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Rzeżutka A, Kaupke A. Cryptosporidium infections in asymptomatic calves up to 4 months in Poland: a cross-sectional population study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20997. [PMID: 38017032 PMCID: PMC10684609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle cryptosporidiosis is noted worldwide with varied frequency of infection prevalence depending on geographical, environmental and husbandry factors. In this study, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in cattle was determined on the basis of molecular results obtained by testing 1601 faecal samples collected from calves up to 4 months of age housed in all Polish provinces from 2014 to 2018. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed at the 18 small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) locus by conducting PCR-RFLP analysis of the amplified DNA fragments. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infections in the cattle population was 45.3% (CI 95%: 42.8-47.7; 725/1601). The infected animals were housed on 233/267 (87.3%) of monitored farms with regional prevalence ranging from 27.8 to 62%. The restriction pattern of 18S rRNA amplicons for positive samples was characteristic of C. parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae, C. andersoni, and unexpectedly also of C. baileyi and C. suis. Infections of C. bovis and C. ryanae prevailed in the studied cattle population relegating C. parvum to third in prevalence. Likewise, mixed infections caused by C. bovis and C. ryanae as well as C. parvum and C. bovis were observed. A relationship between the infecting parasite species and animal breed was found. For instance, C. parvum prevailed in Black and White lowland breed, C. ryanae in Limousine cattle and C. andersoni in dairy animals of mixed dairy breeds. Furthermore, differences in prevalence of particular parasite species between cattle breeds were also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kaupke
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Majeed QAH, AlAzemi MS, Al-Sayegh MT, Abdou NEMI. Epidemiological and Molecular Study of Cryptosporidium in Preweaned Calves in Kuwait. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1805. [PMID: 35883352 PMCID: PMC9312042 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a worldwide enteric protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal infection in animals, including humans. The most notable species is Cryptosporidium parvum because of its zoonotic importance; it is also the leading cause of cryptosporidiosis in preweaned calves. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection, investigate the potential risk factors, and use molecular diagnosis to identify the predominant Cryptosporidium spp. in preweaned calves in Kuwait. Of 175 preweaned calves, Cryptosporidium antigens were detected in 58 (33.1%) using rapid lateral immunochromatography assay (IC). Calves less than one month of age (OR = 4.32, p = 0.0001) and poor hygiene (OR = 2.85, p = 0.0075) were identified as significant risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection. Molecular identification revealed that C. parvum (62.8%) was the dominant species infecting preweaned calves in Kuwait. In contrast, C. bovis and C. andersoni were recorded at 5.7% and 2.9%, respectively. All C. parvum gp60 nucleotide sequences were subtype IIaA15G2R1. Calves could be a source of C. parvum infection due to the similarity of the subtypes recorded previously in Kuwaiti children and preweaned calves in this study. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the Cryptosporidium transmission cycle in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais A. H. Majeed
- Department Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Aridyia, Farwanyia 23167, Kuwait; (M.S.A.); (M.T.A.-S.)
| | - Maha S. AlAzemi
- Department Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Aridyia, Farwanyia 23167, Kuwait; (M.S.A.); (M.T.A.-S.)
| | - Mohammed T. Al-Sayegh
- Department Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Aridyia, Farwanyia 23167, Kuwait; (M.S.A.); (M.T.A.-S.)
| | - Nadra-Elwgoud M. I. Abdou
- Early Warning Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Gulf Cooperation Council, PAAFR, 1307 Safat, Rabyia, Farwanyia 21422, Kuwait
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Lin X, Xin L, Qi M, Hou M, Liao S, Qi N, Li J, Lv M, Cai H, Hu J, Zhang J, Ji X, Sun M. Dominance of the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium meleagridis in broiler chickens in Guangdong, China, reveals evidence of cross-transmission. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:188. [PMID: 35668467 PMCID: PMC9169408 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is one of the most prevalent parasites infecting both birds and mammals. To examine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and evaluate the public health significance of domestic chickens in Guangdong Province, southern China, we analyzed 1001 fecal samples from 43 intensive broiler chicken farms across six distinct geographical regions. Methods Individual DNA samples were subjected to nested PCR-based amplification and sequencing of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA). Analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) was performed to characterize the subtypes of C. meleagridis. Results The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 13.2% (95% CI 11.1–15.3) (24 of 43 farms), with C. meleagridis (7.8%), C. baileyi (4.8%) and mixed infections (0.6%). Using the gp60 gene, three subtype families, IIIb, IIIe and IIIg, were identified, including six subtypes: one novel (IIIgA25G3R1a) and five previously reported (IIIbA23G1R1c, IIIbA24G1R1, IIIbA21G1R1a, IIIeA17G2R1 and IIIeA26G2R1). Within these subtypes, five known subtypes were genetically identical to those identified in humans. Conclusions This is the first report of C. meleagridis in chickens from Guangdong. The frequent occurrence of C. meleagridis in domestic chickens and the common C. meleagridis subtypes identified in both humans and chickens is of public health significance. Our study indicates that broiler chickens represent a potential zoonotic risk for the transmission of Cryptosporidium in this region. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05267-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Xin
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Minyu Hou
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbo Ji
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Hijjawi N, Zahedi A, Al-Falah M, Ryan U. A review of the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105212. [PMID: 35065302 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important protozoan parasites which are associated with diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Relatively little is known about the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Middle East Countries and North Africa (MENA region). Therefore, this review aimed to inspect published genotyping and subtyping studies on Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the MENA region. These studies indicate that both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs with the predominance of zoonotic transmission in most countries. Seven Cryptosporidium species were identified in humans (C. parvum, C. hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, C. felis, Cryptosporidium muris, C. canis and C. bovis), with C. parvum by far being the most prevalent species (reported in 95.4% of the retrieved studies). Among C. parvum gp60 subtype families, IIa and IId predominated, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission. However, in four MENA countries (Lebanon, Israel, Egypt and Tunisia), C. hominis was the predominant species with five subtype families reported including Ia, Ib, Id, If and Ie, all of which are usually anthroponotically transmitted between humans. In animals, the majority of studies were conducted mainly on livestock and poultry, 15 species were identified (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. erinacei, C. ryanae, C. felis, C. suis, Cryptosporidium galli, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum) with C. parvum (IIa and IId subtypes) the dominant species in livestock and C. meleagridis and C. baileyi the dominant species in poultry. With G. duodenalis, five assemblages (A, B, C, E and F) were identified in humans and six (A, B, C, E, D and F) in animals in MENA countries with assemblages A and B commonly reported in humans, and assemblages A and E dominant in livestock. This review also identified a major knowledge gap in the lack of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis typing studies in water and food sources in the MENA region. Of the few studies conducted on water sources (including drinking and tap water), ten Cryptosporidium species and four genotypes were identified, highlighting the potential role of water as the major route of Cryptosporidium spp. transmission in the region. In addition, three G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B and E) were detected in different water sources with AI, AII and BIV being the main sub-assemblages reported. More research is required in order to better understand the molecular diversity and transmission dynamics of Cryptsporidum spp. and Giardia duodenalis in humans, animals, water and food sources in MENA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Alizera Zahedi
- The Centre of Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Una Ryan
- The Centre of Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hoque S, Mavrides DE, Pinto P, Costas S, Begum N, Azevedo-Ribeiro C, Liapi M, Kváč M, Malas S, Gentekaki E, Tsaousis AD. High Occurrence of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidiumparvum in Cypriot Dairy Farms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030531. [PMID: 35336110 PMCID: PMC8951114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causes of neonatal calf diarrhoea resulting in reduced farm productivity and compromised animal welfare worldwide. Livestock act as a major reservoir of this parasite, which can be transmitted to humans directly and/or indirectly, posing a public health risk. Research reports on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ruminants from east Mediterranean countries, including Cyprus, are limited. This study is the first to explore the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle up to 24 months old on the island of Cyprus. A total of 242 faecal samples were collected from 10 dairy cattle farms in Cyprus, all of which were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. using nested-PCR amplification targeting the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene. The 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was also sequenced for the samples identified as Cryptosporidium parvum-positive to determine the subtypes present. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium was 43.8% (106/242) with at least one positive isolate in each farm sampled. Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae and C. parvum were the only species identified, while the prevalence per farm ranged from 20–64%. Amongst these, the latter was the predominant species, representing 51.8% of all positive samples, followed by C. bovis (21.7%) and C. ryanae (31.1%). Five C. parvum subtypes were identified, four of which are zoonotic—IIaA14G1R1, IIaA15G1R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA18G2R1. IIaA14G1R1 was the most abundant, representing 48.2% of all C. parvum positive samples, and was also the most widespread. This is the first report of zoonotic subtypes of C. parvum circulating in Cyprus. These results highlight the need for further research into the parasite focusing on its diversity, prevalence, host range and transmission dynamics on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Hoque
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Daphne E. Mavrides
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus; (D.E.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Silvia Costas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Nisa Begum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Claudia Azevedo-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
| | - Maria Liapi
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia 1417, Cyprus;
| | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stavros Malas
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus; (D.E.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Gut Microbiome Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (S.H.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (N.B.); (C.A.-R.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus; (D.E.M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: or
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Feng X, Xin L, Yu F, Song X, Zhang J, Deng J, Qi M, Zhao W. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Hotan Black Chickens in China reveals two novel subtypes of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Parasite 2022; 29:50. [PMCID: PMC9645226 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 617 fecal specimens were collected on 18 Hotan Black chicken farms in Southern Xinjiang, China, and tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate by Cryptosporidium spp. was 11.5% (71/617), and ten of the 18 farms were positive. The infection rate by Cryptosporidium spp. was 14.5% (48/331) in the 30–60 d group, higher than chickens in the <30 d (12.0%, 15/125), 60–90 d (6.9%, 5/72), and >90 d (3.4%, 3/89) groups. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 38) and C. baileyi (n = 33) were confirmed by sequencing analysis. A total of 25 of the 38 C. meleagridis-positive specimens were subtyped successfully at the gp60 gene, including one known subtype (IIIbA23G1R1, n = 1) and two novel subtypes, named IIIbA25G1R1 (n = 20) and IIIbA31G1R1 (n = 4). The results showed that infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in Hotan Black Chickens was common in this area and the distribution of C. meleagridis subtypes had regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Luyao Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Xianming Song
- Xinjiang Agricultural Vocational Technical College Changji Xinjiang 831199 China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Jinhua Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
- Corresponding authors: ;
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7
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00087-19. [PMID: 33627442 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in children under 2 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. In recent decades, genotyping and subtyping tools have been used in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis. Results of these studies suggest that higher genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. is present in humans in these countries at both species and subtype levels and that anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium hominis is the most common Cryptosporidium species in humans in almost all the low- and middle-income countries examined, with five subtype families (namely, Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) being commonly found in most regions. In addition, most Cryptosporidium parvum infections in these areas are caused by the anthroponotic IIc subtype family rather than the zoonotic IIa subtype family. There is geographic segregation in Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes, as revealed by multilocus subtyping. Concurrent and sequential infections with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes are common, as immunity against reinfection and cross protection against different Cryptosporidium species are partial. Differences in clinical presentations have been observed among Cryptosporidium species and C. hominis subtypes. These observations suggest that WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)-based interventions should be implemented to prevent and control human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries.
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Cao S, Xu M, Jiang Y, Liu H, Yuan Z, Sun L, Cao J, Shen Y. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in Chickens From Ezhou, Hubei, China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:30. [PMID: 32083107 PMCID: PMC7005591 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and microsporidia are important intestinal protozoa responsible for diarrhea in humans and other mammals. China is a major chicken-raising country, and studies on these protozoa in chickens have important public health significance. Here, we investigated the prevalence and genetic characterization of these parasites in chickens from Ezhou City, Hubei Province, China. In total, 206 stool specimens were collected from chickens in four villages of Ezhou between July 2014 and February 2015. Genomic DNA of each specimen was tested by nested PCR based on the Cryptosporidium small subunit rRNA gene, the Giardia intestinalis triose phosphate isomerase gene, and the internal transcribed spacer of the Enterocytozoon bieneusi rRNA gene, respectively. The public health significance of G. intestinalis and E. bieneusi identified in our study was evaluated via phylogenetic analysis. The infection rates were determined to be 2.43% (5/206), 8.25% (17/206), and 1.94% (4/206) for Cryptosporidium, G. intestinalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. One sample showed coinfection with G. intestinalis and E. bieneusi. Meanwhile, sequence analysis of the PCR-positive samples showed that the Cryptosporidium was C. baileyi, G. intestinalis was assemblage C, and E. bieneusi was genotype D and novel genotype EZ0008. This is the first report of zoonotic G. intestinalis assemblage C in chickens in the world, and the first report of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotype D in chickens in China. These findings indicate new transmission dynamics and molecular epizootiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkui Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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9
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Boughattas S, Behnke JM, Al-Ansari K, Sharma A, Abu-Alainin W, Al-Thani A, Abu-Madi MA. Molecular Analysis of the Enteric Protozoa Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:343. [PMID: 28824878 PMCID: PMC5539595 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric diarrhea is a common cause of death among children under 5 years of age. In the current study, we investigated the frequency of intestinal parasites among 580 pediatric patients with chronic diarrhea. Parasitic protozoa (all species combined) were detected by molecular tools in 22.9% of the children and the most common parasite was Cryptosporidium spp. (15.1%). Blastocystis hominis was detected in 4.7%, Dientamoeba fragilis in 4%, Giardia duodenalis in 1.7%, and Entamoeba histolytica in 0.17%. Protozoan infections were observed among all regional groups, but prevalence was highest among Qatari subjects and during the winter season. Typing of Cryptosporidium spp. revealed a predominance of Cryptosporidium parvum in 92% of cases with mostly the IIdA20G1 subtype. Subtypes IIdA19G2, IIdA18G2, IIdA18G1, IIdA17G1, IIdA16G1, and IIdA14G1 were also detected. For Cryptosporidium hominis, IbA10G2 and IbA9G3 subtypes were identified. This study provides supplementary information for implementing prevention and control strategies to reduce the burden of these pediatric protozoan infections. Further analyses are required to better understand the local epidemiology and transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Boughattas
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University ParkNottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Al-Ansari
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Paediatric Emergency CenterDoha, Qatar
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Wafa Abu-Alainin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical CorporationDoha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al-Thani
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Marawan A Abu-Madi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
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