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Li Y, Xie Z, Chen L, Liu X, Li S, Ye S, Tang H, Lee C, Gu Q, Men F, Zhang J, Hu D, Jiang Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Feng Y, Niu S, Liu Y, Fang Y. An exploratory study of drug concentration and inhibitory effect of cetylpyridinium chloride buccal tablets on SARS-CoV-2 infection among 10 Chinese subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:579-587. [PMID: 37985697 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was evidenced that cetylpyridinium-chloride (CPC) mouthwash could inhibit SARS-COV-2 activity and reduce salivary viral load, thus reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, due to insufficient residence time in the oral cavity, CPC-containing mouthwashes have no prolonged antiviral effect. The duration of action of the CPC buccal tablet is expected to be longer than that of the mouthwash. However, there are currently no reports on the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the salivary drug concentration of CPC buccal tablets and the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. TRIAL DESIGN This is a single-dose, single-arm clinical trial, involving 10 Chinese healthy subjects who received 2-mg CPC buccal tablet to collect saliva samples and to detect saliva concentration at different timepoints within 2 h (Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT05802628, Registration Date: April 6, 2023). MATERIALS AND METHODS CPC concentration in saliva was detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on the non-compartmental model. With an in vitro antiviral experiment, the activity of CPC buccal tablets against SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular toxicity was tested. RESULTS Drug concentrations in saliva at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h after administration were 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11), 2093.34 (373.15, 5759.83), 1016.58 (378.66, 3480.68), 891.77 (375.66, 6322.07), and 717.43 (197.87, 2152.71) ng/mL. PK parameters of saliva concentration: Cmax = 8008.33 (1042.25, 41081.11) ng/mL, AUC0-t = 4172.37 (904.42, 13912.61) ng/mL * h, AUC0-∞ = 6712.85 (1856.77, 19971.12) ng/mL * h, T1/2 = 1.22 (0.59, 2.83) h, Tmax = 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) h. As determined in in vitro experiment, CPC was active on SARS-CoV-2 with cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of CC50 = 35.75 μM (≈12155 ng/mL) and EC50 = 7.39 μM (≈2512.6 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS The comparison between the salivary CPC concentration and EC50/CC50 values from in vitro antiviral experiments suggests that CPC buccal tablets may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 activity, and the inhibition may last for approximately 30 min without cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Li
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shuang Li
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shichun Ye
- Chongqing Jewelland Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Tang
- Chongqing Jewelland Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongyou Lee
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Gu
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Men
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dingyuan Hu
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Feng
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suping Niu
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Peking University Peoples Hospital, Beijing, China
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Weller SR, Burnell JE, Aho BM, Obeng B, Ledue EL, Shim JK, Hess ST, Gosse JA. Antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride causes functional inhibition of mitochondria as potently as canonical mitotoxicants, nanostructural disruption of mitochondria, and mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux in living rodent and primary human cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114547. [PMID: 38408634 PMCID: PMC11060648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
People are exposed to high concentrations of antibacterial agent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) via food and personal care products, despite little published information regarding CPC effects on eukaryotes. Here, we show that low-micromolar CPC exposure, which does not cause cell death, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production in primary human keratinocytes, mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, and rat RBL-2H3 immune mast cells. ATP inhibition via CPC (EC50 1.7 μM) is nearly as potent as that caused by canonical mitotoxicant CCCP (EC50 1.2 μM). CPC inhibition of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) tracks with that of ATP: OCR is halved due to 1.75 μM CPC in RBL-2H3 cells and 1.25 μM in primary human keratinocytes. Mitochondrial [Ca2+] changes can cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we show that CPC causes mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux from mast cells via an ATP-inhibition mechanism. Using super-resolution microscopy (fluorescence photoactivation localization) in live cells, we have discovered that CPC causes mitochondrial nanostructural defects in live cells within 60 min, including the formation of spherical structures with donut-like cross section. This work reveals CPC as a mitotoxicant despite widespread use, highlighting the importance of further research into its toxicological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Weller
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - John E Burnell
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Brandon M Aho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 5709 Bennett Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Bright Obeng
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Emily L Ledue
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Juyoung K Shim
- Department of Biology, Jewett Hall, University of Maine at Augusta, Augusta, ME, 04330, USA
| | - Samuel T Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 5709 Bennett Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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Sawant NV, Chang SS, Pandit KA, Khekare P, Warner WR, Zimmern PE, De Nisco NJ. VesiX cetylpyridinium chloride is rapidly bactericidal and reduces uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder epithelial cell invasion in vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0271223. [PMID: 38240572 PMCID: PMC10913388 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02712-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in postmenopausal women can be challenging. The recent rise in resistance to most of the available oral antibiotic options together with high recurrence rate in postmenopausal women has further complicated treatment of UTI. As such, intravesical instillations of antibiotics like gentamicin are being investigated as an alternative to oral antibiotic therapies. This study evaluates the efficacy of the candidate intravesical therapeutic VesiX, a solution containing the cationic detergent Cetylpyridinium chloride, against a broad range of uropathogenic bacterial species clinically isolated from postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI (rUTI). We also evaluate the cytotoxicity of VesiX against cultured bladder epithelial cells and find that low concentrations of 0.0063% and 0.0125% provide significant bactericidal effect toward diverse bacterial species including uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis while minimizing cytotoxic effects against cultured 5637 bladder epithelial cells. Lastly, to begin to evaluate the potential utility of using VesiX in combination therapy with existing intravesical therapies for rUTI, we investigate the combined effects of VesiX and the intravesical antibiotic gentamicin. We find that VesiX and gentamicin are not antagonistic and are able to reduce levels of intracellular UPEC in cultured bladder epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE When urinary tract infections (UTIs), which affect over 50% of women, become resistant to available antibiotic therapies dangerous complications like kidney infection and lethal sepsis can occur. New therapeutic paradigms are needed to expand our arsenal against these difficult to manage infections. Our study investigates VesiX, a Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-based therapeutic, as a candidate broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent for use in bladder instillation therapy for antibiotic-resistant UTI. CPC is a cationic surfactant that is FDA-approved for use in mouthwashes and is used as a food additive but has not been extensively evaluated as a UTI therapeutic. Our study is the first to investigate its rapid bactericidal kinetics against diverse uropathogenic bacterial species isolated from postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI and host cytotoxicity. We also report that together with the FDA-approved bladder-instillation agent gentamicin, VesiX was able to significantly reduce intracellular populations of uropathogenic bacteria in cultured bladder epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata V. Sawant
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel S. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Krutika A. Pandit
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Prachi Khekare
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | | | - Philippe E. Zimmern
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole J. De Nisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Medicinal chemistry strategies in the discovery and optimization of HBV core protein allosteric modulators (2018–2022 update). CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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5
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D'Amico F, Moro M, Saracino M, Marmiere M, Cilona MB, Lloyd-Jones G, Zangrillo A. Efficacy of Cetylpyridinium Chloride mouthwash against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:171-180. [PMID: 36808889 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory and multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Viral transmission occurs mainly through the spread of salivary droplets or aerosol from an infected subject. Studies suggest that salivary viral load is correlated with disease severity and probability of transmission. Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash has been found to be effective in reducing salivary viral load. The aim of this systematic review of randomized controlled trials is to evaluate the efficacy of the mouthwash ingredient cetylpyridinium chloride on salivary viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Randomized controlled trials comparing cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash with placebo and other mouthwash ingredients in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals were identified and evaluated. RESULTS Six studies with a total of 301 patients that met the inclusion criteria were included. The studies reported the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes in reduction on SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load compared to placebo and other mouthwash ingredients. CONCLUSION Mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride are effective against salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. There is also the possibility that the use of mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects could reduce transmissibility and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo D'Amico
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Moro
- Infection Control Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Saracino
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Marmiere
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Bernadette Cilona
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Zangrillo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Combination of Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Chlorhexidine Acetate: A Promising Candidate for Rapid Killing of Gram-Positive/Gram-Negative Bacteria and Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:97. [PMID: 36738393 PMCID: PMC9899061 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Combined use of the present antimicrobial drugs has been proved to be an alternative approach for antimicrobial agents' development since the co-existed of the drugs working in different mechanism have been demonstrated potentially enhance their antimicrobial activity. In this work, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)/chlorhexidine acetate (CHA) combination was evaluated for the first time, while a universal concentration for the rapid killing of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi was also proposed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CPC and CHA used alone or in combination were first measured, showing that the combined treatment decreased the MIC against tested gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi to 1/8-1/2. Growth curve assays demonstrated CPC and CHA had dynamic combined effects against the tested microorganisms at the concentration equal to MIC. Besides, combined use of these two drugs could also enhance their biocidal activity, which was illustrated by fluorescence microscopy and SEM images, as well as soluble protein measurement. More importantly, in vitro acute eye and skin irritation tests showed short-term contact with CPC/CHA combination would not cause any damage to mammalian mucosa and skin. In a word, CPC/CHA combination exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi while without any acute irritation to mammalian mucosa and skin, providing a new perspective on the selection of personal disinfectants.
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Guerrero‐Bermea C, Rodríguez Fuentes N, Cervantes‐Uc JM, Alcántara Quintana LE, Díaz‐Barriga F, Pérez‐Vázquez F, González‐Palomo K, Uribe‐Calderon JA. Antiviral capacity of polypropylene/(1-Hexadecyl) trimethyl-ammonium bromide composites against COVID-19. POLYM ENG SCI 2022; 62:4129-4135. [PMID: 36711046 PMCID: PMC9874382 DOI: 10.1002/pen.26172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, scientists from different areas are looking for alternatives to fight it. SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the infectious respiratory disease COVID-19, is mainly transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected respiratory droplets. The integrity of the virus structure is crucial for its viability to attack human cells. Quaternary ammonium salts are characterized by having antiviral capabilities which alter or destroy the structure of the viral capsid. In this work, polypropylene (PP)/(1-Hexadecyl) trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) composites have been prepared in order to create an antiviral material. The composites were melt processed and blown to produce thin films. The CTAB content on the antiviral effect was evaluated using antibodies and serum from infected patients with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition, the mechanical and thermal properties of blown films were investigated, and CTAB release kinetics from the films was followed by UV-Vis. The results indicate that the virus tends to remain less on the polymer surface by increasing the amount of CTAB in the PP matrix.
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8
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Chen KD, Ma FK, Wang QJ, Wang Y, Zhuang XY, Zhang XN, Mao HY, Zhang YJ. Disinfection Effect of Hexadecyl Pyridinium Chloride on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Intervirology 2022; 66:8-15. [PMID: 36103866 DOI: 10.1159/000526241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV) is a respiratory virus that can exist in the mouth and saliva of patients and spreads through aerosol dispersion. Therefore, stomatological hospitals and departments have become high-infection-risk environments. Accordingly, oral disinfectants that can effectively inactivate the virus have become a highly active area of research. Hexadecyl pyridinium chloride, povidone-iodine, and other common oral disinfectants are the natural primary choices for stomatological hospitals. Therefore, this study investigated the inhibitory effect of hexadecyl pyridinium chloride on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. Vero cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 were used to determine the disinfection effect; the CCK-8 method was used to determine cytotoxicity, and viral load was determined by real-time PCR. The results showed that hexadecyl pyridinium chloride has no obvious cytotoxic effect on Vero cells in the concentration range of 0.0125-0.05 mg/mL. The in vitro experiments showed that hexadecyl pyridinium chloride significantly inhibits the virus at concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL or above at 2 min of action. Thus, the results provide experimental support for the use of hexadecyl pyridinium chloride in stomatological hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-da Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Ke Ma
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Jing Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhuang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Ning Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Mao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Spunde K, Vigante B, Dubova UN, Sipola A, Timofejeva I, Zajakina A, Jansons J, Plotniece A, Pajuste K, Sobolev A, Muhamadejev R, Jaudzems K, Duburs G, Kozlovska T. Design and Synthesis of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Capsid Assembly Modulators and Evaluation of Their Activity in Mammalian Cell Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070773. [PMID: 35890072 PMCID: PMC9317397 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) have emerged as a promising class of antiviral agents. We studied the effects of twenty-one newly designed and synthesized CAMs including heteroaryldihydropyrimidine compounds (HAPs), their analogs and standard compounds on hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly. Cytoplasmic expression of the HBV core (HBc) gene driven by the exogenously delivered recombinant alphavirus RNA replicon was used for high level production of the full-length HBc protein in mammalian cells. HBV capsid assembly was assessed by native agarose gel immunoblot analysis, electron microscopy and inhibition of virion secretion in HepG2.2.15 HBV producing cell line. Induced fit docking simulation was applied for modelling the structural relationships of the synthesized compounds and HBc. The most efficient were the HAP class compounds—dihydropyrimidine 5-carboxylic acid n-alkoxyalkyl esters, which induced the formation of incorrectly assembled capsid products and their accumulation within the cells. HBc product accumulation in the cells was not detected with the reference HAP compound Bay 41-4109, suggesting different modes of action. A significant antiviral effect and substantially reduced toxicity were revealed for two of the synthesized compounds. Two new HAP compounds revealed a significant antiviral effect and a favorable toxicity profile that allows these compounds to be considered promising leads and drug candidates for the treatment of HBV infection. The established alphavirus based HBc expression approach allows for the specific selection of capsid assembly modulators directly in the natural cell environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Spunde
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (U.N.D.); (I.T.); (A.Z.); (J.J.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Brigita Vigante
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Unda Nelda Dubova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (U.N.D.); (I.T.); (A.Z.); (J.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Anda Sipola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Irena Timofejeva
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (U.N.D.); (I.T.); (A.Z.); (J.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Anna Zajakina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (U.N.D.); (I.T.); (A.Z.); (J.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Juris Jansons
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (U.N.D.); (I.T.); (A.Z.); (J.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Ruslan Muhamadejev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Gunars Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (A.P.); (K.P.); (A.S.); (R.M.); (K.J.); (G.D.)
| | - Tatjana Kozlovska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (U.N.D.); (I.T.); (A.Z.); (J.J.); (T.K.)
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Raut P, Weller SR, Obeng B, Soos BL, West BE, Potts CM, Sangroula S, Kinney MS, Burnell JE, King BL, Gosse JA, Hess ST. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) reduces zebrafish mortality from influenza infection: Super-resolution microscopy reveals CPC interference with multiple protein interactions with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in immune function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 440:115913. [PMID: 35149080 PMCID: PMC8824711 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic raises significance for a potential influenza therapeutic compound, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), which has been extensively used in personal care products as a positively-charged quaternary ammonium antibacterial agent. CPC is currently in clinical trials to assess its effects on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) morbidity. Two published studies have provided mouse and human data indicating that CPC may alleviate influenza infection, and here we show that CPC (0.1 μM, 1 h) reduces zebrafish mortality and viral load following influenza infection. However, CPC mechanisms of action upon viral-host cell interaction are currently unknown. We have utilized super-resolution fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy to probe the mode of CPC action. Reduction in density of influenza viral protein hemagglutinin (HA) clusters is known to reduce influenza infectivity: here, we show that CPC (at non-cytotoxic doses, 5-10 μM) reduces HA density and number of HA molecules per cluster within the plasma membrane of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts. HA is known to colocalize with the negatively-charged mammalian lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2); here, we show that nanoscale co-localization of HA with the PIP2-binding Pleckstrin homology (PH) reporter in the plasma membrane is diminished by CPC. CPC also dramatically displaces the PIP2-binding protein myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) from the plasma membrane of rat RBL-2H3 mast cells; this disruption of PIP2 is correlated with inhibition of mast cell degranulation. Together, these findings offer a PIP2-focused mechanism underlying CPC disruption of influenza and suggest potential pharmacological use of this drug as an influenza therapeutic to reduce global deaths from viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Raut
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sasha R Weller
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Bright Obeng
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Brandy L Soos
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Bailey E West
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Christian M Potts
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Suraj Sangroula
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Marissa S Kinney
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - John E Burnell
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin L King
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Samuel T Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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11
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Bañó-Polo M, Martínez-Gil L, Sánchez del Pino MM, Massoli A, Mingarro I, Léon R, Garcia-Murria MJ. Cetylpyridinium chloride promotes disaggregation of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2030094. [PMID: 35087641 PMCID: PMC8788378 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is continuously disseminating worldwide. The development of strategies to break transmission is mandatory. Aim of the study To investigate the potential of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as a viral inhibitor. Methods SARS-CoV-2 Virus Like-Particles (VLPs) were incubated with CPC, a potent surfactant routinely included in mouthwash preparations. Results Concentrations of 0.05% CPC (w/v) commonly used in mouthwash preparations are sufficient to promote the rupture of SARS-CoV-2 VLP membranes. Conclusion Including CPC in mouthwashes could be a prophylactic strategy to keep SARS-CoV-2 from spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bañó-Polo
- Department of Microbiology. Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel M. Sánchez del Pino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Massoli
- Department of Microbiology. Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Léon
- Department of Microbiology. Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Garcia-Murria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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12
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García-Cuellar CM, Hernández-Delgadillo R, Solis-Soto JM, Meester I, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Nakagoshi-Cepeda SE, Nakagoshi-Cepeda MAA, Chellam S, Cabral-Romero C. Cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits human breast tumor cells growth in a no-selective way. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2022; 20:22808000221092157. [PMID: 35485910 DOI: 10.1177/22808000221092157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyze the antitumor capacity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on human breast tumor cells, and the possible action mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS The human breast tumor cells MCF-7 and no-tumor breast cells MCF-10A were exposed to CPC under various condition (concentration and duration). Cell viability was measured with MTT assay, the LIVE/DEAD assay, and fluorescence microscopy. Membrane permeability after CPC exposure was evaluated by Calcein AM assay, mitochondrial morphology with a MitoView staining, and genotoxicity with the comet assay and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS CPC was cytotoxic to both MCF-7 and MCF-10A as of a 24-h exposure to 0.1 µM. Cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and reached 91% for MCF-7 and 78% for MCF-10A after a 24-h exposure to 100 µM CPC, which outperformed the positive control doxorubicin in effectiveness and selectivity. The LD50 of CPC on was 6 µM for MCF-7 and 8 µM for MCF-10A, yielding a selectivity index of 1.41. A time response analysis revealed 64% dead cells after only 5 min of exposure to 100 µM CPC. With respect to the action mechanisms, the comet assay did not reveal genome fragmentation. On the other hand, membrane damage was dose-dependent and may also affect mitochondrial morphology. CONCLUSION Cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits MCF-7 cell growing in a non-selective way as of 5 min of exposure. The action mechanism of CPC on tumor cells involves cell membrane damage without change neither mitochondrial morphology nor genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Hernández-Delgadillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Juan Manuel Solis-Soto
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Irene Meester
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, México
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio Eduardo Nakagoshi-Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Claudio Cabral-Romero
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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13
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Kim H, Ko C, Lee JY, Kim M. Current Progress in the Development of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators: Chemical Structure, Mode-of-Action and Efficacy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247420. [PMID: 34946502 PMCID: PMC8705634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major causative agent of human hepatitis. Its viral genome comprises partially double-stranded DNA, which is complexed with viral polymerase within an icosahedral capsid consisting of a dimeric core protein. Here, we describe the effects of capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) on the geometric or kinetic disruption of capsid construction and the virus life cycle. We highlight classical, early-generation CAMs such as heteroaryldihydropyrimidines, phenylpropenamides or sulfamoylbenzamides, and focus on the chemical structure and antiviral efficacy of recently identified non-classical CAMs, which consist of carboxamides, aryl ureas, bithiazoles, hydrazones, benzylpyridazinones, pyrimidines, quinolines, dyes, and antimicrobial compounds. We summarize the therapeutic efficacy of four representative classical compounds with data from clinical phase 1 studies in chronic HBV patients. Most of these compounds are in phase 2 trials, either as monotherapy or in combination with approved nucleos(t)ides drugs or other immunostimulatory molecules. As followers of the early CAMs, the therapeutic efficacy of several non-classical CAMs has been evaluated in humanized mouse models of HBV infection. It is expected that these next-generation HBV CAMs will be promising candidates for a series of extended human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
| | | | | | - Meehyein Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
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14
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Almasi F, Mohammadipanah F. Hypothetical targets and plausible drugs of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:318-332. [PMID: 32662203 PMCID: PMC7405402 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The world is confronting a dire situation due to the recent pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) with the mortality rate passed over 470,000. Attaining efficient drugs evolve in parallel to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The current drugs in the pipeline and some plausible drugs are overviewed in this paper. Although different types of anti-viral targets are applicable for SARS-CoV-2 drug screenings, the more promising targets can be considered as 3C-like main protease (3Cl protease) and RNA polymerase. The remdesivir could be considered the closest bifunctional drug to the provisional clinical administration for SARS-CoV-2. The known molecular targets of the SARS-CoV-2 include fourteen targets, while four molecules of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cathepsin L, 3Cl protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are suggested as more promising potential targets. Accordingly, dual-acting drugs as an encouraging solution in drug discovery are suggested. Emphasizing the potential route of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus entry-related factors like integrins, cathepsin and ACE2 seems valuable. The potential molecular targets of each phase of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle are discussed and highlighted in this paper. Much progress in understanding the SARS-CoV-2 and molecular details of its life cycle followed by the identification of new therapeutic targets are needed to lead us to an efficient approach in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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