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Parvin S, Dey AR, Shohana NN, Anisuzzaman, Talukder MH, Alam MZ. Haemonchus contortus, an obligatory haematophagus worm infection in small ruminants: Population genetics and genetic diversity. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104030. [PMID: 38854893 PMCID: PMC11157266 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a stomach worm, is prevalent in ruminants worldwide. They particularly hamper profitable small ruminant production. Here, we estimate the genetic variation of H. contortus collected from slaughtered goats and sheep from various geographic zones of Bangladesh using multiple genes. To perform this, adult parasites were isolated from the abomasum of slaughtered animals (sheep and goats). Among them, 79 male H. contortus were identified by microscopy. Following the extraction of DNA, ITS-2 and cox1 genes were amplified and subsequently considered for sequencing. After alignment and editing, sequences were analyzed to find out sequence variation, diversity pattern of genes, and population genetics of isolates. Among the sequence data, the analyses identified 19 genotypes of ITS-2 and 77 haplotypes of cox1 genes. The diversity of nucleotides was 0.0103 for ITS-2 and 0.029 for cox1 gene. The dendogram constructed by the genotype and haplotype sequences of H. contortus revealed that two populations were circulating in Bangladesh without any demarcation of host and geographic regions. Analysis of population genetics demonstrated a high flow of genes (89.2 %) within the population of the worm in Bangladesh. The Fst value showed very little amount of genetic difference among the worm populations of Bangladesh but marked genetic variation between different continents. The findings are expected to help explain the risks of anthelmintic resistance and the transmission pattern of the parasite, and also provide a control strategy against H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaz Parvin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Para-Clinical Courses, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Nowrin Shohana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Anisuzzaman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Zahangir Alam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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Ahmad N, Khan SA, Majid HA, Ali R, Ullah R, Bari A, Akbar NU, Majid A. Epidemiology and phylogeny of Haemonchus contortus through internal transcribed spacer 2 gene in small ruminants. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1380203. [PMID: 38655530 PMCID: PMC11036863 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1380203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a blood-feeding nematode causing infectious disease haemonchosis in small ruminants of tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and phylogeny of H. contortus in small ruminants using the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) gene. In addition, a comprehensive review of the available literature on the status of H. contortus in Pakistan was conducted. Methods Fecal samples were collected from sheep and goats (n = 180). Microscopically positive samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR using species-specific primers. Results The overall prevalence of H. contortus was 25.55% in small ruminants. The prevalence of H. contortus was significantly associated with months and area. The highest occurrence of haemonchosis was documented in July (38.70%), whereas the lowest occurred in December (11.11%), with significant difference. The prevalence was highest in the Ghamkol camp (29.4%) and lowest in the arid zone of the Small Ruminant Research Institute (17.5%) (p = 0.01). The results of the systematic review revealed the highest prevalence of haemonchosis (34.4%) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (p = 0.001). Discussion Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between H. contortus and isolates from Asia (China, India, Iran, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Mongolia) and European countries (Italy and the United Kingdom). It has been concluded that H. contortus is prevalent in small ruminants of Kohat district and all over Pakistan, which could be a potential threat to food-producing animals, farmers, dairy, and the meat industry. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that H. contortus isolates share close phylogenetic relationships with species from Asia and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad
- Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Saeed A. Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz A. Majid
- Livestock and Dairy Development (Research Wing), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Ali
- Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ul Akbar
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Majid
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Mannan MA, Chowdhury S, Hossain MA, Kabir MHB. Genetic variability of Haemonchus contortus isolates in small ruminants from slaughterhouses in Bangladesh. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3101-3107. [PMID: 37855972 PMCID: PMC10667388 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a blood-sucking gastrointestinal nematode that infects all ruminants and causes significant economic losses in production. Characterizing the genetic variability of H. contortus populations is crucial for understanding patterns of disease transmission and developing effective control strategies against haemonchosis. This study aimed to identify the genetic variability of H. contortus isolates in small ruminants from slaughterhouses in Bangladesh. During January to December 2015, 400 abomasa samples were collected and 186 were found to be positive for Haemonchus. A 321-bp fragment of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and an 800-bp fragment of the mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit-4 gene (nad4) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. The results showed 10 genotypes (ITS-2) and 45 haplotypes (nad4) among the 186 worms. The sequences were 98.5 to 100% identical to reference sequences from the GenBank database. ITS-2 sequence analysis revealed four nucleotide substitutions at positions 30, 41, 42, and 216. There was one transition (C/T) at position 42 and three transversions (C/A at position 30, G/C at position 41, and T/A at position 216). The nad4 gene sequences showed 15 substitutions, all of which were transitions. The pairwise distance of ITS-2 between H. contortus populations ranged from 0.005 to 1.477. The nucleotide diversity (μ) among the populations was 0.009524 using ITS-2 and 0.00394 using nad4. This study indicated low genetic deviation among H. contortus populations in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Mannan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hazzaz Bin Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Tohoku, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
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Das B, Kumar N, Solanki JB, Jadav MM, Kalyani IH. Morphological and molecular characterization of Haemonchus contortus isolated from the small ruminants of south Gujarat, India. Helminthologia 2023; 60:175-188. [PMID: 37745222 PMCID: PMC10516478 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful design of strategic control measures against the blood-sucking gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants can be facilitated by revealing its general features from morphology to the molecular level. In the south Gujarat region of India, a total of 2408 H. contortus were collected from 84 slaughtered sheep's abomasum, consisting of 347 males and 2061 females (1:6 ratio) (p<0.05). Furthermore, 726 H. contortus were collected from 61 goats, comprising 145 males and 581 females (1:4 ratio) (p<0.05). The male worms were approximately 12±0.06 mm long, while female worms were about 20±0.09 mm long. The vulvar morphotypes of the female worms were found to be 17.7% linguiform, 76.6 % knobbed/button (p<0.05), and 5.7 % smooth type, demonstrating common features of H. contortus. The nucleotide sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) of 165 bp or ITS-2 plus of 256 bp were aligned, and it was found that the genotypes of male and female specimens of either sheep or goat origin were identical, with a 100 % match. The present isolates shared >95 % and >94 % homology with published sequences of ITS-1 and ITS-2 plus of H. contortus, respectively, with more nucleotide transitions than transversions in the aligned sequences. The reconstructed phylogram of either ITS-1 or ITS-2 plus revealed two major clades, one for H. contortus and another for other nematodes, with Haemonchus placei showing its proximity with the clade of H. contortus. The study established the role of morphological and molecular features in identifying and differentiating H. contortus parasite at the local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - N. Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - J. B. Solanki
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - M. M. Jadav
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - I. H. Kalyani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
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Alborzi AR, Mehdizadeh A, Hamidinejat H, Tabandeh M, Borujeni MP. Morphometric and phylogenetic study of Haemonchus isolates in small ruminants from mountainous (Lorestan) and plain (Khuzestan) regions of Iran. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Babineau M, Collis E, Ruffell A, Bunch R, McNally J, Lyons RE, Kotze AC, Hunt PW. Selection of genome-wide SNPs for pooled allelotyping assays useful for population monitoring. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6531970. [PMID: 35179579 PMCID: PMC8911822 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms are serious pests of humans, livestock and crops worldwide. Multiple management strategies are employed in order to reduce their impact, and some of these may affect their genome and population allelic frequency distribution. The evolution of chemical resistance, ecological changes, and pest dispersal have allowed an increasing number of pests to become difficult to control with current management methods. Their lifestyle limits the use of ecological and individual-based management of populations. There is a need to develop rapid, affordable, and simple diagnostics to assess the efficacy of management strategies and delay the evolution of resistance to these strategies. This study presents a multi-locus, equal-representation, whole genome pooled SNPs selection approach as a monitoring tool for the ovine nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. The SNP selection method used two reference genomes of different quality, then validated these SNPs against a high-quality recent genome assembly. From over 11 million high-quality SNPs identified, 334 SNPs were selected, of which 262 were species-specific, yielded similar allele frequencies when assessed as multiple individuals or as pools of individuals, and suitable to distinguish mixed nematode isolate pools from single isolate pools. As a proof-of-concept, 21 Australian H. contortus populations with various phenotypes and genotypes were screened. This analysis confirmed the overall low-level of genetic differentiation between populations collected from the field, but clearly identifying highly inbred populations, and populations showing genetic signatures associated with chemical resistance. The analysis showed that 66% of the SNPs were necessary for stability in assessing population genetic patterns, and SNP pairs did not show linkage according to allelic frequencies across the 21 populations. This method demonstrates that ongoing monitoring of parasite allelic frequencies and genetic changes can be achieved as a management assessment tool to identify drug-treatment failure, population incursions, and inbreeding signatures due to selection. The SNP selection method could also be applied to other parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Babineau
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
| | - E Collis
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - A Ruffell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St-Lucia, Australia
| | - R Bunch
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
| | - J McNally
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
| | - R E Lyons
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - A C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St-Lucia, Australia
| | - P W Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
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Pitaksakulrat O, Chaiyasaeng M, Artchayasawat A, Eamudomkarn C, Boonmars T, Kopolrat KY, Prasopdee S, Petney TN, Blair D, Sithithaworn P. Genetic diversity and population structure of Haemonchus contortus in goats from Thailand. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105021. [PMID: 34363986 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most economically important parasitic nematodes affecting small ruminant livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of this nematode in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers, the nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes. One hundred and thirty-six adult worms were obtained from 86 abomasa of slaughtered goats from 13 different localities in 5 regions of Thailand. Identification to the genus Haemonchus was done using morphology. DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) identified each specimen to species: three fixed nucleotide (SNP) differences distinguished H. contortus from H. placei. Genetic analysis defined 118 and 122 unique haplotypes in partial sequences of nad4 (alignment length 723 bp) and cox1 (645 bp) genes, respectively. Nucleotide diversities were 0.031 and 0.043 for nad4 and cox1 genes, respectively. Low genetic differentiation was observed among H. contortus samples from various provinces in Thailand. This is the first study on the genetic diversity and population structure of H. contortus of goats in Thailand. This study has provided insights into the transmission dynamics of this parasitic nematode, information which is essential for farm management and parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Monticha Chaiyasaeng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong-luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Trevor Neil Petney
- Evolution and Paleontology, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Costa-Junior LM, Chaudhry UN, Silva CR, Sousa DM, Silva NC, Cutrim-Júnior JAA, Brito DRB, Sargison ND. Nemabiome metabarcoding reveals differences between gastrointestinal nematode species infecting co-grazed sheep and goats. Vet Parasitol 2020; 289:109339. [PMID: 33359968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of differences in the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species in co-grazed sheep and goats is inadequate with reference to the development of sustainable control strategies. The next-generation metabarcoding sequencing method referred to as the 'nemabiome' allows some of these differences to be explored to describe the intensity of co-infecting GIN species. We applied this platform to study sheep and goats that were co-grazed on Guinea grass pasture in northeastern Brazil. Co-grazed goats and sheep were treated with a monepantel anthelmintic, then exposed to the same gastrointestinal nematode species. Overall, there were differences in the prevalence of GIN species identified in the sheep and goats; Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta predominated in goat kids, while Haemonchus contortus predominated in adult does, ewes and lambs once burdens became re-established after anthelmintic treatment. Description of the pattern of re-infection following anthelmintic treatment was prevented by the unpredicted poor efficacy of 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively, of monepantel against O. columbianum and T. circumcincta in lambs, and T. circumcincta adult does. Differences in drug efficacy between host age and species groups may be important when considering sustainable GIN control strategies for co-grazed animals. The aggregated FECs of the adult does and goat kids representing re-established GIN burdens, were higher than those of the co-grazed adult ewes and lambs. This implies that there are inherent differences in GIN species adaptation to the two naïve small ruminant host species, and shows the need for better understanding of the factors giving rise to this situation associated with exposure to infective larvae and host responses. At the start of the study, the adult does were co-infected with several GIN species, with the highest intensity of T. circumcincta, contrasting with the situation in the adult ewes, in which H. contortus predominated. However, once burdens became re-established after treatment, H. contortus predominated in both adult does and ewes. This demonstrates the potential for host burdens of H. contortus to establish and predominate after anthelmintic treatment when burdens of co-infecting GIN species are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio M Costa-Junior
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Umer N Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina R Silva
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Dauana M Sousa
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Naylene C Silva
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo R B Brito
- Animal Science Department, Federal Institute of Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Microsatellite analysis reveals extensive gene flow, and lack of population structure in the farm populations of Haemonchus contortus in northern China. Parasitol Int 2019; 73:101959. [PMID: 31299355 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is economically an important parasite of small ruminants across the globe. China is the world's largest producer, consumer, and importer of mutton. With ubiquitous distribution across the country H. contortus is one of the potential candidates to cause huge economic losses to small ruminant farming industry in China. We herein investigated genetic diversity and population structure of six farm populations of H. contortus in northern China, and also compared them to H. contortus isolates from UK and Australia. We first prepared individual DNA samples from 240 adult worms, and generated genotyping data using eight microsatellite markers. Obtained data was then subjected to allelic frequency and population genetic analyses. The overall allelic richness (mean/locus/pop = 7.375 ± 0.844-10.125 ± 1.109), and expected heterozygosity (mean/locus/pop = 0.646 ± 0.040-0.735 ± 0.025) indicated high degree of population genetic variation across the Chinese isolates. Low level of genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.010-0.066) was observed across all the populations. AMOVA results showed high level of variation (93%) within the populations. PCA analysis revealed mixed clustering of all the populations with no visible geographical sub-structuring. Finally the population admixture analysis resulted in extensive admixing of genotypes across all the populations. With these findings we conclude that there is no obvious population genetic structure with extensive gene flow across all the farm populations of H. contortus in northern China.
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Taxonomic Justification of the Pathogenic Strongylid Infecting the Arabian Camel Camelus Dromedarius as Haemonchus Longistipes by Morphological and Molecular Phylogeny. J Vet Res 2019; 63:51-61. [PMID: 30989135 PMCID: PMC6458561 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is still lack of morphological and phylogenetic information on the pathogenic nematode of the camel Haemonchus longistipes. In the present study, this parasite was isolated in Saudi Arabia and described. Material and Methods The abomasa of two Arabian camels were collected from a slaughterhouse in Abha province and examined for nematode infection. Worms were described morphologically and morphometrically by electron microscopy. Multiple sequence alignment and the phylogenetic tree of the parasite were constructed from maximum likelihood analysis of its ITS-2 rDNA sequences. Results These nematodes had a slender body terminating anteriorly at a conspicuous dorsal lancet. A pair of lateral cervical papillae distant from the anterior end was observed. The buccal aperture was hexagonal and surrounded by two amphids, six externo-labial papillae, and four cephalic papillae. Males terminated posteriorly at a bursa supported by spicules and lateral and dorsal rays. Females were linguiform and knobbed morphotypes with distinct ovijectors and a dorsal rim covering the anal pore. The taxonomy was confirmed by the morphology and number of the longitudinal cuticular ridges in a 43-46 range. The sequence alignment and phylogeny revealed 92% homology with H. longistipes (AJ577461.1), and the sequence was deposited into GenBank. Conclusion The present study describes H. longistipes morphologically and molecularly which facilitates further discrimination of this species worldwide.
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Dey AR, Zhang Z, Begum N, Alim MA, Hu M, Alam MZ. Genetic diversity patterns of Haemonchus contortus isolated from sheep and goats in Bangladesh. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 68:177-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shen DD, Wang JF, Zhang DY, Peng ZW, Yang TY, Wang ZD, Bowman DD, Hou ZJ, Liu ZS. Genetic diversity of Haemonchus contortus isolated from sympatric wild blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and sheep in Helan Mountains, China. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:437. [PMID: 28927469 PMCID: PMC5606089 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemonchus contortus is known among parasitic nematodes as one of the major veterinary pathogens of small ruminants and results in great economic losses worldwide. Human activities, such as the sympatric grazing of wild with domestic animals, may place susceptible wildlife hosts at risk of increased prevalence and infection intensity with this common small ruminant parasite. Studies on phylogenetic factors of H. contortus should assist in defining the amount of the impact of anthropogenic factors on the extent of sharing of agents such as this nematode between domestic animals and wildlife. Methods H. contortus specimens (n = 57) were isolated from wild blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) inhabiting Helan Mountains (HM), China and additional H. contortus specimens (n = 20) were isolated from domestic sheep that were grazed near the natural habitat of the blue sheep. Complete ITS2 (second internal transcribed spacer) sequences and partial sequences of the nad4 (nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 gene) gene were amplified to determine the sequence variations and population genetic diversities between these two populations. Also, 142 nad4 haplotype sequences of H. contortus from seven other geographical regions of China were retrieved from database to further examine the H. contortus population structure. Results Sequence analysis revealed 10 genotypes (ITS2) and 73 haplotypes (nad4) among the 77 specimens, with nucleotide diversities of 0.007 and 0.021, respectively, similar to previous studies in other countries, such as Pakistan, Malaysia and Yemen. Phylogenetic analyses (BI, MP, NJ) of nad4 sequences showed that there were no noticeable boundaries among H. contortus populations from different geographical origin and population genetic analyses revealed that most of the variation (94.21%) occurred within H. contortus populations. All phylogenetic analyses indicated that there was little genetic differentiation but a high degree of gene flow among the H. contortus populations among wild blue sheep and domestic ruminants in China. Conclusions The current work is the first genetic characterization of H. contortus isolated from wild blue sheep in the Helan Mountains region. The results revealed a low genetic differentiation and high degree of gene flow between the H. contortus populations from sympatric wild blue sheep and domestic sheep, indicating regular cross-infection between the sympatrically reared ruminants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2377-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Shen
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ji-Fei Wang
- Ningxia Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dan-Yu Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Peng
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian-Yun Yang
- Inner Mongolia Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve, Alashan Left Banner, China
| | - Zhao-Ding Wang
- Inner Mongolia Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve, Alashan Left Banner, China
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhi-Jun Hou
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation, China State Forestry Administration, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhen-Sheng Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation, China State Forestry Administration, Harbin, China.
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Pichler R, Silbermayr K, Periasamy K. A novel snapback primer probe assay for the detection and discrimination of sympatric Haemonchus species using DNA melting analysis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:94-103. [PMID: 28242041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Different sympatric species of Haemonchus parasites infecting ruminants and camels can be distinguished morphologically, but involves tedious microscopic examinations, measurements and several other limitations. Information on internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) sequence provides confirmatory differentiation of sympatric Haemonchus species. The present study introduces a novel, snapback primer probe based, real time PCR assay for the differentiation of three sympatric Haemonchus species, H. contortus (Hco), H. placei (Hpl) and H. longistipes (Hlo). The assay was designed to amplify a region of 130bp within the ITS-2 gene that included three diagnostic mutational sites capable of discriminating Hco, Hpl and Hlo. Following melt curve analysis, species-specific diagnostic melt peaks were obtained for Hco, Hpl and Hlo with a mean melting temperature of 56.6±0.3°C, 64.4±0.1°C and 54.4±0.1°C respectively. The test for analytical sensitivity revealed the ability of the assay to detect up to 5 copies per reaction. To evaluate the discriminating power of the assay, 174 samples from adult worms and 3rd stage larvae belonging to different Haemonchus species and various other nematode species including Cooperia curticei, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Teladorsagia circumcincta were tested. Additionally, DNA extracted from 25 fecal egg samples was also tested and the specificity of the assay was verified by sequencing the ITS-2 gene of all the Haemonchus positive and non-Haemonchus samples. The assay worked accurately with 100% specificity in at least three real time PCR platforms. The assay is an effective alternative to the sequencing approach and is expected to be helpful for the screening of individual adult and larval Haemonchus parasites. However, caution needs to be applied while interpreting the results from fecal egg samples due to varying levels of sympatric co-infections from different Haemonchus species. The present study is the first report on the application of snapback primer probe methodology for the differentiation of nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Pichler
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katja Silbermayr
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kathiravan Periasamy
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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Yin F, Gasser RB, Li F, Bao M, Huang W, Zou F, Zhao G, Wang C, Yang X, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang R, Hu M. Population structure of Haemonchus contortus from seven geographical regions in China, determined on the basis of microsatellite markers. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:586. [PMID: 27846862 PMCID: PMC5111246 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studying genetic variation within and among Haemonchus contortus populations can inform some aspects of this parasite’s population genetics and epidemiology. However, almost nothing is known about such variation in China. Methods Adult males of H. contortus (n = 184) representing seven distinct populations in China were collected, and genetic variation within and among these populations was explored using eight distinct microsatellite markers. Results Genetic parameters, such as heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient (FIS) indicated that all eight microsatellites were highly polymorphic. Various analyses (AMOVA, FST, phylogenetic, structure, mantel test and population dynamics) revealed high within-population variation, low population genetic differentiation and high gene flow for H. contortus in China. Conclusions This study provides a first snapshot of the genetic substructuring of H. contortus populations in China using polymorphic markers, and might provide a starting point for assessing genetic changes over space and time during or following the implementation of particular treatment or control strategies, or changes as a consequence of environmental, management and climatic factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1864-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Facai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Bao
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoling Medical College, Jingzhou, 121000, Liaoling Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengcai Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Phylogenetic patterns of Haemonchus contortus and related trichostrongylid nematodes isolated from Egyptian sheep. J Helminthol 2016; 91:583-588. [PMID: 27762173 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a major parasite of small ruminants and its blood-feeding behaviour causes effects ranging from mild anaemia to death. Knowledge of the genetic variation within and among H. contortus populations can provide the foundation for understanding transmission patterns and aid in the control of haemonchosis. Adult male H. contortus were collected from three geographical regions in Egypt. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. The population genetic diversity and sequence variations were determined. Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed one genotype (ITS2) in all worms, without genetic differentiation. The similarity in population genetic diversity and genetic patterns observed among the three geographical regions could be attributed to possible movement between the sites. This is the first study of genetic variation in H. contortus in Egypt. The present results could have implications for the rapid characterization of H. contortus and other trichostrongyloid nematodes, and evaluation of the epidemiology of H. contortus in Egypt.
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Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most successful and problematic livestock parasites worldwide. From its apparent evolutionary origins in sub-Saharan Africa, it is now found in small ruminants in almost all regions of the globe, and can infect a range of different domestic and wildlife artiodactyl hosts. It has a remarkably high propensity to develop resistance to anthelmintic drugs, making control increasingly difficult. The success of this parasite is, at least in part, due to its extremely high levels of genetic diversity that, in turn, provide a high adaptive capacity. Understanding this genetic diversity is important for many areas of research including anthelmintic resistance, epidemiology, control, drug/vaccine development and molecular diagnostics. In this article, we review the current knowledge of H. contortus genetic diversity and population structure for both field isolates and laboratory strains. We highlight the practical relevance of this knowledge with a particular emphasis on anthelmintic resistance research.
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Hussain T, Periasamy K, Nadeem A, Babar ME, Pichler R, Diallo A. Sympatric species distribution, genetic diversity and population structure of Haemonchus isolates from domestic ruminants in Pakistan. Vet Parasitol 2016; 206:188-99. [PMID: 25468018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus species are major gastro-intestinal parasites affecting ruminants across the world. The present study aimed to assess the sympatric species distribution, genetic diversity, population structure and frequency of β-tubulin isotype 1 alleles associated with benzimidazole resistance. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences revealed three sympatric species of Haemonchus, H. contortus, H. placei and H. longistipes with 12 distinct genotypes circulating among ruminant hosts in Pakistan. High genetic variability was observed in Pakistani Haemonchus isolates at nicotine amide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene loci. Intra-population diversity parameters were higher in H. contortus isolates than H. placei. Phylogenetic analysis of ND4 and COI sequences did not reveal clustering of haplotypes originating from a particular host indicating high rate of gene flow among Haemonchus parasites infecting sheep, goat and cattle in Pakistan. ND4 and COI haplotypes from Pakistan were compared to sequences of Haemonchus isolates from 11 countries to elucidate the population structure. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot of pairwise FST derived from 531 ND4 haplotypes revealed clustering together of H. contortus from Pakistan, China, Malaysia and Italy while the isolates from Yemen and United States were found to be genetically distinct. With respect to H. placei, isolates from Pakistan were found to be genetically differentiated from isolates of other countries. The tests for selective neutrality revealed negative D statistics and did not reveal significant deviations in Pakistani Haemonchus populations while significant deviation (P < 0.05) was observed in Brazilian and Chinese H. contortus populations. Median Joining (MJ) network of ND4 haplotypes revealed Yemenese H. contortus being closer to H. placei cluster. β-tubulin isotype 1 genotyping revealed 7.86% frequency of Y allele associated with benzimidazole resistance at F200Y locus in Pakistani Haemonchus isolates.
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Comparative Response of the West African Dwarf Goats to Experimental Infections with Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf Goat Isolates of Haemonchus contortus. J Pathog 2015; 2015:728210. [PMID: 26697224 PMCID: PMC4677252 DOI: 10.1155/2015/728210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Response of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goats to two different isolates of Haemonchus contortus, the Red Sokoto (RS) goat isolate (RSHc) and the WAD goat isolate (WADHc) (isolated from WAD goats), was studied by experimental infections of 4–6-month-old male WAD goat kids. Group 1 and Group 2 goats were each infected with 4500 infective larvae (L3) of RSHc and WADHc, respectively. Group 3 animals served as uninfected control. Prepatent period (PPP), faecal egg counts (FEC), worm burden (WB), body weight (BW), packed cell volume (PCV), and body condition score (BCS) were determined. WAD goats infected with RSHc isolate and the ones infected with WADHc isolate had mean PPP of 19.63 ± 0.26 and 19.50 ± 0.19, respectively. Goats infected with WADHc isolate had significantly higher FEC (P = 0.004) and WB (P = 0.001). BW were significantly higher (P = 0.004) both in the controls and in Group 2 goats infected with WADHc isolate than in Group 1 goats infected with the RSHc isolate. BCS of animals in both infected groups dropped significantly (P = 0.001). There was a significant drop in PCV (P = 0.004) of both infected groups in comparison. Both isolates of H. contortus were pathogenic to the host.
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Chaudhry U, Redman EM, Abbas M, Muthusamy R, Ashraf K, Gilleard JS. Genetic evidence for hybridisation between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in natural field populations and its implications for interspecies transmission of anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tan TK, Panchadcharam C, Low VL, Lee SC, Ngui R, Sharma RSK, Lim YAL. Co-infection of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. among livestock in Malaysia as revealed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer II DNA region. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:38. [PMID: 24502557 PMCID: PMC3922337 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. are reported to be the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasites in livestock, particularly in small ruminants. However, the routine conventional tool used in Malaysia could not differentiate the species accurately and therefore limiting the understanding of the co-infections between these two genera among livestock in Malaysia. This study is the first attempt to identify the strongylids of veterinary importance in Malaysia (i.e., H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp.) by amplification and sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer II DNA region. Results Overall, 118 (cattle: 11 of 98 or 11.2%; deer: 4 of 70 or 5.7%; goats: 99 of 157 or 63.1%; swine: 4 of 91 or 4.4%) out of the 416 collected fecal samples were microscopy positive with strongylid infection. The PCR and sequencing results demonstrated that 93 samples (1 or 25.0% of deer; 92 or 92.9% of goats) contained H. contortus. In addition, Trichostrongylus colubriformis was observed in 75 (75.8% of 99) of strongylid infected goats and Trichostrongylus axei in 4 (4.0%) of 99 goats and 2 (50.0%) of 4 deer. Based on the molecular results, co-infection of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. (H. contortus + T. colubriformis denoted as HTC; H. contortus + T. axei denoted as HTA) were only found in goats. Specifically, HTC co-infections have higher rate (71 or 45.2% of 157) compared to HTA co-infections (3 or 1.9% of 157). Conclusions The present study is the first molecular identification of strongylid species among livestock in Malaysia which is essential towards a better knowledge of the epidemiology of gastro-intestinal parasitic infection among livestock in the country. Furthermore, a more comprehensive or nationwide molecular-based study on gastro-intestinal parasites in livestock should be carried out in the future, given that molecular tools could assist in improving diagnosis of veterinary parasitology in Malaysia due to its high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Unexpected occurrence of Haemonchus placei in cattle in southern Western Australia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yin F, Gasser RB, Li F, Bao M, Huang W, Zou F, Zhao G, Wang C, Yang X, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang R, Hu M. Genetic variability within and among Haemonchus contortus isolates from goats and sheep in China. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:279. [PMID: 24499637 PMCID: PMC3852563 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus (order Strongylida) is a common parasitic nematode infecting small ruminants and causing significant economic losses worldwide. Knowledge of genetic variation within and among H. contortus populations can provide a foundation for understanding transmission patterns, the spread of drug resistance alleles and might assist in the control of haemonchosis. METHODS 152 H. contortus individual adult worms were collected from seven different geographical regions in China. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 4 gene (nad4) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. The sequence variations and population genetic diversities were determined. RESULTS Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed 18 genotypes (ITS-2) and 142 haplotypes (nad4) among the 152 worms, with nucleotide diversities of 2.6% and 0.027, respectively, consistent with previous reports from other countries, including Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, Sweden, the USA and Yemen. Population genetic analyses revealed that 92.4% of nucleotide variation was partitioned within populations; there was no genetic differentiation but a high gene flow among Chinese populations; some degree of genetic differentiation was inferred between some specimens from China and those from other countries. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study of genetic variation within H. contortus in China. The results revealed high within-population variations, low genetic differentiation and high gene flow among different populations of H. contortus in China. The present results could have implications for studying the epidemiology and ecology of H. contortus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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