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Li S, Guo S, Liu F, Yao Y, Zhu Y, Feng WH. miR-451-targeted PSMB8 promotes PRRSV infection by degrading IRF3. J Virol 2024:e0078424. [PMID: 39194214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00784-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of pigs, causing reproductive failures in sows and severe respiratory symptoms in piglets and growing pigs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to play an essential role in virus-host interactions. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-451 enhanced type I interferon (IFN-I) production through targeting proteasome subunit β8 (PSMB8), therefore restricting PRRS virus (PRRSV) replication. We showed that the expression of PSMB8 was upregulated by PRRSV infection, and knockdown of PSMB8 inhibited PRRSV replication by promoting IFN-I production. Moreover, we demonstrated that PSMB8 interacted with the regulatory domain of IRF3 to mediate K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of IRF3. Also, importantly, we showed that PSMB8, as a target gene of miR-451, negatively regulated IFN-I production by promoting IRF3 degradation, which is a previously unknown mechanism for PSMB8 to modulate innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), as a huge threat to the swine industry, is a causative agent that urgently needs to be solved. The dissecting of PRRSV pathogenesis and understanding of the host-pathogen interaction will provide insights into developing effective anti-PRRSV strategies. In this study, we showed that miR-451 dramatically inhibited PRRSV replication by targeting proteasome subunit β8 (PSMB8), a subunit of the immunoproteasome. Mutation of PSMB8 is often related to autoinflammatory diseases due to the elevated IFN production. We revealed that PSMB8 downregulated IFN production by promoting IRF3 degradation. In addition, we showed that PRRSV infection upregulated PSMB8 expression. Taken together, our findings reveal that miR-451 is a negative regulator of PRRSV replication, and PSMB8, a target gene of miR-451, negatively regulates IFN-I production by promoting IRF3 degradation, which is a previously unknown mechanism for PSMB8 to regulate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Zheng Y, Li G, Liu K, Luo Q, Sun W, Zhao M. Genetic variation and recombination analysis of the GP5 gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1444040. [PMID: 39176398 PMCID: PMC11340500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1444040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a significant threat to the global swine industry, and its prevalence in Thailand spans over two decades. Methods To understand the genetic variation and recombination of the PRRS virus (PRRSV) GP5 gene in Thailand, we retrieved 726 GP5 gene sequences from the NCBI database. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods, and recombination analysis was performed. Results Homology analysis was conducted on 83 PRRSV-1 and 83 PRRSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the prevalence of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains in Thailand, with the latter exhibiting wider distribution. PRRSV-1 strains clustered into clades A, D, and H, while PRRSV-2 strains grouped into lineages 1, 5, and sublineage 8.7, further divided into 8.7/HP and 8.7/NA sublineages. Sublineage 8.7/NA strains accounted for a significant proportion of circulating PRRSV-2 strains. Homology analysis showed nucleotide and amino acid similarities ranging from 75.4 to 100.0% and 41.3 to 100.0% for PRRSV-1, and 78.6 to 100.0% and 70.8 to 100.0% for PRRSV-2 strains. Amino acid sequence alignments revealed mutations, insertions, and deletions in PRRSV-1 GP5, and key residue mutations in PRRSV-2 GP5 associated with biological functions. Recombination analysis identified two recombination events within PRRSV-2 sublineage 8.7 strains. Discussion These findings confirm the variability of the GP5 protein. This study enhances our understanding of PRRSV prevalence and genetic variation in Thailand, contributing valuable insights for PRRS prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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3
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Shaw TM, Huey D, Mousa-Makky M, Compaleo J, Nennig K, Shah AP, Jiang F, Qiu X, Klipsic D, Rowland RRR, Slukvin II, Sullender ME, Baldridge MT, Li H, Warren CJ, Bailey AL. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a pan-arterivirus receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6726. [PMID: 39112502 PMCID: PMC11306234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Arteriviruses infect a variety of mammalian hosts, but the receptors used by these viruses to enter cells are poorly understood. We identified the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) as an important pro-viral host factor via comparative genome-wide CRISPR-knockout screens with multiple arteriviruses. Using a panel of cell lines and divergent arteriviruses, we demonstrate that FcRn is required for the entry step of arterivirus infection and serves as a molecular barrier to arterivirus cross-species infection. We also show that FcRn synergizes with another known arterivirus entry factor, CD163, to mediate arterivirus entry. Overexpression of FcRn and CD163 sensitizes non-permissive cells to infection and enables the culture of fastidious arteriviruses. Treatment of multiple cell lines with a pre-clinical anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody blocked infection and rescued cells from arterivirus-induced death. Altogether, this study identifies FcRn as a novel pan-arterivirus receptor, with implications for arterivirus emergence, cross-species infection, and host-directed pan-arterivirus countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teressa M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devra Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Makky Mousa-Makky
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jared Compaleo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kylie Nennig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aadit P Shah
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devon Klipsic
- Research Animal Resources and Compliance (RARC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meagan E Sullender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Haichang Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Wei R, Li L, Chen H, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu X. Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by rifampicin in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1439015. [PMID: 39051013 PMCID: PMC11266174 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1439015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause significant economic losses to the global swine industry, yet effective prevention and control measures remain elusive. The development of novel antivirals is thus urgently needed. Rifampicin (RFP), a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin, has been previously reported to inhibit the replication of certain mammalian DNA viruses as well as RNA viruses. In this study, we unveil RFP as a potent inhibitor of PRRSV both in Marc-145 cells (half-maximal inhibitory concentration 61.26 μM) and porcine alveolar macrophages (half-maximal inhibitory concentration 53.09 μM). The inhibitory effect of RFP occurred during viral replication rather than binding, internalization and release. We also demonstrated that RFP inhibits PRRSV proteins production in the early stage of infection, without inhibiting host protein synthesis. Moreover, RFP effectively restricted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) infection in Vero cells. In summary, these findings indicate the promising potential of RFP as a therapeutic agent for PRRSV, PEDV and PEAV infection in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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5
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Zhang M, Qian B, Veit M. Engineering and characterizing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus with separated and tagged genes encoding the minor glycoproteins. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110125. [PMID: 38795404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major pathogen affecting pigs and belongs to the enveloped plus-stranded RNA virus family Arteriviridae. A unique feature of Arteriviruses is that the genes encoding the structural proteins overlap at their 3` and 5` ends. This impedes mutagenesis opportunities and precludes the binding of short peptides for antibody detection, as this would alter the amino acids encoded by the overlapping gene. In this study, we aimed to generate infectious PRRSV variants with separated genes encoding the minor glycoproteins Gp2, Gp3, and Gp4, accompanied by appended tags for detection. All recombinant genomes facilitate the release of infectious virus particles into the supernatant of transfected 293 T cells, as evidenced by immunofluorescence of infected MARC-145 cells using anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Furthermore, expression of Gp2-Myc and Gp3-HA was confirmed through immunofluorescence and western blot analysis with tag-specific antibodies. However, after two passages of Gp2-Myc and Gp3-HA viruses, the appended tags were completely removed as indicated by sequencing the viral genome. Recombinant viruses with separated Gp2 and Gp3 genes remained stable for at least nine passages, while those with Gp3 and Gp4 genes separated reverted to wild type after only four passages. Notably, this virus exhibited significantly reduced titers in growth assays. Furthermore, we introduced a tag to the C-terminus of Gp4. The Gp4-HA virus was consistently stable for at least 10 passages, and the HA-tag was detectable by western blotting and immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minze Zhang
- Free University Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Robert von Ostertagstr 7, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Bang Qian
- Free University Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Robert von Ostertagstr 7, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Free University Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Robert von Ostertagstr 7, Berlin 14163, Germany.
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6
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Fu C, Shao Q, Zhang L, Cui X, Chen T, Tian C, Qian F, Chu X, Li Y, Yang P, Hou Y, Xiao Y. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody to a dominant epitope in non-structural protein 4 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Immunol Methods 2024; 530:113697. [PMID: 38823576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe swine diseases causing great economic losses for the international swine industry. Non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) is critical to the life cycle of PRRSV and contains dominant B cell epitopes. This study prepared a monoclonal antibody against Nsp4, and 2D11, which contained the sequence 138KQGGGIVTRPSGQFCN153, was confirmed as the epitope. A 2D11-based double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dasELISA) was next developed with a cut value of 0.1987. A total of 1354 pig serum samples were detected by dasELISA and compared to a commercial ELISA kit (N-coated iELISA), resulting in a positive coincidence rate of 98.8% and negative coincidence rate of 96.9%. A total of 119 sera were positive by dasELISA while negative by iELISA. Higher positive rates by dasELISA were found in pig farms where PRRSV antibody levels varied widely. These results indicated that the dasELISA was a useful tool to detect PRRSV antibody in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolun Fu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Shao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Chang Tian
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Fenglu Qian
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xuefei Chu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Yingchao Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Pingping Yang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Yanmeng Hou
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China.
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7
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Chang X, Ma J, Zhou Y, Xiao S, Xiao X, Fang L. Development of a Ferritin Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine with PRRSV GP5 Protein. Viruses 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38932282 PMCID: PMC11209462 DOI: 10.3390/v16060991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) presents a significant threat to the global swine industry. The development of highly effective subunit nanovaccines is a promising strategy for preventing PRRSV variant infections. In this study, two different types of ferritin (Ft) nanovaccines targeting the major glycoprotein GP5, named GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft, were constructed and evaluated as vaccine candidates for PRRSV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that both purified GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft proteins could self-assemble into nanospheres. A comparison of the immunogenicity of GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft with an inactivated PRRSV vaccine in BALB/c mice revealed that mice immunized with GP5m-Ft exhibited the highest ELISA antibody levels, neutralizing antibody titers, the lymphocyte proliferation index, and IFN-γ levels. Furthermore, vaccination with the GP5m-Ft nanoparticle effectively protected piglets against a highly pathogenic PRRSV challenge. These findings suggest that GP5m-Ft is a promising vaccine candidate for controlling PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.C.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (S.X.)
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.C.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (S.X.)
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.C.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (S.X.)
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.C.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (S.X.)
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.C.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (S.X.)
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.C.); (J.M.); (Y.Z.); (S.X.)
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Ren J, Tan S, Chen X, Wang X, Lin Y, Jin Y, Niu S, Wang Y, Gao X, Liang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Tian WX. Characterization of a novel recombinant NADC30‑like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Shanxi Province, China. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1879-1889. [PMID: 38349546 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens affecting the swine industry. In this report, a novel PRRSV strain SXht2012 was isolated from Shanxi province in China. To identify genetic characteristics of SXht2012, we conducted phylogenetic and homology analyses after sequencing its complete genome. The results revealed that SXht2012 belonged to NADC30-like strain and shared 91.3% nucleotide (nt) identity with strain NADC30. Notably, sequence alignment showed that a distinctive feature in the NSP2 region, where a 131-amino acid (aa) deletion was found in the hypervariable region (HVR). Additionally, variations were also detected in the GP5 protein, specifically in the decoy peptide, T cell peptide, and a potential glycosylation site (aa 32). Furthermore, we also found that SXht2012 was likely a recombination virus originating from NADC30-like and JXA1-like strains, and three recombination breakpoints were identified in the genome at nt positions 1516, 5280 and 6851, which correspond to the NSP2, NSP3, and NSP7 regions. Overall, these findings have significant implications for understanding the genetic variation and evolutionary dynamics of PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Ren
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Tan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yiting Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Beijing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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9
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Li W, Li Y, Li M, Zhang H, Feng Z, Xu H, Li C, Guo Z, Gong B, Peng J, Zhou G, Tian Z, Wang Q. Development and application of a blocking ELISA based on a N protein monoclonal antibody for the antibody detection against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131842. [PMID: 38679249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most widespread illnesses in the world's swine business. To detect the antibodies against PRRSV-2, a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (B-ELISA) was developed, utilizing a PRRSV-2 N protein monoclonal antibody as the detection antibody. A checkerboard titration test was used to determine the optimal detection antibody dilution, tested pig serum dilution and purified PRRSV coated antigen concentration. After analyzing 174 negative pig sera and 451 positive pig sera, a cutoff value of 40 % was selected to distinguish between positive and negative sera using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were evaluated to equal 99.8 % and 96 %, respectively. The method had no cross-reaction with PCV2, PRV, PPV, CSFV, PEDV, TGEV, and PRRSV-1 serum antibodies, and the coefficients of variation of intra-batch and inter-batch repeatability experiments were both <10 %. A total of 215 clinical serum samples were tested, and the relative coincidence rate with commercial ELISA kit was 99.06 %, and the kappa value was 0.989, indicating that these two detection results exhibited high consistency. Overall, the B-ELISA should serve as an ideal method for large-scale serological investigation of PRRSV-2 antibodies in domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Beijing Biomedicine Technology Center of JoFunHwa Biotechnology (Nanjing Co. Ltd.), Beijing 102600, China
| | - Minhua Li
- Beijing IDEXX Laboratories, Co., Ltd, Beijing 101318, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
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10
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Wei R, Zhang X, Wang X, Li L, Fu Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Guo C. PDCD4 restricts PRRSV replication in an eIF4A-dependent manner and is antagonized by the viral nonstructural protein 9. J Virol 2024; 98:e0006024. [PMID: 38557170 PMCID: PMC11092367 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00060-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
As obligate parasites, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune defense. Manipulation of the host proteasome system to degrade specific detrimental factors is a common viral countermeasure. To identify host proteins targeted for proteasomal degradation by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), we conducted a quantitative proteomics screen of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells under the treatment with proteasome inhibitor MG132. The data revealed that the expression levels of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) were strongly downregulated by PRRSV and significantly rescued by MG132. Further investigation confirmed that PRRSV infection induced the translocation of PDCD4 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and the viral nonstructural protein 9 (Nsp9) promoted PDCD4 proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm by activating the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway. The C-terminal domain of Nsp9 was responsible for PDCD4 degradation. As for the role of PDCD4 during PRRSV infection, we demonstrated that PDCD4 knockdown favored viral replication, while its overexpression significantly attenuated replication, suggesting that PDCD4 acts as a restriction factor for PRRSV. Mechanistically, we discovered eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) was required for PRRSV. PDCD4 interacted with eIF4A through four sites (E249, D253, D414, and D418) within its two MA3 domains, disrupting eIF4A-mediated translation initiation in the 5'-untranslated region of PRRSV, thereby inhibiting PRRSV infection. Together, our study reveals the antiviral function of PDCD4 and the viral strategy to antagonize PDCD4. These results will contribute to our understanding of the immune evasion strategies employed by PRRSV and offer valuable insights for developing new antiviral targets.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection results in major economic losses in the global swine industry and is difficult to control effectively. Here, using a quantitative proteomics screen, we identified programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) as a host protein targeted for proteasomal degradation by PRRSV. We demonstrated that PDCD4 restricts PRRSV replication by interacting with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, which is required for translation initiation in the viral 5'-untranslated region. Additionally, four sites within two MA3 domains of PDCD4 are identified to be responsible for its antiviral function. Conversely, PRRSV nonstructural protein 9 promotes PDCD4 proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm by activating the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway, thus weakening the anti-PRRSV function. Our work unveils PDCD4 as a previously unrecognized host restriction factor for PRRSV and reveals that PRRSV develops countermeasures to overcome PDCD4. This will provide new insights into virus-host interactions and the development of new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yajie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Huang B, Deng L, Xu T, Jian Z, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. Isolation and pathogenicity comparison of two novel natural recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with different recombination patterns in Southwest China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0407123. [PMID: 38511956 PMCID: PMC11064529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04071-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry. Frequent mutations and recombinations account for PRRSV immune evasion and the emergence of novel strains. In this study, we isolated and characterized two novel PRRSV-2 strains from Southwest China exhibiting distinct recombination patterns. They were designated SCABTC-202305 and SCABTC-202309. Phylogenetic results indicated that SCABTC-202305 was classified as lineage 8, and SCABTC-202309 was classified as lineage 1.8. Amino acid mutation analysis identified unique amino acid substitutions and deletions in ORF5 and Nsp2 genes. The results of the recombination analysis revealed that SCABTC-202305 is a recombinant with JXA1 as the major parental strain and NADC30 as the minor parental strain. At the same time, SCABTC-202309 is identified as a recombinant with NADC30 as the major parental strain and JXA1 as the minor parental strain. In this study, we infected piglets with SCABTC-202305, SCABTC-202309, or mock inoculum (control) to study the pathogenicity of these isolates. Although both isolated strains were pathogenic, SCABTC-202305-infected piglets exhibited more severe clinical signs and higher mortality, viral load, and antibody response than SCABTC-202309-infected piglets. SCABTC-202305 also caused more extensive lung lesions based on histopathology. Our findings suggest that the divergent pathogenicity observed between the two novel PRRSV isolates may be attributed to variations in the genetic information encoded by specific genomic regions. Elucidating the genetic determinants governing PRRSV virulence and transmissibility will inform efforts to control this devastating swine pathogen.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most critical pathogens impacting the global swine industry. Frequent mutations and recombinations have made the control of PRRSV increasingly difficult. Following the NADC30-like PRRSV pandemic, recombination events involving PRRSV strains have further increased. We isolated two novel field PRRSV recombinant strains, SCABTC-202305 and SCABTC-202309, exhibiting different recombination patterns and compared their pathogenicity in animal experiments. The isolates caused higher viral loads, persistent fever, marked weight loss, moderate respiratory clinical signs, and severe histopathologic lung lesions in piglets. Elucidating correlations between recombinant regions and pathogenicity in these isolates can inform epidemiologic tracking of emerging strains and investigations into viral adaptive mechanisms underlying PRRSV immunity evasion. Our findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance to curb this economically damaging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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12
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Ba C, Tian C, Bo X, Xu C, Zhang Y, Sun X, Nan Y, Wu C. Porcine HERC6 acts as major E3 ligase for ISGylation and is auto-ISGylated for effective ISGylation in porcine. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106633. [PMID: 38554778 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) can be conjugated to substrates through ISGylation. Currently, the E3 ligase for porcine ISGylation remains unclear. Here, we identified porcine HERC5 and HERC6 (pHERC5/6) as ISGylation E3 ligases with pHERC6 acting as a major one by reconstitution of porcine ISGylation system in HEK-293 T cell via co-transfecting E1, E2 and porcine ISG15(pISG15) genes. Meanwhile, our data demonstrated that co-transfection of pISG15 and pHERC5/6 was sufficient to confer ISGylation, suggesting E1 and E2 of ISGylation are interchangeable between human and porcine. Using an immunoprecipitation based ISGylation analysis, our data revealed pHERC6 was a substrate for ISGylation and confirmed that K707 and K993 of pHERC6 were auto-ISGylation sites. Mutation of these sites reduced pHERC6 half-life and inhibited ISGylation, suggesting that auto-ISGylation of pHERC6 was required for effective ISGylation. Conversely, sustained ISGylation induced by overexpression of pISG15 and pHERC6 could be inhibited by a well-defined porcine ISGylation antagonist, the ovarian tumor (OTU) protease domain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-nsp2 and PRRSV-nsp1β, further indicating such method could be used for identification of virus-encoded ISG15 antagonist. In conclusion, our study contributes new insights towards porcine ISGylation system and provides a novel tool for screening viral-encoded ISG15 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Ba
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chaonan Tian
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xueying Bo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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13
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Luo X, Xie S, Xu X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Tan D, Tan Y. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection induces microRNA novel-216 production to facilitate viral-replication by targeting MAVS 3´UTR. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110061. [PMID: 38547545 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused significant economic losses in the swine industry. In this study, the high-throughput sequencing, microRNAs (miRNAs) mimic, and lentivirus were used to screen for potential miRNAs that can promote PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages or Marc-145 cells. It was observed that novel-216, a previously unidentified miRNA, was upregulated through the p38 signaling pathway during PRRSV infection, and its overexpression significantly increased PRRSV replication. Further analysis revealed that novel-216 regulated PRRSV replication by directly targeting mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), an upstream molecule of type Ⅰ IFN that mediates the production and response of type Ⅰ IFN. The proviral function of novel-216 on PRRSV replication was abolished by MAVS overexpression, and this effect was reversed by the 3'UTR of MAVS, which served as the target site of novel-216. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PRRSV-induced upregulation of novel-216 served to inhibit the production and response of typeⅠ IFN and facilitate viral replication, providing new insights into viral immune evasion and persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, No.120 Longshan Road, Yubei District, Chongqing 401147, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.120 Longshan Road, Yubei District, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Sha Xie
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xingsheng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dongmei Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yi Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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14
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Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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15
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Zhao HZ, Liu CY, Meng H, Sun CL, Yang HW, Wang H, Zou J, Li P, Han FY, Qi G, Zhang Y, Lin BB, Liu C, Chen MM, Zhang PL, Chen XD, Zhang YD, Song QJ, Wen YJ, Wang FX. Evolution Characterization and Pathogenicity of an NADC34-like PRRSV Isolated from Inner Mongolia, China. Viruses 2024; 16:683. [PMID: 38793564 PMCID: PMC11125647 DOI: 10.3390/v16050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen that causes severe abortions in sows and high piglet mortality, resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The emerging and novel PRRSV isolates are clinically and biologically important, as there are likely recombination and pathogenic differences among PRRSV genomes. Furthermore, the NADC34-like strain has become a major epidemic strain in some parts of China, but the characterization and pathogenicity of the latest strain in Inner Mongolia have not been reported in detail. In this study, an NADC34-like strain (CHNMGKL1-2304) from Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was successfully isolated and characterized, and confirmed the pathogenicity in pigs. The phylogenetic tree showed that this strain belonged to sublineage 1.5 and had high homology with the strain JS2021NADC34. There is no recombination between CHNMGKL1-2304 and any other domestic strains. Animal experiments show that the CHNMGKL1-2304 strain is moderately virulent to piglets, which show persistent fever, weight loss and high morbidity but no mortality. The presence of PRRSV nucleic acids was detected in both blood, tissues, nasal and fecal swabs. In addition, obvious pathological changes and positive signals were observed in lung, lymph node, liver and spleen tissues when subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This report can provide a basis for epidemiological investigations and subsequent studies of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010018, China;
| | - Hai Meng
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Cheng-Long Sun
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Hong-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Jian Zou
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Feng-Ye Han
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Gen Qi
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Bing-Bing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Pan-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Yi-Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Qian-Jin Song
- Yinchuan Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Service Center, Yinchuan 750000, China;
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (H.-Z.Z.); (H.M.); (C.-L.S.); (H.-W.Y.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (P.L.); (F.-Y.H.); (G.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.-B.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.C.); (P.-L.Z.); (X.-D.C.); (Y.-D.Z.); (Y.-J.W.)
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Zhang H, Chen J, Yu C, Pan Y, Ma W, Feng H, Xie J, Chen H, Wang Y, Xia C. Innate Immune Evasion of PRRSV nsp11 through Degradation of the HDAC2 by Its Endoribonuclease Activity. Viruses 2024; 16:678. [PMID: 38793560 PMCID: PMC11125888 DOI: 10.3390/v16050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a member of the Arteriviridae family, represents a persistent menace to the global pig industry, causing reproductive failure and respiratory disease in pigs. In this study, we delved into the role of histone deacetylases (HDAC2) during PRRSV infection. Our findings revealed that HDAC2 expression is downregulated upon PRRSV infection. Notably, suppressing HDAC2 activity through specific small interfering RNA led to an increase in virus production, whereas overexpressing HDAC2 effectively inhibited PRRSV replication by boosting the expression of IFN-regulated antiviral molecules. Furthermore, we identified the virus's nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) as a key player in reducing HDAC2 levels. Mutagenic analyses of PRRSV nsp11 revealed that its antagonistic effect on the antiviral activity of HDAC2 is dependent on its endonuclease activity. In summary, our research uncovered a novel immune evasion mechanism employed by PRRSV, providing crucial insights into the pathogenesis of this virus and guiding the development of innovative prevention strategies against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Changqing Yu
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- College of Veterinary medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830000, China;
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Changyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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17
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Yang R, Ru Y, Wang H, Hao R, Li Y, Zhang T, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Quantum dot fluorescent microsphere-based immunochromatographic strip for detecting PRRSV antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:283. [PMID: 38573435 PMCID: PMC10995003 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Current vaccine prevention and treatment approaches for PRRS are not adequate, and commercial vaccines do not provide sufficient cross-immune protection. Therefore, establishing a precise, sensitive, simple, and rapid serological diagnostic approach for detecting PRRSV antibodies is crucial. The present study used quantum dot fluorescent microspheres (QDFM) as tracers, covalently linked to the PRRSV N protein, to develop an immunochromatography strip (ICS) for detecting PRRSV antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies against PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins were both coated on nitrocellulose membranes as control (C) and test (T) lines, respectively. QDFM ICS identified PRRSV antibodies under 10 min with high sensitivity and specificity. The specificity assay revealed no cross-reactivity with the other tested viruses. The sensitivity assay revealed that the minimum detection limit was 1.2 ng/mL when the maximum dilution was 1:2,048, comparable to the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Moreover, compared to PRRSV ELISA antibody detection kits, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of QDFM ICS after analyzing 189 clinical samples were 96.7%, 97.9%, and 97.4%, respectively. Notably, the test strips can be stored for up to 6 months at 4 °C and up to 4 months at room temperature (18-25 °C). In conclusion, QDFM ICS offers the advantages of rapid detection time, high specificity and sensitivity, and affordability, indicating its potential for on-site PRRS screening. KEY POINTS: • QDFM ICS is a novel method for on-site and in-lab detection of PRRSV antibodies • Its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are on par with commercial ELISA kits • QDFM ICS rapidly identifies PRRSV, aiding the swine industry address the evolving virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- China Agricultural Veterinarian Biology Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Huibao Wang
- College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Gansu Forestry Technological College, Tianshui, 741020, Gansu, China
| | - Rongzeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yajun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Gansu Forestry Technological College, Tianshui, 741020, Gansu, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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18
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Arjin C, Hongsibsong S, Pringproa K, Ruksiriwanich W, Lumsangkul C, Arunorat J, Chuammitri P, Seel-Audom M, Sommano SR, Sringarm K. Immune response enhancement by dietary supplementation with Caesalpinia sappan extract in weaned pigs challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:111. [PMID: 38515094 PMCID: PMC10958915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe epidemics impacting pig farming globally. Despite the fact that a number of studies have been conducted on potential solutions to this problem, none have proven effective. The focus of problem solving is the use of natural ingredients such as plant extracts. Popular throughout Asia, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) is a therapeutic plant that inhibits PRRSV in vitro. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the efficacy of CS extract dietary supplementation on the productive performance, antibody levels, immunological indicators, and lung pathology of PRRSV-challenged weaned pigs. A total of 32 weaned piglets (28 days old) were randomized into 4 groups and kept separately for 14 days. The treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 factorial design involving two factors: PRRSV challenge and supplementation with 1 mg/kg CS extract. The pigs in the PRRSV-challenged groups were intranasally inoculated with 2 mL of PRRSV (VR2332) containing 104 TCID50/mL, while those in the groups not challenged with PRRSV were inoculated with 2 mL of normal saline. RESULTS In the PRRSV-challenged group (CS + PRRSV), supplementation with CS extract led to an increase in white blood cells (WBCs) on Day 7 post infection (p < 0.05) and particularly in lymphocytes on Days 7 and 14. The antibody titer was significantly greater in the CS + PRRSV group than in the PRRSV-challenged group not administered CS (PRRSV group) on Day 14 postinfection (S/P = 1.19 vs. 0.78). In addition, CS extract administration decreased the prevalence of pulmonary lesions, which were more prevalent in the PRRSV-challenged pigs that did not receive the CS extract. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that supplementation with CS extract is beneficial for increasing WBC counts, especially lymphocytes, increasing the levels of antibodies and reducing the prevalence of lung lesions in PRRSV-infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Arjin
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Mintra Seel-Audom
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Xu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang M, Chen L, Tian K, Li X. Tubercidin inhibits PRRSV replication via RIG-I/NF-κB pathways and interrupting viral nsp2 synthesis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0347923. [PMID: 38299833 PMCID: PMC10913529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03479-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an RNA virus with constantly emerging recombinant and mutant strains. Because of the high genetic diversity of PRRSV, current vaccines only provide partial protection against the infection of heterologous strains, which makes it a challenge for PRRSV prevention and control. Tubercidin is a naturally extracted compound with potential antiviral properties. However, whether tubercidin has anti-PRRSV ability is unknown. Our study found that tubercidin showed effective antiviral effects on PRRSV replication. In terms of mechanism, tubercidin suppressed PRRSV at the entry, replication, and release steps of the viral life cycle. Additionally, we demonstrated that tubercidin treatment promoted the activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling pathway, thus increasing the type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, tubercidin restrained the viral non-structural protein 2 expression and viral dsRNA synthesis and ultimately inhibited PRRSV replication. Hence, our data showed that tubercidin is promising and has potential antiviral ability against PRRSV replication in vitro. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important swine diseases, which causes huge economic loss worldwide. However, there is no effective therapeutic method for PRRS prevention and control. Here, we found that tubercidin, a naturally extracted adenosine analog, exhibited strong anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) activity. Mechanically, tubercidin inhibited viral binding, replication, and release. Tubercidin suppressed PRRSV non-structural protein 2 expression, which is important for the formation of replication and transcription complex, leading to the block of viral RNA synthesis and PRRSV replication. Moreover, tubercidin could activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell innate immune signaling pathway and increased the expression of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, which was the other way to inhibit PRRSV replication. Our work evaluated the potential value of tubercidin as an antiviral agent on PRRSV replication and provided a new way to prevent PRRSV replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Xu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Liao Y, Wang H, Liao H, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. Classification, replication, and transcription of Nidovirales. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1291761. [PMID: 38328580 PMCID: PMC10847374 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nidovirales is one order of RNA virus, with the largest single-stranded positive sense RNA genome enwrapped with membrane envelope. It comprises four families (Arterividae, Mesoniviridae, Roniviridae, and Coronaviridae) and has been circulating in humans and animals for almost one century, posing great threat to livestock and poultry,as well as to public health. Nidovirales shares similar life cycle: attachment to cell surface, entry, primary translation of replicases, viral RNA replication in cytoplasm, translation of viral proteins, virion assembly, budding, and release. The viral RNA synthesis is the critical step during infection, including genomic RNA (gRNA) replication and subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs) transcription. gRNA replication requires the synthesis of a negative sense full-length RNA intermediate, while the sg mRNAs transcription involves the synthesis of a nested set of negative sense subgenomic intermediates by a discontinuous strategy. This RNA synthesis process is mediated by the viral replication/transcription complex (RTC), which consists of several enzymatic replicases derived from the polyprotein 1a and polyprotein 1ab and several cellular proteins. These replicases and host factors represent the optimal potential therapeutic targets. Hereby, we summarize the Nidovirales classification, associated diseases, "replication organelle," replication and transcription mechanisms, as well as related regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyu Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Duan H, Chen X, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Nan Y, Liu B, Zhang A, Sun Y, Zhao Q. A nanobody inhibiting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication via blocking self-interaction of viral nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 2024; 98:e0131923. [PMID: 38084961 PMCID: PMC10804987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01319-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious global pig industry disease. Understanding the mechanism of viral replication and developing efficient antiviral strategies are necessary for combating with PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Recently, nanobody is considered to be a promising antiviral drug, especially for respiratory viruses. The present study evaluated two nanobodies against PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein (PRRSV-N-Nb1 and -Nb2) for their anti-PRRSV activity in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that intracellularly expressed PRRSV-N-Nb1 significantly inhibited PRRSV-2 replication in MARC-145 cells (approximately 100%). Then, the PRRSV-N-Nb1 fused with porcine IgG Fc (Nb1-pFc) as a delivering tag was produced and used to determine its effect on PRRSV-2 replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and pigs. The inhibition rate of Nb1-pFc against PRRSV-2 in PAMs could reach >90%, and it can also inhibit viral replication in vivo. Epitope mapping showed that the motif Serine 105 (S105) in PRRSV-2 N protein was the key amino acid binding to PRRSV-N-Nb1, which is also pivotal for the self-interaction of N protein via binding to Arginine 97. Moreover, viral particles were not successfully rescued when the S105 motif was mutated to Alanine (S105A). Attachment, entry, genome replication, release, docking model analysis, and blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated that the binding of PRRSV-N-Nb1 to N protein could block its self-binding, which prevents the viral replication of PRRSV. PRRSV-N-Nb1 may be a promising drug to counter PRRSV-2 infection. We also provided some new insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding and assembly of viral particles.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes serious economic losses to the swine industry worldwide, and there are no highly effective strategies for prevention. Nanobodies are considered a promising novel approach for treating diseases because of their ease of production and low costing. Here, we showed that PRRSV-N-Nb1 against PRRSV-N protein significantly inhibited PRRSV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the motif Serine 105 (S105) in PRRSV-N protein was the key amino acid to interact with PRRSV-N-Nb1 and bond to its motif R97, which is important for the self-binding of N protein. The PRRSV-N-Nb1 could block the self-interaction of N protein following viral assembly. These findings not only provide insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding as a key factor for viral replication for the first time but also highlight a novel target for the development of anti-PRRSV replication drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Hemberger MY, Chiwome B, Khaiseb S, Dundon WG, Franzo G. First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1323974. [PMID: 38288380 PMCID: PMC10822890 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1323974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The swine sector in Africa plays an important role in local economies, contributing to poverty alleviation and community subsistence. In addition, intensive farming is progressively becoming more important in the region. Therefore, any disease affecting swine populations can have detrimental effects on local communities. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the most important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide, but information on its epidemiology in Africa is extremely limited. Material and methods In the present study, 147 healthy butchered pigs, originating from 15 Namibian intensive and rural farms were tested by RT-PCR and the ORF7 genes of positive samples were sequenced for further genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, 55 warthogs were also evaluated using the same approach. Results Overall, 7 out of 147 pigs (4.76%) tested positive, all originating from 3 rural farms (with a within-herd detection frequency higher than 14%) characterized by strong epidemiological links. All industrial pig and warthog samples were negative. Sequence analysis revealed that all strains belonged to the Betaarterivirus suid1 species, previously known as PRRSV type I, and were likely imported from Europe at least 6 years ago, evolving independently thereafter. When and how the first introduction occurred could not be determined due to the absence of other African sequences for comparison. Discussion The present work provides the first detection and characterization of PRRSV molecular epidemiology in Namibia. Based on the present findings, the presence of the PPRSV appears marginal and limited to backyard farms. While biosecurity measures applied in industrial farms appear to be effective in preventing viral introduction, PRRSV circulation in rural settings still represents a potential threat, and considering the socio-economical implication of livestock diseases decreasing animal performances in rural areas, active monitoring should be encouraged to promptly act against emerging menaces and guarantee the welfare of local pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Lauren M. Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Y. Hemberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
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23
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Jakab S, Bálint Á, Cseri K, Bali K, Kaszab E, Domán M, Halas M, Szarka K, Bányai K. Genome stability assessment of PRRS vaccine strain with new ARTIC-style sequencing protocol. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327725. [PMID: 38260197 PMCID: PMC10800885 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A tiling amplicon sequencing protocol was developed to analyse the genome sequence stability of the modified live PRRSV vaccine strain, Porcilis MLV. The backbone of the ARTIC-style protocol was formed by 34 individual primer pairs, which were divided into two primer pools. Primer pairs were designed to amplify 532 to 588 bp fragments of the corresponding genomic region. The amplicons are suitable for sequencing on Illumina DNA sequencers with available 600-cycle sequencing kits. The concentration of primer pairs in the pools was optimized to obtain a balanced sequencing depth along the genome. Deep sequencing data of three vaccine batches were also analysed. All three vaccine batches were very similar to each other, although they also showed single nucleotide variations (SNVs) affecting less than 1 % of the genome. In the three vaccine strains, 113 to 122 SNV sites were identified; at these sites, the minority variants represented a frequency range of 1 to 48.7 percent. Additionally, the strains within the batches contained well-known length polymorphisms; the genomes of these minority deletion mutants were 135 to 222 bp shorter than the variant with the complete genome. Our results show the usefulness of ARTIC-style protocols in the evaluation of the genomic stability of PRRS MLV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Jakab
- Pathogen Discovery Group, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Cseri
- One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- Pathogen Discovery Group, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Pathogen Discovery Group, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marianna Domán
- Pathogen Discovery Group, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Krisztina Szarka
- One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Pathogen Discovery Group, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Fan X, Ren C, Ning K, Shoala MA, Ke Q, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Qiu R, Liang J, Xiao S. Enantioselective Antiviral Activities of Chiral Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58251-58259. [PMID: 38053348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral nanoparticles (C-NPs) play a crucial role in biomedical applications, especially in their biological effects on cytotoxicity and metabolism. However, there are rare reports about the antivirus property of C-NPs and their working mechanism. Here, three different types of chiral ZnO NPs (l-ZnO, d-ZnO, and dl-ZnO) were prepared as enantioselective antivirals. Biocompatibility test results showed that the three different chiral ZnO NPs varied significantly in cytotoxicity. Evaluation of their effects against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) indicated that compared with d-ZnO and dl-ZnO NPs, l-ZnO NPs exhibited stronger anti-PRRSV activity due to their higher cognate cell adhesion and uptake. Furthermore, the high concentration of l-ZnO NPs can obviously reduce cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MARC-145 cells, thus effectively preventing PRRSV-induced oxidative damage. This study demonstrated the outstanding antiviral properties of l-ZnO NPs, which may facilitate the development and application of C-NPs in antiviral drugs and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Caifeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Keke Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed A Shoala
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qiyun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Runhui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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25
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Riccio S, Childs K, Jackson B, Graham SP, Seago J. The Identification of Host Proteins That Interact with Non-Structural Proteins-1α and -1β of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-1. Viruses 2023; 15:2445. [PMID: 38140685 PMCID: PMC10747794 DOI: 10.3390/v15122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV-1 and -2) are the causative agents of one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies, largely focused on PRRSV-2, have shown that non-structural protein-1α (NSP1α) and NSP1β modulate host cell responses; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel PRRSV-1 NSP1-host protein interactions to improve our knowledge of NSP1-mediated immunomodulation. NSP1α and NSP1β from a representative western European PRRSV-1 subtype 1 field strain (215-06) were used to screen a cDNA library generated from porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the primary target cell of PRRSV, using the yeast-2-hybrid system. This identified 60 putative binding partners for NSP1α and 115 putative binding partners for NSP1β. Of those taken forward for further investigation, 3 interactions with NSP1α and 27 with NSP1β were confirmed. These proteins are involved in the immune response, ubiquitination, nuclear transport, or protein expression. Increasing the stringency of the system revealed NSP1α interacts more strongly with PIAS1 than PIAS2, whereas NSP1β interacts more weakly with TAB3 and CPSF4. Our study has increased our knowledge of the PRRSV-1 NSP1α and NSP1β interactomes, further investigation of which could provide detailed insight into PRRSV immunomodulation and aid vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Riccio
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Kay Childs
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Ben Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (S.R.); (K.C.); (B.J.); (S.P.G.)
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26
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Su N, Lin Z, Liu X, Sun X, Jin X, Feng H, Zhan C, Hu X, Gu C, Zhang W, Cheng G. Pathological observation and transcriptomic analysis of thymus injury in PRRSV-infected piglets. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1949-1962. [PMID: 37266866 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus, the central immune organ in mammals, plays an important role in immune defense. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in piglets can cause thymus injury and immunosuppression. However, the mechanisms of thymus injury remain unknown. This study was aimed at investigating the specific manifestations of thymus injury through the construction of a PRRSV-infected piglet model and histopathological observation. In this study, fourteen 40-day-old PRRSV-free piglets were randomly divided into two groups, eleven of which were intramuscularly injected with 3 mL of PRRSV WUH3 virus suspension (106 PFU /mL) in the infection group, and three of which were sham-inoculated with 3 mL of RPMI-1640 medium in the control group. Clinical necropsy and samples collection were performed on day 8 after artificial infection. With the Illumina platform, the transcriptomes of piglet thymus tissues from infected and control piglets were sequenced to explore the relationships of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways with thymus injury. The immune organs of PRRSV-infected piglets were severely damaged. The histopathological findings in the thymus indicated that PRRSV infection was associated with a large decrease in lymphocytes, cell necrosis and cell apoptosis; an increase in blood vessels and macrophages; thymic corpuscle hyperplasia; and interstitial widening of the thymic lobules. The transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the Gene Ontology functions of DEGs were enriched primarily in biological processes such as angiogenesis, regulation of angiogenesis and positive regulation of cell migration. Moreover, greater numbers of blood vessels and macrophages were observed in the thymus in PRRSV-infected than control piglets. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. The expression of TLR8, IRF5, the chemokines CCL2, CCL3L1 and CCL5; and their receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 was significantly up-regulated in PRRSV infection, thus suggesting that these cytokines were associated with the pathological processes of thymus injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naying Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdan Lin
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Helong Feng
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cunlin Zhan
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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27
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Shaw TM, Maloney SM, Nennig K, Ramuta MD, Norton A, Ibarra R, Kuehnert P, Brinton M, Faaberg K, Kuhn JH, O'Connor DH, Warren CJ, Bailey AL. Ectopic expression of murine CD163 enables cell-culture isolation of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus 63 years after its discovery. J Virol 2023; 97:e0093023. [PMID: 37792000 PMCID: PMC10617578 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00930-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mouse models of viral infection play an especially large role in virology. In 1960, a mouse virus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), was discovered and found to have the peculiar ability to evade clearance by the immune system, enabling it to persistently infect an individual mouse for its entire lifespan without causing overt disease. However, researchers were unable to grow LDV in culture, ultimately resulting in the demise of this system as a model of failed immunity. We solve this problem by identifying the cell-surface molecule CD163 as the critical missing component in cell-culture systems, enabling the growth of LDV in immortalized cell lines for the first time. This advance creates abundant opportunities for further characterizing LDV in order to study both failed immunity and the family of viruses to which LDV belongs, Arteriviridae (aka, arteriviruses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teressa M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara M Maloney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kylie Nennig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew Norton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rodrigo Ibarra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul Kuehnert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Margo Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kay Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USA Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick , Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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28
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Yu J, Shi H, Song K, Yang Y, Li X, Peng L, Fu B, Yi P. Naringenin Improves Innate Immune Suppression after PRRSV Infection by Reactivating the RIG-I-MAVS Signaling Pathway, Promoting the Production of IFN-I. Viruses 2023; 15:2172. [PMID: 38005850 PMCID: PMC10674737 DOI: 10.3390/v15112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been prevalent for nearly forty years since it was first reported. It has been one of the major diseases jeopardizing the healthy development of the world swine industry, as well as causing great economic losses to the industry's economic development. Furthermore, no way has been found to combat the disease due to the immunosuppressive properties of its pathogen porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. We previously examined the mRNA expression of IFN-I in PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells at different time periods using qRT-PCR, and found that the mRNA expression of IFN-I in the late stage of PRRSV infection showed suppression. Naringenin is a flavonoid found in citrus fruits and has a very wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the modulatory effect of naringenin on the suppressed innate immune response after PRRSV infection. The expression of IFN-I, IL-10, and ISGs in the late stage of PRRSV infection was examined using qRT-PCR, and the results showed that naringenin improved the expression of antiviral cytokines suppressed by PRRSV infection. Further results showed that naringenin treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of proteins related to the RIG-I-MAV immune signaling pathway, and that naringenin could not significantly activate the RIG-I-MAVS signaling pathway after the addition of the RIG-I inhibitor Cyclo. Overall, these data demonstrated that naringenin could improve the innate immune response suppressed by PRRSV infection by modulating the RIG-I-MAVS signaling pathway. Therefore, our study will provide a theoretical basis for the development of naringenin as a drug against immunosuppressive viral infectious disease infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pengfei Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.Y.); (H.S.); (K.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
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29
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Fang P, Xie C, Pan T, Cheng T, Chen W, Xia S, Ding T, Fang J, Zhou Y, Fang L, Wei D, Xiao S. Unfolding of an RNA G-quadruplex motif in the negative strand genome of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by host and viral helicases to promote viral replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:10752-10767. [PMID: 37739415 PMCID: PMC10602871 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) is a unique secondary structure formed by guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences. Growing studies reported that the genomes of some viruses harbor G4 structures associated with viral replication, opening up a new field to dissect viral infection. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a representative member of Arteriviridae, is an economically significant pathogen that has devastated the swine industry worldwide for over 30 years. In this study, we identified a highly conserved G-rich sequence with parallel-type G4 structure (named PRRSV-G4) in the negative strand genome RNA of PRRSV. Pyridostatin (PDS), a well-known G4-binding ligand, stabilized the PRRSV-G4 structure and inhibited viral replication. By screening the proteins interacting with PRRSV-G4 in PRRSV-infected cells and single-molecule magnetic tweezers analysis, we found that two helicases, host DDX18 and viral nsp10, interact with and efficiently unwound the PRRSV-G4 structure, thereby facilitating viral replication. Using a PRRSV reverse genetics system, we confirmed that recombinant PRRSV with a G4-disruptive mutation exhibited resistance to PDS treatment, thereby displaying higher replication than wild-type PRRSV. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the PRRSV-G4 structure plays a crucial regulatory role in viral replication, and targeting this structure represents a promising strategy for antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Congbao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ting Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junkang Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dengguo Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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30
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Pei Y, Lin C, Li H, Feng Z. Genetic background influences pig responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1289570. [PMID: 37929286 PMCID: PMC10623566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1289570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly infectious and economically significant virus that causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in pigs. It results in reduced productivity and increased mortality in pigs, causing substantial economic losses in the industry. Understanding the factors affecting pig responses to PRRSV is crucial to develop effective control strategies. Genetic background has emerged as a significant determinant of susceptibility and resistance to PRRSV in pigs. This review provides an overview of the basic infection process of PRRSV in pigs, associated symptoms, underlying immune mechanisms, and roles of noncoding RNA and alternative splicing in PRRSV infection. Moreover, it emphasized breed-specific variations in these aspects that may have implications for individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chenghong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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31
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Ren C, Ke Q, Fan X, Ning K, Wu Y, Liang J. The shape-dependent inhibitory effect of rhein/silver nanocomposites on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:126. [PMID: 37817016 PMCID: PMC10564707 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)/nanopreparations as viral antagonists exhibited a structure-function correlation, i.e., the differences in surface area/volume ratio caused by the variations in shape and size could result in different biochemical properties and biological activities, suggesting an important impact of morphology and structure on the antiviral activity of TCM-based nanoparticles. However, few studies paid attention to this aspect. Here, the effect of TCM-based nanoparticles with different morphologies on their antiviral activity was explored by synthesizing rhein/silver nanocomposites (Rhe@AgNPs) with spherical (S-Rhe/Ag) and linear (L-Rhe/Ag) morphologies, using rhein (an active TCM ingredient) as a reducing agent and taking its self-assembly advantage. Using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model virus, the inhibitory effects of S-Rhe/Ag and L-Rhe/Ag on PRRSV were compared. Results showed that the product morphology could be regulated by varying pH values, and both S- and L-Rhe/Ag exhibited good dispersion and stability, but with a smaller size for L-Rhe/Ag. Antiviral experiments revealed that Rhe@AgNPs could effectively inhibit PRRSV infection, but the antiviral effect was morphology-dependent. Compared with L-Rhe/Ag, S-Rhe/Ag could more effectively inactivate PRRSV in vitro and antagonize its adsorption, invasion, replication, and release stages. Mechanistic studies indicated that Rhe@AgNPs could reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PRRSV infection, and S-Rhe/Ag also had stronger ROS inhibitory effect. This work confirmed the inhibitory effect of Rhe@AgNPs with different morphologies on PRRSV and provided useful information for treating PRRSV infection with metal nanoparticles synthesized from TCM ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Ning
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Wang C, Chen Y, Hu S, Liu X. Insights into the function of ESCRT and its role in enveloped virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1261651. [PMID: 37869652 PMCID: PMC10587442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1261651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is an essential molecular machinery in eukaryotic cells that facilitates the invagination of endosomal membranes, leading to the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). It participates in various cellular processes, including lipid bilayer remodeling, cytoplasmic separation, autophagy, membrane fission and re-modeling, plasma membrane repair, as well as the invasion, budding, and release of certain enveloped viruses. The ESCRT complex consists of five complexes, ESCRT-0 to ESCRT-III and VPS4, along with several accessory proteins. ESCRT-0 to ESCRT-II form soluble complexes that shuttle between the cytoplasm and membranes, mainly responsible for recruiting and transporting membrane proteins and viral particles, as well as recruiting ESCRT-III for membrane neck scission. ESCRT-III, a soluble monomer, directly participates in vesicle scission and release, while VPS4 hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for ESCRT-III complex disassembly, enabling recycling. Studies have confirmed the hijacking of ESCRT complexes by enveloped viruses to facilitate their entry, replication, and budding. Recent research has focused on the interaction between various components of the ESCRT complex and different viruses. In this review, we discuss how different viruses hijack specific ESCRT regulatory proteins to impact the viral life cycle, aiming to explore commonalities in the interaction between viruses and the ESCRT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxuan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Jiang D, Tu T, Zhou Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Yao X, Yang Z, Ren M, Wang Y. Epidemiological investigation and pathogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Sichuan, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241354. [PMID: 37779701 PMCID: PMC10533931 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2) lineage 8 was first detected in mainland China in 2006 and has since rapidly spread to become the primary epidemic strain in the country. In this study, samples such as lung tissue, hilar lymph nodes, abortion fetuses, and blood were collected from large-scale pig farms across 11 prefecture-level cities in Sichuan province between 2019 and 2020 for antigen detection and PRRS virus isolation. The antigen detection results indicated that the positive rate of HP-PRRSV (JXA1-Like strain) was 44.74% (51/114), NADC30-Like PRRSV was 17.54% (20/114), and classical PRRSV (VR2332-Like strain) was 37.72% (43/114). The predominant strain was HP-PRRSV. Positive samples were further inoculated into Marc-145 cells for virus isolation and identification, leading to the isolation of a new JXA1-Like PRRSV strain named SCSN2020. The strain was characterized by RT-qPCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), plaque purification, electron microscopy, and whole genome sequencing. The total length of the viral genome was determined to be approximately 15,374 bp. A comparison of the SCSN2020 genome with VR2332 revealed that both strains had the same discontinuous 30-amino acid deletion on the Nsp2 gene. ORF5 genotyping classified the SCSN2020 strain as sublineage 8.7, with a whole genome sequence identity of 99.34% with JXA1. Furthermore, we evaluated the pathogenicity of the SCSN2020 strain in 28-day-old piglets and observed persistent fever from day 4 to day 10, weight loss started on day 7, dyspnea and severe lung lesions began started on day 14. The results of this study highlight the current PRRSV epidemic situation in Sichuan province and provide a scientific reference for subsequent prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Teng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Romeo C, Parisio G, Scali F, Tonni M, Santucci G, Maisano AM, Barbieri I, Boniotti MB, Stadejek T, Alborali GL. Complex interplay between PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use influences performance parameters in post-weaning pigs. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109830. [PMID: 37481996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the main diseases of pigs, leading to large economic losses in swine production worldwide. PRRSV high mutation rate and low cross-protection between strains make PRRS control challenging. Through a semi-longitudinal approach, we analysed the relationships among performance parameters, PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig nurseries. We collected data over the course of five years in five PRRS-positive nurseries belonging to an Italian multisite operation, for a total of 86 batches and over 200,000 weaners involved. The farm experienced a severe PRRS outbreak in the farrowing unit at the onset of the study, but despite adopting vaccination of all sows, batch-level losses in nurseries in the following years remained constantly high (mean±SE: 11.3 ± 0.5 %). Consistently with previous studies, our phylogenetic analysis of ORF 7 sequences highlighted the peculiarity of strains circulating in Italy. Greater genetic distances between the strain circulating in a weaners' batch and strains from the farrowing unit and the previous batch were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.0001). All the respiratory and enteric coinfections contributed to an increase in losses (all p < 0.026), with secondary infections by Streptococcus suis and enteric bacteria also inducing an increase in AMU (both p < 0.041). Our findings highlight that relying solely on sows' vaccination is insufficient to contain PRRS losses, and the implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures is pivotal to limit PRRSV circulation among pig flows and consequently minimise the risk of exposure to genetically diverse strains that would increase production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna - IZSLER, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Zhang Y, Kong N, Ti J, Cao D, Sui Z, Ge A, Pan L, Zhao K, Zhou Y, Tong G, Li L, Gao F. BST2 negatively regulates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by restricting the expression of viral proteins. Virus Res 2023; 334:199181. [PMID: 37495116 PMCID: PMC10405318 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has seriously affected the viability of swine industries worldwide, and effective measures to control PRRSV are urgently required. Understanding the mechanisms of action of antiviral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral strategies. Interferon-induced bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) can inhibit the replication of various viruses via different pathways. However, little is known about the effects of BST2 on PRRSV. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether the interferon-induced BST2 can inhibit PRRSV replication. We used western blotting and RT-qPCR techniques to analyze the effect of BST2 overexpression and knockdown on PRRSV replication. Overexpression of BST2 inhibited the replication of PRRSV, whereas knockdown of BST2 by small interfering RNA promoted PRRSV replication. Additionally, the expression of BST2 was upregulated during the early phase of PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages. Analysis of PRRSV proteins showed that BST2 restricted the expression of several non-structural viral proteins. BST2 downregulated the expression of Nsp12 through a proteasome-dependent pathway and downregulated the expression and transcription of E protein. These findings demonstrate the potential of BST2 as a critical regulator of PRRSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, PR China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Ti
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, PR China
| | - Dongshen Cao
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Sui
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, PR China
| | - Aimin Ge
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, PR China
| | - Liuting Pan
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, PR China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Cha SH, Hyun BH, Lee HS, Kang SJ, You SH, Jeong J, Park CJ, Lee MS, Park C. A novel chimeric vaccine candidate for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) I and II elicits neutralizing antibodies against both types. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37650730 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important virus within the swine industry. The virus causes respiratory disease and reproductive failure. Two species of PRRSV-I and II are co-dominant, yet no effective vaccination strategy has been developed to protect against these two types. With an aim to develop a chimeric vaccine strain to protect against both types, in this study, a chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type I and II was rescued using reverse genetics for the first time. Four chimeric infectious clones were designed based on the genomic arrangement of the structural proteins. However, only the clone carrying the transcriptional regulatory sequence (TRS) and ORF6 of a PRRSV-I and ORF6 of a PRRSV-II generated a viable recombinant virus, suggesting that concurrent expression of ORF6 from both parental viruses is essential for the recovery of type I and II chimeric PRRSV. The chimeric virus showed significantly lower replication ability than its parental strains in vitro, which was improved by serial passaging. In vivo, groups of pigs were inoculated with either the chimeric virus, one of the parental strains, or PBS. The chimeric virus replicated in pig tissue and was detected in serum 7 days post-inoculation. Serum neutralization tests indicated that pigs inoculated with the chimeric virus elicited neutralizing antibodies that inhibited infection with strains of both species and with greater coverage than the parental viruses. In conclusion, the application of this technique to construct a chimeric PRRSV holds promise for the development of a highly effective modified live vaccine candidate. This is particularly significant since there are currently no approved commercial divalent vaccines available to combat PRRSV-I and II co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Cha
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sim Lee
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- PRRS Research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Jeong
- Division of Animal Care, Yonam College, 313, Yeonam-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Joo Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Yongdu-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Y, Wang R, Li W, Yu C, Zhang R, Hu R, Guo R, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Wang X. Genetic and pathogenic characterization of an NADC-34-like isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:205. [PMID: 37436532 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an NADC34-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), YC-2020, was isolated from a pig farm in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, China. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis showed that the genome sequence of YC-2020 was very similar to those of NADC34-like PRRSV strains in the ORF2-7 region. However, it was more closely related to NADC30-like PRRSV and highly pathogenic (HP) PRRSV in the NSP2 and NSP3-9 coding regions, respectively, suggesting that recombination had occurred between viruses belonging to lineages 1 and 8. Piglets infected with YC-2020 exhibited mild clinical signs, but they had severe histopathological lesions in their lungs. These findings reveal novel genetic and pathogenic features of this isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenfei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruhai Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yefei Zhou
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, 211171, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Cai H, Zhang H, Cheng H, Liu M, Wen S, Ren J. Progress in PRRSV Infection and Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms. Viruses 2023; 15:1442. [PMID: 37515130 PMCID: PMC10385784 DOI: 10.3390/v15071442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has had a huge impact on the farming industry. The virus that causes PRRS is Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and because of its genetic diversity and the complexity of the immune response, the eradication of PRRS has been a challenge. To provide scientific references for PRRSV control and vaccine development, this study describes the processes of PRRSV-induced infection and escape, as well as the host adaptive immune response to PRRSV. It also discusses the relationship between PRRSV and the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanchang Cai
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang 471099, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Huai Cheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Min Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Li S, Wang J, He Z, Yan J, Liu X, Guo C. MARCO Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection through Intensifying Viral GP5-Induced Apoptosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0475322. [PMID: 37078873 PMCID: PMC10269733 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04753-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying viral glycoprotein-host membrane protein interactions contributes to the discovery of novel cell receptors or entry facilitators for viruses. Glycoprotein 5 (GP5), which is a major envelope protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) virions, is a key target for the control of the virus. Here, the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), which is a member of the scavenger receptor family, was identified as one of the host interactors of GP5 through a DUALmembrane yeast two-hybrid screening. MARCO was specifically expressed on porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), and PRRSV infection downregulated MARCO expression both in vitro and in vivo. MARCO was not involved in viral adsorption and internalization processes, indicating that MARCO may not be a PRRSV-entry facilitator. Contrarily, MARCO served as a host restriction factor for PRRSV. The knockdown of MARCO in PAMs enhanced PRRSV proliferation, whereas overexpression suppressed viral proliferation. The N-terminal cytoplasmic region of MARCO was responsible for its inhibitory effect on PRRSV. Further, we found that MARCO was a proapoptotic factor in PRRSV-infected PAMs. MARCO knockdown weakened virus-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression aggravated apoptosis. MARCO aggravated GP5-induced apoptosis, which may result in its proapoptotic function in PAMs. The interaction between MARCO and GP5 may contribute to the intensified apoptosis induced by GP5. Additionally, the inhibition of apoptosis during PRRSV infection weakened the antiviral function of MARCO, suggesting that MARCO inhibits PRRSV through the regulation of apoptosis. Taken together, the results of this study reveal a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCO and suggest a molecular basis for the potential development of therapeutics against PRRSV. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been one of the most serious threats to the global swine industry. Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) exposed on the surface of PRRSV virions is a major glycoprotein, and it is involved in viral entry into host cells. A macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), which is a member of the scavenger receptor family, was identified to interact with PRRSV GP5 in a DUALmembrane yeast two-hybrid screening. Further investigation demonstrated that MARCO may not serve as a potential receptor to mediate PRRSV entry. Instead, MARCO was a host restriction factor for the virus, and the N-terminal cytoplasmic region of MARCO was responsible for its anti-PRRSV effect. Mechanistically, MARCO inhibited PRRSV infection through intensifying virus-induced apoptosis in PAMs. The interaction between MARCO and GP5 may contribute to GP5-induced apoptosis. Our work reveals a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCO and advances the development of control strategies for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songbei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiecong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Wang Q, Yi H, Guo Y, Sun Y, Yu Z, Lu L, Ye R, Xie E, Wu Q, Qiu Y, Quan W, Zhang G, Wang H. PCNA promotes PRRSV replication by increasing the synthesis of viral genome. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109741. [PMID: 37087878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an RNA virus belonging to the Arteriviridae family. Currently, the strain has undergone numerous mutations, bringing massive losses to the swine industry worldwide. Despite several studies had been conducted on PRRSV, the molecular mechanisms by which it causes infection remain unclear. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a sign of DNA damage and it participates in DNA replication and repair. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential role of PCNA in PRRSV infection. We observed that PCNA expression was stable after PRRSV infection in vitro; however, PCNA was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Notably, we found the redistribution of PCNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in cells transfected with the N protein. PCNA silencing inhibited PRRSV replication and the synthesis of PRRSV shorter subgenomic RNA (sgmRNA) and genomic RNA (gRNA), while PCNA overexpression promoted virus replication and PRRSV shorter sgmRNA and gRNA synthesis. By performing immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence colocalization, we confirmed that PCNA interacted with replication-related proteins, namely NSP9, NSP12, and N, but not with NSP10 and NSP11. Domain III of the N protein (41-72 aa) interacted with the IDCL domain of PCNA (118-135 aa). Therefore, we propose cytoplasmic transport of PCNA and its subsequent influence on PRRSV RNA synthesis could be a viral strategy for manipulating cell function, thus PCNA is a potential target to prevent and control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Heyou Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Yanchen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Beijing Veterinary Peptide Vaccine Design and Preparation, Zhong mu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lechen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Ruirui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Ermin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Qianwen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Yingwu Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Weipeng Quan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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41
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Jiao S, Li C, Liu H, Xue M, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Feng C, Ye G, Liu J, Li J, Huang L, Xiong T, Zhang Z, Weng C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway through cleavage of IKKβ by Nsp4. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109767. [PMID: 37141805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious porcine pathogen that causes serious economic losses to the world swine industry. The inhibitor kappa B kinase β (IKKβ), a catalytic subunit of the IKK complex, plays multiple roles in regulating the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and a variety of cytokines transcription involved in immune responses. Here, we reported that the nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) of PRRSV cleaved IKKβ at the E378 site to inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, we clearly showed that cleavage of IKKβ by PRRSV Nsp4 depends on the 3 C-like serine protease activity of Nsp4 because the catalytically inactivate mutants of Nsp4 lost the function to cleave IKKβ. Furthermore, we found that hydrophobic patch at the KD-ULD junction of IKKβ could be disrupted by PRRSV Nsp4 via the cleavage of the E378 site, resulting in disruption of NF-κB activity. Of note, the two cleavage fragments of IKKβ lose their function to phosphorylate IκBα and activate NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings provide a clue to better understand the pathogenic mechanism of PRRSV involved in PRRSV evasion of host antiviral innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Changyao Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengdi Xue
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Longfeng Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Chunying Feng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Guangqiang Ye
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China.
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Tu T, Pang M, Jiang D, Zhou Y, Wu X, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Ren M, Lu A, Zhang G, Yu Y, Wang Y. Development of a Real-Time TaqMan RT-PCR Assay for the Detection of NADC34-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040279. [PMID: 37104434 PMCID: PMC10141196 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus first appeared in 2017 in a herd of pigs in Liaoning Province, China. The virus was subsequently found in other provinces. Given the potential for this virus to cause an epidemic, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of NADC34-like PRRSV is required. The virus' ORF5 gene was artificially synthesized based on a Chinese reference strain, and specific primers/probes for the ORF5 gene were designed. Then, the amplified target fragment was cloned into the pMD19-T vector, and a series of diluted recombinant plasmids were used to generate a standard curve. An optimized real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method was established. The method was highly specific for NADC34-like PRRSV, without cross-reactions with other non-targeted pig viruses. The detection limit of this assay was 101 copies/μL. The method had an efficiency of 98.8%, a squared regression value (R2) of 0.999, and showed a linear range of 103-108 copies/μL of DNA per reaction. This method was shown to be analytically specific and sensitive with a low intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (<1.40%). A total of 321 clinical samples were tested using the established method, and four were shown to be positive (1.24%). This study confirmed the existence of NADC34-like PRRSV and HP-PRRSV co-infection in Sichuan and provided a promising alternative tool for the rapid detection of NADC34-like PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Maonan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xulong Wu
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Sun Z, Chen X, Liu J, Du Y, Duan C, Xiao S, Zhou Y, Fang L. PRRSV-induced inflammation in pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) and pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) contributes to endothelial barrier function injury. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109730. [PMID: 37068404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe infectious disease currently devasting the global pig industry. PRRS is characterized by intense inflammation and severe damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier. Therefore, it is crucial to uncover the underlying mechanism by which the PRRS virus (PRRSV) induces inflammatory responses and barrier function damage. In addition to porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the primary target cells of PRRSV infection in vivo, pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) are also susceptible to PRRSV infection. However, the poor isolation efficiency limits the study of PRRSV infection in PIMs. In this study, we optimized the isolation method to obtain PIMs with higher purity and yield and demonstrated that PRRSV's infection kinetics in PIMs were similar to those in PAMs. Notably, PIMs exhibited a more acute inflammation process during PRRSV infection than PAMs, as evidenced by the earlier upregulation and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β. More acute endothelial barrier disfunction upon PRRSV infection was also observed in PIMs compared to in PAMs. Mechanistically, PRRSV-induced TNF-α and IL-1β could cause endothelial barrier disfunction by dysregulating tight junction proteins, including claudin 1 (CLDN1), claudin 8 (CLDN8) and occludin (OCLN). Our findings revealed the crucial and novel roles of PIMs in facilitating the progression of inflammatory responses and endothelial barrier injury and provided new insights into the mechanisms of PRRSV's induction of interstitial pneumonia.
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Assefi M, Bijan Rostami R, Ebrahimi M, Altafi M, Tehrany PM, Zaidan HK, Talib Al-Naqeeb BZ, Hadi M, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Potential use of the cholesterol transfer inhibitor U18666A as an antiviral drug for research on various viral infections. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106096. [PMID: 37011734 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays critical functions in arranging the biophysical attributes of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. For various viruses, an association with cholesterol for virus entrance and/or morphogenesis has been demonstrated. Therefore, the lipid metabolic pathways and the combination of membranes could be targeted to selectively suppress the virus replication steps as a basis for antiviral treatment. U18666A is a cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) that affects intracellular transport and cholesterol production. A robust tool for investigating lysosomal cholesterol transfer and Ebola virus infection is an androstenolone derived termed U18666A that suppresses three enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis mechanism. In addition, U18666A inhibited low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced downregulation of LDL receptor and triggered lysosomal aggregation of cholesterol. According to reports, U18666A inhibits the reproduction of baculoviruses, filoviruses, hepatitis, coronaviruses, pseudorabies, HIV, influenza, and flaviviruses, as well as chikungunya and flaviviruses. U18666A-treated viral infections may act as a novel in vitro model system to elucidate the cholesterol mechanism of several viral infections. In this article, we discuss the mechanism and function of U18666A as a potent tool for studying cholesterol mechanisms in various viral infections.
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Guo H, Gaowa W, Zhao H, Liu C, Hou L, Wen Y, Wang F. Glycosylated protein 4-deficient PRRSV in complementing cell line shows low virus titer. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:84-95. [PMID: 36958176 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) threats the swine industry seriously. The spread of live vaccine virus leads to the emergence of recombinant virus, which brings biosafety problems. The replication-deficient virus as a vaccine candidate would avoid this problem. In the present study, the recombinant lentiviral plasmid pLV-EF1α-EGFP-2A-ORF4 was co-transfected with lentivirus in HEK293FT cells. The transfection mixture was harvested and transduced into Marc-145 to screen a cell line stably expressing the PRRSV ORF4 with puromycin. The cell line Marc-145-GP4 was confirmed with PCR, RT-PCR, IFA, and Western blotting using a monoclonal antibody against Glycoprotein 4 (GP4) of PRRSV. To obtain a replication-deficient PRRSV, Western blotting the recombinant plasmid pNM09-ΔORF4 was constructed by Overlap PCR and DNA recombinant technology with the pNM09 as a backbone plasmid. The pNM09-ΔORF4 was transfected into Marc-145-GP4 with electroporation after transcription in vitro. The replication-deficient virus was rescued on Marc-145-GP4 cells with trans-complementation of ORF4 gene and verified by RT-PCR and IFA. The results indicated that a cell line Marc-145-GP4 stably expressed PRRSV ORF4 was obtained. The recombinant GP4 was successfully expressed and obtained a monoclonal antibody Anti-A-GP4-70, which can specifically react with the virus. Finally, the replication-deficient virus rNM09-ΔORF4 can be rescued with low titer and could only reproduce on the Marc-145-GP4 cells. Unfortunately, the rNM09-ΔORF4 showed too low virus replication titer to determine it. This study lays the foundation for the rapid detection of PRRS and the functional study of GP4 and provides experience for replication-deficient PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Wudong Gaowa
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Hongzhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lina Hou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yongjun Wen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Fengxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Animal Diseases, Department of Agriculture and villages, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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You X, Li G, Lei Y, Xu Z, Zhang P, Yang Y. Role of genetic factors in different swine breeds exhibiting varying levels of resistance/susceptibility to PRRSV. Virus Res 2023; 326:199057. [PMID: 36731630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), is an economically significant contagious disease. Traditional approaches based on vaccines or medicines were challenging to control PRRSV due to the diversity of viruses. Different breeds of pigs infected with PRRSV have been reported to have different immune responses. However, due to the complexity of interaction mechanism between host and PRRSV, the genetic mechanism leading to PRRSV susceptibility/resistance in various pig breeds is still unclear. Herein, the role of host genetic components in PRRSV susceptibility is systematically described, and the molecular mechanisms by which host genetic factors such as SNPs, cytokines, receptor molecules, intestinal flora, and non-coding RNAs regulate PRRSV susceptibility/resistance. Therefore, improving the resistance to disease of individual animals through disease-resistance breeding technology is of profound significance for uplifting the sustainable and healthy development of the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin You
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Gan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ying Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhiqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Youbing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China.
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Systematic Identification and Comparison of the Expressed Profiles of Exosomal MiRNAs in Pigs Infected with NADC30-like PRRSV Strain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050876. [PMID: 36899733 PMCID: PMC10000162 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological vesicles secreted and released by cells that act as mediators of intercellular communication and play a unique role in virus infection, antigen presentation, and suppression/promotion of body immunity. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most damaging pathogens in the pig industry and can cause reproductive disorders in sows, respiratory diseases in pigs, reduced growth performance, and other diseases leading to pig mortality. In this study, we used the PRRSV NADC30-like CHsx1401 strain to artificially infect 42-day-old pigs and isolate serum exosomes. Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, 305 miRNAs were identified in serum exosomes before and after infection, among which 33 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between groups (13 relatively upregulated and 20 relatively downregulated). Sequence conservation analysis of the CHsx1401 genome identified 8 conserved regions, of which a total of 16 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were predicted to bind to the conserved region closest to the 3' UTR of the CHsx1401 genome, including 5 DE miRNAs capable of binding to the CHsx1401 3' UTR (ssc-miR-34c, ssc-miR-375, ssc-miR-378, ssc-miR-486, ssc-miR-6529). Further analysis revealed that the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were widely involved in exosomal function-related and innate immunity-related signaling pathways, and 18 DE miRNAs (ssc-miR-4331-3p, ssc-miR-744, ssc-miR-320, ssc-miR-10b, ssc-miR-124a, ssc-miR-128, etc.) associated with PRRSV infection and immunity were screened as potential functional molecules involved in the regulation of PRRSV virus infection by exosomes.
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Research Progress on Glycoprotein 5 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050813. [PMID: 36899670 PMCID: PMC10000246 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) is a glycosylated envelope protein encoded by the PRRSV ORF5, which has good immunogenicity and can induce the body to produce neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, study of GP5 protein is of great significance in the diagnosis, prevention, and control of PRRSV and the development of new vaccines. We reviewed GP5 protein genetic variation, immune function, interaction with viral protein and host proteins, induction of cell apoptosis, and stimulation of neutralizing antibodies. GP5 protein's influence on virus replication and virulence, as well as its use as a target for viral detection and immunization are reviewed.
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LGP2 Promotes Type I Interferon Production To Inhibit PRRSV Infection via Enhancing MDA5-Mediated Signaling. J Virol 2023; 97:e0184322. [PMID: 36622220 PMCID: PMC9888222 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the global pig industry, which modulates the host's innate antiviral immunity to achieve immune evasion. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) sense viral RNA and activate the interferon signaling pathway. LGP2, a member of the RLR family, plays an important role in regulating innate immunity. However, the role of LGP2 in virus infection is controversial. Whether LGP2 has a role during infection with PRRSV remains unclear. Here, we found that LGP2 overexpression restrained the replication of PRRSV, while LGP2 silencing facilitated PRRSV replication. LGP2 was prone to interact with MDA5 and enhanced viral RNA enrichment and recognition by MDA5, thus promoting the activation of RIG-I/IRF3 and NF-κB signaling pathways and reinforcing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon during PRRSV infection. Meanwhile, there was a decreased protein expression of LGP2 upon PRRSV infection in vitro. PRRSV Nsp1 and Nsp2 interacted with LGP2 and promoted K63-linked ubiquitination of LGP2, ultimately leading to the degradation of LGP2. These novel findings indicate that LGP2 plays a role in regulating PRRSV replication through synergistic interaction with MDA5. Moreover, targeting LGP2 is responsible for PRRSV immune evasion. Our work describes a novel mechanism of virus-host interaction and provides the basis for preventing and controlling PRRSV. IMPORTANCE LGP2, a member of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), shows higher-affinity binding to RNA and work synergism with RIG-I or MDA5. However, LGP2 has divergent responses to different viruses, which remains controversial in antiviral immune responses. Here, we present the detailed process of LGP2 in positively regulating the anti-PRRSV response. Upon PRRSV infection, LGP2 was prone to bind to MDA5 and enhanced MDA5 signaling, manifesting the enrichment of viral RNA on MDA5 and the activation of downstream IRF3 and NF-κB, which results in increased proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon expression, ultimately inhibiting PRRSV at the early stage of infection. Moreover, PRRSV Nsp1 and Nsp2 interacted with LGP2 via ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, thus blocking LGP2-mediated immune response. This research helps us understand the host recognition and innate antiviral response to PRRSV infection by neglected pattern recognition receptors, which sheds light on the detailed mechanism of virus-host interaction.
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TAT Nanobody Exerts Antiviral Effect against PRRSV In Vitro by Targeting Viral Nucleocapsid Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031905. [PMID: 36768238 PMCID: PMC9915258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which has brought huge economic losses to the pork industry worldwide since its first discovery in the late 1980s in North America. To date, there are no effective commercial vaccines or therapeutic drugs available for controlling the spread of PRRSV. Due to their unique advantages of high affinity and high specificity, nanobodies (Nbs) have received increasing attention in the process of disease diagnosis and treatment. Trans-activator transcription (TAT) can serve as a vector to carry specific proteins into cells by passing through cell membranes. In our previous study, a specific Nb against the PRRSV nucleocapsid (N) protein was screened using phage display technology. For this study, we developed a novel recombinant protein constituting a TAT-conjugated Nb, which we call TAT-Nb1. The target cell entry efficiency of TAT-Nb1 and its effect on PRRSV infection and replication were then investigated. Our results indicate that TAT delivered Nb1 into Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, TAT-Nb1 dose-dependently suppressed PRRSV infection and replication, where this antiviral effect was independent of PRRSV strain. Co-immunoprecipitation results revealed that Nb1 efficiently interacted with the N protein of PRRSV. Taken together, the presented results suggest that TAT-Nb1 can effectively suppress PRRSV replication, and it may be considered as a new anti-PRRSV candidate drug.
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