shaw D, Gibb SW, Taggart MA. Prevalence of Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus): Coproantigen ELISA Is a Practicable Alternative to Faecal Egg Counting for Surveillance in Remote Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162420. [PMID: 27598003 PMCID: PMC5012657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) are hosts of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica); yet, prevalence is rarely quantified in wild populations. Testing fresh samples from remote regions by faecal examination (FE) can be logistically challenging; hence, we appraise frozen storage and the use of a coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) for F. hepatica surveillance. We also present cELISA surveillance data for red deer from the Highlands of Scotland. Diagnoses in faecal samples (207 frozen, 146 fresh) were compared using a cELISA and by FE. For each storage method (frozen or fresh), agreement between the two diagnostics was estimated at individual and population levels, where population prevalence was stratified into cohorts (e.g., by sampling location). To approximate sensitivity and specificity, 65 post-slaughter whole liver examinations were used as a reference. At the individual level, FE and cELISA diagnoses agreed moderately (κfrozen = 0.46; κfresh = 0.51), a likely reflection of their underlying principles. At the population level, FE and cELISA cohort prevalence correlated strongly (Pearson’s R = 0.89, p < 0.0001), reflecting good agreement on relative differences between cohort prevalence. In frozen samples, prevalence by cELISA exceeded FE overall (42.8% vs. 25.8%) and in 9/12 cohorts, alluding to differences in sensitivity; though, in fresh samples, no significant difference was found. In 959 deer tested by cELISA across the Scottish Highlands, infection prevalence ranged from 9.6% to 53% by sampling location. We highlight two key advantages of cELISA over FE: i) the ability to store samples long term (frozen) without apparent loss in diagnostic power; and ii) reduced labour and the ability to process large batches. Further evaluation of cELISA sensitivity in red deer, where a range of fluke burdens can be obtained, is desirable. In the interim, the cELISA is a practicable diagnostic for F. hepatica surveillance in red deer, and its application here has revealed considerable geographic, temporal, sex and age related differences in F. hepatica prevalence in wild Scottish Highland red deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. French
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Mitchell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle K. Gordon-Gibbs
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Craine
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, United Kingdom
| | - David Shaw
- UHI Rural Studies Centre, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Dale Farm, Halkirk, KW12 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W. Gibb
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, United Kingdom
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Mazeri S, Sargison N, Kelly RF, Bronsvoort BMD, Handel I. Evaluation of the Performance of Five Diagnostic Tests for Fasciola hepatica Infection in Naturally Infected Cattle Using a Bayesian No Gold Standard Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161621. [PMID: 27564546 PMCID: PMC5001639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and economic importance of fasciolosis has been recognised for centuries, yet diagnostic tests available for cattle are far from perfect. Test evaluation has mainly been carried out using gold standard approaches or under experimental settings, the limitations of which are well known. In this study, a Bayesian no gold standard approach was used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of five tests for fasciolosis in cattle. These included detailed liver necropsy including gall bladder egg count, faecal egg counting, a commercially available copro-antigen ELISA, an in-house serum excretory/secretory antibody ELISA and routine abattoir liver inspection. In total 619 cattle slaughtered at one of Scotland's biggest abattoirs were sampled, during three sampling periods spanning summer 2013, winter 2014 and autumn 2014. Test sensitivities and specificities were estimated using an extension of the Hui Walter no gold standard model, where estimates were allowed to vary between seasons if tests were a priori believed to perform differently for any reason. The results of this analysis provide novel information on the performance of these tests in a naturally infected cattle population and at different times of the year where different levels of acute or chronic infection are expected. Accurate estimates of sensitivity and specificity will allow for routine abattoir liver inspection to be used as a tool for monitoring the epidemiology of F. hepatica as well as evaluating herd health planning. Furthermore, the results provide evidence to suggest that the copro-antigen ELISA does not cross-react with Calicophoron daubneyi rumen fluke parasites, while the serum antibody ELISA does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F. Kelly
- Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Martínez-Sernández V, Orbegozo-Medina RA, González-Warleta M, Mezo M, Ubeira FM. Rapid Enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA for Detection of Fasciola Coproantigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004872. [PMID: 27438470 PMCID: PMC4954672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ELISA-based methods of detecting Fasciola cathepsins in feces are powerful techniques for diagnosing infections by F. hepatica and F. gigantica. In the last decade, the in-house MM3-COPRO ELISA and its commercial version BIO K 201 (BIO X Diagnostics, Belgium) have been recognized as useful tools for detecting early infections by such trematodes and for monitoring the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in human and animal species, as they provide some advantages over classic fecal egg counts. However, the sensitivity of MM3-COPRO ELISA can sometimes be compromised by the high variability in the concentration of cathepsins in fecal samples throughout the biological cycle of Fasciola (mainly in cattle) and by differences in the between-batch performance of peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibodies. To prevent such problems, we investigated whether the incorporation of a commercial streptavidin-polymerized horseradish peroxidase conjugate, in order to reveal bound biotinylated monoclonal antibody MM3, can improve the sensitivity of the MM3-COPRO ELISA. We observed that inclusion of this reagent shifted the previous detection limit of the assay from 0.6 ng/mL to 150 pg/mL and that the modified test is able to identify infection in cows harboring only one fluke. Moreover, we demonstrated that maximal OD values can be achieved with short incubations (30 min each step) at RT with shaking, rather than standard incubations, which significantly accelerates the diagnostic procedure. Finally, we did not find a significant correlation between coproantigen concentration and parasite burden in cattle, which may be due to the low parasite burden (1–10 adult flukes) of the animals used in the present study. As the usefulness of the classic MM3-COPRO test for detecting animal and human infections has already been demonstrated, it is expected that the improvements reported in this study will add new insights into the diagnosis and control of fasciolosis. We have previously reported how the combined use of mAb MM3 with polyclonal antibodies obtained from rabbit immunized with Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory antigens led to the development of the in-house MM3-COPRO ELISA and its commercial version BIO K 201 (BIO X Diagnostics, Belgium), which are widely used to detect human and animal infections caused by F. hepatica. After more than a decade in use, both tests have proven to be useful tools for specifically detecting Fasciola infections, although it has also been found that: i) the conditions of use of the commercial test in some field studies did not enable the sensitivity obtained with the in-house test to be reached, and ii) the batches of the secondary reagent (peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse antibodies) currently available for use in the in-house test do not perform the same as previous batches. To solve these problems, we provide data showing that the incorporation of an enhancement system consisting of streptavidin-polymerized horseradish peroxidase conjugate greatly improved the sensitivity of the MM3-COPRO ELISA and enabled reduction of the incubation time. These modifications enabled the detectability of the assay to be 150 pg/mL, thus enabling detection of infection in animals harboring only one fluke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo A. Orbegozo-Medina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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28
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Novobilský A, Amaya Solis N, Skarin M, Höglund J. Assessment of flukicide efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in Sweden in the absence of a standardised test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 6:141-147. [PMID: 27380550 PMCID: PMC4933035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance (AR) to Fasciola hepatica is emerging worldwide. Recently, AR to the adulticide compound albendazole (ABZ) was shown in Argentina and Spain. In Sweden, ABZ treatment failure against F. hepatica was first reported in sheep in 2012. The present study tested the efficacy of ABZ and triclabendazole (TCBZ) in sheep naturally infected with F. hepatica using a combination of three different diagnostic methods: faecal egg counts (FEC), coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) and Fasciola egg hatch test (FEHT). Two deworming trials, in November 2014 and January 2015, were performed on two sheep farms (farms A and B) in south-western Sweden. Except ABZ in November, treatment with ABZ or TCBZ achieved sufficient efficacy (97-100%) against adult F. hepatica on farm A. In contrast, ABZ treatment failed in the sheep flock on farm B, despite low initial faecal egg output. On farm B, ABZ efficacy based on FEC was 67% (95% CI: 35-84) and four of eight ewes tested were coproantigen-positive 21 days post-treatment. Ovicidal activity of ABZ against Fasciola eggs in isolates from both farms and one additional bovine isolate were tested by FEHT to exclude the presence of juvenile flukes and other factors such as dosing failure and poor quality of drug product. Irrespective of drug trial, data from FEHT showed significantly lower ovicidal activity of ABZ for the ovine farm B isolate than for the isolate from farm A. This confirms that the low efficacy of ABZ in sheep flock B was associated with ABZ resistance. Overall, the usefulness of three complementary methods for detection of ABZ resistance in the field was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Novobilský
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Natalia Amaya Solis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moa Skarin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Kelley JM, Elliott TP, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Skuce P, Spithill TW. Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:458-469. [PMID: 27049013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the only chemical that kills early immature and adult Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) but widespread resistance to the drug greatly compromises fluke control in livestock and humans. The mode of action of TCBZ and mechanism(s) underlying parasite resistance to the drug are not known. Due to the high prevalence of TCBZ resistance (TCBZ-R), effective management of drug resistance is now critical for sustainable livestock production. Here, we discuss the current status of TCBZ-R in F. hepatica, the global distribution of resistance observed in livestock, the possible mechanism(s) of drug action, the proposed mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance, and the prospects for future control of liver fluke infections using an integrated parasite management (IPM) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, UK
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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Sargison N, Francis E, Davison C, Bronsvoort BMD, Handel I, Mazeri S. Observations on the biology, epidemiology and economic relevance of rumen flukes (Paramphistomidae) in cattle kept in a temperate environment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:7-16. [PMID: 26921033 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is concern about the probable recent introduction, increased prevalence and potential economic impact of rumen fluke infection of United Kingdom cattle. A study of 339 cattle slaughtered in a Scottish red meat abattoir was undertaken with the aims of describing the prevalence and geographical distribution of rumen fluke infection, estimating its effect on production, and evaluating faecal egg counts (FECs) as a tool to diagnose infection in live animals and study the epidemiology of the disease. The overall proportion of cattle consigned to the abattoir from northern United Kingdom with rumen fluke infection in the forestomachs was 0.29. Rumen flukes were distributed predominantly in the cranial sac of the rumen and adjacent to the reticular groove. Overall, a mean of 213 and median of 44 rumen flukes was identified in the forestomachs of rumen fluke-positive cattle. The mean and median FECs of animals were 26.01 and 5.20 eggs per gram (epg), respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean FECs per rumen fluke of 0.08 and 0.13 epg during summer/autumn and winter sampling periods, respectively. The overall correlation between rumen fluke FECs and the number of flukes in the forestomach was high, albeit lower in the summer/autumn than in the winter period. The sensitivities of rumen fluke FECs for the identification of flukes in the forestomach during the summer/autumn and winter sampling periods were 0.65 and 0.85, respectively. These results will aid in the interpretation of rumen fluke FECs when monitoring cattle health and production and studying the parasite's epidemiology in a temperate environment, thereby informing rational, precise and sustainable disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Francis
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Davison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Handel
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute, United Kingdom.
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31
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Wesołowska A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Norbury LJ, Wilkowski P, Januszkiewicz K, Pyziel AM, Zygner W, Wędrychowicz H. Immune responses in rats and sheep induced by a DNA vaccine containing the phosphoglycerate kinase gene of Fasciola hepatica and liver fluke infection. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:212-20. [PMID: 27078643 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses of rats and sheep following vaccination with cDNA encoding phosphoglycerate kinase of Fasciola hepatica (cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV) and F. hepatica infection were investigated in the present study. cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV vaccinated female Sprague-Dawley rats were better protected by vaccination than their male counterparts - 48% reduction in fluke burden for females and no protection for males when compared with appropriate infection control groups. Moreover, male rats developed marked leukocytosis during the study with higher neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte responses than females. Additionally, dynamics of eosinophil and monocyte responses varied between sexes. Increased titres of anti-FhPGK IgG1 and IgG2a correlated with the protective effect of vaccination that was observed among female rats. In the case of male sheep, no differences in worm burdens and in the course of the immune response were observed following vaccination. Titres of specific antibodies detected were low, and cellular responses were not significant. Apparently, sheep immune responses induced by cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV vaccination are not effective at controlling F. hepatica infection. Poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in large animals is still a major obstacle of this technology that has to be overcome.
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Scarcella S, Hanna R, Brennan G, Solana H, Fairweather I. Fasciola hepatica: Histological changes in the somatic and reproductive tissues of liver fluke following closantel treatment of experimentally-infected sheep. Vet Parasitol 2016; 215:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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McMahon C, Edgar HWJ, Hanna REB, Ellison SE, Flanagan AM, McCoy M, Kajugu PE, Gordon AW, Irwin D, Barley JE, Malone FE, Brennan GP, Fairweather I. Liver fluke control on sheep farms in Northern Ireland: A survey of changing management practices in relation to disease prevalence and perceived triclabendazole resistance. Vet Parasitol 2015; 216:72-83. [PMID: 26801598 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reports of resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ) among fluke populations have increased in recent years. Allied to this, there has been a rise in the prevalence of the disease, which has been linked to climate change. Results from questionnaire surveys conducted in Northern Ireland (NI) in 2005 (covering the years 1999-2004) and 2011 (covering the years 2008-2011) have provided an opportunity to examine the extent to which fluke control practices have changed over a prolonged time-frame, in light of these changes. A number of differences were highlighted. There was a significant shift away from the use of TCBZ over time, with it being replaced largely by closantel. The timing of treatments had moved earlier in the year, perhaps in response to climate change (and an altered pattern of disease). In relation to the frequency of drug treatments, there were no major changes in the overall pattern of drug treatments between the two survey points, although on both occasions approximately one-third of flock owners gave more than 3 treatments per year to ewes. In lowland areas in 2011, flock owners were rotating drug classes more often (each year and at each treatment) than in 2005, whereas in upland areas, flock owners were rotating less often and more were not rotating at all. Between 2005 and 2011, the percentage of flock owners giving quarantine treatments to bought-in stock had halved, to a very low level (approximately 10%). Using data from a complementary TCBZ resistance survey (Hanna et al., 2015), it has been shown that the way in which data are selected and which efficacy formula is applied can influence the calculation of drug efficiency and impact on diagnosis of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McMahon
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - H W J Edgar
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - R E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - S E Ellison
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - A M Flanagan
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - M McCoy
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Dundonald House, Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast BT4 3SB, United Kingdom
| | - P-E Kajugu
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - A W Gordon
- Biometrics Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - D Irwin
- Agriculture Branch, Agri-Food and Environmental Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Hillsborough BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - J E Barley
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - F E Malone
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - G P Brennan
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - I Fairweather
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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Comparison of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods for evaluation of fecal samples of immunosuppressed rats experimentally infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. Parasitology 2015; 142:1715-21. [PMID: 26442899 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Definitive diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in humans is typically achieved by detection of larvae in fecal samples. However, limitations on sensitivity of parasitological methods emphasize the need for more robust diagnostic methods. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of three methods: eggs per gram of feces (EPG), coproantigen detection by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and DNA detection by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The assays were performed at 0 and 5, 8, 13, 21 and 39 days post-infection (dpi) using fecal samples from experimentally infected immunocompetent and immunosuppressed rats. In immunocompetent rats, eggs were detected in feces on days 5, 8 and 13 dpi; coproantigen detection and PCR amplification were successful at all post-infection time points (5, 8, 13, 21 and 39 dpi). In immunosuppressed rats, eggs were detected at 5, 8, 13 and 21; coproantigen detection and PCR amplification were successful at all post-infection time points. In conclusion, these results suggest that coproantigen detection and PCR may be more sensitive alternatives to traditional methods such as EPG for diagnosis of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection.
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Toolan DP, Mitchell G, Searle K, Sheehan M, Skuce PJ, Zadoks RN. Bovine and ovine rumen fluke in Ireland—Prevalence, risk factors and species identity based on passive veterinary surveillance and abattoir findings. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kajugu PE, Hanna R, Edgar H, McMahon C, Cooper M, Gordon A, Barley J, Malone F, Brennan G, Fairweather I. Fasciola hepatica : Specificity of a coproantigen ELISA test for diagnosis of fasciolosis in faecal samples from cattle and sheep concurrently infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, coccidians and/or rumen flukes (paramphistomes), under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Novobilský A, Höglund J. First report of closantel treatment failure against Fasciola hepatica in cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 5:172-7. [PMID: 26448903 PMCID: PMC4572398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of Fasciola hepatica infection in livestock is based on annual treatment using flukicides such as triclabendazole, albendazole and closantel. However, triclabendazole resistant F. hepatica populations are emerging worldwide and resistance is emerging to albendazole, whereas it has until now never been described for closantel. In Sweden, a topical formulation containing a combination of closantel and ivermectin (Closamectin Pour On) has been registered for use in cattle only since 2011. This study evaluated the efficacy of closantel against F. hepatica in naturally infected beef cattle using both coproantigen and faecal egg count reduction tests. Faecal egg counts (FEC) and coproantigen ELISA examinations were conducted in February 2014 in three beef cattle herds (A, B, C) in south-western Sweden. On each farm, 10 F. hepatica coproantigen-positive and F. hepatica egg-positive animals were allocated after 12-16 weeks of housing into groups and treated topically with a minimum of 20 mg closantel per kg body weight. Faecal samples were collected from selected animals on 0, 7 and 21 day post-treatment (PT). Based on FEC, closantel efficacy 21 days PT was 72% (95% CI: 65-77%) and 97% (95% CI: 95-98%) on farms A and B, respectively. No FEC reduction at all was observed on farm C. In total, 4, 1 and 6 animals remained coproantigen-positive at 21 days PT on farms A, B and C, respectively. Closantel treatment failure was confirmed on two of the farms. As the animals were housed 12-16 weeks before treatment and thereafter during the entire study, failure due to the presence of juvenile flukes was excluded. Although the cause of closantel failure currently remains unclear, development of resistance or/and absorption failure of topical administration should be considered. To our knowledge, this is the first report of closantel treatment failure against F. hepatica in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Novobilský
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Olah S, van Wyk JA, Wall R, Morgan ER. FAMACHA©: A potential tool for targeted selective treatment of chronic fasciolosis in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26223154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica causes considerable damage to the health, welfare and productivity of ruminants in temperate areas, and its control is challenged by anthelmintic resistance. Targeted selective treatment (TST) is an increasingly established strategy for preserving anthelmintic efficacy in grazing livestock, yet no practical indicators are available to target individuals for treatment against fluke infection. This paper evaluates the FAMACHA(©) system, a colour chart for the non-invasive detection of anaemia in small ruminants, for this purpose. FAMACHA(©) scores were collected from 288 sheep prior to slaughter during the winter period, when fluke infections were largely mature, and condemned livers were recovered and adult flukes extracted. Average FAMACHA(©) score was significantly higher (=paler conjunctivae) in animals whose livers were condemned (3.6, n=62) than in those whose livers were not condemned (2.1). The number of adult flukes recovered ranged from 2 to 485, and was positively correlated with FAMACHA(©) score (r(2)=0.54, p<0.001). Packed cell volume was correlated negatively with both FAMACHA(©) score (n=240, r=0.23, p<0.001) and fluke number (r=0.24, p<0.001). Nematode faecal egg count (FEC) did not correlate with FAMACHA(©) score, and selective treatment of individual sheep with FAMACHA(©) scores above 2 or 3 would have preserved between 27 and 100% of nematodes in refugia on the basis of FEC, depending on group and the threshold used for treatment. FAMACHA(©) holds promise as a tool for selective treatment of sheep against adult F. hepatica, in support of refugia-based control of fluke and nematode infections, and further field evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Olah
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jan A van Wyk
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - Richard Wall
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric R Morgan
- University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science; M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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40
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Elliott T, Kelley J, Rawlin G, Spithill T. High prevalence of fasciolosis and evaluation of drug efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle in the Maffra and Bairnsdale districts of Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Crilly JP, Anderson F, McCormick I, O'Roarke J, Wilson K, Skuce P. Triclabendazole-resistant liver fluke: issues and strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12968/live.2015.20.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John O'Roarke
- All Creatures Veterinary Clinic, Roscommon & Veterinary Ireland
| | - Ken Wilson
- D.S.McGregor & Partners, Thurso, Caithness
| | - Philip Skuce
- Senior Research Scientist, Moredun Research Institute
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Crilly JP, Sargison N. Ruminant coprological examination: beyond the McMaster slide. IN PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.h233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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43
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Hanna R, McMahon C, Ellison S, Edgar H, Kajugu PE, Gordon A, Irwin D, Barley J, Malone F, Brennan G, Fairweather I. Fasciola hepatica: A comparative survey of adult fluke resistance to triclabendazole, nitroxynil and closantel on selected upland and lowland sheep farms in Northern Ireland using faecal egg counting, coproantigen ELISA testing and fluke histology. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Palmer DG, Lyon J, Palmer MA, Forshaw D. Evaluation of a copro-antigen ELISA to detectFasciola hepaticainfection in sheep, cattle and horses. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:357-61. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DG Palmer
- Animal Health Laboratories; Department of Agriculture and Food; 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth Western Australia 6151 Australia
| | - J Lyon
- Animal Health Laboratories; Department of Agriculture and Food; Albany WA Australia
| | - MA Palmer
- Animal Health Laboratories; Department of Agriculture and Food; Albany WA Australia
| | - D Forshaw
- Animal Health Laboratories; Department of Agriculture and Food; Albany WA Australia
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JPY. Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: room for improvement. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 85:65-107. [PMID: 24928180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800182-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis, a significant disease in mammals, including livestock, wildlife and humans, with a major socioeconomic impact worldwide. In spite of its impact, and some advances towards the development of vaccines and new therapeutic agents, limited attention has been paid to the need for practical and reliable methods for the diagnosis of infection or disease. Accurate diagnosis is central to effective control, particularly given an emerging problem with drug resistance in F. hepatica. Traditional coprological techniques have been widely used, but are often unreliable. Although there have been some advances in establishing immunologic techniques, these tools can suffer from a lack of diagnostic specificity and/or sensitivity. Nonetheless, antigen detection tests seem to have considerable potential, but have not yet been adequately evaluated in the field. Moreover, advanced nucleic acid-based methods appear to offer the most promise for the diagnosis of current infection. This chapter (i) provides a brief account of the biology and significance of F. hepatica/fascioliasis, (ii) describes key techniques currently in use, (iii) compares their advantages/disadvantages and (iv) reviews polymerase chain reaction-based methods for specific diagnosis and/or the genetic characterization of Fasciola species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Crilly JP, Pozo J, Scott PR, Wilson DJ, Sargison ND, Truyers I. Retinopathy and optic neuropathy following closantel treatment of ewes. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Patrick Crilly
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianEH25 9RG
| | - Jorge Pozo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianEH25 9RG
| | - Philip R Scott
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianEH25 9RG
| | - David J Wilson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianEH25 9RG
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianEH25 9RG
| | - Isabelle Truyers
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianEH25 9RG
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Brockwell YM, Elliott TP, Anderson GR, Stanton R, Spithill TW, Sangster NC. Confirmation of Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in naturally infected Australian beef and dairy cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 4:48-54. [PMID: 24596668 PMCID: PMC3940233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole resistant F. hepatica is confirmed in infected Australian cattle. Resistance was observed on four beef properties and one dairy property. Live drug resistant adult flukes were recovered from cattle after treatment. A coproantigen reduction test was used to identify resistance. We describe a method suitable for post-treatment analysis of fluke infection.
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the drug of choice for Fasciola hepatica control and reports of F. hepatica resistant to this drug from a wide range of geographic regions are very concerning. This study investigated the presence of TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica in naturally infected Australian beef and dairy cattle herds and evaluated methods of measuring the levels of resistance. Faecal egg count and coproantigen reduction tests (FECRT and CRT, respectively) were conducted on 6 South-eastern Australian beef properties and one dairy property where treatment failure by triclabendazole (TCBZ) was suspected. The CRT was conducted on an additional beef property. On each property 15 animals were treated with an oral preparation of TCBZ at the recommended dose and 15 animals remained as untreated controls. Fluke eggs in faeces were counted and coproantigen levels were measured before treatment and 21 days after treatment and in the untreated control animals. These data were evaluated using three different methods to calculate % reductions compared with controls. Resistance (<90% reduction) was detected on the dairy property using both FEC and CRT, and on 3/6 beef properties using FECRT and 4/7 beef properties using CRT. Using the FECRT, reductions of 6.1–14.1% were observed in dairy cattle and 25.9–65.5% in beef cattle. Using the CRT, reductions of 0.4–7.6% were observed in dairy cattle and 27.0–69.5% in beef cattle. Live flukes were recovered at slaughter following TCBZ treatment of 6 cattle from 3 of the beef properties, confirming the TCBZ resistance status of F. hepatica in these cattle. This is the first report of F. hepatica resistant to TCBZ in cattle in Australia and the results suggest that resistance is widespread in the South-eastern region. The CRT is shown to be a robust alternative to the FECRT for evaluation of TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette M Brockwell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia
| | - Timothy P Elliott
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Glenn R Anderson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia ; Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd., Milperra, N.S.W. 2214, Australia
| | - Rex Stanton
- E.H. Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia ; Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Sangster
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. 2678, Australia
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Recent advances in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction of Fasciola hepatica in cattle. Parasitology 2013; 141:326-35. [PMID: 24229764 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a pathogenic trematode parasite of ruminants with a global distribution. Here, we briefly review the current epidemiology of bovine fasciolosis in Europe and discuss the progress made over the last decade in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction of F. hepatica in cattle. Advances in diagnosis have led to significantly improved coprological and serological methods to detect presence of infection. Diagnostic test results have been correlated with intensity of infection and associated production losses, unravelling the impact on carcass weight and milk yield in modern cattle production systems. The economic impact of fasciolosis may, however, go beyond the direct impacts on production as evidence shows that F. hepatica can modulate the immune response to some co-infections. Control of bovine fasciolosis remains hampered by the limitations of the currently available flukicidal drugs: few drugs are available to treat dairy cows, many have low efficacies against juvenile stages of F. hepatica and there is evidence for the development of drug resistance. This makes research into the prediction of risk periods, and thus the optimum application of available drugs more pertinent. In this field, the recent research focus has been on understanding spatial risk and delivering region-specific spatial distribution maps. Further advances in epidemiological and economic research on bovine fasciolosis are expected to deliver farm-specific economic assessments of disease impact, to leverage non-chemotherapeutic management options and to enhance a more targeted use of anthelmintics.
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Martínez-Valladares M, Cordero-Pérez C, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Efficacy of an anthelmintic combination in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica resistant to albendazole and clorsulon. Exp Parasitol 2013; 136:59-62. [PMID: 24211419 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we identified five sheep flocks with fasciolosis in the province of León (northwestern Spain) in order to determine the anthelmintic resistance status to three commonly used anthelmintics, namely albendazole (ABZ), triclabendazole (TCBZ) and clorsulon (CLOR). The identification of one flock resistant to ABZ and CLOR was shown after the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The reductions in eggs per gram values were -17.6% and -68% against immature and adult flukes, respectively, after ABZ treatment; 85.15% and 44.91% against immature and adult flukes, respectively, after CLOR treatment; and 97.06% against both stages, after the administration of TCBZ. As an alternative to control the infection, two combinations of ABZ and CLOR were tested. In the first, both drugs were administered at the recommended dose of each; in this case, the efficiency reached values above 95% against both immature and adult flukes. However, when the combined drugs were administered at half the recommended dose of each, the efficiency of the combination was very low, i.e. 16.67% and -11.11% against mature and immature flukes, respectively. In conclusion, this preliminary report suggests a possible interaction between ABZ and CLOR after their joint administration. However, these results should be confirmed in other flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal del Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - C Cordero-Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - F A Rojo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal del Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
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50
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The diagnosis of fasciolosis in feces of sheep by means of a PCR and its application in the detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks naturally infected. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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