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Nyagura I, Malatji MP, Mukaratirwa S. The prevalence and infection rates of amphistome species in intermediate snail hosts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1418979. [PMID: 38952801 PMCID: PMC11216035 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1418979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the estimates of the prevalence and infection rates of natural and experimental infections of amphistome species in intermediate host snails (IHs) across different continents. A search of peer-reviewed literature on natural and experimental infections of freshwater snails with amphistome species was conducted from four electronic databases from 1984 to 2023. The estimates of the prevalence and/or infection rates were based on 36 eligible peer-reviewed articles, which met the inclusion criteria and reported on natural and experimental infections of amphistome species in freshwater snails. The results showed that a total of 1,67,081 snail species from the peer-reviewed articles were examined for natural infections and 7,659 snail species for experimental infections. The overall pooled prevalence of amphistome infections from naturally infected snails was 2% (95% CI: 0-4), while the overall pooled prevalence of amphistome infections from infections was 40% (95% CI: 18-64). The highest pooled prevalence of natural infection was 3%, which was recorded in Europe (95% CI: 1-7%). The highest overall prevalence of naturally infected amphistome was 6% (95% CI: 0-20%) for Paramphistomum epiclitum. The Americas had the highest pooled prevalence of experimental amphistome infection among freshwater snails (66%; 95% CI: 26-96%). The highest pooled infection rate of 65% (95% CI: 12-100%) was recorded for Paramphistomum cervi in experimental infections. Galba truncatula was the only snail that qualified for meta-analysis for natural infection with Calicophoron daubneyi, with a pooled prevalence of 3% (95% CI: 1-8%). Galba truncatula infected with C. daubneyi and P. cervi, and Bulinus tropicus infected with Calicophoron microbothrium in the experimental infection qualified for the meta-analysis, with an overall infection rate of 66% (95% CI: 34-92%) and 30% (95% CI: 0-74%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of amphistome species infection in the intermediate host (IH) snails based on detection techniques was higher with PCR compared to the dissection and shedding of cercariae. The results from the quality effects model revealed a high heterogeneity and publication bias between studies. This meta-analysis provided valuable insights into the prevalence and infection rates of amphistome species in snail IHs across different geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignore Nyagura
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mokgadi Pulane Malatji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
- One Health Centre for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Martins IVF, Sperandio NDC. Fasciolosis in ruminants in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2024; 46:e002924. [PMID: 38803825 PMCID: PMC11129511 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aims to promote discussion about the situation of fasciolosis in ruminants in Brazil. The disease is still found more frequently in the South and Southeast regions, but reports outside these areas show the spread of the disease, including human cases. Many studies have been published on the diagnosis and control of fasciolosis, but development of field diagnosis methods and drugs that control all stages of the parasite is still a challenge. Studies should be carried out of new distribution areas and alternatives for control in Brazil, which depends on understanding the complex interactions between of the environment, ecosystems and hosts of this trematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins
- Veterinarian, DSc., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias (CCAE), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
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3
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Hecker AS, Raulf MK, König S, Knubben-Schweizer G, Wenzel C, May K, Strube C. In-herd prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron / Paramphistomum spp. infections in German dairy cows with comparison of two coproscopical methods and establishment of real-time pyrosequencing for rumen fluke species differentiation. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110142. [PMID: 38308933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Infections with liver and rumen flukes are among the most frequent parasitic diseases in cattle worldwide. In Europe, the predominant liver fluke species is Fasciola hepatica, and the recently rapidly spreading rumen flukes are mostly Calicophoron daubneyi and occasionally Paramphistomum leydeni. In this study, 1638 faecal samples from individual dairy cows from 24 northern and 18 southern German farms as well as one central German farm, all preselected for potential F. hepatica infection, were examined to determine in-herd prevalences of liver and rumen fluke infections. Furthermore, individual faecal egg counts (FECs) were determined in the northern and central German cows. On farms with patent F. hepatica infections, the mean in-herd prevalence was 15.8% in northern Germany, 41.6% in southern Germany and 14.0% in the central German farm. Rumen fluke infections resulted in high in-herd prevalences in all regions with a mean prevalence of 46.0% in northern, 48.4% in southern and 40.0% in central Germany. Individual FECs varied between 0.1 and 4.1 (mean 0.4) eggs per gram faeces (EPG) for F. hepatica and between 0.1 and 292.4 (mean 16.9) EPG for rumen flukes. Mean in-herd prevalence and mean FECs did not differ significantly between mono- and coinfected farms for either fluke species. Comparison of the classical sedimentation technique and the Flukefinder® method on a subset of 500 faecal samples revealed a similar number of positive samples, however, Flukefinder® mean FECs were three to four times higher for liver and rumen fluke eggs, respectively, with an increasing gap between EPG levels with rising egg counts. Fluke egg size measurement confirmed P. leydeni eggs on average to be larger in length and width (161.0 µm x 87.1 µm) than those of C. daubneyi (141.8 µm x 72.9 µm). However, due to overlap of measurements, morphological species identification based on egg size proved unreliable. For accurate identification, a real-time pyrosequencing approach was established, offering the advantage over classical Sanger sequencing of unambiguously identifying rumen fluke mixed species infections. Real-time pyrosequencing confirmed C. daubneyi (78.1% [50/64]) as the predominant rumen fluke species in Germany, while P. leydeni was detected in 12.5% (8/64) of sampled cows. A total of 9.4% (6/64) cows were infected with both C. daubneyi and P. leydeni, representing the first finding of a mixed infection in domestic ruminants in Europe to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Hecker
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Raulf
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21b, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21b, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
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Sibula MS, Nyagura I, Malatji MP, Mukaratirwa S. Prevalence and geographical distribution of amphistomes of African wild ruminants: A scoping review. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100906. [PMID: 38298202 PMCID: PMC10827595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes published records on the prevalence, species diversity, geographical distribution, mixed infections, co-infections with other trematodes and intermediate hosts (IHs) of amphistomes (rumen flukes) of wild ruminants in Africa. Literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed and JSTOR, using a combination of predetermined search terms and Boolean operators. Of the 54 African countries searched, results showed that occurrence of amphistome infections in wild ruminants have only been reported in 23 countries. A total of 38 amphistome species consisting of the following 11 genera were recorded, viz Bilatorchis, Calicophoron, Carmyerius, Choerecotyloides, Cotylophoron, Explanatum, Gastrothylax, Gigantocotyle, Leiperocotyle, Paramphistomum and Stephanopharynx. These were recorded in 39 wild ruminant species, belonging to the Bovidae family. The genus Carmyerius recorded the highest number of species (n = 13) across nine countries Africa. However, Calicophoron species (n = 9) were more widely distributed, occurring in 17 countries across all regions of Africa. Species of this genus collectively infected 27 wild ruminant species. However, at a species level, Cotylophoron cotylophorum infected the highest number of wild ruminant species. Prevalence of infection based on post-mortem examination ranged from 1.89% in African Buffalo to 100% in Defassa waterbuck from Egypt and Zambia, respectively. The most common mixed infections recorded were those between amphistomes of the same or different genus. Snail intermediate hosts (IHs) were described for 10/38 amphistome species, and these were predominantly species from Plarnobidae family. Despite the richness in diversity of amphistomes infecting wild ruminants in Africa, there is need to further confirm identity of snail IHs and the amphistome species using both morphological and molecular techniques. Furthermore, more studies are recommended to assess the burden of amphistomosis in commercially reared wildlife/game farming, mixed game and livestock farming systems in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Siyazisiwe Sibula
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- National University of Science and Technology, P. Bag AC939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Ignore Nyagura
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mokgadi Pulane Malatji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- One Health Centre for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Helm C, Hodgkinson J, Williams D, Weiher W, Terhalle W, Steuber S, Ganter M, Krücken J. Efficacy of flukicides against Fasciola hepatica and first report of triclabendazole resistance on German sheep farms. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:94-105. [PMID: 38006779 PMCID: PMC10757264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infections lead to severe health problems and production losses in sheep farming, if not treated effectively. Triclabendazole has been used extensively over decades due to its unique efficacy range against all definitive hostfluke stages but published data about the susceptibility of F. hepatica to anthelmintics in Germany are lacking. This study aimed to identify current F. hepatica infections in German sheep flocks by coproscopic examinations and to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintics with a focus on triclabendazole in a field study conducted from 2020 to 2022. Initial screening included 71 sheep farms, many of them with known history of fasciolosis. In this highly biased sample set, the frequency of F. hepatica infection at individual sheep and farm level were 12.8% and 35.2%, respectively. Additionally, eggs of Paramphistominae were found at frequencies of 4.8% and 15.5% at individual sheep and farm level, respectively. Due to low egg shedding intensity, faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests could only be conducted on a few farms. The efficacy of triclabendazole was tested on 11 farms and albendazole on one farm, including 3-53 sheep/farm. Individual faecal samples were collected before and two weeks after treatment to evaluate the FECR using the sedimentation or FLUKEFINDER® or a modified FLUKEFINDER® method. On all farms a coproantigen reduction test was conducted in parallel. Lacking efficacy of triclabendazole even at double dosage was shown on one farm associated with a high number of animal losses due to acute fasciolosis. On this farm, the Fasciola miracidium development test was additionally performed, revealing a high in vitro ovicidal activity of albendazole while closantel was effective in vivo. On all other farms, sufficient efficacy of triclabendazole was observed. In conclusion, triclabendazole resistance appears not to be widespread on German sheep farms but, when present, can have serious effects on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Helm
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, Liverpool, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wiebke Weiher
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Terhalle
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Steuber
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Gerichtstraße 49, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Kebede IA, Beriso TE, Mengistu TS, Gebremeskel HF. Study on Cattle Trematodiasis and Related Risk Factors in Damot Sore District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:6687665. [PMID: 37937272 PMCID: PMC10627722 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6687665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trematodes are chronic, debilitating diseases in livestock, causing significant economic losses worldwide. From mid-December 2021 to May 2022, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the Damot Sore District to estimate the prevalence of trematode infections in cattle and associated risk factors. Trematode eggs were found in 100 of the 384 faecal samples tested, with an overall prevalence of 26.04% (95% CI: 21.88-30.69%). The prevalence for Fasciola, Paramphistome, and Schistosoma species were 12.50%, 5.21%, and 0, respectively. Moreover, the infection rate with two parasites was 8.33%. The data were then examined further using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. As a result, age was the only potential predictor identified to influence trematode infections in cattle among the potential predictors considered. Furthermore, old cattle were more likely to be infected with trematodiasis nearly 12 times (OR = 11.5) that of young cattle, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05), whereas other risk factors considered were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). According to the findings of this study, cattle trematodiasis is a moderately common disease in the study area. As a result, additional research on the meteorological conditions of snail infection was forwarded, along with other points to reduce the disease problem in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teshita Edaso Beriso
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P. Box: 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Morariu S, Sîrbu CB, Tóth AG, Dărăbuș G, Oprescu I, Mederle N, Ilie MS, Imre M, Sîrbu BAM, Solymosi N, Florea T, Imre K. First Molecular Identification of Calicophoron daubneyi (Dinnik, 1962) and Paramphistomum leydeni (Nasmark, 1937) in Wild Ruminants from Romania. Vet Sci 2023; 10:603. [PMID: 37888555 PMCID: PMC10611404 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rumen flukes are geographically widespread trematodes affecting wild and domestic ruminants. The juvenile forms, which are found in the small intestine, are more pathogenic compared to the adults. Severe diarrhoea and weight loss are the major clinical signs, and the disease might be fatal in severely infested individuals. In the last decade, paramphistomosis has been described as an emerging parasitic disease in Europe. This study aimed to identify the rumen fluke species in wild ruminants from western Romania. Fifty-two pre-stomachs obtained from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) that were hunted on 14 hunting grounds from Timiș and Arad counties were examined for the presence of paramphistomes. Three (9.09%) out of 33 samples were positive in Timiș County, and one (5.26%) out of 19 samples was positive in Arad County. Subsequent PCR testing revealed that three samples were positive for Calicophoron daubneyi and one for Paramphistomum leydeni. The presence of C. daubneyi and P. leydeni in roe deer has not been previously reported in Romania. Two Paramphistomum species-C. daubneyi and P. leydeni-were revealed as the main species of rumen flukes in roe deer from forests in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Morariu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Cătălin Bogdan Sîrbu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Adrienn Gréta Tóth
- Department Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Gheorghe Dărăbuș
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Ion Oprescu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Marius Stelian Ilie
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Mirela Imre
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Beatrice Ana-Maria Sîrbu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Department Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Tiana Florea
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Kalman Imre
- Food Safety Department, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
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Paguem A, Kamtsap P, Manchang TK, Yembo J, Achukwi MD, Streit A, Renz A. Species identity and phylogeny of Paramphistomoidea Fischoeder, 1901 occurring in cattle and sheep in North Cameroon. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 45:100922. [PMID: 37783526 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Paramphistomidae and Gastrothylacidae are parasitic flatworms occurring in wild and domestic ruminants in different parts of the world especially in Asia and Africa. In Central Africa, few studies have been done using molecular techniques to resolve taxonomical groupings and understand the epizootiology of these parasites. In this study, we molecularly characterized two hundred adult flukes collected from the fore stomachs of cattle and sheep in the Adamawa region of the northern Cameroon. PCR and sequencing of the nuclear ITS-2 of the ribosomal DNA gene and a portion of the mitochondrial cox-1 locus revealed the presence of at least nine species belonging to the genera of Cotylophoron, Calicophorn, Orthocoelium and Carmyerius. In Zebu cattle, we identified Ca. microbothrium, Ca. clavula, Ca. phillerouxi, Co. cotylophorum, Co. fuelleborni, O. scoliocoelium, Car. gregarius, Car. graberi and Car. mancupatus and one yet unknown Paramphistomoidea sp, whereas in sheep, only Ca. microbothrium was found. The present study also strongly suggests cross-hybridization between the two Cotylophoron species coexisting in cattle. These results have implications for the diagnosis and control of rumen flukes in the region and point to the need for accurate species identification to understand parasite distribution and population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archile Paguem
- Department of Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Pierre Kamtsap
- Department of Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tanyi Kingsley Manchang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Cameroon; Bangangte Multipurpose Research Station, P.O. Box 222, Bangangte, Cameroon
| | - Jeremie Yembo
- Programme Onchocercose Field Station of the University of Tübingen, P.O. Box 65, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Adrian Streit
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfons Renz
- Department of Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Programme Onchocercose Field Station of the University of Tübingen, P.O. Box 65, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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9
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Williams D, Skuce P, Stubbings L. Treatment of rumen fluke in cattle and sheep. Vet Rec 2023; 193:209-210. [PMID: 37681623 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
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10
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Fu Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Meng R, Duo H, Shen X, Ma Y, Guo Z. Identification and prevalence of fluke infection in yak and Tibetan sheep around Qinghai Lake, China. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07877-5. [PMID: 37202562 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) and rumen flukes (Paramphistomum spp.) are significant parasites in livestock worldwide, and Fasciola spp. are considered an important zoonotic parasite. To our knowledge, there are no reports on fluke species identification and epidemiological prevalence in yak and Tibetan sheep around Qinghai Lake, China. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the major fluke species and determine the prevalence of fluke infections among yak and Tibetan sheep in this area. A total of 307 fecal samples were collected and fluke eggs identified using morphology and molecular methods. Our study is the first to display that the predominant fluke species were F. hepatica and P. leydeni in yak and Tibetan sheep around Qinghai Lake. The overall prevalence of fluke infections in yak and Tibetan sheep was 57.7% (177/307). Specifically, the prevalences of F. hepatica and P. leydeni were 15.0% (46/307) and 31.6% (97/307), respectively, and the co-infection of both species was 11.1% (34/307). No significant difference existed in the prevalence of overall fluke infection between yak and Tibetan sheep (p < 0.05). However, F. hepatica prevalence was significantly different in yak and Tibetan sheep (p < 0.05) but not P. leydeni. The findings of this study provide useful information about the current status of natural fluke invasion in yak and Tibetan sheep around Qinghai Lake, which could be important for monitoring and controlling these parasites in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China.
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Ru Meng
- Xining Animal Disease Control Center, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Hong Duo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xiuying Shen
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yijuan Ma
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, China.
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11
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Nak-On S, Chontananarth T. The determination and relationship of four coexisting paramphistomes in perspective of integrative taxonomic investigation. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY: REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2023; 40:100849. [PMID: 37068856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections with Orthocoelium species and other paramphistomes were found in different ruminant hosts from two provinces of Thailand. Whilst O. parvipapillatum coexisted with Paramphistomum epiclitum in the same cattle (Bos taurus) from Pathum Thani Province, Thailand, O. dicranocoelium and Fischoederius elongatus were found in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Chiang Mai Province. Morphological, histological, and tegumental surface features of both Orthocoelium species were intensively investigated for species differentiation. Statistical analysis of eight morphometric ratios presented morphological differences for three paramphistomes in the Paramphistomidae family and some relationships among paramphistomes in different definitive hosts. The genetic relationships of the co-infecting paramphistomes were investigated using p-distance and phylogenetic tree analyses. Genetic variations in the Orthocoelium co-infecting paramphistomes, P. epiclitum and F. elongatus, were calculated and compared to DNA sequence alignments based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA markers. In addition, the phylogenetic tree constructions from both DNA markers and their concatenated sequence (ITS2 + COI) were used for species confirmation and the presentation of genetic relationships between co-infecting paramphistomes and other paramphistomes. This study improves the basic taxonomical description and understanding of parasite-parasite and host-parasite interactions from the perspectives of morpho-histological, morphometric, and genetic variation in co-infecting paramphistomes and Orthocoelium species in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirapat Nak-On
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand; Research and Innovation Unit for Diagnosis of Medical and Veterinary Important Parasites, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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12
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SUJATHA T, MONDAL S, DE AK, PERUMAL P, SAWHNEY S, BALA PA, SUNDER J, PRAVEENRAJ J, BHATTACHARYA D, CHAKURKAR EB. First recorded outbreak of Paramphistomum cervi in Andaman local goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) from Bay island of India: A brief communication. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v93i1.121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This communication reports an outbreak of immature paramphistomiosis in Andaman local goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) along with report of mortality and gross as well as histopathological changes. During the month of September, 2021 there was report of 38.57% mortality in goats which was investigated in depth. Outbreak occurred at South Andaman district where goats were reared under semi intensive managerial system and allowed to graze in the morning in surrounding marshy land. The affected animals showed the symptoms of immature amphistomiasis; it was further confirmed on necropsy and identification of causative organism as Paramphistomum cervi based on its typical morphological features. Histopathological examination showed damaged structure of rumen with typical degenerative changes and initiation of necrotic changes of cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. We report the outbreak of immature amphistomiasis for the first time from Andaman and Nicobar archipelago along with the causative agent.
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13
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Bastyrova Brutovska A, Vogalova P, Rost M, Sak B, Kvac M. Calicophoron daubneyi (Dinnik, 1962) (Digenea) in beef and dairy cattle in the Czech Republic: prevalence and drug efficacy. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70. [PMID: 36625498 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,724 beef and 2,941 dairy cattle older than one year from 66 beef and 67 dairy farms in the Czech Republic were examined for the presence of rumen and liver fluke eggs in 2019-2022. Out of 227 positive animals, all were positive for paramphistome and five for fasciolid eggs. Molecular analysis of the ITS2 rDNA revealed the presence of Calicophoron daubneyi (Dinnik, 1962) and Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758. Faecal egg count (FEC) showed low infection intensity (12 EPG) in animals infected with F. hepatica and high variability in C. daubneyi infections (2-589 EPG). Efficacy of oxyclozanide, albendazole, ivermectin, and closantel against C. daubneyi infection was evaluated at eight beef cattle herds. Faecal samples were collected from all positive animals at 0 and 21days post-treatment. Based on FEC, albendazole, ivermectin and closantel reduced the number of C. daubneyi eggs shed by 0-9.9%, with no effect on the number of infected animals. The use of oxyclozanide on two beef farms showed 100% efficacy against C. daubneyi and F. hepatica. Follow-up examination 5-6 months after drug application showed reinfection of most animals with C. daubneyi, but the FEC was significantly lower. The finding of four dairy cows infected with C. daubneyi housed in a stable without pasture suggests the possibility of the infection being introduced through roughage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bastyrova Brutovska
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Pavlina Vogalova
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kvac
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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14
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Hoyle RC, Rose Vineer H, Duncan JS, Williams DJ, Hodgkinson JE. A survey of sheep and/or cattle farmers in the UK shows confusion over the diagnosis and control of rumen fluke and liver fluke. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109812. [PMID: 36270230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Calicophoron daubneyi (rumen fluke) is an emerging parasitic infection of livestock across Europe. Despite increasing in prevalence, little is known about the level of awareness of rumen fluke or current control practices used by UK farmers. Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a common parasitic infection of cattle and sheep in the UK. Co-infections with these parasites can present in sheep and cattle, but the only drug with reported efficacy against rumen fluke is oxyclozanide. Between December 2019 and March 2020, 451 sheep and/or cattle farmers completed an online questionnaire, capturing their awareness and current means of control for liver fluke and rumen fluke. Most respondents (70%) were aware of rumen fluke, with 14% recording its presence on their farms and 18% having previously treated for rumen fluke. Almost all respondents (99%) were aware of liver fluke and higher numbers of respondents reported its presence on farm (67%) with 88% having previously treated for liver fluke. Respondents who were aware of rumen fluke said they were concerned about the parasite (81%), although rumen fluke was less of a concern than liver fluke (p < 0.05). Of respondents who reported rumen fluke presence on their farm, 42% cited incorrect diagnostic methods, including those traditionally used to detect liver fluke. Respondents were more likely to treat annually for liver fluke, as opposed to rumen fluke (p < 0.05). The most frequently used drug for the treatment of liver fluke infection was triclabendazole (53% sheep treatments, 34% cattle treatments) and only a minority of farmers treated with a product effective against rumen fluke (oxyclozanide; 42% cattle treatments, 35% sheep treatments). A small proportion of farmers stated that they used a non-flukicide drug to treat sheep for liver fluke infection (1.6% sheep treatments). These results demonstrate a broad awareness of liver and rumen fluke in sheep and cattle, but reveal confusion amongst farmers about their diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the need to provide best practice advice to the livestock industry for the control of both parasites.
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15
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Alvi MA, Alshammari A, Asghar F, Ali RMA, Li L, Saqib M, Khan MK, Imran M, Qamar W, Askar H, Abdelsater N, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Prevalence, risk factors and first record of mitochondrial cox1 gene-based molecular characterization of Paramphistomum epiclitum from Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1018854. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1018854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infestations are one of the major threats to the livestock industry in Pakistan. These have a negative impact on the production of domesticated livestock species. Paramphistomes belong to the superfamily Paramphistomoidea and are involved in infecting ruminants all over the world. To date, there was no information on mitochondrial DNA-based molecular characterization of Paramphistomum epiclitum from Pakistan. To close this research gap, this study was designed to provide insights into the epidemiology of Paramphistomum species. Paramphistomum epiclitum isolates were recovered from the rumen of small ruminants slaughtered at an abattoir located in Faisalabad city and animal demographics were recorded. DNA was extracted and mitochondrial cox1 was amplified and sequenced. Prevalence was calculated along with a 95% confidence interval in various groups. The chi-square test was applied to determine the association between different variables under investigation. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the Bayesian method. Population diversity indices were calculated using DnaSP 4.5 software. A total of 43 mutations were observed among 7 haplotypes. Negative values of Fu's Fs values, and Tajima's D indicated population expansion. Deworming, season, and grazing were the variables that significantly correlate (p < 0.05) with the prevalence of P. epiclitum. The high prevalence of P. epiclitum demonstrates that more studies are indeed needed to further understand the prevalence and distribution of P. epiclitum in definitive and all potential intermediate hosts in addition to intraspecies variation and relationship with populations from other locations.
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Tookhy NA, Nur-Mahiza MI, Mansor R, Yasmin AR, Ahmad NI, Hamzah NH, Idri LH. Rumen Fluke in Cattle and Buffaloes in Asia: A Review. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2022; 45:781-803. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.45.3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Rumen fluke is a parasitosis that infects ruminant animals across a wide geographical range of countries. It is a severe infection in temperate and tropical climate regions of Asia, Australia, Africa, and Europe, which cause significant economic losses. In this review, the available information to date on rumen fluke species infecting cattle and buffaloes in Asian countries is evaluated. The citation search was performed through specific keywords, literature published from 1964 to 2021, retrieved from electronic databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Pub Med, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. Twenty-six (26) rumen fluke species belonging to two families: Paramphistomidae 61.5% (16/26) and Gastrothylacidae 38.4% (10/26), were reported in cattle and buffaloes in fourteen Asian countries. Paramphistomum cervi and Cotylophoron cotylophorum are the most prevalent species with broader distribution in countries than the other genera. The coprological prevalence varies from 0.8% to 98.17% and 0.86% to 78.4% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The prevalence of rumen fluke by fluke counts method range between 6.45% to 90.6% and 4.29% to 75.07% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The sedimentation method and fluke count are reliable tests for detecting rumen fluke in live and slaughtered animals. In conclusion, the rumen fluke should be considered a critical production disease that affects cattle and buffaloes in Asia. Further studies are necessary to determine the rumen fluke-snail associations, develop diagnostic tests to detect prepatent infections in the definitive host, determine the economic importance of rumen fluke, and determine the efficacy of different anthelmintic in the treatment of patent infections in the definitive host.
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17
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Tran L, Toet H, Beddoe T. Environmental detection of Fasciola hepatica by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13778. [PMID: 35945935 PMCID: PMC9357369 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, commonly referred to as liver flukes, is a substantial zoonotic parasitic disease of humans and livestock globally. While infection is readily controlled by anthelmintics, namely triclabendazole, the heavy reliance on triclabendazole has resulted in drug resistance appearing worldwide. Due to drug resistance, it is imperative to adopt an integrated parasite management program to preserve the efficacy of currently available anthelmintics. A integrated liver fluke management plan would benefit from a simple rapid, field-deployable diagnostic for detection of F. hepatica in environment and the host. Therefore, a rapid DNA test using loop-mediated isothermal amplification was developed and optimised for the detection of F. hepatica from faecal and water samples to enable the detection of parasites both within the host and from the environment. The assay presented here is fast, with amplification in ≤20 min, and highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 5 × 10-4 ng/µL. The workflow presented here provides a time to result of ≤60 min without requiring a commercial kit for the extraction of DNA from faecal and water samples, and pending further validation from field-samples, could potentially be used to enable real-time decision making to mitigate parasite prevalence on a farming property and with no requirement for sample transportation.
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Nak-On S, Srimontok P, Jamsiang M, Chontananarth T. Complex morphological characterization and morphometric-molecular discrimination of two paramphistome species co-infecting cattle, Orthocoelium sp. and Paramphistomum epiclitum. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 30:100708. [PMID: 35431066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Co-infection by two paramphistome species, Orthocoelium sp. and Paramphistomum epiclitum, is found in cattle in Thailand. The morphological features of these and other paramphistomes under a light microscope are similar, resulting in misidentification and misdiagnosis. We classified these paramphistomes into three morphological variation types, namely Orthocoelium sp., P. epiclitum MV1 (immature), and P. epiclitum MV2 (matured). Ten morphological characteristics were investigated, and the values were transformed into 25 ratio criteria for statistical investigation. Morphometric analysis can classify the variation of these specimens using differences in the bifurcal level, the vitellaria starting level, the starting level of the anterior testis, and the center level of the posterior testis positions by body length ratios. These ratios can separate the samples into three morphologically different groups, whereas molecular analysis based on the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene could only distinguish two specific groups. In addition, the Orthocoelium specimen, related to O. dicranocoelium and O. parvipapillatum according to morphological and histological analysis, was monophyletic grouped via ITS2 analysis. Our study provides a scientific basis for the taxonomic classification and clustering of morphologically varying species, improving the identification, detection, and diagnosis of co-infecting paramphistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirapat Nak-On
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Pornwipa Srimontok
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Marayad Jamsiang
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand; Research and Innovation Unit for Diagnosis of Medical and Veterinary Important Parasites, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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Delafosse A. Rumen fluke infections (Paramphistomidae) in diarrhoeal cattle in western France and association with production parameters. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100694. [PMID: 35256121 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the impact of rumen flukes (RFs) (Paramphistomatidae) on various production parameters of cattle in Normandy. Faecal and blood samples were taken between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019 as part of the routine diagnostic activity for diarrhoea in weaned cattle, including a quantitative parasitological analysis coupled with a search for Johne's disease (paratuberculosis). Information on slaughter and carcass weight, inter-farm movements and mortality was obtained from the French national registration database (BDNI). The study was conducted at two levels using adapted categorical RF variables: 1) at the cattle level (>12 months), an estimation of presence of adult parasites using egg count in faecal samples (negative vs. positive) and 2) at the herd level, an estimation of 6-24 months of the dairy heifers exposure to larval forms on the basis of the proportion of dairy cattle shedding eggs in the herd (three classes). At the cattle level, the outcome variables were carcass weight (model 1), case-control status for mortality within 30 days of diagnosis (model 2) and case-control status for slaughter within 365 days of diagnosis (model 3). At the herd level, the outcome variable was the mortality ratio for dairy heifers aged 6-24 months (Model 4). Other important covariates were used to improve model fit. Multivariate analyses were performed using a linear mixed model (model 1), generalised estimating equations (GEE) (models 2 and 3) and a multinomial logistic model (model 4). Overall, 1291 out of 4315 cattle (29.9%) were found to excrete RF eggs and 19.6% of the positives had an excretion score of >200 eggs/g. The prevalence increased steadily with age class and was higher in beef cattle than dairy cattle (42.7% vs. 26.9%) in the years 2015-2019 compared to 2010-2014 (33.3% vs. 26.5%) and in November-February (33.2%) compared to March-June (28.9%) and July-October (27.3%). Rumen fluke variables were not found to be explanatory factors of outcome variables at both animal and herd levels. In contrast, significant negative associations were observed between outcome variables and other health covariates, such as Johne's disease, GI nematode, bovine viral diarrhoea and coccidia statuses. In conclusion, RFs are prevalent in cattle reared in Normandy but this does not result in significant production losses. Therefore, the value to farmers of oxyclozanide treatment at an effective dose for paramphistomosis after simple identification of RF eggs in the faeces seems limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delafosse
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de l'Orne, 61004 Alençon, France.
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20
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Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM. Field evaluation of the enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA test for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265569. [PMID: 35324959 PMCID: PMC8947386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a severe zoonosis responsible for major economic losses in livestock. The enhanced MM3-COPRO test (eMM3-COPRO) and the commercial version BIO K 201 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium) are widely used as immunodiagnostic tools for the specific detection of coproantigens released by Fasciola during the late prepatent and patent stages of infection. However, performance of the eMM3-COPRO has never been evaluated under field conditions. To address this gap, a large number of ovine faecal samples, collected in a region where fasciolosis is endemic (Galicia, NW Spain), were analyzed. Two groups of sheep flocks were selected according to the Fasciola infection status: ‘Fasciola-free’ and ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks. ‘Fasciola-free’ flocks were seronegative flocks with no history of fasciolosis detected by either coproscopy or necropsy in the last 5 years. Faecal samples from these sheep were used to calculate a cut-off value for infection (OD = 0.021). The cut-off was calculated using a bootstrap resampling method that enables estimation of the sampling distribution of the statistical parameters without making assumptions about the underlying data distribution. ‘Fasciola-infected’ flocks were characterized by high seroprevalence, a history of fasciolosis and periodical treatment with flukicides. Samples from these flocks were used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the eMM3-COPRO relative to coproscopy, which although limited by poor sensitivity is the only reference test available for diagnosing fasciolosis in vivo. To overcome this limitation, all animals classified positive by eMM3-COPRO were treated with triclabendazole and then retested. The eMM3-COPRO displayed higher sensitivity than coproscopy, as it detected coproantigens in all samples with positive coproscopy and in 12% of samples with negative coproscopy. The test also proved highly specific as coproantigens disappeared after the treatment. The eMM3-COPRO was less time consuming than coproscopy, particularly when the procedure involved numerous samples, and showed promise as a tool for monitoring flukicide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
- * E-mail:
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, España
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
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21
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Červená B, Anettová L, Nosková E, Pafčo B, Pšenková I, Javorská K, Příhodová P, Ježková J, Václavek P, Malát K, Modrý D. The winner takes it all: dominance of Calicophoron daubneyi (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) among flukes in Central European beef cattle. Parasitology 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35272721 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, paramphistomosis caused by Paramphistomum spp. was historically regarded as being of minor importance. However, Calicophoron daubneyi has recently been recognized as an emerging pathogen in Europe due to its increasing prevalence and negative impact on livestock production. In search for paramphistomid flukes, 5573 beef cattle fecal samples from 115 farms across the whole Czech Republic were examined from March 2019 to June 2021. The eggs of paramphistomid flukes were identified in 29.9% of samples. Internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences from 90 adult flukes and 125 fecal samples collected across Czech Republic confirmed C. daubneyi infection in the Czech beef cattle. Ninety mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from adult C. daubneyi specimens revealed 13 individual haplotypes, two of them recorded for the first time. Although C. daubneyi is a new parasite in beef cattle herds in the Czechia, it clearly dominates the parasitological findings in the country's beef cattle. The common occurrence of C. daubneyi in most of the beef cattle herds indicates environmental conditions suitable also for the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica and risk of its emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Červená
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Anettová
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nosková
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Pšenková
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Javorská
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Příhodová
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ježková
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Václavek
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Malát
- Czech Beef Cattle Association, Těšnov 17, 110 00Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- CEITEC VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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22
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Thanasuwan S, Tankrathok A. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the detection of Fasciola spp. in the fecal matter of domestic bovines in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:2878-2882. [PMID: 35017834 PMCID: PMC8743761 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2878-2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fasciola spp. are important foodborne trematodes and waterborne zoonotic parasites that cause health problems and economic losses worldwide, including in Thailand. Fasciola spp. are usually detected by sedimentation or the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) under microscopy, which is less specific and sensitive. Accurate detection is important to detect real incidence for protection against and elimination of fasciolosis in the area. This study aimed to determine the distribution of Fasciola spp. and compare the specificity and sensitivity of FECT under microscopy to that of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cattle feces. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Feces of 46 cattle were investigated for infection with Fasciola spp. To detect infection, FECT under microscopy and PCR amplification of the 28S rRNA gene of Fasciola spp. were used to identify egg parasites. Results: Feces of 16 of 46 (34.78%) cattle were positive for Fasciola spp. using FECT under microscopy, whereas PCR showed that 67.39% (31 of 46) were positive for Fasciola spp. False-negative results were as high as 32.61% when diagnosed under microscopy. Conclusion: This study confirmed the infection of cattle with Fasciola spp. in Kalasin Province, indicating that PCR demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity when diagnosing infection. FECT under microscopy can still be used as a primary and traditional method for diagnosis. However, relapse cases of Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. should be diagnosed by microscopy combined with PCR. This is the first report on the molecular distribution of fecal samples in cattle in Kalasin Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikanda Thanasuwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Anupong Tankrathok
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
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23
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Exploration of factors associated with spatial-temporal veterinary surveillance diagnoses of rumen fluke ( Calicophoron daubneyi) infections in ruminants using zero-inflated mixed modelling. Parasitology 2021; 149:253-260. [PMID: 34658327 PMCID: PMC10090577 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rumen fluke (Calicophoron daubneyi) has emerged as a prominent parasite of ruminants in Europe over the past decades. Epidemiological questions remain regarding this observed increase in prevalence as well as the prospect for future paramphistomosis risk. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the temporal−spatial prevalence of rumen fluke as measured by veterinary surveillance in a temperate region using zero-inflated negative binomial mixed modelling. Modelling revealed that summer rainfall, raindays and sunshine hours and mean winter temperature as significant positively associated climate variables for rumen fluke prevalence over space and time (P < 0.05). Rumen fluke prevalence was also higher in counties with higher cattle/sheep densities and was positively associated with rumen fluke case rates in the previous years (P < 0.05). Equivalent models for fasciolosis prevalence revealed no significant association with winter temperature and sunshine hours, (P > 0.05). These results confirm a strong association between rainfall and the prevalence of both fluke species in a temperate environment, likely due to the role of Galba truncatula as their intermediate snail host. It also highlights the potential added importance of winter temperature and sunshine hours in rumen fluke epidemiology when compared to liver fluke.
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Forstmaier T, Knubben-Schweizer G, Strube C, Zablotski Y, Wenzel C. Rumen ( Calicophoron/ Paramphistomum spp.) and Liver Flukes ( Fasciola hepatica) in Cattle-Prevalence, Distribution, and Impact of Management Factors in Germany. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092727. [PMID: 34573693 PMCID: PMC8469404 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paramphistomidosis is a parasitic disease of ruminants caused by so-called rumen flukes. To determine the current prevalence in German cattle, faecal samples from 614 herds were examined for parasite eggs. In addition, the occurring rumen fluke species were determined, resulting in Calicophoron daubneyi and Paramphistomum leydeni. In the course of the work, the occurrence of the common liver fluke, causing fasciolosis, was also documented. Rumen fluke eggs could be detected in 5.5% of German cattle farms, liver flukes in 9.5%. In 2.1% of the farms, both fluke types occurred. Regional differences between northern and southern Germany were detected. Cattle grazing and fed with fresh grass were more likely to be infected with rumen and liver flukes than cattle without such access. Cattle from organic farms were also more likely to have fluke infections than those from conventional farms, in suckler cows, however, this association only applied to rumen flukes. Abstract This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rumen flukes on German cattle farms via the sedimentation technique, and to identify the rumen fluke species occurring in Germany. Additionally, the prevalence of patent Fasciola hepatica infections was determined. Furthermore, a short questionnaire was answered by the farmers. A prevalence of 5.5% and 9.5% was detected for rumen flukes and liver flukes, respectively. Coinfections occurred on 2.1% of farms. In northern Germany, the rumen fluke prevalence was higher than in southern Germany, while for liver fluke the distribution was reversed. Rumen flukes were mostly identified as Calicophoron daubneyi, but in four cases, sequencing revealed Paramphistomum leydeni for the first time in Germany. Grazing and feeding of fresh grass, as well as organic farming, were significantly associated with rumen and liver fluke occurrence. In contrast, suckler cow husbandry only had an influence on the occurrence of rumen flukes, but not liver flukes. Trematode eggs could be detected in both, farms with and without deworming. Since there were only a few studies about Paramphistomidosis in Germany, more attention should be paid to these parasitic diseases for animal welfare and animal health reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Forstmaier
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (T.F.); (G.K.-S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (T.F.); (G.K.-S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany;
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (T.F.); (G.K.-S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (T.F.); (G.K.-S.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Mapping the Spatial Distribution of the Rumen Fluke Calicophoron daubneyi in a Mediterranean Area. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091122. [PMID: 34578154 PMCID: PMC8469533 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumen flukes (Calicophoron daubneyi) represent a growing threat to the animal health, productivity and welfare of ruminants. The present study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of C. daubneyi infections in ruminants and to develop a predictive model of the environmental suitability for rumen flukes in a Mediterranean area. A cross-sectional coprological survey was conducted in 682 sheep, 73 goat and 307 cattle farms located in the Basilicata region (southern Italy). Faecal samples collected were analysed using the FLOTAC technique. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and statistical models were developed to determine environmental risk factors and to delimitate the areas at highest risk of infections in small ruminants. The results showed 7.9% (95% CI 6.05–10.27) of sheep farms, 2.7% (95% CI 0.48–10.44) of goat farms and 55.0% (95% CI 49.62–60.99) of cattle farms were infected by C. daubneyi. The areas with high predicted risk were situated in the western part of the region. The soil texture, land use and the presence of streams and brooks were the variables statistically significant (p < 0.05) in explaining the C. daubneyi distribution in the study area. The study confirms the importance of geospatial technology in supporting parasite control strategies in livestock and demonstrates that a combined use of different geostatistical techniques can improve the prediction of the C. daubneyi infection risk in ruminants.
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26
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Mitchell G, Zadoks RN, Skuce PJ. A Universal Approach to Molecular Identification of Rumen Fluke Species Across Hosts, Continents, and Sample Types. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:605259. [PMID: 33748201 PMCID: PMC7969503 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.605259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumen fluke are parasitic trematodes that affect domestic and wild ruminants across a wide range of countries and habitats. There are 6 major genera of rumen fluke and over 70 recognized species. Accurate species identification is important to investigate the epidemiology, pathophysiology and economic impact of rumen fluke species but paramphistomes are morphologically plastic, which has resulted in numerous instances of misclassification. Here, we present a universal approach to molecular identification of rumen fluke species, including different life-cycle stages (eggs, juvenile and mature fluke) and sample preservation methods (fresh, ethanol- or formalin-fixed, and paraffin wax-embedded). Among 387 specimens from 173 animals belonging to 10 host species and originating from 14 countries on 5 continents, 10 rumen fluke species were identified based on ITS-2 intergenic spacer sequencing, including members of the genera Calicophoron, Cotylophoron, Fischeroedius, Gastrothylax, Orthocoelium, and Paramphistomum. Pairwise comparison of ITS-2 sequences from this study and GenBank showed >98.5% homology for 80% of intra-species comparisons and <98.5% homology for 97% of inter-species comparisons, suggesting that some sequence data may have been entered into public repositories with incorrect species attribution based on morphological analysis. We propose that ITS-2 sequencing could be used as a universal tool for rumen fluke identification across host and parasite species from diverse technical and geographical origins and form the basis of an international reference database for accurate species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Mitchell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J. Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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27
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J, Ganter M. Chronic Wasting Due to Liver and Rumen Flukes in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:549. [PMID: 33669891 PMCID: PMC7923292 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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28
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Huson KM, Morphew RM, Winters A, Cookson A, Hauck B, Brophy PM. In vitro screening as an anthelmintic discovery pipeline for Calicophoron daubneyi: nutritive media and rumen environment-based approaches. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1351-1362. [PMID: 33547506 PMCID: PMC7940163 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paramphistomosis can lead to morbidity and mortality of ruminant livestock within tropical and sub-tropical climates. In recent decades, rumen fluke has become an emerging infection in temperate climates across Western Europe, with Calicophoron daubneyi, the primary species present. Clinical outbreaks with C. daubneyi larvae are reported and adults might be responsible for production losses. There is not currently a widely licensed anthelmintic product available to control C. daubneyi. In this study, three existing flukicide anthelmintics were tested for efficacy against mature C. daubneyi, comparing a standard in vitro culturing assay and a new more relevant rumen fluid based in vitro compound screening protocol. The new rumen based screen confirmed that oxyclozanide was active against adult C. daubneyi and identified activity with praziquantel. The study highlighted the downstream value of incorporating relevant in vitro screening for anthelmintic discovery pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Huson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.,Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Large Park, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR, UK
| | - R M Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - A Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - A Cookson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - B Hauck
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - P M Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
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29
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García-Dios D, Díaz P, Viña M, Remesar S, Prieto A, López-Lorenzo G, Cao JMD, Panadero R, Díez-Baños P, López CM. Efficacy of Oxyclozanide and Closantel against Rumen Flukes (Paramphistomidae) in Naturally Infected Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111943. [PMID: 33105640 PMCID: PMC7690378 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paramphistomosis, caused by ruminal trematodes, is currently considered an emergent disease in Europe due to the progressive increase of prevalence and reports of acute cases in ruminants. Thus, finding effective control methods such as efficient drugs against paramphistomids is currently a priority. Although some drugs have been found effective for treating paramphistomid infections in cattle, data in sheep are currently limited. A single administration of oxyclozanide (15 mg/kg) or closantel (10 mg/kg) has been proven efficient in cattle, but it has not been tested in sheep; thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of these treatment protocols against paramphistomids in naturally infected sheep. The treatment with oxyclozanide was very efficient since it significantly reduced the paramphistomid egg output in more than 90% during 11 weeks after treatment. In contrast, closantel showed low efficacies throughout the study. The results of this study support the use of a single oral dose of oxyclozanide at 15 mg/kg for treating paramphistomid infections in sheep, whereas a single oral dose of closantel at 10 mg/kg is not effective. Abstract Paramphistomosis is considered an emergent disease of ruminants in Europe. Some drugs have been found effective for treating paramphistomid infections in cattle, but data in sheep are currently limited. Thus, faecal samples from 25 adult sheep naturally infected with paramphistomids were collected weekly to test the efficacy of oxyclozanide and closantel. Three groups were performed: nine animals orally treated with a single dose of oxyclozanide (15 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) integrated the G-OXI group, whereas eight sheep orally treated with a single dose of closantel (10 mg/kg BW) were placed in a group called G-CLS. Eight untreated controls constituted the group G-CON. Oxyclozanide showed efficacies up to 90% until week 11 post-treatment, with a maximum efficacy of 98.3%, and significant differences were found between G-OXI and G-CON until the 26th week post-treatment. Closantel was insufficiently active (0–81%) throughout the study and differences compared to G-CON were never found. The present study reveals that oxyclozanide given at a single oral dose of 15 mg/kg BW is highly effective against adult rumen flukes in sheep. In addition, the use of a single oral dose of closantel at 10 mg/kg BW is not recommended for treating paramphistomid infections in sheep.
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30
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Atcheson E, Skuce PJ, Oliver NAM, McNeilly TN, Robinson MW. Calicophoron daubneyi-The Path Toward Understanding Its Pathogenicity and Host Interactions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:606. [PMID: 33088831 PMCID: PMC7500092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Atcheson
- Microbes and Pathogen Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A M Oliver
- Microbes and Pathogen Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Microbes and Pathogen Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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31
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Nak-On S, Chontananarth T. Rumen fluke, Fischoederius elongatus (Trematoda: Gastrothylacidae): Preliminary investigation of suitable conditions for egg hatching. Vet Parasitol 2020; 282:109135. [PMID: 32470871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Various temperatures may have different effects on the distribution of paramphistomes that cause amphistomosis in cattle, including Fischoederius elongatus. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different temperature treatments on F. elongatus hatching, with specific identification using morphological, histological, and phylogenetic analysis. All specimens were collected from two buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) rumens in a slaughterhouse in Pathum Thani province, Thailand. F. elongatus adults were kept in phosphate buffered saline solution for egg collection. The egg specimens were incubated in tap water under four different temperature conditions: 4 °C, room temperature, 35 °C, and 55 °C. For 31 days, egg specimens of approximately 50 eggs per observation were randomly classified into three stages (undeveloped, developing (or pre-hatching), and hatched). To test the change of temperature, cold water was used for thermal shocking the egg specimens. The results indicated that rates of egg development and hatching were highest at 35 °C and significantly higher than in the other treatments (P < 0.001). In addition, statistical investigation of pre-thermal shock results also suggesting that 35 ºC may be a suitable condition for hatching F. elongatus eggs and could enhance the developing and hatching by longer periods of incubation for more than 26 days. Even changing the temperature could affect development and hatching but initial environment temperature remains an important factor. These data could be used for efficient epidemiological prediction of F. elongatus and applied in livestock management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirapat Nak-On
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Thapana Chontananarth
- Applied Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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32
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Japa O, Siriwechviriya P, Prakhammin K. Occurrence of fluke infection in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand. Vet World 2020; 13:334-337. [PMID: 32255976 PMCID: PMC7096287 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.334-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ruminant flukes, including Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp., are recognized as the significant parasites in livestock worldwide. Cattle infected by these fluke results in slower growth rate and productivity losses contributing to economic losses. In case of Fasciola spp., the parasite is considered as an important zoonotic parasite. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fluke invasion in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand, between January 2019 and June 2019. Materials and Methods: A total of 311 fecal samples from beef cows reared nearby Phayao Lake were examined for the presence of fluke eggs by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and subsequently identified by morphology together with methylene blue staining. Results: The overall prevalence of fluke invasion in beef cattle around Phayao Lake was 33.8% (105/311). The prevalence of rumen fluke and liver fluke was 25.4% (79/311) and 8.4% (26/311), respectively. Mixed infection of both species was found at 1.9% (6/311). Conclusion: Age of cattle was observed to be associated with invasion rate of all flukes, particularly in the ages over 4 years, which was the highest group of invasion. However, other risk factors, including gender, breed, and location of animals, were not found to be related. This study provides the current status of natural fluke invasion among the beef cattle in Phayao, Thailand, which could be critical for designing the control program of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornampai Japa
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Thailand
| | - Pannawich Siriwechviriya
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Thailand
| | - Khanuengnij Prakhammin
- Department of Applied Statistics, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Thailand
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Fairweather I, Brennan GP, Hanna REB, Robinson MW, Skuce PJ. Drug resistance in liver flukes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 12:39-59. [PMID: 32179499 PMCID: PMC7078123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver flukes include Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., Fascioloides magna, Gigantocotyle explanatum and Dicrocoelium spp. The two main species, F. hepatica and F. gigantica, are major parasites of livestock and infections result in huge economic losses. As with C. sinensis, Opisthorchis spp. and Dicrocoelium spp., they affect millions of people worldwide, causing severe health problems. Collectively, the group is referred to as the Food-Borne Trematodes and their true significance is now being more widely recognised. However, reports of resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ), the most widely used anti-Fasciola drug, and to other current drugs are increasing. This is a worrying scenario. In this review, progress in understanding the mechanism(s) of resistance to TCBZ is discussed, focusing on tubulin mutations, altered drug uptake and changes in drug metabolism. There is much interest in the development of new drugs and drug combinations, the re-purposing of non-flukicidal drugs, and the development of new drug formulations and delivery systems; all this work will be reviewed. Sound farm management practices also need to be put in place, with effective treatment programmes, so that drugs can be used wisely and their efficacy conserved as much as is possible. This depends on reliable advice being given by veterinarians and other advisors. Accurate diagnosis and identification of drug-resistant fluke populations is central to effective control: to determine the actual extent of the problem and to determine how well or otherwise a treatment has worked; for research on establishing the mechanism of resistance (and identifying molecular markers of resistance); for informing treatment options; and for testing the efficacy of new drug candidates. Several diagnostic methods are available, but there are no recommended guidelines or standardised protocols in place and this is an issue that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fairweather
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| | - G P Brennan
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - R E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | - M W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - P J Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
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May K, Scheper C, Brügemann K, Yin T, Strube C, Korkuć P, Brockmann GA, König S. Genome-wide associations and functional gene analyses for endoparasite resistance in an endangered population of native German Black Pied cattle. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:277. [PMID: 30961534 PMCID: PMC6454736 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) and bovine lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) are the most important parasitic agents in pastured dairy cattle. Endoparasite infections are associated with reduced milk production and detrimental impacts on female fertility, contributing to economic losses in affected farms. In quantitative-genetic studies, the heritabilities for GIN and F. hepatica were moderate, encouraging studies on genomic scales. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker panels allow exploration of the underlying genomic architecture of complex disease traits. The current GWAS combined the identification of potential candidate genes with pathway analyses to obtain deeper insights into bovine immune response and the mechanisms of resistance against endoparasite infections. Results A 2-step approach was applied to infer genome-wide associations in an endangered dual-purpose cattle subpopulation [Deutsches Schwarzbuntes Niederungsrind (DSN)] with a limited number of phenotypic records. First, endoparasite traits from a population of 1166 Black and White dairy cows [including Holstein Friesian (HF) and DSN] naturally infected with GIN, F. hepatica and D. viviparus were precorrected for fixed effects using linear mixed models. Afterwards, the precorrected phenotypes were the dependent traits (rFEC-GIN, rFEC-FH, and rFLC-DV) in GWAS based on 423,654 SNPs from 148 DSN cows. We identified 44 SNPs above the genome-wide significance threshold (pBonf = 4.47 × 10− 7), and 145 associations surpassed the chromosome-wide significance threshold (range: 7.47 × 10− 6 on BTA 1 to 2.18 × 10− 5 on BTA 28). The associated SNPs identified were annotated to 23 candidate genes. The DAVID analysis inferred four pathways as being related to immune response mechanisms or involved in host-parasite interactions. SNP effect correlations considering specific chromosome segments indicate that breeding for resistance to GIN or F. hepatica as measured by fecal egg counts is genetically associated with a higher risk for udder infections. Conclusions We detected a large number of loci with small to moderate effects for endoparasite resistance. The potential candidate genes regulating resistance identified were pathogen-specific. Genetic antagonistic associations between disease resistance and productivity were specific for specific chromosome segments. The 2-step approach was a valid methodological approach to infer genetic mechanisms in an endangered breed with a limited number of phenotypic records. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5659-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390, Gießen, Germany.,Institute for Parasitology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Scheper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390, Gießen, Germany
| | - Tong Yin
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paula Korkuć
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Live Science, Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Brockmann
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Live Science, Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390, Gießen, Germany.
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Sargison ND, Shahzad K, Mazeri S, Chaudhry U. A high throughput deep amplicon sequencing method to show the emergence and spread of Calicophoron daubneyi rumen fluke infection in United Kingdom cattle herds. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:9-15. [PMID: 30981312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of C. daubneyi infection in the United Kingdom has increased, but despite the potential for rumen flukes to cause production loss in ruminant livestock, understanding of their emergence and spread is poor. Here we describe the development of a method to explore the multiplicity of C. daubneyi infection and patterns of the parasite's emergence and spread, based on Illumina MiSeq deep sequencing of meta barcoded amplicons of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mt-COX-1) locus. Our results show high levels of genetic diversity in 32 C. daubneyi populations derived from finished prime cattle consigned to slaughter from northern United Kingdom. The results are consistent with a single introduction of C. daubneyi infection to some of the farms where the cattle had been grazed during their lifetime and multiple introductions to most. The results illustrate the impact of high levels of animal movements in the United Kingdom, whereby multiple common mt-COX-1 haplotypes were identified in 26 populations in the absence of geographical clustering of clades. This has implications for the adaptability of environmental and intermediate host stages of the parasite to changing climatic and animal management conditions, or of parasitic stages to exposure to anthelmintic drugs; potentially allowing for greater pathogenicity, or the development of anthelmintic resistance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kashif Shahzad
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Skovde, Sweden
| | - Stella Mazeri
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
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36
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Parasitic gastroenteritis and pasteurellosis dominate Scottish surveillance diagnoses. Vet Rec 2019; 184:243-247. [PMID: 30792324 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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May K, Brügemann K, König S, Strube C. Patent infections with Fasciola hepatica and paramphistomes (Calicophoron daubneyi) in dairy cows and association of fasciolosis with individual milk production and fertility parameters. Vet Parasitol 2019; 267:32-41. [PMID: 30878082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica may result in considerable economic losses in the dairy livestock industry worldwide. Infections have been associated with detrimental impacts on milk production and milk quality as well as reduced fertility. However, most related data rely on examinations on herd level and the rather few studies on individual cow level are based solely on antibodies as measure for F. hepatica infections. This entails the risk of including false-positives as anti-F. hepatica antibodies persist for months even if the infection is cleared. Therefore, the presented study aimed to overcome this issue by assessing the association between F. hepatica infections measured via faecal egg counts (FEC) and milk production as well as fertility parameters in individual dairy cows. In total, 2006 faecal samples from 1166 Black and White dairy cows from 17 small and medium-sized German grassland farms were examined in July and September 2015. The relationship between patent F. hepatica infections and the milk production parameters milk yield, milk protein content, milk fat content and somatic cell score (SCS) was assessed in a linear mixed model using test-day records of individual cows. Patent F. hepatica infections were found on 35.3% (7/17) of farms with an individual cow prevalence of 10.1% (97/963) in July and 9.1% (95/1036) in September. Patent rumen fluke infections were detected on 17.6% (3/17) farms with an individual cow prevalence of 0.4% (4/963) in July and 0.7% (9/1036) in September. No significant association was found between F. hepatica infection status and either SCS as an indicator of udder health or milk production parameters, despite 0.06 and 0.10% lower values for milk protein and fat content in patently infected cows. Linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models were established to estimate the impact of fasciolosis on the fertility parameters calving to first service (CTFS), calving interval (CI), success in first insemination (SFI) and 56-day nonreturn rate (NRR56). A significantly higher average CTFS of 4.69 days was detected in F. hepatica infected cows (P = 0.025), but no significant relationship was found for the other fertility parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina May
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Huson KM, Morphew RM, Allen NR, Hegarty MJ, Worgan HJ, Girdwood SE, Jones EL, Phillips HC, Vickers M, Swain M, Smith D, Kingston-Smith AH, Brophy PM. Polyomic tools for an emerging livestock parasite, the rumen fluke Calicophoron daubneyi; identifying shifts in rumen functionality. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:617. [PMID: 30509301 PMCID: PMC6278170 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diseases caused by parasitic flatworms of rumen tissues (paramphistomosis) are a significant threat to global food security as a cause of morbidity and mortality in ruminant livestock in subtropical and tropical climates. Calicophoron daubneyi is currently the only paramphistome species commonly infecting ruminant livestock in temperate European climates. However, recorded incidences of C. daubneyi infection in European livestock have been increasing over the last decade. Whilst clinical paramphistomosis caused by adult worms has not been confirmed in Europe, fatalities have been attributed to severe haemorrhagic enteritis of the small intestine resulting from the migration of immature paramphistomes. Large numbers of mature adults can reside in the rumen, yet to date, the impact on rumen fermentation, and consequently on productivity and economic management of infected livestock, have not been resolved. Limited publicly available nucleotide and protein sequences for C. daubneyi underpin this lack of biological and economic understanding. Here we present for the first time a de novo assembled transcriptome, with functional annotations, for adult C. daubneyi, which provides a reference database for protein and nucleotide sequence identification to facilitate fundamental biology, anthelmintic, vaccine and diagnostics discoveries. RESULTS This dataset identifies a number of genes potentially unique to C. daubneyi and, by comparison to an existing transcriptome for the related Paramphistomum cervi, identifies novel genes which may be unique to the paramphistome group of platyhelminthes. Additionally, we present the first coverage of the excretory/secretory and soluble somatic proteome profiles for adult C. daubneyi and identify the release of extracellular vesicles from adult C. daubneyi parasites during in vitro, ex-host culture. Finally, we have performed the first analysis of rumen fluke impacting upon rumen fermentation parameters using an in vitro gas production study resulting in a significant increase in propionate production. CONCLUSIONS The resulting data provide a discovery platform (transcriptome, proteomes, EV isolation pipeline and in vitro fermentation system) to further study C. daubneyi-host interaction. In addition, the acetate: propionate ratio has been demonstrated to decrease with rumen fluke infection suggesting that acidotic conditions in the rumen may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Huson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Russell M Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Nathan R Allen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Matthew J Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Hillary J Worgan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Susan E Girdwood
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Eleanor L Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Helen C Phillips
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Martin Vickers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Martin Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Daniel Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Alison H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Peter M Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
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Naranjo-Lucena A, Munita Corbalán MP, Martínez-Ibeas AM, McGrath G, Murray G, Casey M, Good B, Sayers R, Mulcahy G, Zintl A. Spatial patterns of Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron daubneyi infections in ruminants in Ireland and modelling of C. daubneyi infection. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:531. [PMID: 30268155 PMCID: PMC6162884 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica has always represented a threat to Irish livestock because the Irish climate is highly suitable for the main local intermediate host of the parasite, the snail Galba truncatula. The recent clinical emergence of infections due to Calicophoron daubneyi has raised the question of whether the two parasites, which share a niche during part of their life-cycles, interact in some way. Here, we used geographical information systems (GIS) to analyse the distribution of both parasites in cattle and sheep. We also developed the first predictive model of paramphistomosis in Ireland. Results Our results indicated that, in cattle, liver fluke infection is less common than rumen fluke infection and does not exhibit the same seasonal fluctuations. Overall, we found that cattle had a higher likelihood of being infected with rumen fluke than sheep (OR = 3.134, P < 0.01). In addition, infection with one parasite increased the odds of infection with the other in both host species. Rumen fluke in cattle showed the highest spatial density of infection. Environmental variables such as soil drainage, land cover and habitat appeared to be the most important risk factors for C. daubneyi infection, followed by rainfall and vegetation. Overall the risk of infection with this parasite was predicted to be higher in the west of the country. Conclusions This study shows differences between the infection rates and spatial patterns of bovine and ovine infections with F. hepatica and C. daubneyi in Ireland. Whether the reasons for this are due to susceptibility, exposure and/or management factors is yet to be determined. Furthermore, the rumen fluke model indicates distinct risk factors and predicted distribution to those of F. hepatica, suggesting potential biological differences between both parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Naranjo-Lucena
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | | | - Guy McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gerard Murray
- RVL Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mícheál Casey
- RVL Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Riona Sayers
- Teagasc AGRIC, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Nzalawahe J, Hannah R, Kassuku AA, Stothard JR, Coles G, Eisler MC. Evaluating the effectiveness of trematocides against Fasciola gigantica and amphistomes infections in cattle, using faecal egg count reduction tests in Iringa Rural and Arumeru Districts, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:384. [PMID: 29970147 PMCID: PMC6029362 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciolosis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica, and paramphistomosis are widespread in cattle in Tanzania, and the use of trematocides is encouraged by the Government livestock extension officers. However, reduced efficacy of oxyclozanide against Fasciola gigantica and amphistomes (rumen flukes), and albendazole against F. gigantica, has been reported in some regions. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of different trematocides against F. gigantica and amphistome infections in cattle at Iringa Rural and Arumeru Districts. METHODS Cattle found with concurrent infection of F. gigantica and amphistomes were randomly grouped into six experimental groups. One control group was left untreated while five treatment groups were treated with one of five trematocides that include: albendazole, nitroxynil, oxyclozanide, closantel and triclabendazole. Post-treatment faecal sample collection was done on the day of treatment and again at 7, 14 and 28 days, from each cattle. The samples were processed by Flukefinder® method to recover and identify eggs. Assessment of the efficacy of the trematocides against F. gigantica and amphistomes was conducted using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests. RESULTS The findings of the present study in both districts indicate that nitroxynil, oxyclozanide, closantel and triclabendazole are effective against patent F. gigantica infection, as the calculated FECR% for each trematocide was 100% by day 14 post-treatment. However, albendazole found to have reduced efficacy of against F. gigantica, as FECR% was 49% in Arumeru District and 89% in Iringa Rural District by day 14 post-treatment. Oxyclozanide was the only trematocide found to be effective against amphistomes with FECR of 99%. CONCLUSIONS Albendazole had reduced efficacy against F. gigantica in cattle in Arumeru and Iringa Rural Districts, Tanzania. The reduced efficacy was prominent in Arumeru, where cattle are commonly treated with anthelmintics, than in Iringa Rural, where cattle are seldom treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Rose Hannah
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Ahmed A Kassuku
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - John R Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerald Coles
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Mark C Eisler
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Ali Q, Rashid I, Shabbir MZ, Akbar H, Shahzad K, Ashraf K, Sargison N, Chaudhry U. First genetic evidence for the presence of the rumen fluke Paramphistomum epiclitum in Pakistan. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:533-537. [PMID: 29758277 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
More than 70 species of the Superfamily Paramphistomoidea, have been identified in ruminants in different parts of the world. Most are pathogenic, causing amphistomosis. Adult flukes within this family have a predilection for the forestomach (rumen) or bile duct of the liver, where they may cause epithelial damage. Identification of adult Paramphistomum, Calicophoron, Gastrothylax and Fischoederius at the species level based on morphology requires specialised expertise, whereas molecular genetic marker analysis is more precise and transferable. In the present study, we performed molecular characterisation of twenty seven adult flukes collected from the forestomachs of buffalo, cattle and goats in the Punjab province of Pakistan. PCR and sequencing of the ITS-2 rDNA region revealed a single haplotype in all cases. Phylogenetic comparison of P. epiclitum ITS2-rDNA sequences with those from other Paramphistomum, Calicophoron, Gastrothylax and Fischoederius species was performed to assess within and between species variation and validate the use of ITS-2 rDNA as a robust species-specific marker for P. epiclitum identification. This work provides a validated species-specific marker of P. epiclitum and the first report of this parasite species from Pakistan. The results of this study also have implications for the diagnosis and control of rumen flukes in the region and the need for accurate species identification to understand parasite distribution and population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Akbar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Shahzad
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Skovde, Sweden
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Neil Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK.
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Millar M, Foster A, Mitchell G, Skuce P, Wessels J, Elena VR, Rachael C, Heather S. Rumen fluke in South American camelids in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2018; 181:123-124. [PMID: 28754739 DOI: 10.1136/vr.j3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Millar
- Farm Animal Pathology Service, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU e-mail:
| | - Aiden Foster
- Farm Animal Pathology Service, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU e-mail:
| | - Gillian Mitchell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Julie Wessels
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX
| | - Velo-Rego Elena
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE
| | - Collins Rachael
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE
| | - Stevenson Heather
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, St Mary's Industrial Estate, Dumfries DG1 1DX
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Abstract
Paramphistomosis, caused by Calicophoron daubneyi, is an emerging infection of ruminants throughout Western Europe. Despite its prevalence, many questions remain regarding the basic biology of this parasite and how it interacts with its host. Consequently, there is a need to develop methods to study C. daubneyi in vitro to improve our understanding of rumen fluke biology. Towards this, we aimed to identify a suitable protocol for in vitro excystment of C. daubneyi metacercariae. Six methods that have been used to excyst metacercariae from a number of trematode species were tested with C. daubneyi metacercariae. Three of these achieved an average of >50% excystment whilst one method, which included an acid-pepsin treatment, incubation in reducing conditions and an alkaline/bile salt solution to activate the larvae, consistently gave >80% excystment. The latter protocol also showed no detrimental effect on the motility of newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) parasites when observed for up to 24 h in RPMI 1640 medium post-excystment. The successful production of C. daubneyi NEJs in vitro is a significant step forward, and will enable the discovery of infective stage-specific parasite antigens and facilitate drug screening trials, to aid the development of much needed diagnostic and therapeutic options for paramphistomosis.
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Abstract
Although the rumen fluke, Calicophoron daubneyi is now very common and widespread throughout Western Europe, reports of clinical cases are still rare. This study explores the epidemiological background to a severe rumen fluke outbreak in 6-month-old heifers on a dairy farm in Ireland. Sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) gene of the rumen fluke metacercariae on pasture failed to identify predominant, possibly pathogenic subtypes. However, estimates of metacercarial load indicated that the animals were exposed to a daily dose of about 5334 C. daubneyi metacercariae for a period of 3 weeks resulting in the build-up of very large numbers of immature worms in the small intestine. It is hypothesized that specific environmental conditions may favour this parasite over its competitor, the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, possibly by allowing it to emerge earlier. The possibility that C. daubneyi may be better adapted to the Irish climate than F. hepatica together with the fact that selective treatment against F. hepatica effectively frees the niche for C. daubneyi, may result in the gradual replacement of F. hepatica by C. daubneyi.
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45
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Rumen fluke (Calicophoron daubneyi) on Welsh farms: prevalence, risk factors and observations on co-infection with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 2017; 144:237-247. [PMID: 28145217 PMCID: PMC5300002 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reports of Calicophoron daubneyi infecting livestock in Europe have
increased substantially over the past decade; however, there has not been an estimate of
its farm level prevalence and associated risk factors in the UK. Here, the prevalence of
C. daubneyi across 100 participating Welsh farms was recorded, with
climate, environmental and management factors attained for each farm and used to create
logistic regression models explaining its prevalence. Sixty-one per cent of farms studied
were positive for C. daubneyi, with herd-level prevalence for cattle
(59%) significantly higher compared with flock-level prevalence for sheep (42%,
P = 0·029). Co-infection between C. daubneyi and
Fasciola hepatica was observed on 46% of farms; however, a significant
negative correlation was recorded in the intensity of infection between each parasite
within cattle herds (rho = −0·358, P = 0·007). Final models showed
sunshine hours, herd size, treatment regularity against F. hepatica, the
presence of streams and bog habitats, and Ollerenshaw index values as significant positive
predictors for C. daubneyi (P < 0·05). The
results raise intriguing questions regarding C. daubneyi epidemiology,
potential competition with F. hepatica and the role of climate change in
C. daubneyi establishment and its future within the UK.
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46
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Huson KM, Oliver NAM, Robinson MW. Paramphistomosis of Ruminants: An Emerging Parasitic Disease in Europe. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:836-844. [PMID: 28754416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whilst historically regarded as being of minor importance in European livestock, recent evidence suggests that the prevalence of paramphistomosis is greater than that of fasciolosis in parts of the UK. In order to address this emerging threat to ruminant farming systems, and associated risks for food security posed by rumen fluke infection, it is imperative that we develop a better understanding of the basic biology of this parasite and how it interacts with its ruminant host. In this Opinion article we review recent progress in tracking the spread of rumen fluke infection in Europe, and propose some research questions that should be addressed if we are to develop tools to diagnose and treat paramphistomosis more effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Huson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Nicola A M Oliver
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK.
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47
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Ploeger HW, Ankum L, Moll L, van Doorn DCK, Mitchell G, Skuce PJ, Zadoks RN, Holzhauer M. Presence and species identity of rumen flukes in cattle and sheep in the Netherlands. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:42-46. [PMID: 28807308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to gain knowledge about the prevalence and identity of rumen flukes (RF) in cattle and sheep in the Netherlands. Routine faecal examinations of diagnostic submissions between May 2009 and September 2014 showed a mean annual herd or flock RF prevalence of 15.8% for cattle and 8.0% for sheep. Prevalence in cattle was higher after 2012 than before, which may reflect a change in detection method as well as an increase in true prevalence. During November and December 2014, an abattoir survey was conducted to allow for scoring of rumen fluke burden and to obtain specimens for molecular species characterization. Over 8 visits to 5 abattoirs in areas deemed to pose a high risk for trematode infection, 116 cows and 41 sheep from 27 herds and 10 flocks were examined. Prevalence of RF was higher in beef cattle than in dairy cattle and higher in cattle than in sheep. Median fluke burden was >100 specimens per animal for most positive animals. Using a semi-quantitative RF density score as a gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of a modified quantitative Dorsman egg counting method were estimated at 82.6% and 83.3%, respectively. Of 14 collected adult rumen flukes, twelve (8 bovine and 4 ovine specimens) were identified as Calicophoron daubneyi. The other two, of bovine origin, were identified as Paramphistomum leydeni, which was unexpected as in other European countries all recently collected rumen flukes in both cattle and sheep were identified as C. daubneyi. The findings implicate that multiple rumen fluke species, intermediate host species and transmission cycles may play a role in rumen fluke infections in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Ploeger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Ankum
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Moll
- GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - D C K van Doorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - G Mitchell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - P J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Holzhauer
- GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands.
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48
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Innocent GT, Gilbert L, Jones EO, McLeod JE, Gunn G, McKendrick IJ, Albon SD. Combining Slaughterhouse Surveillance Data with Cattle Tracing Scheme and Environmental Data to Quantify Environmental Risk Factors for Liver Fluke in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:65. [PMID: 28534030 PMCID: PMC5421147 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fluke infection causes serious disease (fasciolosis) in cattle and sheep in many regions of the world, resulting in production losses and additional economic consequences due to condemnation of the liver at slaughter. Liver fluke depends on mud snails as an intermediate host and infect livestock when ingested through grazing. Therefore, environmental factors play important roles in infection risk and climate change is likely to modify this. Here, we demonstrate how slaughterhouse data can be integrated with other data, including animal movement and climate variables to identify environmental risk factors for liver fluke in cattle in Scotland. We fitted a generalized linear mixed model to the data, with exposure-weighted random and fixed effects, an approach which takes into account the amount of time cattle spent at different locations, exposed to different levels of risk. This enabled us to identify an increased risk of liver fluke with increased animal age, rainfall, and temperature and for farms located further to the West, in excess of the risk associated with a warmer, wetter climate. This model explained 45% of the variability in liver fluke between farms, suggesting that the unexplained 55% was due to factors not included in the model, such as differences in on-farm management and presence of wet habitats. This approach demonstrates the value of statistically integrating routinely recorded slaughterhouse data with other pre-existing data, creating a powerful approach to quantify disease risks in production animals. Furthermore, this approach can be used to better quantify the impact of projected climate change on liver fluke risk for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward O Jones
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - George Gunn
- Future Farming Systems, R&D Division, SRUC, An Lòchran - Inverness Campus, Inverness, UK
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49
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Jones RA, Williams HW, Dalesman S, Ayodeji S, Thomas RK, Brophy PM. The prevalence and development of digenean parasites within their intermediate snail host, Galba truncatula, in a geographic area where the presence of Calicophoron daubneyi has recently been confirmed. Vet Parasitol 2017; 240:68-74. [PMID: 28385538 PMCID: PMC5469397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C. daubneyi, F. hepatica and H. cylindracea all commonly infect UK G. truncatula. C. daubneyi may be less adept at infecting and developing in UK G. truncatula. Paramphistomosis risk in the UK may increase if C. daubneyi can adapt to this host. Evidence of interactions between digenean species infecting G. truncatula.
During the past decade, rumen fluke (Calicophoron daubneyi) has established as a prominent parasite of livestock within numerous European countries. Its development and spread is enabled by the presence of its intermediate snail host G. truncatula. However, the dynamics of this stage of the C. daubneyi lifecycle is yet to be recorded in numerous northern European countries including the UK. Here, the prevalence of C. daubneyi along with F. hepatica, H. cylindracea and other parasites infecting G. truncatula snails on 10 Welsh farms was recorded using morphological and PCR techniques. A total of 892 G. truncatula snails were collected between May and October 2016. The prevalence of C. daubneyi in sampled G. truncatula snails (4%) was lower compared to F. hepatica (5.6%). No association in prevalence between these species was recorded. Haplometra cylindracea was found infecting 8.2% of G. truncatula snails, with its prevalence within G. truncatula populations negatively associated with F. hepatica cercariae prevalence (P = 0.004). Generalized estimation equation (GEE) linear regression models identified the levels of respective fluke eggs shed onto pasture as the main significant association between prevalence levels of both C. daubneyi and F. hepatica within G. truncatula populations (P < 0.001). However, equivalent prevalence levels of C. daubneyi and F. hepatica within G. truncatula populations were associated with higher C. daubneyi egg outputs and lower F. hepatica egg outputs from livestock grazing the G. truncatula habitats. Only one of 36C. daubneyi infected G. truncatula snails was found harbouring its cercarial stages, a significantly lower proportion compared to the 29 of 50 F. hepatica infected G. truncatula harbouring its respective cercariae (P < 0.05). These results signify that C. daubneyi may be less adept at infecting and developing in the UK’s native G. truncatula populations in comparison with F. hepatica. However, C. daubneyi has previously demonstrated its ability to progressively adapt to an intermediate host in a new environment. If C. daubneyi were to adapt to infect and develop more efficiently in UK G. truncatula populations, paramphistomosis risk would significantly increase leading to increased livestock losses. Questions are also raised regarding potential interaction between digenean species at intermediate snail host level, which could impact subsequent livestock trematodosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Aled Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Hefin Wyn Williams
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Sarah Dalesman
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Sinmidele Ayodeji
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Rowan K Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Peter M Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK.
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50
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Chaudhry U, van Paridon B, Lejeune M, Shabbir MZ, Rashid MI, Ashraf K, Ashraf S, Gilleard J, Sargison N. Morphological and molecular identification of Explanatum explanatum in domestic water buffalo in Pakistan. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:54-59. [PMID: 31014638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 70 species of the family Paramphistomatidae, have been identified in ruminants in different parts of the world. Most are pathogenic, causing amphistomosis. Adult flukes of this Family have a predilection for the rumen, liver or bile duct of ruminants where they may cause damage to the epithelium. Identification of adult paramphistomes to the species level based on morphology alone requires specialized knowledge, whereas, molecular genetic marker analysis is more precise and transferable. In the present study, we performed both morphological and molecular characterization of fifteen adult flukes collected from the liver of domesticated buffalo in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The morphology of five of these flukes was examined in detail and on this basis these were identified as either Explanatum explanatum or Explanatum bathycotyle. PCR and sequencing of the ITS-2 rDNA region from these 5 flukes, plus 10 others, revealed a single haplotype in all cases. This differed by just a single nucleotide polymorphism from a previously described E. explanatum ITS-2 rDNA sequence. Phylogenetic comparison of these E. explanatum ITS2-rDNA sequences with those from other Paramphistomatidae, Fasciola and Dicrocoelium species was performed to assess within and between species variation and validate the use of ITS-2 rDNA as a robust species-specific marker for E. explanatum. This work provides a validated species-specific marker of E. explanatum and the first report of this parasite species from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Chaudhry
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Bradley van Paridon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manigandan Lejeune
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Canada
| | - John Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil Sargison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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