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Guo J, Yan Y, Sun J, Ji K, Hei Z, Zeng L, Xu H, Ren X, Sun Y. Chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp70 play distinct roles in the replication of bocaparvovirus minute virus of canines. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1127-1147. [PMID: 38629786 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Minute virus of canines (MVC) belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus (formerly Bocavirus) within the Parvoviridae family and causes serious respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in neonatal canines worldwide. A productive viral infection relies on the successful recruitment of host factors for various stages of the viral life cycle. However, little is known about the MVC-host cell interactions. In this study, we identified that two cellular proteins (Hsc70 and Hsp70) interacted with NS1 and VP2 proteins of MVC, and both two domains of Hsc70/Hsp70 were mediated for their interactions. Functional studies revealed that Hsp70 was induced by MVC infection, knockdown of Hsc70 considerably suppressed MVC replication, whereas the replication was dramatically promoted by Hsp70 knockdown. It is interesting that low amounts of overexpressed Hsp70 enhanced viral protein expression and virus production, but high amounts of Hsp70 overexpression weakened them. Upon Hsp70 overexpressing, we observed that the ubiquitination of viral proteins changed with Hsp70 overexpression, and proteasome inhibitor (MG132) restored an accumulation of viral proteins. In addition, we verified that Hsp70 family inhibitors remarkably decreased MVC replication. Overall, we identified Hsc70 and Hsp70 as interactors of MVC NS1 and VP2 proteins and were involved in MVC replication, which may provide novel targets for anti-MVC approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jinhan Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kai Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhiping Hei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanzhou Xu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Jiang Y, Xu C, Cheng A, Wang M, Zhang W, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Tian B, Huang J, Ou X, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M. HSP70 positively regulates translation by interacting with the IRES and stabilizes the viral structural proteins VP1 and VP3 to facilitate duck hepatitis A virus type 1 replication. Vet Res 2024; 55:63. [PMID: 38760810 PMCID: PMC11100043 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of viral protein homeostasis depends on the interaction between host cell proteins and viral proteins. As a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been shown to play an important role in viral infection. Our results showed that HSP70 can affect translation, replication, assembly, and release during the life cycle of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1). We demonstrated that HSP70 can regulate viral translation by interacting with the DHAV-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). In addition, HSP70 interacts with the viral capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 and promotes their stability by inhibiting proteasomal degradation, thereby facilitating the assembly of DHAV-1 virions. This study demonstrates the specific role of HSP70 in regulating DHAV-1 replication, which are helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of DHAV-1 infection and provide additional information about the role of HSP70 in infection by different kinds of picornaviruses, as well as the interaction between picornaviruses and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chenxia Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, 225100, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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3
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Sun C, Pan Q, Du M, Zheng J, Bai M, Sun W. Decoding the roles of heat shock proteins in liver cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 75:81-92. [PMID: 38182465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies, characterized by insidious onset and high propensity for metastasis and recurrence. Apart from surgical resection, there are no effective curative methods for HCC in recent years, due to resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Heat shock proteins (HSP) play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and normal organism development as molecular chaperones for intracellular proteins. Both basic research and clinical data have shown that HSPs are crucial participants in the HCC microenvironment, as well as the occurrence, development, metastasis, and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in various malignancies, particularly liver cancer. This review aims to discuss the molecular mechanisms and potential clinical value of HSPs in HCC, which may provide new insights for HSP-based therapeutic interventions for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Mingyang Du
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jiahe Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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4
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Chen N, Bai T, Wang S, Wang H, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhu Z. New Insights into the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1473. [PMID: 37374975 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a positive-strand RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD). BVDV's unique virion structure, genome, and replication mechanism in the Flaviviridae family render it a useful alternative model for evaluating the effectiveness of antiviral drugs used against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). As one of the most abundant and typical heat shock proteins, HSP70 plays an important role in viral infection caused by the family Flaviviridae and is considered a logical target of viral regulation in the context of immune escape. However, the mechanism of HSP70 in BVDV infection and the latest insights have not been reported in sufficient detail. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanisms of HSP70 in BVDV-infected animals/cells to further explore the possibility of targeting this protein for antiviral therapy during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Tongtong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
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Yang X, Guo W, Yang L, Li X, Zhang Z, Pang X, Liu J, Pang C. The relationship between protein modified folding molecular network and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis based on BAG2-HSC70-STUB1-MAPT expression patterns analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1090400. [PMID: 37251806 PMCID: PMC10213342 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1090400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cognitive decline, while its pathological mechanism remains unclear. Tauopathies is one of the most widely accepted hypotheses. In this study, the molecular network was established and the expression pattern of the core gene was analyzed, confirming that the dysfunction of protein folding and degradation is one of the critical factors for AD. Methods This study analyzed 9 normal people and 22 AD patients' microarray data obtained from GSE1297 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The matrix decomposition analysis was used to identify the correlation between the molecular network and AD. The mathematics of the relationship between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the expression level of the genes involved in the molecular network was found by Neural Network (NN). Furthermore, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model was for classification according to the expression value of genes. Results The difference of eigenvalues is small in first three stages and increases dramatically in the severe stage. For example, the maximum eigenvalue changed to 0.79 in the severe group from 0.56 in the normal group. The sign of the elements in the eigenvectors of biggest eigenvalue reversed. The linear function of the relationship between clinical MMSE and gene expression values was observed. Then, the model of Neural Network (NN) is designed to predict the value of MMSE based on the linear function, and the predicted accuracy is up to 0.93. For the SVM classification, the accuracy of the model is 0.72. Conclusion This study shows that the molecular network of protein folding and degradation represented by "BAG2-HSC70-STUB1-MAPT" has a strong relationship with the occurrence and progression of AD, and this degree of correlation of the four genes gradually weakens with the progression of AD. The mathematical mapping of the relationship between gene expression and clinical MMSE was found, and it can be used in predicting MMSE or classification with high accuracy. These genes are expected to be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengkun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinping Pang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyang Pang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Caillet C, Stofberg ML, Muleya V, Shonhai A, Zininga T. Host cell stress response as a predictor of COVID-19 infectivity and disease progression. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:938099. [PMID: 36032680 PMCID: PMC9411049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.938099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a coronavirus identified in December 2019 has caused a global pandemic. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020 and has led to more than 6.3 million deaths. The pandemic has disrupted world travel, economies, and lifestyles worldwide. Although vaccination has been an effective tool to reduce the severity and spread of the disease there is a need for more concerted approaches to fighting the disease. COVID-19 is characterised as a severe acute respiratory syndrome . The severity of the disease is associated with a battery of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic lung disease, and renal disease. These underlying diseases are associated with general cellular stress. Thus, COVID-19 exacerbates outcomes of the underlying conditions. Consequently, coronavirus infection and the various underlying conditions converge to present a combined strain on the cellular response. While the host response to the stress is primarily intended to be of benefit, the outcomes are occasionally unpredictable because the cellular stress response is a function of complex factors. This review discusses the role of the host stress response as a convergent point for COVID-19 and several non-communicable diseases. We further discuss the merits of targeting the host stress response to manage the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caillet
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Victor Muleya
- Department of Biochemistry, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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7
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van Leur SW, Heunis T, Munnur D, Sanyal S. Pathogenesis and virulence of flavivirus infections. Virulence 2021; 12:2814-2838. [PMID: 34696709 PMCID: PMC8632085 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus consists of >70 members including several that are considered significant human pathogens. Flaviviruses display a broad spectrum of diseases that can be roughly categorised into two phenotypes - systemic disease involving haemorrhage exemplified by dengue and yellow Fever virus, and neurological complications associated with the likes of West Nile and Zika viruses. Attempts to develop vaccines have been variably successful against some. Besides, mosquito-borne flaviviruses can be vertically transmitted in the arthropods, enabling long term persistence and the possibility of re-emergence. Therefore, developing strategies to combat disease is imperative even if vaccines become available. The cellular interactions of flaviviruses with their human hosts are key to establishing the viral lifecycle on the one hand, and activation of host immunity on the other. The latter should ideally eradicate infection, but often leads to immunopathological and neurological consequences. In this review, we use Dengue and Zika viruses to discuss what we have learned about the cellular and molecular determinants of the viral lifecycle and the accompanying immunopathology, while highlighting current knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Deeksha Munnur
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
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8
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Park JY, Ryu J, Park JE, Hong EJ, Shin HJ. Heat shock protein 70 could enhance porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus replication by interacting with membrane proteins. Vet Res 2021; 52:138. [PMID: 34717778 PMCID: PMC8557036 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) replication. We found that PEDV infection induced strong HSP70 overexpression in the very early stage of infection. We also confirmed that HSP70 overexpression increased the speed of PEDV replication, resulting in the generation of more virions. In contrast, knockout of HSP70 in cells significantly downregulated PEDV protein expression, resulting in a significant reduction in PEDV replication. Most importantly, we confirmed that among the structural proteins of PEDV, membrane (M) proteins have this important role. We found that membrane proteins control cellular HSP70 expression in PEDV-infected cells. We confirmed HSP70/M complex formation by both immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. Additionally, PEDV M overexpression induced strong HSP70 expression. All our results clearly confirmed that in PEDV-infected cells, the M protein plays a very important role in PEDV replication in collaboration with HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Ryu
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Silva NSM, Rodrigues LFDC, Dores-Silva PR, Montanari CA, Ramos CHI, Barbosa LRS, Borges JC. Structural, thermodynamic and functional studies of human 71 kDa heat shock cognate protein (HSPA8/hHsc70). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140719. [PMID: 34571256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human 71 kDa heat shock cognate protein (HSPA8, also known as Hsc70, Hsp70-8, Hsc71, Hsp71 or Hsp73) is a constitutively expressed chaperone that is critical for cell proteostasis. In the cytosol, HSPA8 plays a pivotal role in folding and refolding, facilitates protein trafficking across membranes and targets proteins for degradation, among other functions. Here, we report an in solution study of recombinant HSPA8 (rHSPA8) using a variety of biophysical and biochemical approaches. rHSPA8 shares several structural and functional similarities with others human Hsp70s. It has two domains with different stabilities and interacts with adenosine nucleotides with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range, which were higher in the presence of Mg2+. rHSPA8 showed lower ATPase activity than its homolog HSPA5/hGrp78/hBiP, but it was 4-fold greater than that of recombinant HSPA1A/hHsp70-1A, with which it is 86% identical. Small angle X-ray scattering indicated that rHSPA8 behaved as an elongated monomeric protein in solution with dimensions similar to those observed for HSPA1A. In addition, rHSPA8 showed structural flexibility between its compacted and extended conformations. The data also indicated that HSPA8 has capacity in preventing the aggregation of model client proteins. The present study expands the understanding of the structure and activity of this chaperone and aligns with the idea that human homologous Hsp70s have divergent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulo Roberto Dores-Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Leandro Ramos Souza Barbosa
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Lubkowska A, Pluta W, Strońska A, Lalko A. Role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) in Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179366. [PMID: 34502274 PMCID: PMC8430838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large group of chaperones found in most eukaryotes and bacteria. They are responsible for the correct protein folding, protection of the cell against stressors, presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines; furthermore, they are important factors in regulating cell differentiation, survival and death. Although the biological function of HSPs is to maintain cell homeostasis, some of them can be used by viruses both to fold their proteins and increase the chances of survival in unfavorable host conditions. Folding viral proteins as well as replicating many different viruses are carried out by, among others, proteins from the HSP70 and HSP90 families. In some cases, the HSP70 family proteins directly interact with viral polymerase to enhance viral replication or they can facilitate the formation of a viral replication complex and/or maintain the stability of complex proteins. It is known that HSP90 is important for the expression of viral genes at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. Both of these HSPs can form a complex with HSP90 and, consequently, facilitate the entry of the virus into the cell. Current studies have shown the biological significance of HSPs in the course of infection SARS-CoV-2. A comprehensive understanding of chaperone use during viral infection will provide new insight into viral replication mechanisms and therapeutic potential. The aim of this study is to describe the molecular basis of HSP70 and HSP90 participation in some viral infections and the potential use of these proteins in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Waldemar Pluta
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Strońska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicines, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Lalko
- Student Research at the Chair and Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
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11
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Nitika, Porter CM, Truman AW, Truttmann MC. Post-translational modifications of Hsp70 family proteins: Expanding the chaperone code. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10689-10708. [PMID: 32518165 PMCID: PMC7397107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must be able to cope with the challenge of folding newly synthesized proteins and refolding those that have become misfolded in the context of a crowded cytosol. One such coping mechanism that has appeared during evolution is the expression of well-conserved molecular chaperones, such as those that are part of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family of proteins that bind and fold a large proportion of the proteome. Although Hsp70 family chaperones have been extensively examined for the last 50 years, most studies have focused on regulation of Hsp70 activities by altered transcription, co-chaperone "helper" proteins, and ATP binding and hydrolysis. The rise of modern proteomics has uncovered a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Hsp70 family proteins that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, AMPylation, and ADP-ribosylation. Similarly to the pattern of histone modifications, the histone code, this complex pattern of chaperone PTMs is now known as the "chaperone code." In this review, we discuss the history of the Hsp70 chaperone code, its currently understood regulation and functions, and thoughts on what the future of research into the chaperone code may entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corey M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Wan Q, Song D, Li H, He ML. Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:125. [PMID: 32661235 PMCID: PMC7356129 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSPs include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides, protecting cells from toxic stress, and presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines. Regarded as a double-edged sword, HSPs also cooperate with numerous viruses and cancer cells to promote their survival. RNA chaperones are a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are essential factors for manipulating both the functions and metabolisms of pre-mRNAs/hnRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including human cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s diseases, Alzheimer disease), stroke and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the biologic function of stress proteins, and current progress on their mechanisms related to virus reproduction and diseases caused by virus infections. As SPs also attract a great interest as potential antiviral targets (e.g., COVID-19), we also discuss the present progress and challenges in this area of HSP-based drug development, as well as with compounds already under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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13
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Aviner R, Frydman J. Proteostasis in Viral Infection: Unfolding the Complex Virus-Chaperone Interplay. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a034090. [PMID: 30858229 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on their hosts for protein synthesis, genome replication, and viral particle production. As such, they have evolved mechanisms to divert host resources, including molecular chaperones, facilitate folding and assembly of viral proteins, stabilize complex structures under constant mutational pressure, and modulate signaling pathways to dampen antiviral responses and prevent premature host death. Biogenesis of viral proteins often presents unique challenges to the proteostasis network, as it requires the rapid and orchestrated production of high levels of a limited number of multifunctional, multidomain, and aggregation-prone proteins. To overcome such challenges, viruses interact with the folding machinery not only as clients but also as regulators of chaperone expression, function, and subcellular localization. In this review, we summarize the main types of interactions between viral proteins and chaperones during infection, examine evolutionary aspects of this relationship, and discuss the potential of using chaperone inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranen Aviner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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14
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Vahabpour R, Soleymani S, Roohvand F, Zabihollahi R, Bolhassani A. In Vitro Anti-Viral Effects of Small Heat Shock Proteins 20 and 27: A Novel Therapeutic Approach. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1011-1017. [PMID: 31362669 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190729104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective effects of heat shock proteins (Hsps) were studied in some infectious and non-infectious diseases, but their specificity was slightly known in various disorders. Among Hsps, small Hsps (e.g. Hsp27 and Hsp20) have important roles in protein folding and translocation, and also in immunity. METHODS In this study, overexpression of Hsp20 and Hsp27 was performed by transfection of the plasmids encoding Hsp20 and Hsp27 (pEGFP-Hsp20 and pEGFP-Hsp27) into Huh7.5, Hela and Vero cells using Lipofectamine along with heat shock. Then, their anti-herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), anti- human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) effects, as well as cytotoxicity, were evaluated in vitro, for the first time. RESULTS Our data showed that simultaneous treatment with Lipofectamine and heat shock augmented the rate of transfection and subsequently the expression of Hsps in these cells. Moreover, overexpression of Hsp20 in HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells, HIV-infected Hela cells and HSV-infected Vero cells reduced the replication of HCV, HIV and HSV, respectively. In contrast, overexpression of Hsp27 significantly decreased HSV replication similar to Hsp20, but it did not affect the replication of HIV and HCV. CONCLUSION Generally, Hsp20 was identified as a novel anti-HCV, anti-HSV and anti-HIV agent, but Hsp27 was efficient in the suppression of HSV infection. These Hsps may act through suppression of virus entry and/ or through interaction with viral proteins. Thus, it is necessary to determine their exact mechanisms in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Vahabpour
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Soleymani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Zabihollahi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:125-142. [PMID: 29430005 PMCID: PMC7097628 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae virus family comprise a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. Several genera belong to this family, including the Hepacivirus genus, of which hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the prototype member, and the Flavivirus genus, which contains both dengue virus and Zika virus. Viruses of these genera differ in many respects, such as the mode of transmission or the course of infection, which is either predominantly persistent in the case of HCV or acutely self-limiting in the case of flaviviruses. Although the fundamental replication strategy of Flaviviridae members is similar, during the past few years, important differences have been discovered, including the way in which these viruses exploit cellular resources to facilitate viral propagation. These differences might be responsible, at least in part, for the various biological properties of these viruses, thus offering the possibility to learn from comparisons. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of how Flaviviridae viruses manipulate and usurp cellular pathways in infected cells. Specifically, we focus on comparing strategies employed by flaviviruses with those employed by hepaciviruses, and we discuss the importance of these interactions in the context of viral replication and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana G Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Khachatoorian R, Cohn W, Buzzanco A, Riahi R, Arumugaswami V, Dasgupta A, Whitelegge JP, French SW. HSP70 Copurifies with Zika Virus Particles. Virology 2018; 522:228-233. [PMID: 30053656 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been identified as a cause of neurologic diseases in infants and Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and currently, no therapeutics or vaccines are approved. In this study, we sought to identify potential host proteins interacting with ZIKV particles to gain better insights into viral infectivity. Viral particles were purified through density-gradient centrifugation and subsequently, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Mass spectrometric analyses revealed viral envelope protein and HSP70 to comigrate in only one SEC fraction. Neither of these proteins were found in any other SEC fractions. We then performed neutralization assays and found that incubating viral particles with antibody against HSP70 indeed significantly reduced viral infectivity, while HSC70 antibody did not. Preincubating cells with recombinant HSP70 also decreased viral infectivity. Knockdown and inhibition of HSP70 also significantly diminished viral production. These results implicate HSP70 in the pathogenesis of ZIKV and identify HSP70 as a potential host therapeutic target against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronik Khachatoorian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Anthony Buzzanco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Rana Riahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Asim Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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17
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Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Promotes the Lysosomal Degradation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1α via Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00639-18. [PMID: 29695419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00639-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is closely associated with type 2 diabetes. We reported that HCV infection induces the lysosomal degradation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1α) via interaction with HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) protein, thereby suppressing GLUT2 gene expression. The molecular mechanisms of selective degradation of HNF-1α caused by NS5A are largely unknown. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective lysosomal degradation pathway. Here, we investigated whether CMA is involved in the selective degradation of HNF-1α in HCV-infected cells and observed that the pentapeptide spanning from amino acid (aa) 130 to aa 134 of HNF-1α matches the rule for the CMA-targeting motif, also known as KFERQ motif. A cytosolic chaperone protein, heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa (HSC70), and a lysosomal membrane protein, lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP-2A), are key components of CMA. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that HNF-1α was coimmunoprecipitated with HSC70, whereas the Q130A mutation (mutation of Q to A at position 130) of HNF-1α disrupted the interaction with HSC70, indicating that the CMA-targeting motif of HNF-1α is important for the association with HSC70. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that increasing amounts of NS5A enhanced the association of HNF-1α with HSC70. To determine whether LAMP-2A plays a role in the degradation of HNF-1α protein, we knocked down LAMP-2A mRNA by RNA interference; this knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) recovered the level of HNF-1α protein in HCV J6/JFH1-infected cells. This result suggests that LAMP-2A is required for the degradation of HNF-1α. Immunofluorescence study revealed colocalization of NS5A and HNF-1α in the lysosome. Based on our findings, we propose that HCV NS5A interacts with HSC70 and recruits HSC70 to HNF-1α, thereby promoting the lysosomal degradation of HNF-1α via CMA.IMPORTANCE Many viruses use a protein degradation system, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or the autophagy pathway, for facilitating viral propagation and viral pathogenesis. We investigated the mechanistic details of the selective lysosomal degradation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1α) induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that HNF-1α contains a pentapeptide chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-targeting motif within the POU-specific domain of HNF-1α. The CMA-targeting motif is important for the association with HSC70. LAMP-2A is required for degradation of HNF-1α caused by NS5A. We propose that HCV NS5A interacts with HSC70, a key component of the CMA machinery, and recruits HSC70 to HNF-1α to target HNF-1α for CMA-mediated lysosomal degradation, thereby facilitating HCV pathogenesis. We discovered a role of HCV NS5A in CMA-dependent degradation of HNF-1α. Our results may lead to a better understanding of the role of CMA in the pathogenesis of HCV.
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18
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Cheng W, Jia H, Wang X, He X, Jin Q, Cao J, Jing Z. Ectromelia virus upregulates the expression of heat shock protein�70 to promote viral replication. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1044-1053. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu�730046, P.R.�China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Qiwang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB�R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
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19
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Halogenated Chrysins Inhibit Dengue and Zika Virus Infectivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13696. [PMID: 29057920 PMCID: PMC5651866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection is a global threat for which no specific treatment has not been established. Previous reports suggested chrysin and flavanone derivatives were potential flaviviral inhibitors. Here, we reported two halogenated chrysins, abbreviated FV13 and FV14, were highly potent against DENV1-4 and ZIKV infectivities with the FV13 EC50 values of 2.30 ± 1.04, 1.47 ± 0.86, 2.32 ± 1.46, 1.78 ± 0.72 and 1.65 ± 0.86 µM; and FV14 EC50 values of 2.30 ± 0.92, 2.19 ± 0.31, 1.02 ± 0.31, 1.29 ± 0.60 and 1.39 ± 0.11 µM, respectively. The CC50s to LLC/MK2 of FV13 and FV14 were 44.28 ± 2.90 μM, 42.51 ± 2.53 µM, respectively. Mechanism of drug action studies suggested multiple targets but maximal efficiency was achieved with early post infection treatment. This is the first report showing a high potency of halogenated chrysins for development as a broad-spectrum anti-flaviviral drug.
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20
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Heat Shock Enhances the Expression of the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type-I (HTLV-I) Trans-Activator (Tax) Antigen in Human HTLV-I Infected Primary and Cultured T Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070191. [PMID: 27409630 PMCID: PMC4974526 DOI: 10.3390/v8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental factors that lead to the reactivation of human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-I) in latently infected T cells in vivo remain unknown. It has been previously shown that heat shock (HS) is a potent inducer of HTLV-I viral protein expression in long-term cultured cell lines. However, the precise HTLV-I protein(s) and mechanisms by which HS induces its effect remain ill-defined. We initiated these studies by first monitoring the levels of the trans-activator (Tax) protein induced by exposure of the HTLV-I infected cell line to HS. HS treatment at 43 °C for 30 min for 24 h led to marked increases in the level of Tax antigen expression in all HTLV-I-infected T cell lines tested including a number of HTLV-I-naturally infected T cell lines. HS also increased the expression of functional HTLV-I envelope gp46 antigen, as shown by increased syncytium formation activity. Interestingly, the enhancing effect of HS was partially inhibited by the addition of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-inhibitor pifithlin-μ (PFT). In contrast, the HSP 70-inducer zerumbone (ZER) enhanced Tax expression in the absence of HS. These data suggest that HSP 70 is at least partially involved in HS-mediated stimulation of Tax expression. As expected, HS resulted in enhanced expression of the Tax-inducible host antigens, such as CD83 and OX40. Finally, we confirmed that HS enhanced the levels of Tax and gp46 antigen expression in primary human CD4⁺ T cells isolated from HTLV-I-infected humanized NOD/SCID/γc null (NOG) mice and HTLV-I carriers. In summary, the data presented herein indicate that HS is one of the environmental factors involved in the reactivation of HTLV-I in vivo via enhanced Tax expression, which may favor HTLV-I expansion in vivo.
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21
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Khachatoorian R, Riahi R, Ganapathy E, Shao H, Wheatley NM, Sundberg C, Jung CL, Ruchala P, Dasgupta A, Arumugaswami V, Gestwicki JE, French SW. Allosteric heat shock protein 70 inhibitors block hepatitis C virus assembly. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:289-96. [PMID: 27013001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human molecular chaperones heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) bind to the hepatitis C viral nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and regulate its activity. Specifically, Hsp70 is involved in NS5A-augmented internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation of the viral genome, whilst Hsc70 appears to be primarily important for intracellular infectious virion assembly. To better understand the importance of these two chaperones in the viral life cycle, infected human cells were treated with allosteric Hsp70/Hsc70 inhibitors (AHIs). Treatment with AHIs significantly reduced the production of intracellular virus at concentrations that were non-toxic to human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells. The supernatant of treated cultures was then used to infect naïve cells, revealing that AHIs also lowered levels of secreted virus. In contrast to their effects on virion assembly, AHIs did not impact the stability of NS5A or viral protein translation in IRES assays. These results suggest that Hsc70 plays a particularly important and sensitive role in virion assembly. Indeed, it was found that combination of AHIs with a peptide-based viral translation inhibitor exhibited additive antiviral activity. Together these results suggest that the host Hsc70 is a new antiviral target and that its inhibitors utilise a new mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronik Khachatoorian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rana Riahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole M Wheatley
- Doe Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Sundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Ling Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Asim Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Khachatoorian R, French SW. Chaperones in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:9-35. [PMID: 26783419 PMCID: PMC4705456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 3% of the world population or more than 185 million people worldwide. Each year, an estimated 350000-500000 deaths occur worldwide due to HCV-associated diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family. The HCV viral life cycle in a cell can be divided into six phases: (1) binding and internalization; (2) cytoplasmic release and uncoating; (3) viral polyprotein translation and processing; (4) RNA genome replication; (5) encapsidation (packaging) and assembly; and (6) virus morphogenesis (maturation) and secretion. Many host factors are involved in the HCV life cycle. Chaperones are an important group of host cytoprotective molecules that coordinate numerous cellular processes including protein folding, multimeric protein assembly, protein trafficking, and protein degradation. All phases of the viral life cycle require chaperone activity and the interaction of viral proteins with chaperones. This review will present our current knowledge and understanding of the role of chaperones in the HCV life cycle. Analysis of chaperones in HCV infection will provide further insights into viral/host interactions and potential therapeutic targets for both HCV and other viruses.
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Identification of Viral and Host Proteins That Interact with Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen during Lytic Replication: a Role for Hsc70 in Viral Replication. J Virol 2015; 90:1397-413. [PMID: 26581985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02022-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a conserved, multifunctional protein encoded by members of the rhadinovirus subfamily of gammaherpesviruses, including Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). We previously demonstrated that MHV68 LANA (mLANA) is required for efficient lytic replication. However, mechanisms by which mLANA facilitates viral replication, including interactions with cellular and viral proteins, are not known. Thus, we performed a mass spectrometry-based interaction screen that defined an mLANA protein-protein interaction network for lytic viral replication consisting of 15 viral proteins and 191 cellular proteins, including 19 interactions previously reported in KSHV LANA interaction studies. We also employed a stable-isotope labeling technique to illuminate high-priority mLANA-interacting host proteins. Among the top prioritized mLANA-binding proteins was a cellular chaperone, heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70). We independently validated the mLANA-Hsc70 interaction through coimmunoprecipitation and in vitro glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assays. Immunofluorescence and cellular fractionation analyses comparing wild-type (WT) to mLANA-null MHV68 infections demonstrated mLANA-dependent recruitment of Hsc70 to nuclei of productively infected cells. Pharmacologic inhibition and small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of Hsc70 impaired MHV68 lytic replication, which functionally correlated with impaired viral protein expression, reduced viral DNA replication, and failure to form viral replication complexes. Replication of mLANA-null MHV68 was less affected than that of WT virus by Hsc70 inhibition, which strongly suggests that Hsc70 function in MHV68 lytic replication is at least partially mediated by its interaction with mLANA. Together these experiments identify proteins engaged by mLANA during the MHV68 lytic replication cycle and define a previously unknown role for Hsc70 in facilitating MHV68 lytic replication. IMPORTANCE Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a conserved gamma-2-herpesvirus protein important for latency maintenance and pathogenesis. For MHV68, this includes regulating lytic replication and reactivation. While previous studies of KSHV LANA defined interactions with host cell proteins that impact latency, interactions that facilitate productive viral replication are not known. Thus, we performed a differential proteomics analysis to identify and prioritize cellular and viral proteins that interact with the MHV68 LANA homolog during lytic infection. Among the proteins identified was heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70), which we determined is recruited to host cell nuclei in an mLANA-dependent process. Moreover, Hsc70 facilitates MHV68 protein expression and DNA replication, thus contributing to efficient MHV68 lytic replication. These experiments expand the known LANA-binding proteins to include MHV68 lytic replication and demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for Hsc70 in regulating viral replication.
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Zhang C, Kang K, Ning P, Peng Y, Lin Z, Cui H, Cao Z, Wang J, Zhang Y. Heat shock protein 70 is associated with CSFV NS5A protein and enhances viral RNA replication. Virology 2015; 482:9-18. [PMID: 25827528 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The non-structural 5A (NS5A) protein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is proven to be involved in viral replication and can also modulate cellular signaling via to its ability to interact with various cellular proteins. Here, HSP70/NS5A complex formation is confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and GST-pulldown studies. Additionally, the N-terminal amino acids (29-240) of NS5A were identified as the interaction region through in vivo deletion analyses, and confocal microscopy showed that NS5A and HSP70 colocalized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of HSP70 via the eukaryotic expression plasmid pDsRED N1 or lentivirus significantly promoted viral RNA synthesis. Whereas the knockdown of HSP70 by lentivirus-mediated shRNA or inhibition by quercetin markedly decreased the viral load. These data suggest that HSP70 plays a critical role in the viral life cycle, particularly during the virus RNA replication period. The investigation of HSP70 protein functions may be beneficial for developing new strategies to treat CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Kai Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yangxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hongjie Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.
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25
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Activation of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Cellular Heat Shock Protein 70 Is Enhanced by Phospholipids In Vitro. J Virol 2015; 89:5714-23. [PMID: 25762742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03711-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Similar to other positive-strand RNA viruses, tombusviruses are replicated by the membrane-bound viral replicase complex (VRC). The VRC consists of the p92 virus-coded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the viral p33 RNA chaperone, and several co-opted host proteins. In order to become a functional RdRp after its translation, the p92 replication protein should be incorporated into the VRC, followed by its activation. We have previously shown in a cell-free yeast extract-based assay that the activation of the Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) RdRp requires a soluble host factor(s). In this article, we identify the cellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as the co-opted host factor required for the activation of an N-terminally truncated recombinant TBSV RdRp. In addition, small-molecule-based blocking of Hsp70 function inhibits RNA synthesis by the tombusvirus RdRp in vitro. Furthermore, we show that neutral phospholipids, namely, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), enhance RdRp activation in vitro. In contrast, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) shows a strong and dominant inhibitory effect on in vitro RdRp activation. We also demonstrate that PE and PC stimulate RdRp-viral plus-strand RNA [(+)RNA] interaction, while PG inhibits the binding of the viral RNA to the RdRp. Based on the stimulatory versus inhibitory roles of various phospholipids in tombusvirus RdRp activation, we propose that the lipid composition of targeted subcellular membranes might be utilized by tombusviruses to regulate new VRC assembly during the course of infection. IMPORTANCE The virus-coded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is responsible for synthesizing the viral RNA progeny in infected cells of several positive-strand RNA viruses, is initially inactive. This strategy is likely to avoid viral RNA synthesis in the cytosol that would rapidly lead to induction of RNA-triggered cellular antiviral responses. During the assembly of the membrane-bound replicase complex, the viral RdRp becomes activated through an incompletely understood process that makes the RdRp capable of RNA synthesis. By using TBSV RdRp, we show that the co-opted cellular Hsp70 chaperone and neutral phospholipids facilitate RdRp activation in vitro. In contrast, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) has a dominant inhibitory effect on in vitro RdRp activation and RdRp-viral RNA interaction, suggesting that the membranous microdomain surrounding the RdRp greatly affects its ability for RNA synthesis. Thus, the activation of the viral RdRp likely depends on multiple host components in infected cells.
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26
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Khachatoorian R, Ruchala P, Waring A, Jung CL, Ganapathy E, Wheatley N, Sundberg C, Arumugaswami V, Dasgupta A, French SW. Structural characterization of the HSP70 interaction domain of the hepatitis C viral protein NS5A. Virology 2015; 475:46-55. [PMID: 25462345 PMCID: PMC4284078 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified the NS5A/HSP70 binding site to be a hairpin moiety at C-terminus of NS5A domain I and showed a corresponding cyclized polyarginine-tagged synthetic peptide (HCV4) significantly blocks virus production. Here, sequence comparison confirmed five residues to be conserved. Based on NS5A domain I crystal structure, Phe171, Val173, and Tyr178 were predicted to form the binding interface. Substitution of Phe171 and Val173 with more hydrophobic unusual amino acids improved peptide antiviral activity and HSP70 binding, while similar substitutions at Tyr178 had a negative effect. Substitution of non-conserved residues with arginines maintained antiviral activity and HSP70 binding and dispensed with polyarginine tag for cellular entry. Peptide cyclization improved antiviral activity and HSP70 binding. The cyclic retro-inverso analog displayed the best antiviral properties. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed a secondary structure consisting of an N-terminal beta-sheet followed by a turn and a C-terminal beta-sheet. These peptides constitute a new class of anti-HCV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronik Khachatoorian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Waring
- Division of Molecular Medicine at the Department of Medicine, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Chun-Ling Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Wheatley
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program (MBIDP), Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Sundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Asim Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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