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Chen YH, Li SL, Hung CY, Wu PC, Hong YX, Chen WJ, Chang SY, Hsu YY, Chao WY, Tsai KJ, Chen YC, Chen JT, Hsu CL, Lu YJ, Fang LM, Yang MH, Tan IT, Hsu YC, Yang HY, Jiang RH. Developing a plant microbial fuel cell by planting water spinach in a hanging-submerged plant pot system. J Biosci Bioeng 2024:S1389-1723(24)00254-8. [PMID: 39294018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
To plant crops (especially dry crops such as water spinach) with concomitant electricity recovery, a hanging-submerged-plant-pot system (HSPP) is developed. The HSPP consists of a soil pot (anodic) partially submerged under the water surface of a cathode tank. The microbial communities changed with conditions were also investigated. It was found that with chemical fertilizers the closed-circuit voltage (CCV, with 1 kΩ) was stable (approximately 250 mV) within 28 d; however, without fertilizer, the water spinach could adjust to the environment to obtain a better power output (approximately 3 mW m-2) at day 28. The microbial-community analyses revealed that the Pseudomonas sp. was the only exoeletrogens found in the anode pots. Using a secondary design of HSPP, for a better water-level adjustment, the maximum power output of each plant was found to be approximately 27.1 mW m-2. During operation, high temperature resulted in low oxygen solubility, and low CCV as well. At this time, it is yet to be concluded whether the submerged water level significantly affects electricity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Lin Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ya Hung
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Xiang Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ya Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Chao
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jhih Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - You-Chen Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Teng Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Le Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Fang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Tan
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Hong Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407224, Taiwan
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Gan S, Chen B, Li L, Sushkova S, Garg A. Effect of Three Different Types of Biochar on Bioelectricity Generated from Plant Microbial Fuel Cells under Unsaturated Soil Condition. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 39251357 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC) is an emerging technology, showing promise for environmental biosensors and sustainable energy production. Despite its potential, PMFCs struggle with issues like low power output and limited drought resistance. Recent studies proposed that integrating biochar may enhance PMFC performance due to its physicochemical properties. The influence of different biochar types on PMFC efficiency has been minimally explored. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the performance of PMFCs integrated with various biochar types under unsaturated soil conditions. The study found that the addition of biochar types─specifically reed straw biochar (RSB), apple wood biochar (AWB), and corn straw biochar (CSB)─significantly influenced the performance of PMFCs. RSB, with its large surface area and porous structure, notably increased the current output by reducing soil resistance and enhancing electron transfer efficiency in microbial reduction reactions, achieving a peak power density of approximately 1608 mW/m2. AWB, despite its less porous structure, leveraged its high cation exchange capacity and hydrophilic functional groups to foster microbial community growth and diversity, thereby also increasing bioelectricity output. Conversely, CSB, with its large surface area, showed the least improvement in PMFC performance due to its layered structure and lower water retention capacity. Additionally, under drought conditions, PMFCs with added RSB and AWB exhibited better drought resistance due to their ability to improve soil moisture characteristics and enhance soil conductivity. The addition of biochar reduced soil resistance, increasing the bioelectric output of PMFCs and maintaining good performance even under low moisture conditions. This study highlights the critical role of biochar's surface area and functional groups in optimizing PMFC performance. It enhances our understanding of PMFC optimization and might offer a novel power generation method for the future, while also presenting a fresh strategy for soil monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibin Gan
- Department of Civil and Intelligent Construction Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 Guangdong, China
| | - Boneng Chen
- Department of Civil and Intelligent Construction Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 Guangdong, China
| | - Liye Li
- Department of Civil and Intelligent Construction Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 Guangdong, China
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Department of Soil Science, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344006, Russia
| | - Ankit Garg
- Department of Civil and Intelligent Construction Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 Guangdong, China
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Guadarrama-Pérez O, Moeller-Chávez GE, Bustos-Terrones V, Guillén-Garcés RA, Hernández-Romano J, Barragán-Trinidad M, Estrada-Arriaga EB, Guadarrama-Pérez VH. Identification of sugars as root exudates of the macrophyte species Juncus effusus and Philodendron cordatum in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells during bioelectricity production. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:716-730. [PMID: 36062824 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) systems are a sustainable technology capable of producing bioelectricity and treating wastewater simultaneously. It is also possible to obtain bioelectricity from the photosynthetic substrates obtained by the rhizodeposition of macrophytes, where the electroactive microorganisms present in the rhizosphere use these compounds as biofuel. In the present study, the bioelectricity production capacity of Juncus effusus and Philodendron cordatum species was evaluated in a CW-MFC without an external carbon source. The Juncus effusus species showed a higher bioelectrochemical performance, as they recorded a maximum voltage of 399 mV, a power density of 63.7 mW/m2, a volumetric power density of 15.9 W/m3, an internal resistance of 200 Ω, an anodic potential of -368 mV, and a cathodic potential of 229 mV. In addition, different types of carbohydrates in the form of sugars (sucrose, fructose, galactose, and glucose) were quantified by liquid chromatography, with concentrations of 100-450 μg/L. Chromatographic analysis were performed from the root exudates released in the effluent of both species of macrophyte. Sucrose and glucose were the types of sugars that produced the largest amount with portions of up to 35% and 24%, respectively. Sugars are compounds that worked as electron donors for the production of bioelectricity by using endogenous substrates that fed the anodic biofilm. Consumption was 45-55% for sucrose and 40-65% for glucose. Of the different macrophytes evaluated in the CW-MFCs, it was observed that the production of bioelectricity differs mainly due to the quantity of the root exudates released in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Guadarrama-Pérez
- Dirección de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec, México
| | - Gabriela Eleonora Moeller-Chávez
- Dirección de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec, México
| | - Victoria Bustos-Terrones
- Dirección de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec, México
| | - Rosa Angélica Guillén-Garcés
- Dirección de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec, México
| | - Jesús Hernández-Romano
- Dirección de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec, México
| | - Martín Barragán-Trinidad
- Dirección de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec, México
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Gupta S, Patro A, Mittal Y, Dwivedi S, Saket P, Panja R, Saeed T, Martínez F, Yadav AK. The race between classical microbial fuel cells, sediment-microbial fuel cells, plant-microbial fuel cells, and constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells: Applications and technology readiness level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162757. [PMID: 36931518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an interesting technology capable of converting the chemical energy stored in organics to electricity. It has raised high hopes among researchers and end users as the world continues to face climate change, water, energy, and land crisis. This review aims to discuss the journey of continuously progressing MFC technology from the lab to the field so far. It evaluates the historical development of MFC, and the emergence of different variants of MFC or MFC-associated other technologies such as sediment-microbial fuel cell (S-MFC), plant-microbial fuel cell (P-MFC), and integrated constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC). This review has assessed primary applications and challenges to overcome existing limitations for commercialization of these technologies. In addition, it further illustrates the design and potential applications of S-MFC, P-MFC, and CW-MFC. Lastly, the maturity and readiness of MFC, S-MFC, P-MFC, and CW-MFC for real-world implementation were assessed by multicriteria-based assessment. Wastewater treatment efficiency, bioelectricity generation efficiency, energy demand, cost investment, and scale-up potential were mainly considered as key criteria. Other sustainability criteria, such as life cycle and environmental impact assessments were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Ashmita Patro
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Yamini Mittal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Saurabh Dwivedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Palak Saket
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore- 453552, India
| | - Rupobrata Panja
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Tanveer Saeed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asheesh Kumar Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India; Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles 28933, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Banana Waste-to-Energy Valorization by Microbial Fuel Cell Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana is the most cultivated fruit plant in the world. It is produced in Latin America, Asia and Africa. India and China are the world’s largest banana producers, with almost 41% of the world’s production. This fruit reaches a total world production of 158.3 million tons per year. However, during their production cycle, the banana agroindustry produces large volumes of solid waste derived from overripe fruit. It contributes between 8–20 percent of the waste (around 100 kg of banana waste for every ton of banana produced). Therefore, the use of overripe banana waste represents a huge opportunity for bioenergy production. This work demonstrates that banana waste can be further used for power generation using a microbial fuel cell (MFC) coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD). First, the maximum methane production (MMP), methane production rate (MPR) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were measured using an anaerobic batch bioreactor for 64 days of monitoring. Finally, the digestate generated from AD was used in the MFC to determine the polarization curve, maximum voltage, maximum power density (MPD), resistance and current. As a result, the AD generated an MMP of 320.3 mL, BMP of 373.3 mLCH4/gVS and MPR of 18.6 mLCH4/Lb⋅day. The MFC generated 286 mV (maximum voltage), 41.3 mW/m2 (MPD), 580.99 Ω (resistance) and 0.0002867 A (current). Both processes together produced a total bioenergy of 13.38 kJ/gVS. This coupled system showed a suitable and promising use of banana waste for ecofriendly bioenergy generation. Therefore, this feedstock could be taken advantage of for generating sustainable processes and developing a circular economy in the banana agroindustry.
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Sonu K, Sogani M, Syed Z, Rajvanshi J. The Effects of Wheat and Rice Straw as a Substrate on the Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Reject Wastewater in a Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sonu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Kashi Institute of Technology Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221307 India
| | - Monika Sogani
- Department of Biosciences Manipal University Jaipur Rajasthan 303007 India
| | - Zainab Syed
- Department of Biosciences Manipal University Jaipur Rajasthan 303007 India
| | - Jayana Rajvanshi
- Department of Biosciences Manipal University Jaipur Rajasthan 303007 India
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Guadarrama-Pérez O, Bahena-Rabadan KY, Dehesa-Carrasco U, Guadarrama Pérez VH, Estrada-Arriaga EB. Bioelectricity production using shade macrophytes in constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:1532-1543. [PMID: 33092463 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1841306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of constructed wetlands (CW) to microbial fuel cells (MFC) has become a promising hybrid technology due to its high compatibility to generate electricity and remove pollutants from wastewater. In the present study, the bioelectricity production generated from constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) was evaluated using four species of shade macrophytes: Aglaonema commutatum, Epipremnum aureum, Dranacaena braunni, and Philodendron cordatum. The CW-MFCs were operated in a continuous upflow mode with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 d. The systems were fed with synthetic water without an external carbon source. The bioelectrochemical systems were operated under diffuse radiation conditions (shadow). Philodendron cordatum was the macrophyte species that produced a maximum voltage of 103 mV, with a power density of 12.5 mW/m2. High voltages were obtained when the diffuse radiation in the CW-MFCs was 3000-4000 µmol.m2/s. The maximum production of root exudates was 20.6 mg/L as total organic carbon for the Philodendron cordatum species. Philodendron cordatum was the macrophyte species that obtained high conversion efficiency (0.0014%), compared to other macrophyte species (< 0.0008%). In the CW-MFCs systems it was observed that the bioelectricity production was mainly due to the quantity of the root exudates released into the rhizospheres of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Guadarrama-Pérez
- Subcoordinación de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales, Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec, México
- Subcoordinación de Posgrado, Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec, México
| | | | - Ulises Dehesa-Carrasco
- Coordinación de Riego y Drenaje, Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec, México
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Jyoti Sarma P, Mohanty K. A novel three-chamber modular PMFC with bentonite/flyash based clay membrane and oxygen reducing biocathode for long term sustainable bioelectricity generation. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:107996. [PMID: 34801808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel three-chamber modular plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC) was designed and tested for long term sustainable generation of bioelecricity. The modular setup makes operation easy and hassle-free as placing every components, i.e., membranes, electrodes, and even changing the plants, becomes very convenient. The novel membrane assembly design combined with pre-activated electrodes with increased surface area helped promote biofilm growth and electrocatalytic activity on anode and cathode surface. The new design resulted in improved performance and stability of the PMFC system for long term usage with minimal maintenance. The use of composite membrane consisting of clay, bentonite, and fly ash mixture was used for the first time in PMFC research and proved to be an excellent alternative to existing expensive Nafion membranes. The power density and current density has increased up to 24.56 mW m-2 and 52 mA m-2 respectively, which is 63% increase in power production and is amongst the highest in PMFC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Jyoti Sarma
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Srinivasan S, Jeevanantham S, Kamalesh R, Karishma S. Sustainable strategy on microbial fuel cell to treat the wastewater for the production of green energy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133295. [PMID: 34914952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the promising alternative energy systems where the catalytic conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy takes places with the help of microorganisms. The basic configuration of MFC consists of three major components such as electrodes (anode and cathode), catalyst (microorganism) and proton transport/exchange membrane (PEM). MFC classified into four types based on the substrate utilized for the catalytic energy conversion process such as Liquid-phase MFC, Solid-phase MFC, Plant-MFC and Algae-MFC. The core performance of MFC is organic substrate oxidation and electron transfer. Microorganisms and electrodes are the key factors that decide the efficiency of MFC system for electricity generation. Microorganism catalysis degradation of organic matters and assist the electron transfer to anode surface, the conductivity of anode material decides the rate of electron transport to cathode through external circuit where electrons are reduced with hydrogen and form water with oxygen. Not limited to electricity generation, MFC also has diverse applications in different sectors including wastewater treatment, biofuel (biohydrogen) production and used as biosensor for detection of biological oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater and different contaminants concentration in water. This review explains different types of MFC systems and their core performance towards energy conversion and waste management. Also provides an insight on different factors that significantly affect the MFC performance and different aspects of application of MFC systems in various sectors. The challenges of MFC system design, operations and implementation in pilot scale level and the direction for future research are also described in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Jeevanantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
| | - R Kamalesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
| | - S Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
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Hoang AT, Nižetić S, Ng KH, Papadopoulos AM, Le AT, Kumar S, Hadiyanto H, Pham VV. Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity production from waste as sustainable prospect of future energy sector. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132285. [PMID: 34563769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is lauded for its potentials to solve both energy crisis and environmental pollution. Technologically, it offers the capability to harness electricity from the chemical energy stored in the organic substrate with no intermediate steps, thereby minimizes the entropic loss due to the inter-conversion of energy. The sciences underneath such MFCs include the electron and proton generation from the metabolic decomposition of the substrate by microbes at the anode, followed by the shuttling of these charges to cathode for electricity generation. While its promising prospects were mutually evinced in the past investigations, the upscaling of MFC in sustaining global energy demands and waste treatments is yet to be put into practice. In this context, the current review summarizes the important knowledge and applications of MFCs, concurrently identifies the technological bottlenecks that restricted its vast implementation. In addition, economic analysis was also performed to provide multiangle perspectives to readers. Succinctly, MFCs are mainly hindered by the slow metabolic kinetics, sluggish transfer of charged particles, and low economic competitiveness when compared to conventional technologies. From these hindering factors, insightful strategies for improved practicality of MFCs were formulated, with potential future research direction being identified too. With proper planning, we are delighted to see the industrialization of MFCs in the near future, which would benefit the entire human race with cleaner energy and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Sandro Nižetić
- University of Split, FESB, Rudjera Boskovica 32, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Kim Hoong Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Agis M Papadopoulos
- Process Equipment Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Postal Address: GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- School of Transportation Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Waste Reprocessing Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - H Hadiyanto
- Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50271, Indonesia; School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Jl. Imam Bardjo, SH Semarang, 50241, Indonesia.
| | - Van Viet Pham
- PATET Research Group, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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The Role of Wetland Plants on Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation in Constructed Wetland Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cell. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CWMFC is a novel technology that has been used for almost a decade for concurrent wastewater treatment and electricity generation in varying scopes of domestic, municipal, and industrial applications since its implementation in 2012. Its advantage of low-cost enhanced wastewater treatment and sustainable bioelectricity generation has gained considerable attention. Nevertheless, the overall efficiency of this novel technology is inclined by several operating factors and configuration strands, such as pH, sewage composition, organic loading, electrode material, filter media, electrogens, hydraulic retention time, and macrophytes. Here, we investigate the effect of the wetland plant component on the overall performance of CWMFCs. The macrophyte’s involvement in the oxygen input, nutrient uptake, and direct degradation of pollutants for the required treatment effect and bioelectricity production are discussed in more detail. The review identifies and compares planted and unplanted CWMFC with their efficiency on COD removal and electricity generation based on previous and recent studies.
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Moqsud MA. Bioremediation of polluted soil due to tsunami by using recycled waste glass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14272. [PMID: 34253815 PMCID: PMC8275791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, bioremediation of tsunami-affected polluted soil has been conducted by using collective microorganisms and recycled waste glass. The Tohoku earthquake, which was a mega earthquake in Japan triggered a huge tsunami on March 11th, 2011 that caused immeasurable damage to the geo-environmental conditions by polluting the soil with heavy metals and excessive salt content. Traditional methods to clean this polluted soil was not possible due to the excess cost and efforts. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the capability of bioremediation of saline soil by using recycled waste glass. Different collective microorganisms which were incubated inside the laboratory were used. The electrical conductivity (EC) was measured at different specified depths. It was noticed that the electrical conductivity decreased with the assist of the microbial metabolisms significantly. Collective microorganisms (CM2) were the highly capable to reduce salinity (up to 75%) while using recycled waste glass as their habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Azizul Moqsud
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube City, 755-8611, Japan.
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Guan CY, Yu CP. Evaluation of plant microbial fuel cells for urban green roofs in a subtropical metropolis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142786. [PMID: 33572039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) is a sustainable technology that can convert sunlight to electricity through the integration of plants, microorganism and electrode systems. Urban greening, such as green roofs, is considered as one of the measures to resolve the urban heat island effect caused by the increasing urbanization. In this study, PMFCs were installed as green roofs in a subtropical metropolis. During the operation, the biomass of Chinese pennisetum, Dwarf rotala, and Narrowleaf cattail increased from spring to summer. Furthermore, the maximum daily average output voltage of Chinese pennisetum and Narrowleaf cattail PMFCs was 667.94 ± 128.65 mV in March and 451.12 ± 94.37 mV in June, respectively. For no plant conditions, the maximum daily average output voltage of soil MFCs was 243.70 ± 128.93 mV in March and 100.16 ± 23.43 mV in June. However, little output voltage of Dwarf rotala PMFCs indicated different plant species in PMFC systems would result in varied efficiencies of electricity generation. The trends of electricity generation in Chinese pennisetum and Narrowleaf cattail PMFCs were influenced by net solar radiation and air temperature, respectively according to the results of correlation analysis. The PMFCs based green roofs could lower the temperature of underneath floor slabs as many as 24.81 °C and 29.37 °C compared with bare slabs at noon in March and June. Vegetation of the PMFCs could relieve soil heat flux, and simulated results showed Chinese pennisetum PMFCs with higher vegetation had lower U-value for energy savings of air conditioning. Microbial community analysis showed Geobacter was among the dominant genera and had higher relative abundance in anode soils than cathode soils in Chinese pennisetum and Narrowleaf cattail PMFCs, which generated higher output voltage. Our roof-top research demonstrated that using PMFCs based green roofs for urban greening is promising and warrants the potential for future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Guan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Budihardjo MA, Effendi AJ, Hidayat S, Purnawan C, Lantasi AID, Muhammad FI, Ramadan BS. Waste valorization using solid-phase microbial fuel cells (SMFCs): Recent trends and status. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111417. [PMID: 33027734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article discusses the use of solid waste processed in solid-phase microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) as a source of electrical energy. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are typically operated in the liquid phase because the ion transfer process is efficient in liquid media. Nevertheless, some researchers have considered the potential for MFCs in solid phases (particularly for treating solid waste). This has promise if several important factors are optimized, such as the type and amount of substrate, microorganism community, system configuration, and type and number of electrodes, which increases the amount of electricity generated. The critical factor that affects the SMFC performance is the efficiency of electron and proton transfer through solid media. However, this limitation may be overcome by electrode system enhancements and regular substrate mixing. The integration of SMFCs with other conventional solid waste treatments could be used to produce sustainable green energy. Although SMFCs produce relatively small amounts of energy compared with other waste-to-energy treatments, SMFCs are still promising to achieve zero-emission treatment. Therefore, this article addresses the challenges and fills the gaps in SMFC research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Arief Budihardjo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50277, Indonesia.
| | - Agus Jatnika Effendi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Syarif Hidayat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Candra Purnawan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 57126, Indonesia.
| | - Ayudya Izzati Dyah Lantasi
- Master of Environmental Sciences, School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50241, Indonesia.
| | - Fadel Iqbal Muhammad
- Master of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708, GA, the Netherlands.
| | - Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50277, Indonesia.
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Magotra VK, Kumar S, Kang TW, Inamdar AI, Aqueel AT, Im H, Ghodake G, Shinde S, Waghmode DP, Jeon HC. Compost Soil Microbial Fuel Cell to Generate Power using Urea as Fuel. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4154. [PMID: 32139783 PMCID: PMC7058052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute problem of eutrophication increasing in the environment is due to the increase of industrial wastewater, synthetic nitrogen, urine, and urea. This pollutes groundwater, soil and creates a danger to aquatic life. Therefore, it is advantageous to use these waste materials in the form of urea as fuel to generate power using Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). In this work, we studied the compost soil MFC(CSMFC) unlike typical MFC with urea from the compost as fuel and graphite as a functional electrode. The electrochemical techniques such as Cyclic Voltammetry, Chronoamperometry are used to characterise CSMFC. It is observed that the CSMFC in which the compost consists of urea concertation of 0.5 g/ml produces maximum power. Moreover, IV measurement is carried out using polarization curves in order to study its sustainability and scalability. Bacterial studies were also playing a significant role in power generation. The sustainability study revealed that urea is consumed in CSMFC to generate power. This study confirmed that urea has a profound effect on the power generation from the CSMFC. Our focus is to get power from the soil processes in future by using waste like urine, industrial wastewater, which contains much amount of urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verjesh Kumar Magotra
- Nano Information Technology Academy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Jung-Gu, 100715, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, 122502, Rewari, Haryana, India
| | - T W Kang
- Nano Information Technology Academy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Jung-Gu, 100715, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Akbar I Inamdar
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Jung-Gu, 100715, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abu Talha Aqueel
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Jung-Gu, 100715, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunsik Im
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Jung-Gu, 100715, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gajanan Ghodake
- Department Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, 10326, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Surendra Shinde
- Department Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, 10326, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - D P Waghmode
- Analytical Chemistry and Material Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - H C Jeon
- Nano Information Technology Academy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Jung-Gu, 100715, Seoul, South Korea.
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Performance and Long Distance Data Acquisition via LoRa Technology of a Tubular Plant Microbial Fuel Cell Located in a Paddy Field in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214647. [PMID: 31731543 PMCID: PMC6864700 DOI: 10.3390/s19214647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (Plant-MFCs) has been studied both in the lab and in a field. So far, field studies were limited to a more conventional Plant-MFC design, which submerges the anode in the soil and places the cathode above the soil surface. However, for a large scale application a tubular Plant-MFC is considered more practical since it needs no topsoil excavation. In this study, 1 m length tubular design Plant-MFC was installed in triplicate in a paddy field located in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Plant-MFC reactors were operated for four growing seasons. The rice paddy was grown in a standard cultivation process without any additional treatment due to the reactor instalation. An online data acquisition using LoRa technology was developed to investigate the performance of the tubular Plant-MFC over the final whole rice paddy growing season. Overall, the four crop seasons, the Plant-MFC installation did not show a complete detrimental negative effect on rice paddy growth. Based on continuous data analysis during the fourth crop season, a continuous electricity generation was achieved during a wet period in the crop season. Electricity generation dynamics were observed before, during and after the wet periods that were explained by paddy field management. A maximum daily average density from the triplicate Plant-MFCs reached 9.6 mW/m2 plant growth area. In one crop season, 9.5-15 Wh/m2 electricity can be continuously generated at an average of 0.4 ± 0.1 mW per meter tube. The Plant-MFC also shows a potential to be used as a bio sensor, e.g., rain event indicator, during a dry period between the crop seasons.
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Saba B, Khan M, Christy AD, Kjellerup BV. Microbial phyto-power systems – A sustainable integration of phytoremediation and microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 127:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rusyn IB, Vakuliuk VV, Burian OV. Prospects of use of Caltha palustris in soil plant-microbial eco-electrical biotechnology. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil plant-microbial biosystems are a promising sustainable technology, resulting in electricity as final product. Soil microbes convert organic products of plant photosynthesis and transfer electrons through an electron transport chain onto electrodes located in soil. This article presents a study of prospects for the generation of bioelectricity by a soil plant-microbial electro-biotechnological system with Caltha palustris L. (Ranunculaceae), a marshy winter-hardy plant that develops early in the spring and is widespread in the moderate climatic zone, in clay-peat medium and with introduction of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Lumbricidae). The experiment was carried out in the wetlands of the Ukrainian Polissya and the Carpathian mountains in situ, and on the balconies and terraces of buildings to assess the possibilities of using green energy sources located directly in buildings. The electrodes were placed stationary in the soil to measure the values of bioelectric potential and current strength. We monitored the bioelectricity indices in open circle and under load using external resistors, and calculated the current density and power density, normalized to the soil surface covered by plants and electrodes. The revealed high maximal values of the bioelectric potential, 1454.1 mV, and current, 11.2 mA, and high average bioelectricity values in optimal natural conditions in wetlands in situ make C. palustris a promising component of soil plant-microbial bio-electrotechnology. We analyzed the influence of temperature and precipitation on the functioning of the soil plant-microbial biosystem. The use of thickets of C. palustris in wetlands in situ, as a stable source of plant-microbial eco-electricity in the summer, is complicated by the fact that the plant sensitively reacts to long periods of high temperature and periods of drought, which is accompanied by decrease in the level of bioelectric parameters. The cultivation of the marsh plant C. palustris as a component of electro-biosystems is possible on terraces and balconies of buildings. The cultivation of C. palustris in clay-peat soil with electrode system for production of eco-electricity on shaded balconies and terraces of buildings requires optimal irrigation, lighting, and introduction of L. terrestris into the substrate, which increase the bioelectricity values of this biotechnology.
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Plant Microbial Fuel Cells⁻Based Energy Harvester System for Self-powered IoT Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19061378. [PMID: 30897710 PMCID: PMC6470559 DOI: 10.3390/s19061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of modern technologies, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the Internet-of-Things (IoT), and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, involves the use of batteries, which pose a serious environmental risk, with billions of batteries disposed of every year. However, the combination of sensors and wireless communication devices is extremely power-hungry. Energy Harvesting (EH) is fundamental in enabling the use of low-power electronic devices that derive their energy from external sources, such as Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), solar power, thermal and kinetic energy, among others. Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) is a prominent clean energy source and a step towards the development of self-powered systems in indoor and outdoor environments. One of the main challenges with PMFCs is the dynamic power supply, dynamic charging rates and low-energy supply. In this paper, a PMFC-based energy harvester system is proposed for the implementation of autonomous self-powered sensor nodes with IoT and cloud-based service communication protocols. The PMFC design is specifically adapted with the proposed EH circuit for the implementation of IoT-WSN based applications. The PMFC-EH system has a maximum power point at 0.71 V, a current density of 5 mA cm - 2 , and a power density of 3.5 mW cm - 2 with a single plant. Considering a sensor node with a current consumption of 0.35 mA, the PMFC-EH green energy system allows a power autonomy for real-time data processing of IoT-based low-power WSN systems.
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Rusyn IB, Hamkalo КR. Bioelectricity production in an indoor plant-microbial biotechnological system with Alisma plantago-aquatica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.14232/abs.2018.2.170-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper descibes the development of a biotechnological system for generating bioelectricity on closed balconies of buildings from living plants Alisma plantago-aquatica and soil microorganisms grown in containers with natural wetland substrate, provided with a graphite and Zn-galvanized steel electrode system. This biotechnology worked efficiently from the first days after installation and was practically at full capacity 2 weeks later. Electric power output was highest in the spring-summer and the early autumn period (at the time of the highest photosynthetic activity of plants). The highest current output was 58.6 mA at 10 Ω load. Bioelectricity generation by the biosystem was stable with slight fluctuations throughout the year in well-lighted and heated premises at a temperature of 21-26 °C, and the seasonal reduction of the bioelectricity level was 8.71%. On not-heated closed terraces and glazed balconies, with temperature fluctuations from 5 to 26 °C, the electricity production decreased in the winter period by 19.98% and 39.91% with and without adding of sulfate-reducing bacteria, respectively. The proposed system of electrodes for collection of bioelectric power is new, easy to manufacture and economical. It is resistant to waterlogged environment, and has good prospects for further improvements for more effective collection of plant-microbial bioelectricity. Maintainance of the biosystem is simple and accessible to everyone without special skills.
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Epipremnum aureum and Dracaena braunii as indoor plants for enhanced bio-electricity generation in a plant microbial fuel cell with electrochemically modified carbon fiber brush anode. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:404-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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