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Wei PJ, Bao JJ, Gao Z, Tan JY, Cao RF, Su Y, Zheng CH, Deng L. MEFFGRN: Matrix enhancement and feature fusion-based method for reconstructing the gene regulatory network of epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells by spring viremia of carp virus infection. Comput Biol Med 2024; 179:108835. [PMID: 38996550 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are crucial for understanding organismal molecular mechanisms and processes. Construction of GRN in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells of cyprinid fish by spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection helps understand the immune regulatory mechanisms that enhance the survival capabilities of cyprinid fish. Although many computational methods have been used to infer GRNs, specialized approaches for predicting the GRN of EPC cells following SVCV infection are lacking. In addition, most existing methods focus primarily on gene expression features, neglecting the valuable network structural information in known GRNs. In this study, we propose a novel supervised deep neural network, named MEFFGRN (Matrix Enhancement- and Feature Fusion-based method for Gene Regulatory Network inference), to accurately predict the GRN of EPC cells following SVCV infection. MEFFGRN considers both gene expression data and network structure information of known GRN and introduces a matrix enhancement method to address the sparsity issue of known GRN, extracting richer network structure information. To optimize the benefits of CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) in image processing, gene expression and enhanced GRN data were transformed into histogram images for each gene pair respectively. Subsequently, these histograms were separately fed into CNNs for training to obtain the corresponding gene expression and network structural features. Furthermore, a feature fusion mechanism was introduced to comprehensively integrate the gene expression and network structural features. This integration considers the specificity of each feature and their interactive information, resulting in a more comprehensive and precise feature representation during the fusion process. Experimental results from both real-world and benchmark datasets demonstrate that MEFFGRN achieves competitive performance compared with state-of-the-art computational methods. Furthermore, study findings from SVCV-infected EPC cells suggest that MEFFGRN can predict novel gene regulatory relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing & Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jin-Jin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing & Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing & Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jing-Yun Tan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui-Fen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing & Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yansen Su
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Chun-Hou Zheng
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Li Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Emmenegger EJ, Bueren EK, Conway CM, Sanders GE, Hendrix AN, Schroeder T, Di Cicco E, Pham PH, Lumsden JS, Clouthier SC. Host Jump of an Exotic Fish Rhabdovirus into a New Class of Animals Poses a Disease Threat to Amphibians. Viruses 2024; 16:1193. [PMID: 39205167 PMCID: PMC11360232 DOI: 10.3390/v16081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a rhabdovirus that primarily infects cyprinid finfishes and causes a disease notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health. Amphibians, which are sympatric with cyprinids in freshwater ecosystems, are considered non-permissive hosts of rhabdoviruses. The potential host range expansion of SVCV in an atypical host species was evaluated by testing the susceptibility of amphibians native to the Pacific Northwest. Larval long-toed salamanders Ambystoma macrodactylum and Pacific tree frog Pseudacris regilla tadpoles were exposed to SVCV strains from genotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, or Id by either intraperitoneal injection, immersion, or cohabitation with virus-infected koi Cyprinus rubrofuscus. Cumulative mortality was 100% for salamanders injected with SVCV, 98-100% for tadpoles exposed to virus via immersion, and 0-100% for tadpoles cohabited with SVCV-infected koi. Many of the animals that died exhibited clinical signs of disease and SVCV RNA was found by in situ hybridization in tissue sections of immersion-exposed tadpoles, particularly in the cells of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. SVCV was also detected by plaque assay and RT-qPCR testing in both amphibian species regardless of the virus exposure method, and viable virus was detected up to 28 days after initial exposure. Recovery of infectious virus from naïve tadpoles cohabited with SVCV-infected koi further demonstrated that SVCV transmission can occur between classes of ectothermic vertebrates. Collectively, these results indicated that SVCV, a fish rhabdovirus, can be transmitted to and cause lethal disease in two amphibian species. Therefore, members of all five of the major vertebrate groups (mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and amphibians) appear to be vulnerable to rhabdovirus infections. Future research studying potential spillover and spillback infections of aquatic rhabdoviruses between foreign and domestic amphibian and fish species will provide insights into the stressors driving novel interclass virus transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline J Emmenegger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center (WFRC), 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Emma K Bueren
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center (WFRC), 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Carla M Conway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center (WFRC), 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - George E Sanders
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - A Noble Hendrix
- QEDA Consulting, 4007 Densmore Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tamara Schroeder
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Salmon Foundation (PSF), 1682 W 7th Ave., Vancouver, BC V6J 4S6, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sharon C Clouthier
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Li C, Zhang YA, Lu Y, Ye J, Liu X. Parabacteroides distasonis regulates the infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV at different water temperatures. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 39020382 PMCID: PMC11253412 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infects a wide range of fish species and causes high mortality rates in aquaculture. This viral infection is characterized by seasonal outbreaks that are temperature-dependent. However, the specific mechanism behind temperature-dependent SVCV infectivity and pathogenicity remains unclear. Given the high sensitivity of the composition of intestinal microbiota to temperature changes, it would be interesting to investigate if the intestinal microbiota of fish could play a role in modulating the infectivity of SVCV at different temperatures. RESULTS Our study found that significantly higher infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV infection in zebrafish occurred at relatively lower temperature. Comparative analysis of the intestinal microbiota in zebrafish exposed to high- and low-temperature conditions revealed that temperature influenced the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in zebrafish. A significantly higher abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis and its metabolite secondary bile acid (deoxycholic acid, DCA) was detected in the intestine of zebrafish exposed to high temperature. Both colonization of Parabacteroides distasonis and feeding of DCA to zebrafish at low temperature significantly reduced the mortality caused by SVCV. An in vitro assay demonstrated that DCA could inhibit the assembly and release of SVCV. Notably, DCA also showed an inhibitory effect on the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, another Rhabdoviridae member known to be more infectious at low temperature. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that temperature can be an important factor to influence the composition of intestinal microbiota in zebrafish, consequently impacting the infectivity and pathogenicity of SVCV. The findings highlight the enrichment of Parabacteroides distasonis and its derivative, DCA, in the intestines of zebrafish raised at high temperature, and they possess an important role in preventing the infection of SVCV and other Rhabdoviridae members in host fish. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jing Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xueqin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Zhao L, Wang WZ, Jiang TT, Sun TZ, Liu B, Zhu B. Drug delivery system based on metal-organic framework improved 5-Fluorouracil against spring viremia of carp virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105881. [PMID: 38604448 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), as a high pathogenicity pathogen, has seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cyprinid farming industry. In this study, we selected 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) as the drug model based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to construct a drug delivery system (5-Fu@ZIF-8), and the anti-SVCV activity was detected in vitro and in vivo. The results showed 5-Fu@ZIF-8 was uniform cubic particle with truncated angle and smooth surface, and the particle size was 90 nm. The anti-SVCV activity in vitro results showed that the highest inhibition rate of 5-Fu was 77.93% at 40 mg/L and the inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50) was 20.86 mg/L. For 5-Fu@ZIF-8, the highest inhibition rate was 91.36% at 16 mg/L, and the IC50 value was 5.85 mg/L. In addition, the cell viability was increased by 18.1% after 5-Fu treatment. Similarly, after 5-Fu@ZIF-8 treatment, the cell viability increased by 27.3%. Correspondingly, in vivo experimental results showed the viral loads reduced by 18.1% on the days 7 and the survival rate increased to 19.4% at 80 mg/L after 5-Fu treatment. For 5-Fu@ZIF-8, the viral loads reduced by 41.2% and the survival rate increased to 54.8%. Mechanistically, 5-Fu inhibits viral replication by regulating p53 expression and promoting early apoptosis in infected cells. All results indicated that 5-Fu@ZIF-8 improved the anti-SVCV activity; it may be a potential strategy to construct a drug-loaded system with ZIF-8 as a carrier for the prevention and treatment of aquatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei-Ze Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tian-Tian Jiang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tian-Zi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Radosavljevic V, Cuenca A, Wood G, Glisic D, Maksimovic-Zoric J, Stone D. Phylogenetic analysis of spring viraemia of carp virus isolated in Serbia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1343-1355. [PMID: 37635442 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is an infectious disease responsible for severe economic losses for various cyprinid species, particularly common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio). The causative agent is the Rhabdovirus carpio or SVC virus (SVCV), a member of the Sprivivirus genus, within the Rhabdoviridae family. Phylogenetically, SVCV is divided into four genogroups (SVCV a, SVCV b, SVCV c and SVCV d), which have a reasonable correlation with the geographical distribution of the virus. In the late twentieth century, the disease was widespread in Serbian aquaculture and caused massive deaths in common carp. This study aimed to molecularly characterize the circulating SVCV isolates in Serbia over a 17-year period. The genetic relationships between 21 SVCV isolates from common carp and rainbow trout in Serbia between 1992 and 2009 were determined based on the partial nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gene (G gene). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the dominant SVCV isolates in Serbia belong to the SVCV d genogroup, with only one isolate belonging to genogroup SVCV b. The SVCV strains circulating in Serbia exhibited high homogeneity, as several isolates shared 100% similarity within these genogroups. Most Serbian isolates belonged to SVCV d1 and d2 subgroups, with one isolate notably different and included in a new subgroup SVCV d5. Understanding the SVCV genetic variants circulating in Serbia would be helpful in future epizootic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gareth Wood
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Dorset, UK
| | | | | | - David Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Dorset, UK
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Zhou Y, Qiu TX, Wang H, Hu L, Liu L, Chen J. Application of rhein as an immunostimulant controls spring viremia of carp virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109128. [PMID: 37777100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the exploration of natural compounds possessing both immunostimulatory and antiviral activities has attracted growing attention in aquaculture research. Consequently, the pursuit of identifying natural products exhibiting anti-SVCV potential as immunostimulants holds significant promise, offering a pathway to mitigate the economic ramifications inflicted by SVCV outbreaks in aquaculture settings. Among them, rhein emerges as a particularly compelling contender. Boasting a widespread distribution, well-established extraction methods, and multiple biological activities, it has exhibited the capacity to enhance the antiviral activity of host cells in vitro by blocking the viral internalization process, with a peak inhibition rate of 44.0%. Based on this intervention, rhein inhibited apoptosis and mitochondrial damage triggered by SVCV infection, ultimately producing a significant antiviral effect. Moving beyond the laboratory setting, rhein's efficacy translates effectively into in vivo scenarios. It has demonstrated substantial antiviral potency by increasing the expression of antiviral-related genes, most notably, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), interferon-φ (IFN-φ) and IFN-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). In concert with this genetic modulation, rhein efficiently reduces the viral load, precipitating a consequential enhancement in the survival rate of SVCV-infected fish, elevating it to an encouraging 16%. In conclusion, the outcomes of our investigation offer a compelling testament to rhein's potential as a valuable immunomodulator in the battle against SVCV infections in aquaculture, and the remarkable attributes exhibited by rhein underscore its viability for future commercial deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Tian-Xiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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Zhou Y, Qiu TX, Hu Y, Liu L, Chen J. Antiviral effects of natural small molecules on aquatic rhabdovirus by interfering with early viral replication. Zool Res 2022; 43:966-976. [PMID: 36257828 PMCID: PMC9700502 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is globally widespread and poses a serious threat to aquatic ecology and aquaculture due to its broad host range. To develop effective agents to control SVCV infection, we selected 16 naturally active small molecules to assess their anti-SVCV activity. Notably, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) (100 µmol/L) and (S, S)-(+)-tetrandrine (TET) (16 µmol/L) exhibited high antiviral effects in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, with inhibitory rates of 70.11% and 73.54%, respectively. The possible antiviral mechanisms were determined as follows: 1. Pre-incubation with DHA and TET decreased viral particle infectivity in fish cells, suggesting that horizontal transmission of SVCV in the aquatic environment was disrupted; 2. Although neither had an effect on viral adhesion, TET (but not DHA) interfered with SVCV entry into host cells (>80%), suggesting that TET may have an antiviral function in early viral replication. For in vivo study, both agents enhanced the survival rate of SVCV-infected zebrafish by 53.3%, significantly decreased viral load, and modulated the expression of antiviral-related genes, indicating that DHA and TET may stimulate the host innate immune response to prevent viral infection. Overall, our findings indicated that DHA and TET had positive effects on suppressing SVCV infection by affecting early-stage viral replication, thus holding great potential as immunostimulants to reduce the risk of aquatic rhabdovirus disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Tian-Xiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
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Liu R, Niu Y, Qi Y, Li H, Yang G, Shan S. Transcriptome analysis identifies LGP2 as an MDA5-mediated signaling activator following spring viremia of carp virus infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1019872. [PMID: 36330521 PMCID: PMC9623169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is an important farmed species worldwide. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues play an essential role in the fight against pathogen infection. Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) poses a serious threat to the common carp aquaculture industry. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving mucosal immune responses to SVCV infection is critical. In this study, the mucosal tissues (gills, foregut and hindgut) were collected from normal and infected fishes for transcriptome analysis. A total of 932,378,600 clean reads were obtained, of which approximately 80% were successfully mapped to the common carp genome. 577, 1,054 and 1,014 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the gills, foregut and hindgut, respectively. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay indicated that the DEGs expression in the foregut following SVCV infection was consistent with the transcriptome results. Among them, two key genes of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor family, melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) (i.e., CcMDA5 and CcLGP2), underwent further analysis. Overexpression of CcMDA5 or CcLGP2 increased phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 and interferon regulatory factor 3 and the expression of interferon-1 (ifn-1), myxovirus resistance (mx), viperin and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15), and inhibited SVCV replication in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. Furthermore, CcLGP2 significantly upregulated the CcMDA5-induced ifn-1 mRNA expression and the activation of the ifn-1 promoter. Finally, confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CcLGP2 colocalizes and interacts with CcMDA5 via the C-terminal regulatory domain. This study provides essential gene resources for understanding the fish immune response to SVCV infection and sheds light on the potential role of fish LGP2 in the MDA5 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guiwen Yang
- *Correspondence: Shijuan Shan, ; Guiwen Yang,
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Review of Medicinal Plants and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients against Aquatic Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061281. [PMID: 35746752 PMCID: PMC9230652 DOI: 10.3390/v14061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture offers a promising source of economic and healthy protein for human consumption, which can improve wellbeing. Viral diseases are the most serious type of diseases affecting aquatic animals and a major obstacle to the development of the aquaculture industry. In the background of antibiotic-free farming, the development and application of antibiotic alternatives has become one of the most important issues in aquaculture. In recent years, many medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients have been found to be effective in the treatment and prevention of viral diseases in aquatic animals. Compared with chemical drugs and antibiotics, medicinal plants have fewer side-effects, produce little drug resistance, and exhibit low toxicity to the water environment. Most medicinal plants can effectively improve the growth performance of aquatic animals; thus, they are becoming increasingly valued and widely used in aquaculture. The present review summarizes the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients against aquatic viruses. Furthermore, it also explains their possible mechanisms of action and possible implications in the prevention or treatment of viral diseases in aquaculture. This article could lay the foundation for the future development of harmless drugs for the prevention and control of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture.
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Emmenegger EJ, Bueren EK, Jia P, Hendrix N, Liu H. Comparative virulence of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) genotypes in two koi varieties. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 148:95-112. [PMID: 35297379 DOI: 10.3354/dao03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), is a lethal freshwater pathogen of cyprinid fish, and Cyprinus carpio koi is a primary host species. The virus was initially described in the 1960s after outbreaks occurred in Europe, but a global expansion of SVCV has been ongoing since the late 1990s. Genetic typing of SVCV isolates separates them into 4 genotypes that are correlated with geographic origin: Ia (Asia), Ib and Ic (Eastern Europe), and Id (Central Europe). We compared infectivity and virulence of 8 SVCV strains, including 4 uncharacterized Chinese Ia isolates and representatives of genotypes Ia-d in 2 morphologically distinct varieties of koi: long-fin semi-scaled Beni Kikokuryu koi and short-fin fully scaled Sanke koi. Mortality ranged from 4 to 82% in the Beni Kikokuryu koi and 0 to 94% in the Sanke koi following immersion challenge. Genotype Ia isolates of Asian origin had a wide range in virulence (0-94%). Single isolates representing the European genotypes Ib and Ic were moderately virulent (38-56%). Each virus strain produced similar levels of mortality in both koi breeds, with the exception of the SVCV Id strain that appeared to have both moderate and high virulence phenotypes (60% in Beni Kikokuryu koi vs. 87% in Sanke koi). Overall SVCV strain virulence appeared to be a dominant factor in determining disease outcomes, whereas intraspecies variation, based on koi variety, had less of an impact. This study is the first side-by-side comparison of Chinese SVCV isolates and genotype Ia-d strain virulence in a highly susceptible host.
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11
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Genetic characteristics of spring viraemia of carp virus strains Kirov/08 and Orenburg/14. Arch Virol 2022; 167:681-685. [PMID: 34985552 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the genetic characteristics of two strains of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), Kirov/08 and Orenburg/14, isolated in the Kirov and Orenburg oblasts of the Russian Federation, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 516-bp fragment of the G genes of Kirov/08 and Orenburg/14 showed 9.5% divergence. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship of these strains to SVCV isolates recovered in Russia, Ukraine, and the Republic of Moldova.
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12
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Gao Y, Li C, Shi L, Wang F, Ye J, Lu YA, Liu XQ. Viperin_sv1 promotes RIG-I expression and suppresses SVCV replication through its radical SAM domain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104166. [PMID: 34116117 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SVCV infection is known to activate the host's innate immune responses, including the production of interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Viperin_sv1 is a novel splice variant of viperin, which is induced during SVCV infection and proves to positively regulate the IFN activation and production. However, the underlying mechanism remains unsolved. In this study, the P protein of SVCV was identified to be the key to induce the mRNA modification and production of viperin_sv1 during the virus infection. Besides, Viperin_sv1 was able to trigger the RLR signaling cascades to activate type-1 interferon response. Additional analysis revealed that viperin_sv1 promoted the stability and function of RIG-I, which result in the production of IFN and ISGs. Moreover, the central SAM domain of viperin_sv1 was demonstrated to be essential for regulating RIG-I protein expression and inducing IFN production. Furthermore, this study also showed that SVCV replication could be inhibited by the viperin_sv1 SAM domain. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that viperin_sv1 reduces the replication of SVCV by promoting the RIG-I protein expression. Our findings identified the antiviral function played by the SAM domain of viperin_sv1 and suggested an antiviral mechanism that is conserved among different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan-An Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Xue-Qin Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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13
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Cong F, Zeng F, Wu M, Wang J, Huang B, Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhang S, Ma L, Guo P, Zeng W. Development of a real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of spring viremia of carp virus. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 50:101494. [PMID: 31863825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a significant pathogenic agent that can cause large-scale outbreaks of spring viremia of carp (SVC) in many types of fish and bring huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. A simple and convenient detection method is imperative for SVCV diagnosis. In this study, the real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay was developed and validated. Primers and probe targeting the conserved region of M gene were designed and applied to the real-time RT-RPA assay that performed at 39 °C for 20 min. The specificity analysis showed that no cross-reaction with other pathogenic viruses of fish was found, indicating appropriate specificity of the assay. In vitro transcribed RNA standards were used to estimate the sensitivity of the assay and the detection limit was 102copies/reaction. To further evaluate the assay, 65 clinical samples were tested using both real-time RT-RPA assay and real-time RT-PCR method. The same detection results were observed, suggesting the potential application of real-time RT-RPA assay in clinical sample detection. This is the first report on RPA assay for SVCV detection and this new developed assay would be useful in both laboratory and in the field for diagnosis of SVCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Fanwen Zeng
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Miaoli Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Jiangsu Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Diseases, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Bihong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Shouquan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lei Ma
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Pengju Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
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14
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Li C, Li L, Jin L, Yuan J. Heme Oxygenase-1 inhibits spring viremia of carp virus replication through carbon monoxide mediated cyclic GMP/Protein kinase G signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:65-72. [PMID: 29753142 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is the etiological agent of spring viremia of carp (SVC) and causes mass mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Currently, no effective treatments or commercial vaccines against SVCV are available. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme to produce carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and ferrous iron (Fe2+), exerts anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Previous studies demonstrated that nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) functions as an important upstream regulator of HO-1 and exhibits robust activity against SVCV infection. In this study, we further examined the antiviral activity of HO-1 against SVCV infection. The elevated expression of HO-1 was induced upon cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) treatment in EPC cells without affecting cell viability and thus inhibited SVCV replication in a dose dependent manner. Knocking down of HO-1 rescued SVCV replication. Thereby, the antiviral activity of ROS/Nrf2/HO-1 axis was confirmed in EPC cells. Furthermore, HO-1 enzymatic products CO, but not biliverdin, markedly inhibited SVCV replication via the activation of cyclic GMP/protein kinase G signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings suggest potential drug or therapy that induced the Nrf2/HO-1/CO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway as a promising strategy for treating SVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, United States
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Cheng C, Yu-Feng S, Yang H, Lei L, Wei-Chao C, Gao-Xue W, Bin Z. Highly efficient inhibition of spring viraemia of carp virus replication in vitro mediated by bavachin, a major constituent of psoralea corlifonia Lynn. Virus Res 2018; 255:24-35. [PMID: 29913251 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As one of nine piscine viruses recognized by the International Office of Epizootics, spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is an important pathogen bringing high mortality to cyprinids. Up to now, there is no approved therapy on SVCV, making them strong public health threat in aquaculture. In this study, the anti-SVCV activities of 12 plant crude extracts were investigated by using epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Among these plants, Psoralea corylifolia Linn. showed the highest inhibition on SVCV replication, with an inhibitory percentage of 67.98%. Further studies demonstrated that bavachin (BVN), one of the major constituents of Psoralea corylifolia Linn., was also highly effective to SVCV infection. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of BVN on SVCV glycoprotein and nucleoprotein expression were 0.46 (0.29-0.73) and 0.31 (0.13-0.55) mg/L, respectively. In addition, SVCV-induced apoptosis which may be negative to SVCV replication was inhibited by BVN. The apoptotic cells were decreased 21.42% for BVN compared with SVCV group. These results indicated that the inhibition of BVN on SVCV replication was, in some extent, via blocking SVCV induced apoptosis. Furthermore, cellular morphological damage induced by SVCV was also blocked by BVN treatment. Mechanistically, BVN did not affect SVCV infectivity and cannot be used for prevention of SVCV infection. Time-of-addition and viral binding assays revealed that BVN mainly inhibited the early events of SVCV replication but did not interfere with SVCV adsorption. In conclusion, BVN was considered to develop as a promising agent to treat SVCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shen Yu-Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liu Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chen Wei-Chao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wang Gao-Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhu Bin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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16
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Zhao L, Qi L, Li C, Li L, Jin L, Yuan J. SVCV impairs mitochondria complex Ⅲ resulting in accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:58-65. [PMID: 29410243 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is a deadly pathogen of common carp. SVCV infection is found to be associated with excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induces oxidative stress in EPC and FHM cells, which contributes to its pathogenesis. In this study, ROS production and mitochondria function as well as antioxidant enzymes in mitochondria were investigated during SVCV infection in EPC cells. Dysfunction of mitochondria and inactivation of mitochondria electron transport chain complex Ⅲ to augment O2-∙ and H2O2 accumulation were observed in SVCV infected EPC cells. Treatment of Antimycin A reduced the activity of mitochondria complex Ⅲ in EPC cells, which also inhibited the transcription of SVCV glycoprotein gene (SVCV-G) and production of SVCV. Our studies explain the production of ROS following SVCV infection and also suggest that integrate mitochondrial function is important for SVCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedicine Science, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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