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da Silva RCC, Roldan-Filho RS, de Luna-Aragão MA, de Oliveira Silva RL, Ferreira-Neto JRC, da Silva MD, Benko-Iseppon AM. Omics-driven bioinformatics for plant lectins discovery and functional annotation - A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135511. [PMID: 39260647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are known for their specific and reversible binding capacity to carbohydrates. These molecules have been particularly explored in plants due to their reported properties, highlighting antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and immunoregulatory actions. The increasing availability of lectin and lectin-like sequences in omics data banks provides an opportunity to identify important candidates, inferring their roles in essential signaling pathways and processes in plants. Bioinformatics enables a fast and low-cost scenario for elucidating sequences and predicting functions in the lectinology universe. Thus, this review addresses the state of the art of annotation, structural characterization, classification, and predicted applications of plant lectins. Their allergenic and toxic properties are also discussed, as well as tools for predicting such effects from the primary structure. This review uncovers a promising scenario for plant lectins and new study possibilities, particularly for studies in lectinology in the omics era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva
- General Microbiology Laboratory, Agricultural Science Campus, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56300-990, Brazil.
| | | | - Manassés Daniel da Silva
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil.
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2
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Bhutkar M, Saha A, Tomar S. Viral methyltransferase inhibitors: berbamine, venetoclax, and ponatinib as efficacious antivirals against chikungunya virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 759:110111. [PMID: 39111614 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), transmitted by mosquitoes, poses a significant global health threat. Presently, no effective treatment options are available to reduce the disease burden. The lack of approved therapeutics against CHIKV and the complex spectrum of chronic musculoskeletal and neurological manifestations raise significant concerns, and repurposing drugs could offer swift avenues in the development of effective treatment strategies. RNA capping is a crucial step meditated by non-structural protein 1 (nsP1) in CHIKV replication. In this study, FDA-approved antivirals targeting CHIKV nsP1 methyltransferase (MTase) have been identified by structure-based virtual screening. Berbamine Hydrochloride (BH), ABT199/Venetoclax (ABT), and Ponatinib (PT) were the top-hits, which exhibited robust binding energies. Tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy-based assay confirmed binding of BH-, ABT-, and PT to purified nsP1 with KD values ∼5.45 μM, ∼161.3 μM, and ∼3.83 μM, respectively. In a capillary electrophoresis-based assay, a decrease in CHIKV nsP1 MTase activity was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with BH, ABT, and PT lead to a dose-dependent reduction in the virus titer with IC50 < 100, ∼6.75, and <3.9 nM, respectively, and reduced viral mRNA levels. The nsP1 MTases are highly conserved among alphaviruses; therefore, BH, ABT, and PT, as expected, inhibited replication machinery in Sindbis virus (SINV) replicon assay with IC50 ∼1.94, ∼0.23, and >1.25 μM, respectively. These results highlight the potential of repurposing drugs as rapid and effective antiviral therapeutics against CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bhutkar
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankita Saha
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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3
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Devi OS, Singh SS, Kamei R, Sharma HJ, Devi MA, Brahmacharimayum N. Glycosylated SARs Cov 2 interaction with plant lectins. Glycoconj J 2024; 41:185-199. [PMID: 38748325 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-024-10154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are non-immune carbohydrate-binding proteins/glycoproteins that are found everywhere in nature, from bacteria to human cells. They have also been a valuable biological tool for the purification and subsequent characterisation of glycoproteins due to their carbohydrate binding recognition capacity. Antinociceptive, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory activities and immune modulatory properties have been discovered in several plant lectins, with these qualities varying depending on the lectin carbohydrate-binding site. The Coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease that has swept the globe, killing millions and infecting millions more. Despite the availability of COVID-19 vaccinations and the vaccination of a huge portion of the world's population, viral infection rates continue to rise, causing major concern. Part of the reason for the vaccine's ineffectiveness has been attributed to repeated mutations in the virus's epitope determinant elements. The surface of the Coronavirus envelope is heavily glycosylated, with approximately sixty N-linked oligomannose, composite, and hybrid glycans covering the core of Man3GlcNAc2Asn. Some O-linked glycans have also been discovered. Many of these glyco-chains have also been subjected to multiple mutations, with only a few remaining conserved. As a result, numerous plant lectins with specificity for these viral envelope sugars have been discovered to interact preferentially with them and are being investigated as a potential future tool to combat coronaviruses such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by preventing viral attachment to the host. The review will discuss the possible applications of plant lectins as anti-coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, antinociceptive, anti-inflammation and its immune modulating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rana Kamei
- Department of Biochemistry, Manipur University, Imphal, India
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4
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Maier I, Kontaxis G, Zimmermann C, Steininger C. Cyanovirin-N Binding to N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine Requires Carbohydrate-Binding Sites on Two Different Protomers. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1270-1277. [PMID: 38770609 PMCID: PMC11112747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) binds high-mannose oligosaccharides on enveloped viruses with two carbohydrate-binding sites, one bearing high affinity and one low affinity to Manα(1-2)Man moieties. A tandem repeat of two CV-N molecules (CVN2) was tested for antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) by using a domain-swapped dimer. CV-N was shown to bind N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) when the carbohydrate-binding sites in CV-N were free to interact with these monosaccharides independently. CVN2 recognized ManNAc at a Kd of 1.4 μM and bound this sugar in solution, regardless of the lectin making amino acid side chain contacts on the targeted viral glycoproteins. An interdomain cross-contacting residue Glu41, which has been shown to be hydrogen bonding with dimannose, was substituted in the monomeric CV-N. The amide derivative of glucose, GlcNAc, achieved similar high affinity to the new variant CVN-E41T as high-mannose N-glycans, but binding to CVN2 in the nanomolar range with four binding sites involved or binding to the monomeric CVN-E41A. A stable dimer was engineered and expressed from the alanine-to-threonine-substituted monomer to confirm binding to GlcNAc. In summary, low-affinity binding was achieved by CVN2 to dimannosylated peptide or GlcNAc with two carbohydrate-binding sites of differing affinities, mimicking biological interactions with the respective N-linked glycans of interest and cross-linking of carbohydrates on human T cells for lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maier
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Internal Medicine I, Medical University
of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Georg Kontaxis
- Department
of Computational and Structural Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Christian Zimmermann
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, Wien 1060, Austria
| | - Christoph Steininger
- Department
of Internal Medicine I, Medical University
of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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Choudhary S, Nehul S, Singh A, Panda PK, Kumar P, Sharma GK, Tomar S. Unraveling antiviral efficacy of multifunctional immunomodulatory triterpenoids against SARS-COV-2 targeting main protease and papain-like protease. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:228-241. [PMID: 38059400 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be over, but its variants continue to emerge, and patients with mild symptoms having long COVID is still under investigation. SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to elevated cytokine levels and suppressed immune responses set off cytokine storm, fatal systemic inflammation, tissue damage, and multi-organ failure. Thus, drug molecules targeting the SARS-CoV-2 virus-specific proteins or capable of suppressing the host inflammatory responses to viral infection would provide an effective antiviral therapy against emerging variants of concern. Evolutionarily conserved papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro) play an indispensable role in the virus life cycle and immune evasion. Direct-acting antivirals targeting both these viral proteases represent an attractive antiviral strategy that is also expected to reduce viral inflammation. The present study has evaluated the antiviral and anti-inflammatory potential of natural triterpenoids: azadirachtin, withanolide_A, and isoginkgetin. These molecules inhibit the Mpro and PLpro proteolytic activities with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values ranging from 1.42 to 32.7 μM. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis validated the binding of these compounds to Mpro and PLpro. As expected, the two compounds, withanolide_A and azadirachtin, exhibit potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in cell-based assays, with half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) values of 21.73 and 31.19 μM, respectively. The anti-inflammatory roles of azadirachtin and withanolide_A when assessed using HEK293T cells, were found to significantly reduce the levels of CXCL10, TNFα, IL6, and IL8 cytokines, which are elevated in severe cases of COVID-19. Interestingly, azadirachtin and withanolide_A were also found to rescue the decreased type-I interferon response (IFN-α1). The results of this study clearly highlight the role of triterpenoids as effective antiviral molecules that target SARS-CoV-2-specific enzymes and also host immune pathways involved in virus-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Sanketkumar Nehul
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Prasan Kumar Panda
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Souza BGD, Choudhary S, Vilela GG, Passos GFS, Costa CACB, Freitas JDD, Coelho GL, Brandão JDA, Anderson L, Bassi ÊJ, Araújo-Júnior JXD, Tomar S, Silva-Júnior EFD. Design, synthesis, antiviral evaluation, and In silico studies of acrylamides targeting nsP2 from Chikungunya virus. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115572. [PMID: 37364511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The Togaviridae family comprises several New- and Old-World Alphaviruses that have been responsible for thousands of human illnesses, including the RNA arbovirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Firstly, it was reported in Tanzania in 1952 but rapidly it spread to several countries from Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Since then, CHIKV has been circulating in diverse countries around the world, leading to increased morbidity rates. Currently, there are no FDA-approved drugs or licensed vaccines to specifically treat CHIKV infections. Thus, there is a lack of alternatives to fight against this viral disease, making it an unmet need. Structurally, CHIKV is composed of five structural proteins (E3, E2, E1, C, and 6k) and four non-structural proteins (nsP1-4), in which nsP2 represents an attractive antiviral target for designing novel inhibitors since it has an essential role in the virus replication and transcription. Herein, we used a rational drug design strategy to select some acrylamide derivatives to be synthesized and evaluated against CHIKV nsP2 and also screened on CHIKV-infected cells. Thus, two regions of modifications were considered for these types of inhibitors, based on a previous study of our group, generating 1560 possible inhibitors. Then, the 24 most promising ones were synthesized and screened by using a FRET-based enzymatic assay protocol targeting CHIKV nsP2, identifying LQM330, 333, 336, and 338 as the most potent inhibitors, with Ki values of 48.6 ± 2.8, 92.3 ± 1.4, 2.3 ± 1.5, and 181.8 ± 2.5 μM, respectively. Still, their Km and Vmax kinetic parameters were also determined, along with their competitive binding modes of CHIKV nsP2 inhibition. Then, ITC analyses revealed KD values of 127, 159, 198, and 218 μM for LQM330, 333, 336, and 338, respectively. Also, their ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG physicochemical parameters were determined. MD simulations demonstrated that these inhibitors present a stable binding mode with nsP2, interacting with important residues of this protease, according to docking analyzes. Moreover, MM/PBSA calculations displayed that van der Waals interactions are mainly responsible for stabilizing the inhibitor-nsP2 complex, and their binding energies corroborated with their Ki values, having -198.7 ± 15.68, -124.8 ± 17.27, -247.4 ± 23.78, and -100.6 ± 19.21 kcal/mol for LQM330, 333, 336, and 338, respectively. Since Sindbis (SINV) nsP2 is similar to CHIKV nsP2, these best inhibitors were screened against SINV-infected cells, and it was verified that LQM330 presented the best result, with an EC50 value of 0.95 ± 0.09 μM. Even at 50 μM concentration, LQM338 was found to be cytotoxic on Vero cells after 48 h. Then, LQM330, 333, and 336 were evaluated against CHIKV-infected cells in antiviral assays, in which LQM330 was found to be the most promising antiviral candidate in this study, exhibiting an EC50 value of 5.2 ± 0.52 μM and SI of 31.78. The intracellular flow cytometry demonstrated that LQM330 is able to reduce the CHIKV cytopathogenic effect on cells, and also reduce the percentage of CHIKV-positive cells from 66.1% ± 7.05 to 35.8% ± 5.78 at 50 μM concentration. Finally, qPCR studies demonstrated that LQM330 was capable of reducing the number of viral RNA copies/μL, suggesting that CHIKV nsP2 is targeted by this inhibitor as its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gois de Souza
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gabriel Gomes Vilela
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Felipe Silva Passos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Johnnatan Duarte de Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Maceió Campus, Mizael Domingues Street, 57020-600, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Lobo Coelho
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Júlia de Andrade Brandão
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Leticia Anderson
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil; CESMAC University Center, 57051-160, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - João Xavier de Araújo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil; Biological and Molecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, AC. Simões Campus, 57072-970, Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
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Varikkodan MM, Kunnathodi F, Azmi S, Wu TY. An Overview of Indian Biomedical Research on the Chikungunya Virus with Particular Reference to Its Vaccine, an Unmet Medical Need. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1102. [PMID: 37376491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it primarily affects areas with limited resources, like developing nations. Due to its high transmission rate and lack of a preventive vaccine or effective treatments, this virus poses a serious threat to humanity. After a 32-year hiatus, CHIKV reemerged as the most significant epidemic ever reported, in India in 2006. Since then, CHIKV-related research was begun in India, and up to now, more than 800 peer-reviewed research papers have been published by Indian researchers and medical practitioners. This review gives an overview of the outbreak history and CHIKV-related research in India, to favor novel high-quality research works intending to promote effective treatment and preventive strategies, including vaccine development, against CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfuddin Azmi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
- R&D Center of Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
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Costa ACM, Malveira EA, Mendonça LP, Maia MES, Silva RRS, Roma RR, Aguiar TKB, Grangeiro YA, Souza PFN. Plant Lectins: A Review on their Biotechnological Potential Toward Human Pathogens. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2022; 23:851-861. [PMID: 36239726 DOI: 10.2174/1389203724666221014142740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics is associated with the appearance of bacterial resistance. In light of this, plant-based products treating infections are considered potential alternatives. Lectins are a group of proteins widely distributed in nature, capable of reversibly binding carbohydrates. Lectins can bind to the surface of pathogens and cause damage to their structure, thus preventing host infection. The antimicrobial activity of plant lectins results from their interaction with carbohydrates present in the bacterial cell wall and fungal membrane. The data about lectins as modulating agents of antibiotic activity, potentiates the effect of antibiotics without triggering microbial resistance. In addition, lectins play an essential role in the defense against fungi, reducing their infectivity and pathogenicity. Little is known about the antiviral activity of plant lectins. However, their effectiveness against retroviruses and parainfluenza is reported in the literature. Some authors still consider mannose/ glucose/N-Acetylglucosamine binding lectins as potent antiviral agents against coronavirus, suggesting that these lectins may have inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, it was found that plant lectins are an alternative for producing new antimicrobial drugs, but further studies still need to decipher some mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C M Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ellen A Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lidiane P Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria E S Maia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Romério R S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Renato R Roma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K B Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Yasmim A Grangeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Caixa 60430- 275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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9
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Naik S, Kumar S. Lectins from plant and algae act as anti-viral against HIV, influenza and coronaviruses. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:12239-12246. [PMID: 36138301 PMCID: PMC9510388 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate-lectin interactions are extremely specific as the lectin is capable of recognising monomeric and oligomeric sugars in a reversible manner. It has been known for a long time that lectins have antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities. Recently, it has been reported that many lectins can prevent the virus growth by interacting with the viral envelop surface glycoprotein. Spike protein, which is found on the surface of some enveloped viruses, is heavily mannosylated and will have strong affinity for mannose specific lectins. According to the findings, lectins have a high binding affinity for the glycans of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, which contains N-glycosylation sites. As a result, various lectins are being researched and developed as anti-viral agents. RESULTS According to our in silico studies, the amino acid residues Asn487, Tyr489, Gln493, Lys417, and Tyr505 of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 formed an interaction with the model lectin Lablab purpureus lectin. Similar interaction for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was observed with Griffithsin lectin (algal source) as well. These observations demonstrate that lectins could be one of the potential molecules for neutralising coronavirus infection. CONCLUSION This review focuses on anti-viral lectins isolated and characterized from plants and algae (last 5 years) and showed anti-viral properties against HIV, Influenza, and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Naik
- Centre for Bio-separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bio-separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Saini J, Kaur P, Malik N, Lakhawat SS, Sharma PK. Antimicrobial peptides: A promising tool to combat multidrug resistance in SARS CoV2 era. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127206. [PMID: 36162150 PMCID: PMC9491010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), a life-threatening viral infection, is caused by a highly pathogenic virus named SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Currently, no treatment is available for COVID-19; hence there is an urgent need to find effective therapeutic drugs to combat COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the fact that the world is facing a major issue of antimicrobial drug resistance, naturally occurring compounds have the potential to achieve this goal. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring antimicrobial agents which are effective against a wide variety of microbial infections. Therefore, the use of AMPs is an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review sheds light on the potential of antimicrobial peptides as antiviral agents followed by a comprehensive description of effective antiviral peptides derived from various natural sources found to be effective against SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses. It also highlights the mechanisms of action of antiviral peptides with special emphasis on their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Pritpal Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Naveen Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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11
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Pareek A, Kumar R, Mudgal R, Neetu N, Sharma M, Kumar P, Tomar S. Alphavirus antivirals targeting RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase domain of nsP4 divulged using surface plasmon resonance. FEBS J 2022; 289:4901-4924. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Pareek
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
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12
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Bioactive compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Tamarindus indica Linn. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9432. [PMID: 35676439 PMCID: PMC9178027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTamarindus indica is one of the tropical medicinal plants that has been attributed curative potential of numerous diseases by many rural dwellers. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial activities and also to determine the various chemical constituents responsible for its pharmacological activities. The methanol extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer to determine the volatile compounds present. The antioxidant activities were performed using DPPH and FRAP method and the antibacterial activity was tested against some common pathogens by macro broth dilution method. The GCMS analysis shows the presence of 37 compounds, out of which 14 had their peak area percentages ≥ 1% and only two compounds had no reported pharmacological activities. Most of the bioactive compounds including 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (31.06%)-3-O-Methyl-d-glucose (16.31%), 1,6-anhydro-β-D-Glucopyranose (9.95%), 5-methyl-Furancarboxaldehyde (3.2%), Triethylenediamine (1.17%), 1-(2-furanyl)-1-Propcanone (2.18%), Methyl 2-furoate (3.14%), Levoglucosenone (3.21%), methyl ester-Hepta-2,4-dienoic acid, (8.85%), 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydrox-4H-Pyran-4-one (3.4%), O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (2.18%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1.38%), 2-Heptanol, acetate (1.29%), 5-[(5-methyl-2-fur-2-Furancarboxaldehyde (1.08%), 3-Methyl-2-furoic acid (1.05%) and cis-Vaccenic acid (2.85%)have been reported with different activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant and other prophylactic activities. The extract demonstrated inhibitory potential against all tested pathogen. However, Plesiomonas shigellosis ATCC 15903 and Bacillus pumillus ATCC 14884 are more sensitive with the MIC of 0.22 and 0.44 mg/ml respectively. The antioxidant activity was relatively low due to the low phenolic content of the extract. This shows that there is a strong correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic content. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents with various biological activities and this justifies the rationale behind its usage as a curative therapy by many local dwellers.
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13
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Konozy E, Osman M, Dirar A. Plant lectins as potent Anti-coronaviruses, Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antiulcer agents. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103301. [PMID: 35475119 PMCID: PMC9026953 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are defined as carbohydrate-binding proteins/glycoproteins of none immune origin, they are ubiquitous in nature, exist from bacteria to human cells. And due to their carbohydrate-binding recognition capacity, they have been a useful biological tool for the purification of glycoproteins and their subsequent characterization. Some plant lectins have also been revealed to own antinociceptive, antiulcer, and anti-inflammatory properties, where these features, in many instances, depending on the lectin carbohydrate-binding site. Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease that struck the entire world leaving millions of people dead and more infected. Although COVID-19 vaccines have been made available, and quite a large number of world populations have already been immunized, the viral infection rates remained in acceleration, which continues to provoke major concern about the vaccines' efficacy. The belief in the ineffectiveness of the vaccine has been attributed in part to the recurrent mutations that occur in the epitope determinant fragments of the virus. Coronavirus envelope surface is extensively glycosylated being covered by more than sixty N-linked oligomannose, composite, and hybrid glycans with a core of Man3GlcNAc2Asn. In addition some O-linked glycans are also detected. Of these glyco-chains, many have also been exposed to several mutations, and a few remained conserved. Therefore, numerous plant lectins with a specificity directed towards these viral envelope sugars have been found to interact preferentially with them and are suggested to be scrutinized as a possible future tool to combat coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through blocking the viral attachment to the host cells. In this review, we will discuss the possible applications of plant lectins as anti-coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antiulcer agents with the proposed mechanism of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin Konozy
- Department of Biotechnology, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Makarim Osman
- Department of Zoology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amina Dirar
- Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute (MAPTRI), National Center for Research, Mek Nimr Street, Khartoum, Sudan
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14
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Selective estrogen receptor modulators limit alphavirus infection by targeting the viral capping enzyme nsP1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0194321. [PMID: 35041501 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01943-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause animal or human diseases that are characterized by febrile illness, debilitating arthralgia, or encephalitis. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), a class of FDA-approved drugs, have been shown to possess antiviral activities against multiple viruses, including Hepatitis C virus, Ebola virus, dengue virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Here, we evaluated three SERM compounds, namely 4-hydroxytamoxifen, tamoxifen, and clomifene, for plausible antiviral properties against two medically important alphaviruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Sindbis virus (SINV). In cell culture settings, these SERMs displayed potent activity against CHIKV and SINV at non-toxic concentrations with EC50 values ranging between 400 nM and 3.9 μM. Further studies indicated that these compounds inhibit a post-entry step of the alphavirus life cycle, while enzymatic assays involving purified recombinant proteins confirmed that these SERMs target the enzymatic activity of non-structural protein 1 (nsP1), the capping enzyme of alphaviruses. Finally, tamoxifen treatment restrained CHIKV growth in the infected mice and diminished musculoskeletal pathologies. Combining biochemical, cell culture-based studies, and in vivo analyses, we strongly argue that SERM compounds, or their derivatives, may provide for attractive therapeutic options against alphaviruses.
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15
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Mahajan S, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116356. [PMID: 34416512 PMCID: PMC8349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, periodic recurrence of viral infections, and the emergence of challenging variants has created an urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches to combat the spread of viral infections, failing to which may pose a greater risk to mankind in future. Resilience against antiviral drugs or fast evolutionary rate of viruses is stressing the scientific community to identify new therapeutic approaches for timely control of disease. Host metabolic pathways are exquisite reservoir of energy to viruses and contribute a diverse array of functions for successful replication and pathogenesis of virus. Targeting the host factors rather than viral enzymes to cease viral infection, has emerged as an alternative antiviral strategy. This approach offers advantage in terms of increased threshold to viral resistance and can provide broad-spectrum antiviral action against different viruses. The article here provides substantial review of literature illuminating the host factors and molecular mechanisms involved in innate/adaptive responses to viral infection, hijacking of signalling pathways by viruses and the intracellular metabolic pathways required for viral replication. Host-targeted drugs acting on the pathways usurped by viruses are also addressed in this study. Host-directed antiviral therapeutics might prove to be a rewarding approach in controlling the unprecedented spread of viral infection, however the probability of cellular side effects or cytotoxicity on host cell should not be ignored at the time of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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16
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Mammari N, Krier Y, Albert Q, Devocelle M, Varbanov M. Plant-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Antiviral Agents in Systemic Viral Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080774. [PMID: 34451871 PMCID: PMC8400714 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of viruses in systemic infections for the development of prevention strategies and very promising antiviral therapies. Viruses still remain one of the main causes of human diseases, mainly because the development of new vaccines is usually challenging and drug resistance has become an increasing concern in recent decades. Therefore, the development of potential antiviral agents remains crucial and is an unmet clinical need. One abundant source of potential therapeutic molecules are plants: they biosynthesize a myriad of compounds, including peptides which can have antimicrobial activity. Our objective is to summarize the literature on peptides with antiviral properties derived from plants and to identify key features of these peptides and their application in systemic viral infections. This literature review highlights studies including clinical trials which demonstrated that plant cyclotides have the ability to inhibit the growth of viruses causing human diseases, defensin-like peptides possess anti-HIV-1 activity, and lipid transfer proteins and some lectins exhibit a varied antimicrobial profile. To conclude, plant peptides remain interesting to explore in the context of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mammari
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Ysaline Krier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 Avenue de la Foret de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France;
| | - Quentin Albert
- Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnology, INRAE/Aix-Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France;
- CIRM-CF, INRAE/Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Devocelle
- SSPC (SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals), V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123, St. Stephen’s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France;
- Correspondence:
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Choudhary S, Neetu N, Singh VA, Kumar P, Chaudhary M, Tomar S. Chikungunya virus titration, detection and diagnosis using N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) specific lectin based virus capture assay. Virus Res 2021; 302:198493. [PMID: 34175343 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Re-emergence and global expansion of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from Africa to Indian Subcontinent in 2013, has significantly resulted in chronic morbidities in infected individuals. The burden of CHIKV on human population is still uncertain, owing to lack of vaccine and underdiagnosis. Due to the absence of vaccine or antiviral therapeutics, timely diagnosis and detection of CHIKV is vital for minimizing virus transmission. Commercially available diagnostic and titration kits relies on the traditional methods such as real-time PCR (RT-PCR), serodiagnostic assays, and plaque assay, which are expensive, time-consuming and technically challenging. To overcome these limitations and to increase the diagnostic coverage of CHIKV infections, a rapid and economical antigen capture assay has been developed in this study for serological diagnosis of CHIKV, using tamarind chitinase (chi)-like lectin (TCLL). TCLL extracted and purified from tamarind seeds (Tamarindus indica), has been reported recently to bind to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) containing glycan on the envelope protein of virus. Evaluation of antigen capture assay for serological diagnosis of CHIKV signified that the developed assay is able to detect CHIKV in both laboratory and clinical samples efficiently. Furthermore, a standard graph using different concentrations of CHIKV has been established using samples with known virus titer, to assist in quantification of viral load in a given sample. The feasibility of antigen capture assay for broad-spectrum diagnosis of alphaviral infections was evaluated using Sindbis virus (SINV) belonging to the same alphavirus genus, and the results obtained were in agreement with those of CHIKV. In summary, the developed glycan-based virus capture assay can be potentially applied as point-of-care routine diagnostic and titration assay for CHIKV as well for other re-emerging alphaviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Madhulika Chaudhary
- Hi Tech Pathology Laboratory, Dehradun Road, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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18
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Silva LR, Rodrigues ÉEDS, Taniele-Silva J, Anderson L, Araújo-Júnior JXD, Bassi ÊJ, Silva-Júnior EFD. Targeting Chikungunya Virus Entry: alternatives for new inhibitors in drug discovery. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:612-634. [PMID: 34165405 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210623165005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an Alphavirus (Togaviridae) responsible for Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) that is mainly characterized by a severe polyarthralgia, in which it is transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Nowadays, there no licensed vaccines or approved drugs to specifically treat this viral disease. Structural viral proteins participate in key steps of its replication cycle, such as viral entry, membrane fusion, nucleocapsid assembly, and virus budding. In this context, envelope E3-E2-E1 glycoproteins complex could be targeted for designing new drug candidates. In this review, aspects of the CHIKV entry process are discussed to provide insights to assist the drug discovery process. Moreover, several natural, nature-based and synthetic compounds, as well as repurposed drugs and virtual screening, are also explored as alternatives for developing CHIKV entry inhibitors. Finally, we provided a complimentary analysis of studies involving inhibitors that were not explored by in silico methods. Based on this, Phe118, Val179, and Lys181 were found to be the most frequent residues, being present in 89.6, 82.7, and 93.1% of complexes, respectively. Lastly, some chemical aspects associated with interactions of these inhibitors and mature envelope E3-E2-E1 glycoproteins' complex were discussed to provide data for scientists worldwide, supporting their search for new inhibitors against this emerging arbovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rocha Silva
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Érica Erlanny da Silva Rodrigues
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Jamile Taniele-Silva
- IMUNOREG - Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus AC. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Anderson
- IMUNOREG - Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus AC. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
| | - João Xavier de Araújo-Júnior
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- IMUNOREG - Immunoregulation Research Group, Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus AC. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Edeildo F da Silva-Júnior
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Maceió 57072-970, Brazil
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19
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Muhseen ZT, Hameed AR, Al-Hasani HMH, Tahir Ul Qamar M, Li G. Promising terpenes as SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) attachment inhibitors to the human ACE2 receptor: Integrated computational approach. J Mol Liq 2020; 320:114493. [PMID: 33041407 PMCID: PMC7538380 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) is a necessary corona-viral protein for binding and entry of coronaviruses (COVs) into the host cells. Hence, it has emerged as an attractive antiviral drug target. Therefore, present study was aimed to target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S-RBD with novel bioactive compounds to retrieve potential candidates that could serve as anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) drugs. In this paper, computational approaches were employed, especially the structure-based virtual screening followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as well as binding energy analysis for the computational identification of specific terpenes from the medicinal plants, which can block SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD binding to Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (H-ACE2) and can act as potent anti-COVID-19 drugs after further advancements. The screening of focused terpenes inhibitors database composed of ~1000 compounds with reported therapeutic potential resulted in the identification of three candidate compounds, NPACT01552, NPACT01557 and NPACT00631. These three compounds established conserved interactions, which were further explored through all-atom MD simulations, free energy calculations, and a residual energy contribution estimated by MM-PB(GB)SA method. All these compounds showed stable conformation and interacted well with the hot-spot residues of SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD. Conclusively, the reported SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD specific terpenes could serve as seeds for developing potent anti-COVID-19 drugs. Importantly, the experimentally tested glycyrrhizin (NPACT00631) against SARS-CoV could be used further in the fast-track drug development process to help curb COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Alaa R Hameed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, School of Life Sciences, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Halah M H Al-Hasani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | | | - Guanglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Rodríguez-Mayor AV, Peralta-Camacho GJ, Cárdenas-Martínez KJ, García-Castañeda JE. Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200701121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of
their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate,
carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in
biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important
source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications.
However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources
with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous
environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this
problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context,
several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been
reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building
blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter
for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the
chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and
have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which
may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding.
This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.
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21
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Sahu DK, Pradhan D, Naik PK, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Smart polymeric eye gear: A possible preventive measure against ocular transmission of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110288. [PMID: 33254590 PMCID: PMC7494557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2) receptors with approx. 0.8% congestion in conjunctival surface, leads to increase susceptibility of Covid-19 transmission through ocular surface. It has been observed that prophylactic measures such as goggle or face shield are unable to offer complete protection against ocular transmission of SRS-CoV-2. Hence, it is hypothesized that topical ocular prophylaxis using biocompatible polymers with reported in-vitro and in-vivo evidence of ACE inhibition and antiviral activity appears to be a promising strategy for preventing ocular transmission of Covid-19 to healthcare workers. They are capable of binding to ACE-2 receptors which may provide highly potential trails to block virus entry to host cells. Further biopolymers imparting antiviral activities greatly improve their protective performance. They not only provide prolong protection but also are safe for long-term use. This article discusses the description of structural and functional attributes of ACE-2 to identify appropriate polymer with better binding affinity. Furthermore, potential polymers with appropriate concentration are suggested for evaluation through a hypothesis to consider them for Covid-19 implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Naik
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Odisha, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India.
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22
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Cavada BS, Pinto-Junior VR, Osterne VJS, Oliveira MV, Lossio CF, Silva MTL, Bari AU, Lima LD, Souza-Filho CHD, Nascimento KS. Comprehensive review on Caelsalpinioideae lectins: From purification to biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:333-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Choudhary S, Malik YS, Tomar S. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Inhibitors by Drug Repurposing Using in silico Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1664. [PMID: 32754161 PMCID: PMC7365927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly spreading, highly contagious and pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The novel 2019 SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell by binding of the viral surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein) to cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The virus specific molecular interaction with the host cell represents a promising therapeutic target for identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs. The repurposing of drugs can provide a rapid and potential cure toward exponentially expanding COVID-19. Thereto, high throughput virtual screening approach was used to investigate FDA approved LOPAC library drugs against both the receptor binding domain of spike protein (S-RBD) and ACE2 host cell receptor. Primary screening identified a few promising molecules for both the targets, which were further analyzed in details by their binding energy, binding modes through molecular docking, dynamics and simulations. Evidently, GR 127935 hydrochloride hydrate, GNF-5, RS504393, TNP, and eptifibatide acetate were found binding to virus binding motifs of ACE2 receptor. Additionally, KT203, BMS195614, KT185, RS504393, and GSK1838705A were identified to bind at the receptor binding site on the viral S-protein. These identified molecules may effectively assist in controlling the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 by not only potentially inhibiting the virus at entry step but are also hypothesized to act as anti-inflammatory agents, which could impart relief in lung inflammation. Timely identification and determination of an effective drug to combat and tranquilize the COVID-19 global crisis is the utmost need of hour. Further, prompt in vivo testing to validate the anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition efficiency by these molecules could save lives is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Fatma B, Kumar R, Singh VA, Nehul S, Sharma R, Kesari P, Kuhn RJ, Tomar S. Alphavirus capsid protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for Chikungunya infection. Antiviral Res 2020; 179:104808. [PMID: 32380148 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus and currently, no antiviral drug is available to combat it. Capsid protein (CP) of alphaviruses present at the N-terminus of the structural polyprotein possesses auto-proteolytic activity which is essential for initiating the structural polyprotein processing. We are reporting for the first time antiviral molecules targeting capsid proteolytic activity. Structure-assisted drug-repositioning identified three molecules: P1,P4-Di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (AP4), Eptifibatide acetate (EAC) and Paromomycin sulphate (PSU) as potential capsid protease inhibitors. A FRET-based proteolytic assay confirmed anti-proteolytic activity of these molecules. Additionally, in vitro cell-based antiviral studies showed that EAC, AP4, and PSU drastically stifled CHIKV at the post-entry step with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4.01 μM, 10.66 μM and 22.91 μM; respectively. Interestingly, the inhibitors had no adverse effect on viral RNA synthesis and treatment of cells with inhibitors diminished levels of CP in virus-infected cells, which confirmed inhibition of capsid auto-proteolytic activity. In conclusion, the discovery of antiviral molecules targeting capsid protease demystifies the alphavirus capsid protease as a potential target for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benazir Fatma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanketkumar Nehul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja Kesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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25
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Puranik N, Rani R, Singh VA, Tomar S, Puntambekar HM, Srivastava P. Evaluation of the Antiviral Potential of Halogenated Dihydrorugosaflavonoids and Molecular Modeling with nsP3 Protein of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV). ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20335-20345. [PMID: 31815237 PMCID: PMC6893968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral therapy is crucial for the circumvention of viral epidemics. The unavailability of a specific antiviral drug against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) disease has created an alarming situation to identify or develop potent chemical molecules for remedial management of CHIKV. In the present investigation, in silico studies of dihydrorugosaflavonoid derivatives (5a-f) with non-structural protein-3 (nsP3) were carried out. nsP3 replication protein has recently been considered as a possible antiviral target in which crucial inhibitors fit into the adenosine-binding pocket of the macrodomain. The 4'-halogenated dihydrorugosaflavonoids displayed intrinsic binding with the nsp3 macrodomain (PDB ID: 3GPO) of CHIKV. Compounds 5c and 5d showed docking scores of -7.54 and -6.86 kcal mol-1, respectively. Various in vitro assays were performed to confirm their (5a-f) antiviral potential against CHIKV. The non-cytotoxic dose was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and was found to be <100 μM. The compounds 5c and 5d showed their inhibitory potential for CHIKV, which was determined through cytopathic effect assay and plaque reduction assay, which show inhibition up to 95 and 92% for 70 μM concentration of the compounds, respectively. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay result confirmed the ability of 5c and 5d to reduce the viral RNA level at 70 μM concentration of compounds to nearly 95 and 93% concentration, respectively, in cells with CHIKV infection. Further, the CHIKV-inhibitory capacity of these compounds was corroborated by execution of immunofluorescence assay. The executed work will be meaningful for the future research of studied dihydrorugosaflavonoids against prime antiviral entrants, leading to remedial management to preclude CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad
V. Puranik
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ruchi Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Hemalata M. Puntambekar
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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Mudgal R, Mahajan S, Tomar S. Inhibition of Chikungunya virus by an adenosine analog targeting the SAM-dependent nsP1 methyltransferase. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:678-694. [PMID: 31623018 PMCID: PMC7164056 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses, including Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), are among the leading causes of recurrent epidemics all over the world. Alphaviral nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) orchestrates the capping of nascent viral RNA via its S-adenosyl methionine-dependent N-7-methyltransferase (MTase) and guanylyltransferase activities. Here, we developed and validated a novel capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based assay for measuring the MTase activity of purified VEEV and CHIKV nsP1. We employed the assay to assess the MTase inhibition efficiency of a few adenosine analogs and identified 5-iodotubercidin (5-IT) as an inhibitor of nsP1. The antiviral potency of 5-IT was evaluated in vitro using a combination of cell-based assays, which suggest that 5-IT is efficacious against CHIKV in cell culture (EC50 : 0.409 µm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
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