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Rosario-Cruz R, Domínguez-García DI, Almazán C. Inclusion of Anti-Tick Vaccines into an Integrated Tick Management Program in Mexico: A Public Policy Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:403. [PMID: 38675785 PMCID: PMC11053712 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acaricides are the most widely used method to control the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. However, its use increases production costs, contaminates food and the environment, and directly affects animal and human health. The intensive use of chemical control has resulted in the selection of genes associated with resistance to acaricides, and consumers are increasingly less tolerant of food contamination. This scenario has increased the interest of different research groups around the world for anti-tick vaccine development, in order to reduce the environmental impact, the presence of residues in food, and the harmful effects on animal and human health. There is enough evidence that vaccination with tick antigens induces protection against tick infestations, reducing tick populations and acaricide treatments. Despite the need for an anti-tick vaccine in Mexico, vaccination against ticks has been limited to one vaccine that is used in some regions. The aim of this review is to contribute to the discussion on tick control issues and provide a reference for readers interested in the importance of using anti-tick vaccines encouraging concerted action on the part of Mexican animal health authorities, livestock organizations, cattle producers, and academics. Therefore, it is suggested that an anti-tick vaccine should be included as a part of an integrated tick management program in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz
- Biotechnology in Health and Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences College, Autónomous Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo 39105, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Delia Inés Domínguez-García
- Biotechnology in Health and Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences College, Autónomous Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo 39105, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Consuelo Almazán
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Santiago de Queretaro 76230, Queretaro, Mexico;
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2
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Perez-Soria MME, López-Díaz DG, Jiménez-Ocampo R, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, Ueti MW, Mosqueda J. Immunization of cattle with a Rhipicephalus microplus chitinase peptide containing predicted B-cell epitopes reduces tick biological fitness. Parasitology 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38311342 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus, the cattle fever tick, is the most important ectoparasite impacting the livestock industry worldwide. Overreliance on chemical treatments for tick control has led to the emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks and environmental contamination. An immunological strategy based on vaccines offers an alternative approach to tick control. To develop novel tick vaccines, it is crucial to identify and evaluate antigens capable of generating protection in cattle. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade older chitin at the time of moulting, therefore allowing interstadial metamorphosis. In this study, 1 R. microplus chitinase was identified and its capacity to reduce fitness in ticks fed on immunized cattle was evaluated. First, the predicted amino acid sequence was determined in 4 isolates and their similarity was analysed by bioinformatics. Four peptides containing predicted B-cell epitopes were designed. The immunogenicity of each peptide was assessed by inoculating 2 cattle, 4 times at 21 days intervals, and the antibody response was verified by indirect ELISA. A challenge experiment was conducted with those peptides that were immunogenic. The chitinase gene was successfully amplified and sequenced, enabling comparison with reference strains. Notably, a 99.32% identity and 99.84% similarity were ascertained among the sequences. Furthermore, native protein recognition was demonstrated through western blot assays. Chitinase peptide 3 reduced the weight and oviposition of engorged ticks, as well as larvae viability, exhibiting a 71% efficacy. Therefore, chitinase 3 emerges as a viable vaccine candidate, holding promise for its integration into a multiantigenic vaccine against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Gustavo López-Díaz
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, QT, Mexico
- Master's Program in Sustainable Animal Health and Production, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, QT, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú
- CA Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, QT, Mexico
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, QT, Mexico
- CA Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, QT, Mexico
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3
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Santos JHM, Siddle HV, Raza A, Stanisic DI, Good MF, Tabor AE. Exploring the landscape of Babesia bovis vaccines: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:274. [PMID: 37563668 PMCID: PMC10413621 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis, caused by different Babesia spp. such as B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. major, is a global disease that poses a serious threat to livestock production. Babesia bovis infections are associated with severe disease and increased mortality in adult cattle, making it the most virulent agent of bovine babesiosis. Babesia bovis parasites undergo asexual reproduction within bovine red blood cells, followed by sexual reproduction within their tick vectors, which transmit the parasite transovarially. Current control methods, including therapeutic drugs (i.e., imidocarb) have been found to lead to drug resistance. Moreover, changing environmental factors add complexity to efficient parasite control. Understanding the fundamental biology, host immune responses, and host-parasite interactions of Babesia parasites is critical for developing next-generation vaccines to control acute disease and parasite transmission. This systematic review analyzed available research papers on vaccine development and the associated immune responses to B. bovis. We compiled and consolidated the reported vaccine strategies, considering the study design and rationale of each study, to provide a systematic review of knowledge and insights for further research. Thirteen studies published since 2014 (inclusive) represented various vaccine strategies developed against B. bovis such as subunit, live attenuated, and viral vector vaccines. Such strategies incorporated B. bovis proteins or whole live parasites with the latter providing the most effective prophylaxis against bovine babesiosis. Incorporating novel research approaches, such as "omics" will enhance our understanding of parasite vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Harvey M Santos
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Hannah V Siddle
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Ali Raza
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Danielle I Stanisic
- Griffith University, Institute for Glycomics, Southport, Qld, 4215, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Griffith University, Institute for Glycomics, Southport, Qld, 4215, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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4
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De Rouck S, İnak E, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. A review of the molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in mites and ticks. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 159:103981. [PMID: 37391089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arachnida subclass of Acari comprises many harmful pests that threaten agriculture as well as animal health, including herbivorous spider mites, the bee parasite Varroa, the poultry mite Dermanyssus and several species of ticks. Especially in agriculture, acaricides are often used intensively to minimize the damage they inflict, promoting the development of resistance. Beneficial predatory mites used in biological control are also subjected to acaricide selection in the field. The development and use of new genetic and genomic tools such as genome and transcriptome sequencing, bulked segregant analysis (QTL mapping), and reverse genetics via RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9, have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance in Acari, especially in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae which emerged as a model species. These new techniques allowed to uncover and validate new resistance mutations in a larger range of species. In addition, they provided an impetus to start elucidating more challenging questions on mechanisms of gene regulation of detoxification associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander De Rouck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emre İnak
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Gonzaga BCF, de Moraes NR, Gomes GW, Coutinho AL, Vale FL, E Sousa LJMP, Marreto L, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Azevedo Prata MC, Marchesini P, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Combination of synthetic acaricides with (E)-cinnamaldehyde to control Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:191-207. [PMID: 36346558 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work had the objectives to (1) evaluate the susceptibility of various Rhipicephalus microplus populations to commercial acaricides, and (2) select commercial acaricides (50-80% effective) and evaluate the effects of binary combinations of the phenylpropanoid (E)-cinnamaldehyde with selected commercial acaricides to control R. microplus under laboratory and field conditions. Using adult immersion tests with 116 populations and 14 commercial acaricides, products showing 50-80% effectiveness (percent control) with the lowest number of active ingredients were selected. Acaricides containing amitraz or chlorfenvinphos were tested in combination with (E)-cinnamaldehyde on a field population (strain CM). We found that (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of both commercial acaricides against R. microplus larvae; however, the enhancement was more accentuated when using amitraz. Experiments combining (E)-cinnamaldehyde + amitraz on unfed larvae and engorged females from another population (strain Gyn) were performed, verifying (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of amitraz. In the field experiment, the application of (E)-cinnamaldehyde appeared toxic to the tick hosts (cattle). We concluded that (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of amitraz against unfed larvae and engorged females of R. microplus; however, in the field test this phenylpropanoid caused intoxication in the cattle. Studies searching for new combinations of compounds from essential oils with amitraz deserve attention, as well as studies to develop formulations using amitraz + (E)-cinnamaldehyde that will be efficient and will not have toxic effects in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
| | - Nélio Roberto de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Webert Gomes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia - Goiânia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, esq. com 5ª avenida - Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- MSD Saúde Animal, Avenida Doutor Chucri Zaidan, 296, 9º Andar, 04583-110, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n.º - Setor Leste Universitário, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n.º - Setor Leste Universitário, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
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Andriantsoanirina V, Guillot J, Ratsimbason M, Mekhloufi G, Randriamialinoro F, Ranarivelo L, Ariey F, Durand R. In vitro efficacy of essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7176. [PMID: 35504935 PMCID: PMC9065015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for scabies, a pruritic and contagious skin disease in humans. S. scabiei is also responsible for mange in a wide range of animal species. The treatment of S. scabiei infection is hampered by an under-effectiveness of the few available drugs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide activity of a large number of plant essential oils (EOs) against S. scabiei. EOs were selected mainly on the basis of traditional treatments for dermatological infections in Madagascar. The sarcoptes originating from a porcine animal model were tested at concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.1%. The viability of sarcoptes was assessed by stereomicroscopic observation at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and then every hour until 6 h after treatment. Estimates of lethal time and lethal concentration producing 50% mortality were generated using a probit analysis. The survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. A total of 31 EOs from different plants were tested. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamom) and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) oils were the most active for all concentrations tested. They may be included in in vivo studies, in order to further assess their potential interest as topical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Guillot
- EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Dermatology Parasitology Mycology Dept, ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Ratsimbason
- Centre National d'Application de Recherches Pharmaceutiques, Tananarive, Madagascar
| | - Ghozlene Mekhloufi
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Ariey
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Durand
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy, BioCis, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, 92290, Chatenay Malabry, France. .,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 1 rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000, Créteil, France.
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7
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Song R, Zhai X, Fan X, Li Y, Ge T, Li C, Li M, He W, Zheng H, Gan L, Zhang Y, Chahan B. Prediction and validation of cross-protective candidate antigen of Hyalomma asiaticum cathepsin L between H. asiaticum and H. anatolicum. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 86:283-298. [PMID: 35133525 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyalomma asiaticum and H. anatolicum are tick species in Eurasia and Africa with major medical and veterinary significance. Beside their direct pathogenic effects, H. asiaticum and H. anatolicum are vectors of important diseases of livestock and in some instances of zoonoses. In search of ways to address the increasing incidence of global acaricide resistance, tick control through vaccination is regarded as a sustainable alternative approach. Cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CPL) is a potent hemoglobinase, and plays important roles in the digestion of blood acquired from a host. CPL from H. anatolicum (HanCPL) with high similarity (> 90%) for H. asiaticum CPL (HasCPL) were aligned by in silico analysis. After further in vitro validation, the anti-HasCPL sera have cross-reactivity between the different total native protein of life stages and tissues for H. asiaticum and H. anatolicum. Furthermore, we further confirmed that recombinant HasCPL (rHasCPL) immunized rabbits were partially cross-protected (54.8%) by H. anatolicum infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Song
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xuejie Zhai
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yongchang Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting Ge
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Caishan Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Min Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
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Marchesini P, Lemos ASDO, Bitencourt RDOB, Fiorotti J, Angelo IDC, Fabri RL, Costa-Júnior LM, Lopes WDZ, Bittencourt VREP, Monteiro C. Assessment of lipid profile in fat body and eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females exposed to (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol, potential acaricide compounds. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109596. [PMID: 34695723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the lipid profile from the fat body and eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus was evaluated after exposure of engorged females to (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol, substances which have acaricide potential according to the literature. Engorged females collected from artificially infested cattle were immersed in a concentration of 10.0 mg/mL of each substance. Dissection of the female fat bodies was performed at different times (72 h and 120 h), for subsequent lipid extraction. In addition, on the fifth day of oviposition, were collected 50.0 ml50.0 mL aliquots of the egg mass of each treatment to perform the same lipid extraction procedure. To assess the lipid profiles, the samples were submitted to the thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Furthermore, an in silico analysis was performed using PASS online® software to predict the possible molecular targets of (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol. As result, the main lipids identified from the fat body were triacylglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol, whereas, triacylglycerides (TAG), fatty acids (FA), and cholesterol (CHO) and cholesterol esters (CHOE), were identified in the eggs. The results also showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of CHO in the fat body in the group exposed to (E)-cinnamaldehyde at 72 h (0.12 μg/fat body) and 120 h (0.46 μg/fat body), in the eggs from females treated with this same substance, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the amount of CHO (0.21 μg), compared to the water control group (0.45 μg). In the GCMS technique, 5 chemical classes were found, and variations were observed between these substances, mainly hydrocarbons and steroids, in the different groups, and (E)-cinnamaldehyde promoted the greatest changes. From the predictions of the in silico study, 38 and 20 targets were selected, respectively, which are mainly related to alterations in lipid metabolism, immune system and nervous system. This study provides the first report of changes in lipid metabolism of R. microplus exposed to (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol, as well as presenting possible activity on the molecular targets of these substances, expanding knowledge for the potential use of these compounds in the development of botanical acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Ari Sérgio de Oliveira Lemos
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s / n, Bairro Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Fiorotti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Fabri
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s / n, Bairro Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zaneti Lopes
- Departamento de Biociências do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Caio Monteiro
- Departamento de Biociências do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil
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9
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He L, Bastos RG, Sun Y, Hua G, Guan G, Zhao J, Suarez CE. Babesiosis as a potential threat for bovine production in China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:460. [PMID: 34493328 PMCID: PMC8425137 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with global impact caused by parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa, genus Babesia. Typically, acute bovine babesiosis (BB) is characterized by fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and high mortality. Surviving animals remain persistently infected and become reservoirs for parasite transmission. Bovids in China can be infected by one or more Babesia species endemic to the country, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. orientalis, B. ovata, B. major, B. motasi, B. U sp. Kashi and B. venatorum. The latter may pose a zoonotic risk. Occurrence of this wide diversity of Babesia species in China may be due to a combination of favorable ecological factors, such as the presence of multiple tick vectors, including Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma, the coexistence of susceptible bovid species, such as domestic cattle, yaks, and water buffalo, and the lack of efficient measures of tick control. BB is currently widespread in several regions of the country and a limiting factor for cattle production. While some areas appear to have enzootic stability, others have considerable cattle mortality. Research is needed to devise solutions to the challenges posed by uncontrolled BB. Critical research gaps include risk assessment for cattle residing in endemic areas, understanding factors involved in endemic stability, evaluation of parasite diversity and pathogenicity of regional Babesia species, and estimation of whether and how BB should be controlled in China. Research should allow the design of comprehensive interventions to improve cattle production, diminish the risk of human infections, and increase the availability of affordable animal protein for human consumption in China and worldwide. In this review, we describe the current state of BB with reference to the diversity of hosts, vectors, and parasite species in China. We also discuss the unique risks and knowledge gaps that should be taken into consideration for future Babesia research and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agricultural - Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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Duan DY, Chen Z, Fu YT, Liu GH, Cheng TY. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Ixodes ticks, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:513-522. [PMID: 33931902 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the authors sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of two hard ticks of the genus Ixodes, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp., which were 14 505 and 14 543 bp in length, respectively. Their mt genomes encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes, and have only one non-coding region. The gene order in their mt genomes was the same as that of other Ixodes spp. mt genomes. The average sequence identity, combined nucleotide diversity, non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions ratio analyses consistently demonstrated that cox1, rrnS, cox2, cox3 and cytb were the most conserved and atp8, nad6 and nad2 were the most variable genes across Ixodes mitogenomes. Phylogeny of the present Ixodes spp., and other selected hard tick species, based on concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs, confirmed their position within the genus Ixodes and sub-family Ixodinae. The novel mt markers described herein will be useful for further studies of the population genetics, molecular epidemiology and systematics of hard ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-Y Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Z Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Y-T Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - G-H Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - T-Y Cheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A. Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:657694. [PMID: 37744087 PMCID: PMC10512273 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.657694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.
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Changes in Serum Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Cattle Vaccinated with Tick Recombinant Antigens: A Pilot Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010005. [PMID: 33374141 PMCID: PMC7824418 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick vaccination is an environmentally friendly alternative for tick control, pathogen infection, and transmission. Tick vaccine protection is sometimes incomplete, which may be due to problems in the stability, conformation, and activity of antibodies. This might be related to oxidative stress, but more studies are needed about the possible relationships between oxidative stress and immune function. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare various serum biomarkers of antioxidant response and oxidative damage in cattle vaccinated with two recombinant antigens, the chimera of Subolesin- BM95 (homologue antigen of BM86)-MSP1a and BM86, and a control consisting in the adjuvant of the vaccines. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of the plasma (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total thiol concentrations, and uric acid were evaluated in serum to determine the antioxidant response. To evaluate oxidative status, ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX), total oxidant status (TOS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in serum were determined. In addition, correlations between biomarkers of oxidative stress and antibody titers were evaluated. A significant decrease in all antioxidant biomarkers, with exception of thiol, and also a decrease in the oxidant markers TOS, AOPP and H2O2 was observed in cattle vaccinated with BM86, that also showed the highest antibody titers response whereas no significant differences in any of the biomarkers were detected in the Subolesin-Bm95-MSP1a and control groups. In addition, the dynamics of Cuprac and H2O2 with time showed significant differences between the groups. Although this is a pilot study and the results should be interpreted with caution and corroborated by studies involving a large number of animals, our results indicate that, in our experimental conditions, those vaccines able to induce a lower oxidative stress produce a higher concentration of antigen-specific antibodies. Overall, the results of the study provided information on the behavior of different biomarkers related to antioxidant defense, and the oxidative damage in cattle in response to vaccination.
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Buczek A, Pilch J, Buczek W. Tick Preventive Behaviors and Practices Adopted by Medical Students from Poland, Germany, and Thailand in Relation to Socio-Demographic Conditions and Their Knowledge of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120863. [PMID: 33287425 PMCID: PMC7761883 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the high medical importance of ticks, we analyzed the most common preventive behaviors and practices adopted by medical students from Poland, Germany, and Thailand, and the level of their knowledge of ticks and tick-borne diseases. A survey consisting of 19 questions was conducted among 636 randomly selected students. The study showed that the Polish and German students preferred inspection of the body on their return home (86.9% and 63.5%, respectively) and wearing protective clothes (79.8% and 32.3%, respectively) as part of prophylaxis. The Thai students most often chose wearing protective clothes (54.7%) and preventive behavior in tick habitats (42.7%). Approximately 7% of the Polish medical students and as many as 22% of the German and Thai respondents did not use any means of prevention. Our analyses suggest that the use of preventive methods and respondents' behaviors depend on socio-demographic factors and the level of health education. The insufficient practical implementation of tick prevention measures by the medical students suggests a need for verification of health education programs in schools as well as effective popularization and educational activities. It is also necessary to develop a public health protection strategy against the effects of tick bites.
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Patarroyo S JH, de Sousa Neves E, Fidelis CF, Tafur-Gómez GA, de Araujo L, Vargas MI, Sossai S, Prates-Patarroyo PA. Bovine immunisation with a recombinant peptide derived from synthetic SBm7462® (Bm86 epitope construct) immunogen for Rhipicephalus microplus control. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101461. [PMID: 32723656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS: is the most important ectoparasite of livestock in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Research focused on developing an efficient vaccine for cattle tick control is a high priority. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rSBm7462® peptide (Bm86-B and T cell epitopes) regarding its properties of immunogenicity, protective effect in cattle and efficacy against R. microplus. This peptide was produced by a fermentative process in the yeast culture system of Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris strain Km 71. The vaccination assay was conducted in a tick-free area using non-splenectomised Holstein Friesian calves, separated into immunisation and control groups. These animals individually received the recombinant peptide and the inoculum without peptide using saponin as an adjuvant at three time points. The calves were challenged 21 days after the last immunisation using 4500 larvae per animal. An indirect ELISA was used to identify the IgG kinetics of serum samples from the calves studied. The qPCR was performed to determine the cytokine gene expression from the total RNA of the cultured PBMCs. Histomorphometry of the germinal centres (GCs) was performed measuring slides with haematoxylin-eosin staining of surgically removed lymph nodes from immunised calves. The antibody response showed a significant induction of high-affinity IgGs in calves immunised with the recombinant peptide in comparison to the controls. The kinetics of antibodies in immunised calves showed a significant increase during the experiment. This increase in high-affinity IgGs correlated with a gradual increase of the GC diameter following each peptide vaccination. Cytokine expression profiles demonstrating an adaptive immune response in calves immunised with rSBm7462® confirmed the T-dependent response. Vaccine efficacy was calculated at 72.4 % following the analysis and fecundity of collected adult female ticks, compared between control and vaccinated groups. These findings demonstrate that this new recombinant peptide is an option for control of R. microplus infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín H Patarroyo S
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil.
| | - Elisangela de Sousa Neves
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Cintia Fernandes Fidelis
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | | | - Leandro de Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Marlene I Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Sidimar Sossai
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Pablo A Prates-Patarroyo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
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Agwunobi DO, Pei T, Wang K, Yu Z, Liu J. Effects of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus on mortality and morphology of the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:37-50. [PMID: 32246382 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis is one of the most prevalent tick species across eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, and has been implicated as a vector of several pathogenic agents. This study evaluated the in vitro acaricidal efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) essential oil on unfed H. longicornis using the adult and nymph immersion test, and the larval packet test. Six concentrations with three replications each of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/mL (adults and nymphs) were used, and 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/mL (larvae), with control group (50% ethanol). The adult and nymph mortality rates were 98 and 100% at 50 mg/mL, and 95 and 100% at 60 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the larval mortality rate was 94 and 96% at 40 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Mortality of adult, nymph and larva increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The LC50 for adult, nymph, and larva, were 29.21 (95% confidence interval 25.90-32.58), 28.18 (23.78-32.25), and 28.06 (25.57-30.90) mg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed a disjointed sensilla base from the sockets, cuticular cracks, blocked aeropyles, and shrinking of the midgut. These results showed that C. citratus essential oil could be a good eco-friendly alternative control strategy against ectoparasites like ticks due to its high acaricidal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Kuang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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16
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Tafur-Gómez GA, Patarroyo Salcedo JH, Vargas MI, Araújo L, Fidelis CF, Prates-Patarroyo PA, Cortes-Vecino JA, Portela RW. Intestinal changes and performance parameters in ticks feeding on calves immunized with subunits of immunogens against Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:91-107. [PMID: 31845063 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the intestinal changes and biological parameters of the tick species Rhipicephalus microplus exposed to the immune response of calves vaccinated with two subunits of immunogens. The first group of Bos taurus calves was immunized with a synthetic peptide (SBm7462), whereas the second group received an inoculum for synthetic control. The third group was immunized with a recombinant peptide (rSBm7462); an inoculum was injected into a fourth group of calves for recombinant control. Each formulation was administered to these calves during three times at intervals of 30 days. At 21 days after the last immunization, the calves were challenged using a total of 4500 larvae per animal. Indirect ELISA was realized to identify the kinetics of IgGs from samples of calves studied. Naturally detaching ticks were collected for analyses of biological performance and histological changes in the midgut. We dissected randomly detached ticks. The midgut of each of these ticks was removed and processed routinely for histology, stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and slow Giemsa. Slides were also subjected to immunohistochemistry. The antibody response showed significant induction of high-affinity IgGs in calves immunized with both peptides in comparison to calves of the control groups. Histological changes included damage of the intestinal epithelium in ticks fed on immunized hosts and intense immunostaining in midgut cells, using the serum of calves immunized with recombinant peptide. There were significant differences in all biological performing parameters of ticks detached from vaccinated calves in comparison with ticks of the control groups. We identified reductions of 87.7 and 93.5% in engorged ticks detached from calves immunized with a synthetic and recombinant peptides, respectively, a 28 and 8.60% lower egg mass in groups immunized with synthetic and recombinant peptides, respectively, and a 38.4% reduction of the value of nutrient index/tick in the group immunized with the recombinant peptide. Our findings show that the immune response induced by small peptides in cattle can modify the digestion and metabolism of ticks fed on vaccinated animals, resulting in changes in tick performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquín H Patarroyo Salcedo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil.
| | - Marlene I Vargas
- Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Leandro Araújo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Cintia F Fidelis
- Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Pablo A Prates-Patarroyo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Jesus A Cortes-Vecino
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 11001, Colombia
| | - Ricardo W Portela
- Departamento de Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, CEP 40110-903, Brasil
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Beys-da-Silva WO, Rosa RL, Berger M, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Vainstein MH, Schrank A, Bittencourt VREP, Santi L. Updating the application of Metarhizium anisopliae to control cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2019; 208:107812. [PMID: 31809704 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The bovine tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is the main ectoparasite of cattle and causes loss of billions of dollars worldwide in lost meat, milk, and leather production, as well as control expenses. In addition to systemically impacting the host during the parasitic act, this parasite is also an important disease vector. Traditionally, the main commercial control of the tick is achieved through application of chemical acaricides, which can leave residues in the meat and milk. Moreover, ticks can become resistant to these chemicals due to their massive and incorrect use. Many alternative methods have been tested including vaccines and natural products from plant origin. However, the efficacy of these treatments is variable and limited, especially when used alone. Arthropod-pathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, are among the natural microbial agents with promising potential to be used alone or in association with other products, for example with chemical acaricides. This article discusses several aspects of bovine tick control related to the use of M. anisopliae, which is one of the most studied and viable alternative tools for effective tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rafael L Rosa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caio J B Coutinho-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Li J, Chen ZH, Jiang L, Wu CY, Liao SQ, Lin XH, Xiang R, Lv MN, Qi NS, Zhang JF, Chen QL, Sun MF. Characterization of cattle-origin ticks from Southern China. Acta Trop 2018; 187:92-98. [PMID: 30055177 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To characterize ticks in cattle from Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region, Southern China, 783 cattle in four localities were examined. Among them, 232 (29.63%) cattle were positive for tick infection. A total of 503 ticks collected in these cattle were further investigated. Two Rhipicephalus species, namely R. microplus and R. sanguineus, were firstly identified by morphological features. Thereinto, R. microplus is the prevalent species in cattle in southern China, with high prevalent in summer and autumn annually. Mixed infection of R. microplus and R. sanguineus was just found in yellow cattle. To further confirm the morphological identification of these cattle-origin ticks, a phylogeographic analysis inferred from the sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) was performed, and R. microplus and R. sanguineus were identified. However, the morphological taxonomy of R. microplus has been challenged in recent years. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) marker was then used to provide higher resolution of R. mircoplus complex. The re-constructed cox1 phylogenetic tree further identified these R. mircoplus tick samples as R. microplus Clade A. These findings illustrated the prevalence and characterization of cattle-origin ticks in Southern China for the first time, and provided base-line information for further control of tick and tick-borne disease in these areas.
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Sajid M, Kausar A, Iqbal A, Abbas H, Iqbal Z, Jones M. An insight into the ecobiology, vector significance and control of Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A review. Acta Trop 2018; 187:229-239. [PMID: 30118698 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ticks (Acari:Ixodoidea) are important ectoparasites infesting livestock and human populations around the globe. Ticks can cause damage directly by affecting the site of infestation, or indirectly as vectors of a wide range of protozoa, bacteria and viruses which ultimately lead to lowered productivity of livestock populations. Hyalomma is a genus of hard ticks, having more than 30 species well-adapted to hot, humid and cold climates. Habitat diversity, vector ability, and emerging problem of acaricidal resistance in enzootic regions typify this genus in various countries around the world. This paper reviews the epidemiology, associated risk factors (temperature, climate, age, sex, breed etc.), vector role, vector-pathogen association, and reported control strategies of genus Hyalomma. The various proteins in saliva of Hyalomma secreted into the blood stream of host and the prolonged attachment are responsible for the successful engorgement of female ticks in spite of host immune defense system. The various immunological approaches that have been tried by researchers in order to cause tick rejection are also discussed. In addition, the novel biological control approaches involving the use of entomo-pathogenic nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis) serovar thuringiensis H14; an endotoxin, for their acaricidal effect on different species and life cycle stages of Hyalomma are also presented.
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Mangia C, Vismarra A, Genchi M, Epis S, Bandi C, Grandi G, Bell-Sakyi L, Otranto D, Passeri B, Kramer L. Exposure to amitraz, fipronil and permethrin affects cell viability and ABC transporter gene expression in an Ixodes ricinus cell line. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:437. [PMID: 30064465 PMCID: PMC6069974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins has been implicated in resistance of ticks to acaricides. Tick cell lines are useful for investigating resistance mechanisms, as development of an in vitro model for the study of acaricide resistance would contribute to improving knowledge of the molecular basis behind drug processing and exclusion in ticks. In the present study, cultures of the Ixodes ricinus-derived cell line IRE/CTVM19 were treated with the acaricides amitraz, permethrin or fipronil to determine modulation of ABC transporter gene expression. Cells were treated with different drug concentrations (25, 50, 100, 150 μM) and incubated for ten days. Cell morphology, viability, metabolic activity and relative expression of ABC (B1, B6, B8 and B10) genes were determined at day 10 post-treatment. RESULTS Cell morphology determined by light microscopy was altered following treatment with all drugs, but only at high concentrations, while total cell numbers decreased with increasing drug dose. Cell viability determined by trypan blue exclusion was not significantly different from untreated controls (P > 0.1) following treatment with amitraz and permethrin, but high concentrations of fipronil caused decrease (up to 37%, P < 0.01) in viability. At all drug concentrations, fipronil and permethrin induced dose-dependent reduction in cell metabolic activity measured by MTT assay (P < 0.01). Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the drugs significantly affected expression of ABC genes. In particular, fipronil treatment downregulated ABCB1 (P < 0.001) and upregulated ABCB6, ABCB8 and ABCB10 (P < 0.01); amitraz treatment down regulated ABCB1 (significant difference between 25 and 150 μM, P < 0.001) and upregulated ABCB8 and ABCB10 at lower concentrations (25 and 50 μM, P < 0.05); and permethrin upregulated ABCB6, ABCB8 and ABCB10 only at 150 μM (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The adverse effects on cell viability and metabolic activity, and changes in expression of different ABC transporter genes, detected in IRE/CTVM19 cells following treatment with amitraz, permethrin and fipronil, support the proposed application of tick cell lines as in vitro models for the study of resistance to these acaricides in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mangia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Genchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-757 56, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Passeri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
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21
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Comparison of Protein Gut Samples from Rhipicephalus spp. Using a Crude and an Innovative Preparation Method for Proteome Analysis. Vet Sci 2018. [PMID: 29538322 PMCID: PMC5876555 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick populations are controlled through the application of chemical pesticides. However, the rise in chemical resistance has prompted the investigation of other control methods such as the use of tick vaccines. Proteomic analysis provides valuable information about the possible function and localization of proteins, as candidate vaccine proteins are often either secreted or localized on the cell-surface membrane. Progress in the utilization of proteomics for the identification of novel treatment targets has been significant. However, their use in tick-specific investigations is still quite novel, with the continual development of tick-specific methodologies essential. In this study, an innovative sample preparation method was utilized to isolate epithelial cells from tick midguts to identify the membrane-bound proteins. Proteomic analysis was conducted comparing crude and innovative sample preparation methods with 692 and 1242 tick-specific proteins, 108 and 314 surface proteins respectively, isolated from the midguts of semi-engorged Rhipicephalus microplus adult female ticks. This research reports a novel preparation protocol for the analysis of tick midgut proteins which reduces host protein contamination.
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22
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Soundararajan C, Nagarajan K, Muthukrishnan S, Arul Prakash M. Tick infestation on sheep, goat, horse and wild hare in Tamil Nadu. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:127-129. [PMID: 29491571 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of tick infestation and their predilection sites on sheep, goat, horse and wild hare were studied at various places of Tamil Nadu, India. The prevalence of tick infestation in Madras red sheep, Tellicherry goat and horse was 77.11, 78.21 and 13.33%, respectively. Sheep were heavily infested with Haemaphysalis bispinosa followed by Hyalomma isaaci, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and H. anatolicum. The ticks from goats were identified as H. bispinosa, R. haemaphysaloides, H. isaaci and R. sanguineus. Horses were infested with Otobus megnini and R. sanguineus. The ticks on wild hare (Lepus nigricollis) were identified as R. haemaphysaloides and H. bispinosa. Wild hare acts as a source of infestation to the sheep and goats since these animals shared the same field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soundararajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - K Nagarajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - S Muthukrishnan
- 2Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu 614625 India
| | - M Arul Prakash
- 3University Research Farm, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600053 India
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23
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Geng J, Zheng A, Zou Z, Zhang X. The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2017; 2:856-857. [PMID: 33490479 PMCID: PMC7800405 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2017.1407707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks are vectors or reservoirs of numerous infectious pathogens and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. However, there is limited knowledge on available genetic sequence. Herein, we extracted the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) from enriched mitochondria of H. longicornis first time in ticks and gained its sequence with 14,718bp in length. The mitogenome consisted of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 noncoding regions. Also, the monophyletic phylogenetic position of H. longicornis is inferred based on 28 complete mitogenomes in total comprised of various species from Ixodida ticks in addition to the mitogenome of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Geng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Villar M, Marina A, de la Fuente J. Applying proteomics to tick vaccine development: where are we? Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:211-221. [PMID: 28099817 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1284590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ticks are second to mosquitoes as a vector of human diseases and are the first vector of animal diseases with a great impact on livestock farming. Tick vaccines represent a sustainable and effective alternative to chemical acaricides for the control of tick infestations and transmitted pathogens. The application of proteomics to tick vaccine development is a fairly recent area, which has resulted in the characterization of some tick-host-pathogen interactions and the identification of candidate protective antigens. Areas covered: In this article, we review the application and possibilities of various proteomic approaches for the discovery of tick and pathogen derived protective antigens, and the design of effective vaccines for the control of tick infestations and pathogen infection and transmission. Expert commentary: In the near future, the application of reverse proteomics, immunoproteomics, structural proteomics, and interactomics among other proteomics approaches will likely contribute to improve vaccine design to control multiple tick species with the ultimate goal of controlling tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- a Sabio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Anabel Marina
- b Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CBM-SO (CSIC-UAM) , Cantoblanco , Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- a Sabio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain.,c Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , OK , USA
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25
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Costa-Júnior LM, Miller RJ, Alves PB, Blank AF, Li AY, Pérez de León AA. Acaricidal efficacies of Lippia gracilis essential oil and its phytochemicals against organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Cruz PB, Barbosa AF, Zeringóta V, Melo D, Novato T, Fidelis QC, Fabri RL, de Carvalho MG, Oliveira Sabaa-Srur AU, Daemon E, Monteiro CMO. Acaricidal activity of methanol extract of Acmella oleracea L. (Asteraceae) and spilanthol on Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:137-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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de Oliveira Filho JG, Sarria ALF, Ferreira LL, Caulfield JC, Powers SJ, Pickett JA, de León AAP, Birkett MA, Borges LMF. Quantification of brown dog tick repellents, 2-hexanone and benzaldehyde, and release from tick-resistant beagles, Canis lupus familiaris. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Esteve-Gassent MD, Castro-Arellano I, Feria-Arroyo TP, Patino R, Li AY, Medina RF, Pérez de León AA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI. TRANSLATING ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND POPULATION GENETICS RESEARCH TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF TICK AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN NORTH AMERICA. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:38-64. [PMID: 27062414 PMCID: PMC4844827 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging tick-borne diseases threaten public health and the wellbeing of domestic animals and wildlife globally. The adoption of an evolutionary ecology framework aimed to diminish the impact of tick-borne diseases needs to be part of strategies to protect human and animal populations. We present a review of current knowledge on the adaptation of ticks to their environment, and the impact that global change could have on their geographic distribution in North America. Environmental pressures will affect tick population genetics by selecting genotypes able to withstand new and changing environments and by altering the connectivity and isolation of several tick populations. Research in these areas is particularly lacking in the southern United States and most of Mexico with knowledge gaps on the ecology of these diseases, including a void in the identity of reservoir hosts for several tick-borne pathogens. Additionally, the way in which anthropogenic changes to landscapes may influence tick-borne disease ecology remains to be fully understood. Enhanced knowledge in these areas is needed in order to implement effective and sustainable integrated tick management strategies. We propose to refocus ecology studies with emphasis on metacommunity-based approaches to enable a holistic perspective addressing whole pathogen and host assemblages. Network analyses could be used to develop mechanistic models involving multihost-pathogen communities. An increase in our understanding of the ecology of tick-borne diseases across their geographic distribution will aid in the design of effective area-wide tick control strategies aimed to diminish the burden of pathogens transmitted by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Ivan Castro-Arellano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX-78666, USA
| | - Teresa P. Feria-Arroyo
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX-78539, USA
| | - Ramiro Patino
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX-78539, USA
| | - Andrew Y. Li
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX-78028, USA
| | - Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil. Yucatán, México
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29
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Groot MJ, Van't Hooft KE. The Hidden Effects of Dairy Farming on Public and Environmental Health in the Netherlands, India, Ethiopia, and Uganda, Considering the Use of Antibiotics and Other Agro-chemicals. Front Public Health 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 26942171 PMCID: PMC4764701 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current and expected growth of the world’s population warrants an increased production of high-quality animal protein. Dairy farming is regarded as one of the important ways of satisfying this need to meet the growing demand for milk, especially in developing countries. The focus on crossbreeding and increasing the productivity of dairy cattle has, besides enhanced milk production, also resulted in an increased use of agro-chemicals, mainly antibiotics and anti-parasite drugs. The residues of these agro-chemicals, if not managed properly, could leak into the environment, affecting natural processes, biodiversity, and soil life. Public health can also be affected due to residues in milk and meat, especially in countries with insufficient food quality controls. These processes contribute to the growing global threat to human and animal health posed by multi-resistant microbes. This article discusses the differences and similarities of dairy farming, and the effect on public and environmental health, between the Netherlands, India, Ethiopia, and Uganda, emphasizing the strategies that have been developed during the E-Motive exchange project to reduce the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in dairy farming. Proposed solutions include raising consciousness about the risk of antibiotics and their effect on food quality, and implementing the Natural Livestock Farming five-layer approach for reducing the use of antibiotics and other chemicals. This approach is based on improving animal and farm management, revitalizing ethno veterinary knowledge and the use of medicinal plants, genetic improvement through strategic use of local breeds, establishing quality control systems in the dairy chain, and extra payment to farmers for residue-free milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Groot
- RIKILT, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
Current approaches for prevention of tick bites, Lyme disease, and other tick-borne diseases are described. Particular attention is paid to 4 risk-reduction strategies: (i) avoiding risk areas; (ii) personal protective measures that reduce the risk of tick bites or transmission of the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi; (iii) reducing the number of infected ticks in the environment; and (iv) use of prophylactic antibiotic treatments following a bite to prevent clinical Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick H Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - L Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Steven W Schofield
- Communicable Disease Control Program, Force Health Protection, Department of National Defence, 1745 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K6, Canada
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31
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de la Fuente J, Contreras M. Tick vaccines: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1367-76. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1076339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Manjunathachar HV, Saravanan BC, Kesavan M, Karthik K, Rathod P, Gopi M, Tamilmahan P, Balaraju BL. Economic importance of ticks and their effective control strategies. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Pérez-Cogollo LC, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Miller RJ, Li AY, de León AP, Guerrero F, Klafke G. Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of Mexico. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:113-22. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. Non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. However, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. Populations of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amitraz and fipronil have been reported in Mexico. Macrocyclic lactones are the most sold antiparasitic drug in the Mexican veterinary market. Ivermectin-resistant populations of R. (B.) microplus have been reported in Brazil, Uruguay and especially in Mexico (Veracruz and Yucatan). Although ivermectin resistance levels in R. (B.) microplus from Mexico were generally low in most cases, some field populations of R. (B.) microplus exhibited high levels of ivermectin resistance. The CHPAT population showed a resistance ratio of 10.23 and 79.6 at lethal concentration of 50% and 99%, respectively. Many field populations of R. (B.) microplus are resistant to multiple classes of antiparasitic drugs, including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos and diazinon), pyrethroids (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), amitraz and ivermectin. This paper reports the current status of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus to acaricides, especially ivermectin, in Mexican cattle.
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Gomes GA, Monteiro CMO, Julião LDS, Maturano R, Senra TOS, Zeringóta V, Calmon F, Matos RDS, Daemon E, Carvalho MGD. Acaricidal activity of essential oil from Lippia sidoides on unengorged larvae and nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2014; 137:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Sparagano OAE. Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:28. [PMID: 24428899 PMCID: PMC3905284 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. One alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (PDPs). These are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them. Several pesticides and repellents based on PDPs are already available, and in some cases widely utilised, in modern pest management. Many more have a long history of traditional use in poorer areas of the globe where access to synthetic pesticides is often limited. Preliminary studies support that PDPs could be more widely used to target numerous medical and veterinary pests, with modes of action often specific to invertebrates. Though their current and future potential appears significant, development and deployment of PDPs to target veterinary and medical pests is not without issue. Variable efficacy is widely recognised as a restraint to PDPs for pest control. Identifying and developing natural bioactive PDP components in place of chemically less-stable raw or 'whole’ products seems to be the most popular solution to this problem. A limited residual activity, often due to photosensitivity or high volatility, is a further drawback in some cases (though potentially advantageous in others). Nevertheless, encapsulation technologies and other slow-release mechanisms offer strong potential to improve residual activity where needed. The current review provides a summary of existing use and future potential of PDPs against ectoparasites of veterinary and medical significance. Four main types of PDP are considered (pyrethrum, neem, essential oils and plant extracts) for their pesticidal, growth regulating and repellent or deterrent properties. An overview of existing use and research for each is provided, with direction to more extensive reviews given in many sections. Sections to highlight potential issues, modes of action and emerging and future potential are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olivier A E Sparagano
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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36
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Identification of new sphingomyelinases D in pathogenic fungi and other pathogenic organisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79240. [PMID: 24223912 PMCID: PMC3815110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases D (SMases D) or dermonecrotic toxins are well characterized in Loxosceles spider venoms and have been described in some strains of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Corynebacterium sp. After spider bites, the SMase D molecules cause skin necrosis and occasional severe systemic manifestations, such as acute renal failure. In this paper, we identified new SMase D amino acid sequences from various organisms belonging to 24 distinct genera, of which, 19 are new. These SMases D share a conserved active site and a C-terminal motif. We suggest that the C-terminal tail is responsible for stabilizing the entire internal structure of the SMase D Tim barrel and that it can be considered an SMase D hallmark in combination with the amino acid residues from the active site. Most of these enzyme sequences were discovered from fungi and the SMase D activity was experimentally confirmed in the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Because most of these novel SMases D are from organisms that are endowed with pathogenic properties similar to those evoked by these enzymes alone, they might be associated with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Nong X, Tan YJ, Wang JH, Xie Y, Fang CL, Chen L, Liu TF, Yang DY, Gu XB, Peng XR, Wang SX, Yang GY. Evaluation acaricidal efficacy of botanical extract from Eupatorium adenophorum against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:558-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Senra TOS, Calmon F, Zeringóta V, Monteiro CMO, Maturano R, da Silva Matos R, Melo D, Gomes GA, de Carvalho MG, Daemon E. Investigation of activity of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids against immature stages of Amblyomma cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3471-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zeringóta V, Senra TOS, Calmon F, Maturano R, Faza AP, Catunda-Junior FEA, Monteiro CMO, de Carvalho MG, Daemon E. Repellent activity of eugenol on larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus and Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2675-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu GH, Chen F, Chen YZ, Song HQ, Lin RQ, Zhou DH, Zhu XQ. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) represents a species complex. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:361-9. [PMID: 23630448 PMCID: PMC3638291 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Rhipicephalus sanguineus from China (RSC) and compared with that of R. sanguineus from USA (RSU). Nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between RSC and RSU. For the 13 protein-coding genes, comparison revealed sequence divergences at both the nucleotide (9.34-15.65%) and amino acid (2.54-19.23%) levels between RSC and RSU. In addition, sequence comparison of the conserved mt cox1 and cytb genes among multiple individual R. sanguineus revealed substantial nucleotide differences between RSC and RSU but limited sequence variation within RSC. Phylogenetic analysis of ticks based on the amino acid sequence data of 13 protein-coding genes revealed that R. sanguineus from China and R. sanguineus from USA represent sister taxa (likely separate species). Taken together, the findings support the recently proposal that R. sanguineus tick may represents a species complex of at least two closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Domingos A, Antunes S, Borges L, Rosario VED. Approaches towards tick and tick-borne diseases control. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:265-9. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0014-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domingos
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Portugal
| | | | - Lara Borges
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Portugal
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Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre). A review of traditional use based on current research. Fitoterapia 2013; 85:130-43. [PMID: 23352748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (previously: Ledum palustre) is a fragrant evergreen shrub found in peaty soils in northern Europe, Asia and North America, commonly referred to as wild rosemary, marsh tea, marsh rosemary or northern Labrador tea. At least since the eighteenth century it has been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various ailments, such as rheumatism, cough, cold and insect bites, as well as a repellent. The essential oil of wild rosemary with the rich polyphenolic fraction possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and insecticidal potential, demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition, recent scientific research reported the promising antidiabetic, antioxidant and anticancer properties. This review summarizes the information concerning taxonomy, botany, ecology, chemical composition, biological activities, toxicology and traditional and contemporary application of Rhododendron tomentosum plants.
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