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Fiers J, Cay AB, Maes D, Tignon M. A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:942. [PMID: 39204065 PMCID: PMC11359659 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in infected piglets and fattening pigs, resulting in growth retardation and increased mortality. Importantly, PRRSV infection interferes with immunity in the respiratory tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite the availability of commercial PRRSV vaccines for more than three decades, control of the disease remains a frustrating and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PRRSV, covering its history, economic and scientific importance, and description of the viral structure and genetic diversity. It explores the virus's pathogenesis, including cell tropism, viral entry, replication, stages of infection and epidemiology. It reviews the porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to comprehend the modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorian Fiers
- Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
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Rowland RR, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Role of N-linked glycosylation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001994. [PMID: 38776134 PMCID: PMC11165596 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus and one of the main pathogens that causes the most significant economical losses in the swine-producing countries. PRRSV is currently divided into two distinct species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. The PRRSV virion envelope is composed of four glycosylated membrane proteins and three non-glycosylated envelope proteins. Previous work has suggested that PRRSV-linked glycans are critical structural components for virus assembly. In addition, it has been proposed that PRRSV glycans are implicated in the interaction with host cells and critical for virus infection. In contrast, recent findings showed that removal of N-glycans from PRRSV does not influence virus infection of permissive cells. Thus, there are not sufficient evidences to indicate compellingly that N-glycans present in the PRRSV envelope play a direct function in viral infection. To gain insights into the role of N-glycosylation in PRRSV infection, we analysed the specific contribution of the envelope protein-linked N-glycans to infection of permissive cells. For this purpose, we used a novel strategy to modify envelope protein-linked N-glycans that consists of production of monoglycosylated PRRSV and viral glycoproteins with different glycan states. Our results showed that removal or alteration of N-glycans from PRRSV affected virus infection. Specifically, we found that complex N-glycans are required for an efficient infection in cell cultures. Furthermore, we found that presence of high mannose type glycans on PRRSV surface is the minimal requirement for a productive viral infection. Our findings also show that PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 have different requirements of N-glycan structure for an optimal infection. In addition, we demonstrated that removal of N-glycans from PRRSV does not affect viral attachment, suggesting that these carbohydrates played a major role in regulating viral entry. In agreement with these findings, by performing immunoprecipitation assays and colocalization experiments, we found that N-glycans present in the viral envelope glycoproteins are not required to bind to the essential viral receptor CD163. Finally, we found that the presence of N-glycans in CD163 is not required for PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R.R. Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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Li R, Qiao S, Zhang G. Reappraising host cellular factors involved in attachment and entry to develop antiviral strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975610. [PMID: 35958155 PMCID: PMC9360752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is a highly contagious disease that brings tremendous economic losses to the global swine industry. As an intracellular obligate pathogen, PRRSV infects specific host cells to complete its replication cycle. PRRSV attachment to and entry into host cells are the first steps to initiate the replication cycle and involve multiple host cellular factors. In this review, we recapitulated recent advances on host cellular factors involved in PRRSV attachment and entry, and reappraised their functions in these two stages, which will deepen the understanding of PRRSV infection and provide insights to develop promising antiviral strategies against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Liang C, Liu H, Zhou J, Chen Y, Ding P, Zhu X, Wang M, Ding M, Wang A. Development of a monoclonal antibody against PRRSV glycoprotein 3 using an immuodominant peptide as immunogen. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:683-689. [PMID: 34333004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein 3 (GP3), a highly glycosylated membrane protein, is a protective antigen and minor structural protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and plays a crucial role in virus assembly and infection. In the present study, we synthesized 23 overlapping peptides span GP3 protein sequence and used pig anti-PRRSV serums to identify immunodominant peptides by indirect ELISA. Five immunodominant peptides GP3-P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7 were identified and GP3-P4 (P55LCPTRQAAAEILEPGKS72) was conjugated to carrier protein BSA. One mAb 1E5 against GP3 was generated from BALB/c mice immunized with the conjugates BSA-P4. The Characterization of mAb was identified by Western blot, Dot-ELISA, IPMA and IFA. We found that mAb 1E5 can specifically react with HP-PRRSV strains but not C-PRRSV or NADC30-like PRRSV strains tested in this study. Site-directed alanine substitution analysis revealed that 8 amino acid residues were involved in antibody binding, among them E65, L67 and P69 were critical residue recognized by mAb 1E5. Taken together, this study provided a novel strategy for generating specific mAbs against virus proteins by using immunodominant peptides as targets, and the mAb 1E5 may be useful for development of rapid differential detection method differentiating HP-PRRSV from C-PRRSV and NADC30-like PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Menghao Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Chen N, Li X, Xiao Y, Li S, Zhu J. Characterization of four types of MLV-derived porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses isolated in unvaccinated pigs from 2016 to 2020. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:102-111. [PMID: 33360570 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Modified live vaccines (MLVs) have been utilized to combat porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which raises a serious concern about the MLV-derived PRRS virus (PRRSV) isolates. During the routine investigation of PRRSV in China, four lung samples collected from unvaccinated diseased pigs from 2016 to 2020 were detected as PRRSV positive. The PRRSVs shared high ORF5 identities to CH-1R, JXA1-R, TJM-F92 and RespPRRS MLV vaccines, respectively. The viruses were isolated in Marc-145 cells and denominated as SD1612-1, JS1703-21, JSTZ1907-714 and JSYC20-05-1. Genome comparison confirmed that these isolates share the highest genomic homologies to CH-1R (97.96%), JXA1-R (99.64%), TJM-F92 (99.00%) and RespPRRS MLV (99.57%) than any other known isolates. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that SD1612-1 and CH-1R, JS1703-21 and JXA1-R, JSTZ1907-714 and TJM-F92, JSYC20-05-1 and RespPRRS MLV were grouped in the same branches. In addition, amino acids unique to corresponding vaccine attenuations were also identified in our isolates. Noticeably, amino-acids potentially associated with the virulence revision from MLV strains to parental virulent viruses were also identified in the MLV-derived isolates. Our results confirm that the four types of MLV-derived isolates are circulating and evolving in Chinese swine herds for years, which highlights the necessity for the fair use of PRRS MLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reverse Genetics and the Major Applications. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111245. [PMID: 33142752 PMCID: PMC7692847 DOI: 10.3390/v12111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that is known to infect only pigs. The virus emerged in the late 1980s and became endemic in most swine producing countries, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. The first reverse genetics system for PRRSV was reported in 1998. Since then, several infectious cDNA clones for PRRSV have been constructed. The availability of these infectious cDNA clones has facilitated the genetic modifications of the viral genome at precise locations. Common approaches to manipulate the viral genome include site-directed mutagenesis, deletion of viral genes or gene fragments, insertion of foreign genes, and swapping genes between PRRSV strains or between PRRSV and other members of the Arteriviridae family. In this review, we describe the approaches to construct an infectious cDNA for PRRSV and the ten major applications of these infectious clones to study virus biology and virus–host interaction, and to design a new generation of vaccines with improved levels of safety and efficacy.
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Wang H, Xie X, He W, Wang Y, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Generation of a Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Stably Expressing Two Marker Genes. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:548282. [PMID: 33195521 PMCID: PMC7641969 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.548282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been used as a gene expression vector in the development of vaccines. Most of these recombinant PRRSV vectors express only a single foreign gene through either an internal insertion in the hypervariable region of nsp2 or expression cassette and some of these recombinant vectors are genetically unstable. Here, we combined internal insertion in nsp2 and expression cassette methods to generate a novel recombinant PRRSV stably expressing the red fluorescence protein (RFP) and the green fluorescence protein (GFP) genes. Biological characteristic analysis of the recombinant PRRSV carrying the two marker genes, rGX-RFP-GFP, showed that it displayed similar growth kinetics and yet it yielded less infectious viruses when compared to the parental virus rGXAM. Co-expression of both the RFP and GFP was observed using confocal fluorescence microscopy when the rGX-RFP-GFP viruses infected MARC-145 cells. Furthermore, the PRRSV-based two-marker gene expression vector is genetically stable during 20 serial passages in MARC-145 cells. These data demonstrate that it is possible to express two interested immunogens from a single PRRSV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei He
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuxu Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Huang C, Zhu J, Wang L, Chu A, Yin Y, Vali K, Garmendia A, Tang Y. Cryptotanshinone protects porcine alveolar macrophages from infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104937. [PMID: 32961199 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection, imposes enormous economic impact to the world pork industry. Currently there is no effective treatment to prevent PRRSV infection in swine. We report that the natural compound cryptotanshinone (Cpt) effectively inhibits the infection of various strains of PRRSV to porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the primary cell target of PRRSV in vivo. Mechanistically, Cpt inhibits the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and blocks the interleukin 10 (IL-10) stimulated as well as the basal level CD163 expression in PAMs. Cpt-treatment of PAMs is effective when applied either before or after PRRSV infection, with the combined pre- and post-PRRSV infection treatment resulting in the most significant, dose-dependent inhibition of PRRSV infection. Cpt inhibited both type I/II PRRSV infection in PAMs. Our study identified a new approach to prevent/treat PRRSV infection of pigs with natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Alexander Chu
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yexuan Yin
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Kaneha Vali
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Antonio Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Young Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Small molecules block the interaction between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and CD163 receptor and the infection of pig cells. Virol J 2020; 17:116. [PMID: 32727587 PMCID: PMC7392821 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting the pork industry globally. PRRS is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). Currently there are no effective treatments against this swine disease. Methods Through artificial intelligence molecular screening, we obtained a set of small molecule compounds predicted to target the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain 5 (SRCR5) of CD163, which is a cell surface receptor specific for PRRSV infection. These compounds were screened using a cell-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, and the function of positive hit was further evaluated and validated by PRRSV-infection assay using porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Results Using the BiFC assay, we identified one compound with previously unverified function, 4-Fluoro-2-methyl-N-[3-(3-morpholin-4-ylsulfonylanilino)quinoxalin-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (designated here as B7), that significantly inhibits the interaction between the PRRSV glycoprotein (GP2a or GP4) and the CD163-SRCR5 domain. We further demonstrated that compound B7 inhibits PRRSV infection of PAMs, the primary target of PRRSV in a dose-dependent manner. B7 significantly inhibited the infection caused by both type I and type II PRRSV strains. Further comparison and functional evaluation of chemical compounds structurally related to B7 revealed that the 3-(morpholinosulfonyl)aniline moiety of B7 or the 3-(piperidinylsulfonyl)aniline moiety in a B7 analogue is important for the inhibitory function against PRRSV infection. Conclusions Our study identified a novel strategy to potentially prevent PRRSV infection in pigs by blocking the PRRSV-CD163 interaction with small molecules.
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Generation of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressing a marker gene inserted between ORF4 and ORF5a. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1803-1813. [PMID: 32474688 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the availability of reverse genetics systems for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has created new perspectives for the use of recombinant viruses as expression vectors. Most of these recombinant PRRSV vectors express foreign genes through either an independent transcription unit inserted in ORF1b and ORF2, or in ORF7 and the 3' UTR. The aim of this study was to find an alternative site for foreign gene insertion into the PRRSV genome. Here, we constructed an infectious cDNA clone for a cell-adapted PRRSV strain, GXNN1396-P96. This cDNA-clone-derived recombinant virus (rGXAM) was comparable in its growth kinetics in MARC-145 cells to the parental virus, GX1396-P96. Using the infectious cDNA-clone, we inserted an independent transcription unit in ORF4 and ORF5a to generate a novel PRRSV-based recombinant virus expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Biological characterization of the recombinant virus, rGX45BSTRS-GFP, showed that it maintained similar growth characteristics but produced fewer infectious virions than the parental PRRSV. These data demonstrate that the ORF4 and ORF5a site is able to tolerate the insertion of foreign genes.
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Montaner-Tarbes S, Del Portillo HA, Montoya M, Fraile L. Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:38. [PMID: 30842948 PMCID: PMC6391865 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine diseases in the world. It is causing an enormous economic burden due to reproductive failure in sows and a complex respiratory syndrome in pigs of all ages, with mortality varying from 2 to 100% in the most extreme cases of emergent highly pathogenic strains. PRRSV displays complex interactions with the immune system and a high mutation rate, making the development, and implementation of control strategies a major challenge. In this review, the biology of the virus will be addressed focusing on newly discovered functions of non-structural proteins and novel dissemination mechanisms. Secondly, the role of different cell types and viral proteins will be reviewed in natural and vaccine-induced immune response together with the role of different immune evasion mechanisms focusing on those gaps of knowledge that are critical to generate more efficacious vaccines. Finally, novel strategies for antigen discovery and vaccine development will be discussed, in particular the use of exosomes (extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin). As nanocarriers of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, exosomes have potential effects on cell activation, modulation of immune responses and antigen presentation. Thus, representing a novel vaccination approach against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Montaner-Tarbes
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Glycoprotein 3 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Exhibits an Unusual Hairpin-Like Membrane Topology. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00660-18. [PMID: 29769343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00660-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein 3 (GP3) of the arterivirus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) consists of a cleaved signal peptide, a highly glycosylated domain, a short hydrophobic region, and an unglycosylated C-terminal domain. GP3 is supposed to form a complex with GP2 and GP4 in virus particles, but secretion of GP3 from cells has also been reported. We analyzed the membrane topology of GP3 from various PRRSV strains. A fraction of the protein is secreted from transfected cells, GP3 from PRRSV-1 strains to a greater extent than GP3 from PRRSV-2 strains. This secretion behavior is reversed after exchange of the variable C-terminal domain. A fluorescence protease protection assay shows that the C terminus of GP3, fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), is resistant to proteolytic digestion in permeabilized cells. Furthermore, glycosylation sites inserted into the C-terminal part of GP3 are used. Both experiments indicate that the C terminus of GP3 is translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Deletion of the conserved hydrophobic region greatly enhances secretion of GP3, and fusion of this domain to GFP promotes membrane anchorage. Bioinformatics suggests that the hydrophobic region forms an amphipathic helix. Accordingly, exchanging only a few amino acids in its hydrophilic face prevents secretion of GP3 and in its hydrophobic face enhances it. Exchanging the latter amino acids in the context of the viral genome did not affect release of virions, but released particles were not infectious. In sum, GP3 exhibits an unusual hairpin-like membrane topology that might explain why a fraction of the protein is secreted.IMPORTANCE PRRSV is the most important pathogen in the pork industry. It causes persistent infections that lead to reduced weight gain of piglets; highly pathogenic strains even kill 90% of an infected pig population. PRRSV cannot be eliminated from pig farms by vaccination due to the large amino acid variability between the existing strains, especially in the glycoproteins. Here, we analyzed basic structural features of GP3 from various PRRSV strains. We show that the protein exhibits an unusual hairpin-like membrane topology; membrane anchoring might occur via an amphipathic helix. This rather weak membrane anchor explains why a fraction of the protein is secreted from cells. Interestingly, PRRSV-1 strains secrete more GP3 than PRRSV-2. We speculate that secreted GP3 plays a role during PRRSV infection of pigs: it might serve as a decoy to distract antibodies away from virus particles.
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The complex co-translational processing of glycoprotein GP5 of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2017; 240:112-120. [PMID: 28807563 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GP5 and M, the major membrane proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are the driving force for virus budding and a target for antibodies. We studied co-translational processing of GP5 from an European PRRSV-1 strain. Using mass spectrometry, we show that in virus particles of a Lelystad variant, the signal peptide of GP5 was absent due to cleavage between glycine-34 and asparagine-35. This cleavage site removes an epitope for a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, but leaves intact another epitope recognized by neutralizing pig sera. Upon ectopic expression of this GP5 in cells, signal peptide cleavage was however inefficient. Complete cleavage occurred when cysteine-24 was changed to proline or an unused glycosylation site involving asparagine-35 was mutated. Insertion of proline at position 24 also caused carbohydrate attachment to asparagine-35. Glycosylation sites introduced downstream of residue 35 were used, but did not inhibit signal peptide processing. Co-expression of the M protein rescued this processing defect in GP5, suggesting a novel function of M towards GP5. We speculate that a complex interplay of the co-translational modifications of GP5 affect the N-terminal structure of the mature proteins and hence its antigenicity.
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Tian D, Cao D, Lynn Heffron C, Yugo DM, Rogers AJ, Overend C, Matzinger SR, Subramaniam S, Opriessnig T, LeRoith T, Meng XJ. Enhancing heterologous protection in pigs vaccinated with chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus containing the full-length sequences of shuffled structural genes of multiple heterologous strains. Vaccine 2017; 35:2427-2434. [PMID: 28343773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of arguably the most economically important global swine disease. The extensive genetic variation of PRRSV strains is a major obstacle for heterologous protection of current vaccines. Previously, we constructed a panel of chimeric viruses containing only the ectodomain sequences of DNA-shuffled structural genes of different PRRSV strains in the backbone of a commercial vaccine, and found that one chimeric virus had an improved cross-protection efficacy. In this present study, to further enhance the cross-protective efficacy against heterologous strains, we constructed a novel chimeric virus VR2385-S3456 containing the full-length sequences of shuffled structural genes (ORFs 3-6) from 6 heterologous PRRSV strains in the backbone of PRRSV strain VR2385. We showed that the chimeric virus VR2385-S3456 induced a high level of neutralizing antibodies in pigs against two heterologous strains. A subsequent vaccination and challenge study in 48 pigs revealed that the chimeric virus VR2385-S3456 conferred an enhanced cross-protection when challenged with heterologous virus strain NADC20 or a contemporary heterologous strain RFLP 1-7-4. The results suggest that the chimera VR2385-S3456 may be a good PRRSV vaccine candidate for further development to confer heterologous protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Dianjun Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - C Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Danielle M Yugo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Adam J Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Christopher Overend
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sakthivel Subramaniam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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The Crystal Structure of the Fifth Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Domain of Porcine CD163 Reveals an Important Residue Involved in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01897-16. [PMID: 27881657 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01897-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has become an economically critical factor in swine industry since its worldwide spread in the 1990s. Infection by its causative agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), was proven to be mediated by an indispensable receptor, porcine CD163 (pCD163), and the fifth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain (SRCR5) is essential for virus infection. However, the structural details and specific residues of pCD163 SRCR5 involved in infection have not been defined yet. In this study, we prepared recombinant pCD163 SRCR5 in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells and determined its crystal structure at a high resolution of 2.0 Å. This structure includes a markedly long loop region and shows a special electrostatic potential, and these are significantly different from those of other members of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily (SRCR-SF). Subsequently, we carried out structure-based mutational studies to identify that the arginine residue at position 561 (Arg561) in the long loop region is important for PRRSV infection. Further, we showed Arg561 probably takes effect on the binding of pCD163 to PRRSV during virus invasion. Altogether the current work provides the first view of the CD163 SRCR domain, expands our knowledge of the invasion mechanism of PRRSV, and supports a molecular basis for prevention and control of the virus. IMPORTANCE PRRS has caused huge economic losses to pig farming. The syndrome is caused by PRRSV, and PRRSV infection has been shown to be mediated by host cell surface receptors. One of them, pCD163, is especially indispensable, and its SRCR5 domain has been further demonstrated to play a significant role in virus infection. However, its structural details and the residues involved in infection are unknown. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of pCD163 SRCR5 and then carried out site-directed mutational studies based on the crystal structure to elucidate which residue is important. Our work not only provides structural information on the CD163 SRCR domain for the first time but also indicates the molecular mechanism of PRRSV infection and lays a foundation for future applications in prevention and control of PRRS.
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Genetic resistance - an alternative for controlling PRRS? Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:27. [PMID: 28405453 PMCID: PMC5382513 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PRRS is one of the most challenging diseases for world-wide pig production. Attempts for a sustainable control of this scourge by vaccination have not yet fully satisfied. With an increasing knowledge and methodology in disease resistance, a new world-wide endeavour has been started to support the combat of animal diseases, based on the existence of valuable gene variants with regard to any host-pathogen interaction. Several groups have produced a wealth of evidence for natural variability in resistance/susceptibility to PRRS in our commercial breeding lines. However, up to now, exploiting existing variation has failed because of the difficulty to detect the carriers of favourable and unfavourable alleles, especially with regard to such complex polygenic traits like resistance to PRRS. New hope comes from new genomic tools like next generation sequencing which have become extremely fast and low priced. Thus, research is booming world-wide and the jigsaw puzzle is filling up – slowly but steadily. On the other hand, knowledge from virological and biomedical basic research has opened the way for an “intervening way”, i.e. the modification of identified key genes that occupy key positions in PRRS pathogenesis, like CD163. CD163 was identified as the striking receptor in PRRSV entry and its knockout from the genome by gene editing has led to the production of pigs that were completely resistant to PRRSV – a milestone in modern pig breeding. However, at this early step, concerns remain about the acceptance of societies for gene edited products and regulation still awaits upgrading to the new technology. Further questions arise with regard to upcoming patents from an ethical and legal point of view. Eventually, the importance of CD163 for homeostasis, defence and immunity demands for more insight before its complete or partial silencing can be answered. Whatever path will be followed, even a partial abolishment of PRRSV replication will lead to a significant improvement of the disastrous herd situation, with a significant impact on welfare, performance, antimicrobial consumption and consumer protection. Genetics will be part of a future solution.
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Tian D, Ni YY, Zhou L, Opriessnig T, Cao D, Piñeyro P, Yugo DM, Overend C, Cao Q, Lynn Heffron C, Halbur PG, Pearce DS, Calvert JG, Meng XJ. Chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus containing shuffled multiple envelope genes confers cross-protection in pigs. Virology 2015; 485:402-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Loving CL, Osorio FA, Murtaugh MP, Zuckermann FA. Innate and adaptive immunity against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015. [PMID: 26209116 PMCID: PMC7112826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many highly effective vaccines have been produced against viruses whose virulent infection elicits strong and durable protective immunity. In these cases, characterization of immune effector mechanisms and identification of protective epitopes/immunogens has been informative for the development of successful vaccine programs. Diseases in which the immune system does not rapidly clear the acute infection and/or convalescent immunity does not provide highly effective protection against secondary challenge pose a major hurdle for clinicians and scientists. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) falls primarily into this category, though not entirely. PRRSV causes a prolonged infection, though the host eventually clears the virus. Neutralizing antibodies can provide passive protection when present prior to challenge, though infection can be controlled in the absence of detectable neutralizing antibodies. In addition, primed pigs (through natural exposure or vaccination with a modified-live vaccine) show some protection against secondary challenge. While peripheral PRRSV-specific T cell responses have been examined, their direct contribution to antibody-mediated immunity and viral clearance have not been fully elucidated. The innate immune response following PRRSV infection, particularly the antiviral type I interferon response, is meager, but when provided exogenously, IFN-α enhances PRRSV immunity and viral control. Overall, the quality of immunity induced by natural PRRSV infection is not ideal for informing vaccine development programs. The epitopes necessary for protection may be identified through natural exposure or modified-live vaccines and subsequently applied to vaccine delivery platforms to accelerate induction of protective immunity following vaccination. Collectively, further work to identify protective B and T cell epitopes and mechanisms by which PRRSV eludes innate immunity will enhance our ability to develop more effective methods to control and eliminate PRRS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Loving
- USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Fernando A Osorio
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Federico A Zuckermann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
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Zhang Q, Yoo D. PRRS virus receptors and their role for pathogenesis. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:229-41. [PMID: 25912022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is endemic in most pig producing countries worldwide and causes enormous economic losses to the swine industry. Specifically differentiated porcine alveolar macrophages are the primary target for PRRSV infection in pigs. At least six cellular molecules have been described so far as putative receptors for PRRSV, and they include heparan sulfate, vimentin, CD151, sialoadhesin (CD169; siglec-1), dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion melecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209), and CD163 (SRCR, cysteine-rich scavenger receptor). Progress has been made to shed light on the interactions between cells and PRRSV, and this review describes the advances and current understanding of the entry of PRRSV to cells with a particular focus on the role of CD163 and sialoadhesin for infection and PRRSV pathogenesis. CD163 is most likely the primary and core receptor for PRRSV and determines the susceptibility of cells to the virus. Sialoadhesin is either unnecessary for infection or may function as an accessory protein. Sialoadhesin has been mostly studied for genotype I PRRSV whereas the utilization of CD163 has been mostly studied using genotype II PRRSV, and whether each genotype indeed utilizes a different receptor is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhan Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Veit M, Matczuk AK, Sinhadri BC, Krause E, Thaa B. Membrane proteins of arterivirus particles: structure, topology, processing and function. Virus Res 2014; 194:16-36. [PMID: 25278143 PMCID: PMC7172906 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arteriviruses are important pathogens in veterinary medicine. We review the structure and processing of their membrane proteins. Some features are unique from a cell biological point of view. New data on this topic are also presented. We speculate on the role of the membrane proteins during virus entry and budding.
Arteriviruses, such as equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are important pathogens in veterinary medicine. Despite their limited genome size, arterivirus particles contain a multitude of membrane proteins, the Gp5/M and the Gp2/3/4 complex, the small and hydrophobic E protein and the ORF5a protein. Their function during virus entry and budding is understood only incompletely. We summarize current knowledge of their primary structure, membrane topology, (co-translational) processing and intracellular targeting to membranes of the exocytic pathway, which are the budding site. We profoundly describe experimental data that led to widely believed conceptions about the function of these proteins and also report new results about processing steps for each glycoprotein. Further, we depict the location and characteristics of epitopes in the membrane proteins since the late appearance of neutralizing antibodies may lead to persistence, a characteristic hallmark of arterivirus infection. Some molecular features of the arteriviral proteins are rare or even unique from a cell biological point of view, particularly the prevention of signal peptide cleavage by co-translational glycosylation, discovered in EAV-Gp3, and the efficient use of overlapping sequons for glycosylation. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of these cellular processes. Based on this, we present hypotheses on the structure and variability of arteriviral membrane proteins and their role during virus entry and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Veit
- Institut für Virologie, Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | - Eberhard Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Thaa
- Institut für Virologie, Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Matczuk AK, Veit M. Signal peptide cleavage from GP3 enabled by removal of adjacent glycosylation sites does not impair replication of equine arteritis virus in cell culture, but the hydrophobic C-terminus is essential. Virus Res 2014; 183:107-11. [PMID: 24556360 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The disulphide-linked GP2/3/4 spike of equine arteritis virus (EAV) is essential for virus entry. We showed recently that in transfected cells carbohydrates attached adjacent to the signal peptide of GP3 inhibit cleavage. Here we confirm this unique phenomenon in recombinant viruses with disabled glycosylation sites. Surprisingly, the infectivity of EAV containing GP3 with cleaved signal peptide was not impaired and GP3 with cleaved signal peptide associates with GP2/4 in virus particles. In contrast, viruses containing GP3 with deleted hydrophobic C-terminus rapidly reverted back to wild type. The data support our model that the signal peptide is exposed to the lumen of the ER and the C-terminus peripherally attaches GP3 to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Veit
- Institut für Virologie, Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Sun L, Li Y, Liu R, Wang X, Gao F, Lin T, Huang T, Yao H, Tong G, Fan H, Wei Z, Yuan S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ORF5a protein is essential for virus viability. Virus Res 2013; 171:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Wang X, Sun L, Li Y, Lin T, Gao F, Yao H, He K, Tong G, Wei Z, Yuan S. Development of a differentiable virus via a spontaneous deletion in the nsp2 region associated with cell adaptation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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