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Mir FH, Tanveer S, Para BA. Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Juglans regia L. on Ascaridia galli: a comprehensive in vitro and in vivo study. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2321-2330. [PMID: 38771447 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance in livestock animals has been spreading across the world in prevalence and severity. As a result, researchers are exploring alternative strategies to combat this issue, and one promising avenue is the utilization of medicinal plants. This study aims to investigate the anthelmintic efficacy of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) derived from the leaves of Juglans regia against one of the most detrimental nematode parasites affecting poultry, namely Ascaridia galli (A. galli). For the in vitro studies, adult A. galli worms were collected from the naturally infected chickens and the efficacy of CEE was measured at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml using adult worm motility inhibition (WMI) assay. In addition, levamisole (0.55 mg/ml) was used as the positive control. Likewise, Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as the negative control. For the in vivo studies, CEE of J.regia at the doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg were evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with A. galli. The anthelmintic efficacy was monitored using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and worm count reduction (WCR) assays. In vitro studies revealed significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic effects of CEE of J.regia on the motility of A. galli worms at different hours post-exposure. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml, CEE resulted in 96.5% inhibition of worm motility at 24 h post-exposure. While the synthetic anthelmintic drug, levamisole caused the highest inhibition of worm motility (100%) at the same time period. The in vivo anthelmintic activity of CEE of J. regia demonstrated a maximum effect on day 14 post-treatment by inducing 67.28% FECR and 65.03% WCR. We observed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in worm counts between the negative control group and the chickens treated with CEE at the dosage of 500 mg/kg. Together, the results of the present study suggest that CEE of J. regia leaves possess anthelmintic properties and could be a potential source of novel anthelmintic compounds for controlling helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Hussain Mir
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Syed Tanveer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Para
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Mir FH, Tanveer S, Bharti P, Para BA. Anthelmintic Activity of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Against Ascaridia galli, a Pathogenic Nematode in Poultry: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1192-1200. [PMID: 38605153 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The growing resistance of helminth parasites to currently available commercial anthelmintic drugs, combined with apprehensions regarding detrimental chemical residues in livestock products, has sparked an interest in exploring medicinal plants as an alternative strategy for treating helminthiasis. As a result, this study was designed to investigate the anthelmintic activity of crude methanolic extracts (CME) of Saussurea costus root on Ascaridia.galli, a pathogenic nematode of poultry. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, the anthelmintic effect of Saussurea costus root was evaluated in comparison to commercial anthelmintic, levamisole on the adult nematode parasites, A.galli using worm motility inhibition (WMI) test. The CME of S.costus was also evaluated for in vivo anthelmintic activity in chickens experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli. For the in vivo study, one hundred-day-old chickens were orally infected with embryonated eggs of A. galli worms. The efficacy of the plant extract as an anthelmintic was assessed through two tests: faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test and worm count reduction (WCR) test. The study investigated three distinct doses of plant extract under in vivo setup: 500 mg kg-1 body weight (bw), 1000 mg kg-1 bw, and 2000 mg kg-1 bw. RESULTS In vitro, all the tested concentrations of S.costus (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml) showed a significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic effects on live adult A. galli worms in terms of inhibition of worm motility at different hours post-treatment. At the highest concentration of the extract, we observed worm motility inhibition of 100% at 24 h post-exposure. On day 14 post-treatment, all birds were slaughtered, and adult A. galli worms were subsequently retrieved from their small intestines. Birds treated with CME extract of S. costus root exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in faecal egg count. However, the administration of the extract at the dosage of 500 mg kg-1bw to the birds did not reveal any significant (P > 0.05) differences in the worm count compared to the negative control group. The CME of S. costus at a dose of 2000 mg kg-1bw showed the highest anthelmintic activity by inducing 83.10% FECR and 76.47% WCR. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the root extract of S. costus has a promising anthelmintic activity on A. galli as demonstrated by the results of the present experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Hussain Mir
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Syed Tanveer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Pooja Bharti
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Para
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, India
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Elmaidomy AH, Abdelmohsen UR, Sayed AM, Altemani FH, Algehainy NA, Soost D, Paululat T, Bringmann G, Mohamed EM. Antiplasmodial potential of phytochemicals from Citrus aurantifolia peels: a comprehensive in vitro and in silico study. BMC Chem 2024; 18:60. [PMID: 38555456 PMCID: PMC10981828 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia L., F. Rutaceae) peels afforded six metabolites, known as methyl isolimonate acetate (1), limonin (2), luteolin (3), 3`-hydroxygenkwanin (4), myricetin (5), and europetin (6). The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned by 1D NMR. In the case of limonin (2), further 1- and 2D NMR experiments were done to further confirm the structure of this most active metabolite. The antiplasmodial properties of the obtained compounds against the pathogenic NF54 strain of Plasmodium falciparum were assessed in vitro. According to antiplasmodial screening, only limonin (2), luteolin (3), and myricetin (5) were effective (IC50 values of 0.2, 3.4, and 5.9 µM, respectively). We explored the antiplasmodial potential of phytochemicals from C. aurantifolia peels using a stepwise in silico-based analysis. We first identified the unique proteins of P. falciparum that have no homolog in the human proteome, and then performed inverse docking, ΔGBinding calculation, and molecular dynamics simulation to predict the binding affinity and stability of the isolated compounds with these proteins. We found that limonin (2), luteolin (3), and myricetin (5) could interact with 20S a proteasome, choline kinase, and phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, respectively, which are important enzymes for the survival and growth of the parasite. According to our findings, phytochemicals from C. aurantifolia peels can be considered as potential leads for the development of new safe and effective antiplasmodial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, 61111, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh A Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denisa Soost
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Esraa M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, MUST, Giza, 12566, Egypt
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Matté EHC, Luciano FB, Evangelista AG. Essential oils and essential oil compounds in animal production as antimicrobials and anthelmintics: an updated review. Anim Health Res Rev 2023; 24:1-11. [PMID: 37401263 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Several countries have shown an increased prevalence of drug resistance in animal production due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antiparasitics in human and veterinary medicine. This article aims to review existing methods using naturally occurring essential oils (EOs) and their isolated compounds (EOCs) as alternatives to antimicrobials and antiparasitic compounds in animal production and, consequently, to avoid resistance. The most-reported mechanism of action of EOs and EOCs was cell membrane damage, which leads to the leakage of cytoplasmic content, increased membrane permeability, inhibition of metabolic and genetic pathways, morphologic changes, antibiofilm effects, and damage to the genetic material of infections. In parasites, anticoccidial effects, reduced motility, growth inhibition, and morphologic changes have been reported. Although these compounds regularly show a similar effect to those promoted by traditional drugs, the elucidation of their mechanisms of action is still scarce. The use of EOs and EOCs can also positively influence crucial parameters in animal production, such as body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and cholesterol reduction, which also positively impact meat quality. The application of EOs and EOCs is enhanced by their association with other natural compounds or even by the association with synthetic chemicals, which has been found to cause synergism in their antimicrobial effect. By reducing the effective therapeutical/prophylactic dose, the chances of off-flavors – the most common issue in EO and EOC application – is greatly mitigated. However, there is very little work on the combination of EOs and EOCs in large in vivo studies. In addition, research must apply the correct methodology to properly understand the observed effects; for example, the use of only high concentrations may mask potential results obtained at lower dosages. Such corrections will also allow the elucidation of finer mechanisms and promote better biotechnologic use of EOs and EOCs. This manuscript presents several information gaps to be filled before the use of EOs and EOCs are fully applicable in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Henrique Custódio Matté
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Feyera T, Shifaw A, Sharpe B, Elliott T, Ruhnke I, Walkden-Brown SW. Worm control practices on free-range egg farms in Australia and anthelmintic efficacy against nematodes in naturally infected layer chickens. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 30:100723. [PMID: 35431079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated worm control practices by free-range egg farmers and the efficacy of the commercial anthelmintics levamisole (LEV), piperazine (PIP), flubendazole (FLBZ) and fenbendazole (FBZ) against gastrointestinal nematodes on two free-range layer farms in Australia. An online survey comprising 36 questions was designed and implemented using SurveyMonkey. The survey contained questions about participant demographics, farm and flock characteristics, perceived intestinal worm importance, infection monitoring, deworming and other worm control practices. A link for the survey was emailed to free range egg producers from their industry body in December 2019. The anthelmintic efficacy trial was conducted in a total of 229 layers naturally infected with Ascaridia galli, Hetarakis gallinarum, Capillaria spp. and/or tape worms. Chickens received a single oral dose of LEV (28 mg/kg), PIP (100 mg/kg), FBZ (10 mg/kg) or LEV-PIP co-administered at their full individual doses, and FLBZ (Flubenol®), 30 ppm or 60 ppm) in the feed over 7 days. Anthelmintic efficacies were estimated by both worm count reduction (WCR %) and excreta egg count reduction (EECR %) tests 10 days after start of treatment. The survey with a response rate of 16/203, revealed that worm infection was of moderate concern to the producers and the majority (68%) felt that the current anthelmintics work effectively. The level of understanding of worms, monitoring and control practices did not reveal any major deficiencies of concern. The most commonly used anthelmintic was LEV (73%) followed by PIP (45%). Based on a standard cut-off value (≥90%), LEV, LEV-PIP, and FBZ attained the desired efficacy but PIP exhibited reduced efficacy against immature A. galli (61-85%), all stages of H. gallinarum (42-77%) and Capillaria spp. (25-44%). FLBZ was highly effective against all stages of roundworms and tapeworm infections. Even though there was some association between the efficacies estimated by WCR % and EECR % the latter was poorly associated in the natural infection model and hence does not provide a reasonable alternative for assessing anthelmintic efficacy when immature stages of the lifecycle are included. These results show no evidence of loss of susceptibility to the tested anthelmintics on these farms supporting the perception of producers that participated in the survey that current treatments work effectively. The reduced efficacy of PIP against some species and immature stages is related to its spectrum of activity rather than providing evidence of emerging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teka Feyera
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga P. O. Box 1020, Ethiopia.
| | - Anwar Shifaw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Timothy Elliott
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Latek U, Chłopecka M, Karlik W, Mendel M. Phytogenic Compounds for Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function in Poultry-A Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:218-236. [PMID: 34331305 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After the European Union ban of antibiotic growth promoters, works on different methods of improving gut health have intensified. The poultry industry is struggling with problems that were previously controlled by antibiotic growth promoters, therefore the search for optimal solutions continues. Simultaneously, there is also increasing social pressure to minimize the use of antibiotics and replace them with alternative feed additives. A variety of available alternatives is considered safe by consumers, among which phytogenics play a significant role. However, there are still some limitations that need to be considered. The most questionable are the issues related to bioavailability, metabolism of plant derivatives in birds, and the difficulty of standardizing commercial products. There is still a need for more evidence-based recommendations for the use of phytogenics in livestock. On the other hand, a positive influence of phytogenic compounds on the health of poultry has been previously described by many researchers and practical application of these compounds has auspicious perspectives in poultry production. Supplementation with phytogenic feed additives has been shown to protect birds from various environmental threats leading to impaired intestinal barrier function. Phytogenic feed additives have the potential to improve the overall structure of intestinal mucosa as well as gut barrier function on a molecular level. Recognition of the phytogenics' effect on the components of the intestinal barrier may enable the selection of the most suitable ones to alleviate negative effects of different agents. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the influence of various phytogenic constituents on the intestinal barrier and health of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Latek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Dike CS, Orish CN, Nwokocha CR, Sikoki FD, Babatunde BB, Frazzoli C, Orisakwe OE. Phytowaste as nutraceuticals in boosting public health. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-021-00260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe utilization of bioactive constituent of peels and seeds provide an effective, environment friendly and inexpensive therapy for different forms of human disease, and the production, improvement and documentation of novel nutraceuticals. This review systematically presents findings and further understanding of the reported benefits and therapeutic applications of peel and seed extracts on innovative cell culture and animal studies, as well as phased clinical human trial research. The extracts of seed and peels were reported to possess high quantities of bioactive substances with antioxidative, antidiabetic, hepatorenal protective, antithyroidal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cardiovascular protective, neuro-protective effects, anticancer and wound healing activities. Therapeutic activities of the bioactive substances of peel and seed extracts include elevation of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-Px, t-GPx, Catalase and GST activities, with the suppression of MDA levels, hydroperoxide generation and lipid peroxidized products, the extracts also regulate inflammatory mediators and cytokines as they are reported to suppress the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, which include; IL-1β, PGE2, TGF-β and TNF-α and induces apoptosis and cell differentiation. This review revealed the therapeutic importance and best utilization of peels and seed extracts of fruits and vegetables.
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Feyera T, Shifaw AY, Ruhnke I, Sharpe B, Elliott T, Walkden-Brown SW. Ascaridia galli challenge model for worm propagation in young chickens with or without immunosuppression. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109624. [PMID: 34883322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With the continued growth of free-range egg production, the importance of the chicken roundworm Ascaridia galli is increasing. Investigations into this parasite would be facilitated by the availability of characterised strains and clear guidelines on optimal methods of multiplication and maintenance. Currently, there is lack of well-defined in vivo models for maintaining A. galli and the potential of using host immunosuppression to boost parasite development and worm egg output has not been investigated. To determine the most efficient way of propagating A. galli in young chickens an experiment with a 2 × 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design involving age of chicken at infection (day-old or 14 days old), immunosuppression (dexamethasone (DEX), cyclophosphamide (CY) or sham), infective egg dose (0, 100, 300 or 900 embryonated eggs/bird) and time of worm recovery after infection (8 or 10 weeks post-infection) was conducted. The experiment used a total of 384 layer cockerel chicks. Infection was delivered orally in 3 split doses over one week and immunosuppressants were administered by intramuscular injection concurrently with the infections. Body weight, excreta egg counts, intestinal worm count and worm establishment rate were assessed. The only sign of ascaridiosis noted was mild diarrhoea at the time of slaughter in some birds with a significant- positive association with worm count. Infection caused a significant dose dependent reduction in body weight in non-immunosuppressed birds but this effect was ameliorated by immunosuppression. Age at infection had no significant effect on the studied variables although both worm and egg counts were numerically higher in the day-old infected groups. Egg dose significantly influenced the prevalence of infection, worm establishment rate, worm egg production and mean worm count. The 300 and 900 egg doses resulted in significantly higher worm count and egg production than the 100 egg dose. A significant negative correlation was observed between egg dose and worm establishment rate indicating an inverse relationship. Immunosuppression with DEX, but not CY resulted in significantly higher mean worm burden than in control chickens with excreta egg counts also considerably higher in DEX treated birds. Our results suggest that trickle infection at day-old with infective doses of 300 eggs coupled with immunosuppression with DEX would provide the most efficient way to propagate A. galli worms in vivo, as using older birds or a higher egg dose did not provide any advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teka Feyera
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, P.O. Box 1020, Ethiopia.
| | - Anwar Yesuf Shifaw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Timothy Elliott
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Russo C, Maugeri A, Lombardo GE, Musumeci L, Barreca D, Rapisarda A, Cirmi S, Navarra M. The Second Life of Citrus Fruit Waste: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:5991. [PMID: 34641535 PMCID: PMC8512617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits (CF) are among the most widely cultivated fruit crops throughout the world and their production is constantly increasing along with consumers' demand. Therefore, huge amounts of waste are annually generated through CF processing, causing high costs for their disposal, as well as environmental and human health damage, if inappropriately performed. According to the most recent indications of an economic, environmental and pharmaceutical nature, CF processing residues must be transformed from a waste to be disposed to a valuable resource to be reused. Based on a circular economy model, CF residues (i.e., seeds, exhausted peel, pressed pulp, secondary juice and leaves) have increasingly been re-evaluated to also obtain, but not limited to, valuable compounds to be employed in the food, packaging, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, the use of CF by-products is still limited because of their underestimated nutritional and economic value, hence more awareness and knowledge are needed to overcome traditional approaches for their disposal. This review summarizes recent evidence on the pharmacological potential of CF waste to support the switch towards a more environmentally sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
- Fondazione “Prof. Antonio Imbesi”, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Giovanni Enrico Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Laura Musumeci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (A.M.); (G.E.L.); (L.M.); (D.B.); (A.R.)
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Chemical characterization and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Citrus bergamia Risso and Citrus X paradisii Macfad essential oil against Haemonchus contortus Kirby isolate. Acta Trop 2021; 217:105869. [PMID: 33631121 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a blood-sucking parasite of small ruminants, produces very important economic losses in the productive sector. This abomasum parasite has become resistant to most commercial drugs worldwide, and alternatives to fight this problem are urgently needed. Essential oils (EO) are a complex mixture of volatile secondary metabolites, composed mainly by terpenoids and phenolic compounds, from plants that have several pharmacological properties, including anthelmintic activity. Particularly, citrus peel is a source of cold-pressed EO, where limonene is its major component, and can be used as an additional food component for ruminants. The aim of the present work was to determine the in vitro anthelmintic activity of EO from Citrus bergamia (EOB), C. x paradisii (EOG) and limonene against the benzimidazole-susceptible Kirby isolate of H. contortus, using the egg hatch test (EHT) and the exsheathed third stage larval motility test (XLMT) using a WMicroTracker equipment. Albendazole (ABZ) and monepantel (MON) were used as positive controls. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in XLMT were 8.77 and 13.88 µg/ml for EOB and EOG respectively, after an incubation of 72 h. An interesting observation on XLMT resulted when the positive controls were tested on the same plate, but in different well of the EOB. The volatile components of the EO significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the percentage of larval motility, reducing values from 66.9 to 19.6% for ABZ, and from 72.8 to 33.7% for MON, when comparing the activity of positive controls in a control plate without EO. The in vitro anthelmintic activity of EOB and EOG shows that they could be interesting candidates for nematode control. It is still necessary additional studies against the adult stage of H. contortus in efficacy trials in infected animals to validate their anthelmintic activity.
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Singh N, Yarla NS, Siddiqi NJ, de Lourdes Pereira M, Sharma B. Features, Pharmacological Chemistry, Molecular Mechanism and Health Benefits of Lemon. Med Chem 2021; 17:187-202. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200909104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Citrus limon, a Mediterranean-grown citrus species of plants belonging to
the Rutaceae family, occupies a place of an impressive range of food and medicinal uses with considerable
value in the economy of the fruit of the country. Citrus fruits are economically important with
large-scale production of both the fresh fruits and industrially processed products. The extracts and
phytochemicals obtained from all parts of C. limon have shown immense therapeutic potential because
of their anticancer, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory nature, and also serve as an important
ingredient in the formulation of several ethnic herbal medicines. These properties are mediated by the
presence of different phytochemicals, vitamins and nutrients in the citrus fruits.
Material and Methods:
The methods involved in the preparation of the present article included the
collection of information from various scientific databases, indexed periodicals, and search engines
such as Medline Scopus google scholar PubMed, PubMed central web of science, and science direct.
Results:
This communication presents an updated account of different pharmacological aspects of C.
limon associated with its anti-oxidative, antiulcer, antihelmintic, insecticidal, anticancer, cytotoxic,
and estrogenic activities. In addition, C. limon extracts possess hepatoprotective, anti-hyperglycemic,
and antimicrobial properties. The present article includes the structure and function of different key
chemical constituents from different parts of C. limon. Also, the possible molecular mechanisms of
actions of bioactive compounds from C. limon are displayed.
Conclusion:
The traditional and ethno-medicinal literature revealed that C. limon is very effective in
different pathologies. Most of these compounds possessing antioxidant properties would be implicated
in offering health benefits by acting as potential nutraceuticals to humans with special reference to
disease management of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Nikhat Jamal Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Faculty of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
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Zaman MA, Abbas RZ, Qamar W, Qamar MF, Mehreen U, Shahid Z, Kamran M. Role of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants against Ascaridia galli. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1782801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arfan Zaman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Mehreen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Shahid
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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BRANDÃO PA, SILVA DRPD, DINIZ GG, VILELA VLR. Effectiveness of flor-de-seda and pomegranate aqueous extracts on eggs of the Heterakoidea Superfamily isolated from naturally infected japanese quails. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402121342020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera S.W.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extracts on gastrointestinal nematode eggs of Japanese quails. Stool samples were collected from a herd of 5,000 adult birds raised on the floor at a commercial farm in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The samples were packed in plastic bags, kept refrigerated and transported for laboratory analysis. The eggs were placed in 2.5 ml of the suspension and 2.5 ml of flor-de-seda and pomegranate extracts in concentrations of 50; 25; 12.5; 6.25 and 3.12%. Readings were subsequently taken at 24, 48 and 72 hours. The aqueous pomegranate extract at 25 and 50% was more efficient on the larvae hatching. The flor-de-seda aqueous extract in both concentrations and evaluation periods showed similar action to that of the positive control treatment (Albendazole 10%). The pomegranate and flor-de-seda aqueous extracts have anthelmintic activity on the development of larvae in eggs of the Heterakoidea Superfamily and are therefore presented as an alternative to replace the drugs commonly used to control helminths in Japanese quails.
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14
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Nghonjuyi NW, Keambou CT, Sofeu-Feugaing DD, Taiwe GS, Aziz ARA, Lisita F, Juliano RS, Kimbi HK. Mimosa pudica and Carica papaya extracts on Ascaridia galli - Experimentally infected Kabir chicks in Cameroon: Efficacy, lipid and hematological profile. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 19:100354. [PMID: 32057401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ndaleh Wozerou Nghonjuyi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Christian Tiambo Keambou
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon
| | - David Denis Sofeu-Feugaing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Germain Sotoing Taiwe
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Amer Ragheb Abdel Aziz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, P.O. Box 82524, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Frederico Lisita
- Embrapa Pantanal, Corumba, CPAP. Rua 21 de setembro 1880 N. Sra. de Fátima 79320-900 Caixa-Postal: 109 Ramal, Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares Juliano
- Embrapa Pantanal, Corumba, CPAP. Rua 21 de setembro 1880 N. Sra. de Fátima 79320-900 Caixa-Postal: 109 Ramal, Brazil
| | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon; Faculty of Health Science, University of Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon
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15
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de Nova PJG, Carvajal A, Prieto M, Rubio P. In vitro Susceptibility and Evaluation of Techniques for Understanding the Mode of Action of a Promising Non-antibiotic Citrus Fruit Extract Against Several Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:884. [PMID: 31105673 PMCID: PMC6491944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening for alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need for the pharmaceutical industry. One of these alternatives seems to be the citrus fruit extracts, which are showing a significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. One of these citrus extracts, named BIOCITRO®, is assessed in this study to elucidate its bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect and its mode of action on the important pathogens Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica, Clostridium difficile, C. perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus. For most of the strains tested of these bacteria the product was bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic at the same concentration, and the minimum bactericidal concentrations ranged from 16 to 256 μg/mL. Regarding the mode of action, important changes in the permeability, structure, composition and morphology of the bacterial envelope were evidenced using flow cytometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The main effect of the product was found over carbohydrates and polysaccharides, inducing the release of microvesicles by the cells in addition to other specific effects. During the study, the techniques used were evaluated to clarify their contribution to the knowledge of the mode of action of the product. The survival test elucidated whether the modifications displayed using other techniques affected the viability of the cells or on the contrary, the cells remained viable even with evident changes in their structure, composition or morphology. Flow cytometry showed that for some strains the proportion of cells detected with altered membrane permeability were higher than the number of non-viable cells, and therefore the damage did not affect the viability of some cells. On the contrary, some cells observed using scanning electron microscopy with no apparent damage, were demonstrated non-viable using the survival test, making this technique indispensable in studies of the mode of action of antimicrobials to make a correct interpretation of the data from other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. G. de Nova
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Abdel Aziz AR, AbouLaila MR, Aziz M, Omar MA, Sultan K. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of pumpkin seeds and pomegranate peels extracts against Ascaridia galli. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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17
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Dudko P, Junkuszew A, Bojar W, Milerski M, Szczepaniak K, Le Scouarnec J, Schmidová J, Tomczuk K, Grzybek M. Effect of dietary supplementation with preparation comprising the blend of essential oil from Origanum vulgare (lamiaceae) and Citrus spp. (citraceae) on coccidia invasion and lamb growth. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1346965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dudko
- Department of Small Ruminants Breeding and Agriculture Advisory, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Junkuszew
- Department of Small Ruminants Breeding and Agriculture Advisory, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bojar
- Department of Small Ruminants Breeding and Agriculture Advisory, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Klaudiusz Szczepaniak
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Tomczuk
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
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18
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Balqis U, Hambal M, Rinidar, Athaillah F, Ismail, Azhar, Vanda H, Darmawi. Cuticular surface damage of Ascaridia galli adult worms treated with Veitchia merrillii betel nuts extract in vitro. Vet World 2017; 10:732-737. [PMID: 28831213 PMCID: PMC5553138 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.732-737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this research was to in vitro evaluate the cuticular surface damage of Ascaridia galli adult worms treated with ethanolic extract of betel nuts Veitchia merrillii. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was done using FeCl3, Wagner and Dragendorff reagents, NaOH, MgHCl, and Liebermann–Burchard reaction test. Amount of 16 worms were segregated into four groups with three replicates. Four worms of each group submerged into phosphate buffered saline, 25 mg/ml, and 75 mg/ml crude ethanolic extract of V. merrillii, and 15 mg/ml albendazole. The effect of these extract was observed 40 h after incubation as soon as worms death. The worms were sectioned transversally and were explored for any cuticular histopathological changes in their body surface under microscope. Results: We found that the ethanolic extract of V. merrillii betel nuts contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins. The ethanolic extract of betel nuts V. merrillii induces surface alterations caused cuticular damage of A. galli adult worms. Conclusion: We concluded that ethanolic extract of betel nuts V. merrillii possess anthelmintic activity caused cuticular damage of A. galli adult worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu Balqis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hambal
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Rinidar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Farida Athaillah
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Ismail
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Azhar
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Henni Vanda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Darmawi
- Laboratory of Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
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19
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Abstract
Citrus aurantifolia (family: Rutaceae) is mainly used in daily consumption, in many cultural cuisines, and in juice production. It is widely used because of its antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammation, anti-lipidemia, and antioxidant properties; moreover, it can protect heart, liver, bone, and prevent urinary diseases. Its secondary metabolites are alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. The other important constituents are apigenin, hesperetin, kaempferol, limonoids, quercetin, naringenin, nobiletin, and rutin, all of these contribute to its remedial properties. The scientific searching platforms were used for publications from 1990 to present. The abstracts and titles were screened, and the full-text articles were selected. The present review is up-to-date of the phytochemical property of C. aurantifolia to provide a reference for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithithep Narang
- Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Wannee Jiraungkoorskul
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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20
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Bazh EKA, El-Bahy NM. In vitro and in vivo screening of anthelmintic activity of ginger and curcumin on Ascaridia galli. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3679-86. [PMID: 24046262 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helmintic infection, continue to be a cause of major concern in several parts of the world, particularly in the developing nations. The use of plant extracts to control poultry helminths is increasing in different rearing systems. The anthelmintic activity of ginger and curcumin was studied on the nematode Ascaridia galli. In vitro and in vivo studies were allocated. Live parasites for in vitro studies were collected from the intestine of naturally infected chickens. Some living worms were incubated at 37 °C in media containing ginger at three concentration levels (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml), and others were incubated in media containing curcumin at the same concentration levels. Another living worm group was incubated in media containing albendazole at a dose of 7.5 mg/ml. The extracts' efficacy was exhibited in a concentration-time-dependent manner mainly at 100 mg/ml and after 48 h. The in vivo study takes place on experimentally infected chickens. Group of infected chickens was treated with ginger extract at dose of 100 mg, another group was treated with curcumin extract at dose of 100 mg, and a third group was treated with albendazole at dose of 7.5 mg. In vivo study of ginger and curcumin recorded lower mortality rates than the in vitro study. It is concluded that ginger and curcumin extracts have potential anthelmintic properties against A. galli. Ginger in all concentrations used exhibited a higher death rate observed than curcumin. Their wormicidal effect is concentration-time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman K A Bazh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt,
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