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Zhu X, Xiao L, Ding Y, Zhang J, Jiang Y. The chloroperoxidase immobilized on porous carbon nanobowls for the detection of trichloroacetic acid by electroenzymatic synergistic catalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116590. [PMID: 37423369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), as a by-product of chlorination disinfection, is a highly carcinogenic chemical. Due to the widespread use of chlorination disinfection, it is critical to detect TCA in drinking water to decrease the incidence of disease. In this work, we developed an efficient TCA biosensor via electroenzymatic synergistic catalysis. The porous carbon nanobowls (PCNB) are prepared and wrapped by an amyloid like proteins formed by phase-transitioned lysozyme (PTL-PCNB), then, chloroperoxidase (CPO) is abounding to PTL-PCNB owing to its strong adhesion. The ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (ILEMB) is co-immobilized on PTL-PCNB to from CPO-ILEMB@PTL-PCNB nanocomposite to assist the direct electron transfer (DET) of CPO. The PCNB plays two roles here. In addition, to increasing the conductivity, it serves as an ideal support for holding CPO; The CPO-ILEMB@PTL-PCNB nanocomposite modified electrode presents high efficiency for sensing TCA. Through electroenzymatic synergistic catalysis, a wide detection range of 33 μmol L-1 to 98 mmol L-1 can be achieved with a low detection limit of 5.9 μmol L-1, and high stability, selectivity as well as reproducibility, which ensures its potential practical applicability. This work provides a new platform for the electro-enzyme synergistic catalysis in one pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
| | - Yu Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
| | - Yucheng Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
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2
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Fang X, Wang X, Li Y, Li Q, Mao S. Fluorescence Detection of Trace Disinfection Byproducts by Ag Nanoprism-Modulated Lanthanide MOFs. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2436-2444. [PMID: 36650048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), as an emerging water pollutant, present increasing concern and risk in public health and water safety. Due to their low concentration levels and inherent similarity in molecular structures, sensitive and accurate determination of DBPs is still a challenge especially for onsite or online detection. Herein, a self-regulated fluorescent probe based on the Ag nanoprism-modified lanthanide metal-organic framework (AgNPR@EuMOF) is designed for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) detection. The EuMOF is constructed with Eu as the metal node and 5-boronoisophthalic acid as the ligand. By introducing sulfhydryl groups into EuMOF, AgNPR can be anchored on the EuMOF surface through Ag-S bonds, enabling the synthesis of stable AgNPR@EuMOF composites. During the sensing process, the triangle AgNPR will react with the organic halogen molecule, accomplished with the blue shift of surface plasmon resonance absorption peak and the significant change in the fluorescence of EuMOF. This probe can detect TCAA in a wide concentration range (0.1-40 μM) with high sensitivity and specificity. The density functional theory calculation on binding energies between DBPs and AgNPR suggests that TCAA has the largest interaction ability with AgNPR than other DBPs. Moreover, the detection of TCAA in real tap water and swimming pool water is also demonstrated with high accuracy. The reported AgNPR@EuMOF represents one of the pioneer fluorescence probes in DBP detection, which holds great promise for onsite or online analysis of trace DBPs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Fang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xingyi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiuju Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shun Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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3
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Chu Y, Wang X, Wang L, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Zhao F. Electroanalytical sensing of trichloroacetic acid based on activated self-supported porous silver wire prepared by voltammetric etching with trichloroacetic acid as etchant. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Zhuang Y, Chen R, Shi B. Iron particle formation under chlorine disinfection considering effects of deoxidizers in drinking water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126581. [PMID: 34271442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxidation inevitably occurs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and can cause water quality problems such as increased turbidity and discoloration of tap water. Considering that chlorine disinfection is also widely used in DWDSs, the role of disinfectant and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in iron oxidation should not be neglected. Interestingly, here the well-known deoxidizer ascorbic acid (VC), which is also a food additive, could induce the formation of Fe3O4 besides FeOOH resulting in the color change from yellow to black in the presence of trichloroacetic acid (TCA, one of the most typical DBPs) and NaClO (disinfectant). The oxygen-containing functional groups in TCA and VC may bind Fe(II) to guide the crystal growth. Though the particles generated in the presence of TCA and NaClO together with VC had higher content Fe3O4 which would be more difficult to suspend, once disturbance happened, these particles could increase the turbidity and color of water into higher value than the particles formed without VC and those generated in the absence of TCA and NaClO. Therefore, the deoxidizer VC may control "yellow water" without disinfectant, but may deteriorate the water quality under disinfection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhuang Y, Shen C, Gu Y, Chen R, Shi B. Effect of trichloroacetic acid on iron oxidation: Implications on the control of DBPs and deposits in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116632. [PMID: 33227611 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution system (DWDS), disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have a large possibility of participating in iron oxidation by dissolved oxygen (DO), which may induce particle structure transformations and increase unknown risks. In this work, the influence of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA, one of the most typical DBPs) on iron oxidation processes was studied, and the potential effects of the resulting α-FeOOH particles were evaluated through two aspects: (i) influence on the bacterial community and (ii) toxicity to human cells. TCAA promoted iron oxidation process through an Fe-O-C linkage, which led to a sharper surface of the particles (TCAA-mediated Fe oxide particles, TFOP) than that without TCAA (Fe oxide particles, FOP). Interestingly, the influence of particles on the richness of bacterial community of drinking water was different under anaerobic and aerobic conditions: under anaerobic conditions, the richness of bacterial community increased with the addition of particles, while under aerobic conditions, the richness of bacterial community decreased. The higher affinity of TFOP for electron-accepting DO than FOP indicated the role of DO on TFOP under aerobic conditions. TFOP exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity among FOP and the actual deposits. DFT calculations confirmed that TCAA in iron particles promoted the adsorption and dissociation of H2O2 to generate more •OH with an obvious decrease in the energy barrier from 1.51 to 0.80 eV. This study indicates the high potential of adverse effects of DBPs on loose deposits in DWDS and gives implications for the control of DBPs and deposits in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zeng Z, Fang X, Miao W, Liu Y, Maiyalagan T, Mao S. Electrochemically Sensing of Trichloroacetic Acid with Iron(II) Phthalocyanine and Zn-Based Metal Organic Framework Nanocomposites. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1934-1941. [PMID: 31268302 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate determination of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) has become an emerging need for environmental monitoring and has yet to be realized in electrochemical sensors with metal organic framework (MOF)-based materials. In this study, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) detection based on iron(II) phthalocyanine (PcFe) and a Zn-based metal organic framework (ZIF-8) composite is fabricated. As an electrode material, ZIF-8 possesses a large surface area and porous structure, which exhibits high absorbability; meanwhile, PcFe (II), as the sensing element, undergoes a reduction process from PcFe (II) to PcFe (I) during the sensing process. In the presence of TCAA, PcFe (I) is reoxidized by TCAA, which shifts the reaction equilibrium and accelerates the electron transfer on the electrode interface. By analyzing the reduction current of PcFe (II), the quantitative detection of TCAA is realized. The sensor shows a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.89 nM, which is superior to other reported TCAA sensors, as well as a high sensitivity (826 μΑ/μM). Moreover, the good selectivity and stability of this sensing platform demonstrate its capability and promise in determination of trace DBPs. The reported sensor provides a new strategy for electrochemical detection of DBPs and could expand the applications of MOFs in emerging technologies for monitoring contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrun Zeng
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xian Fang
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Wei Miao
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
- Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Shun Mao
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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A highly conductive thin film composite based on silver nanoparticles and malic acid for selective electrochemical sensing of trichloroacetic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:33-48. [PMID: 30253835 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly conductive thin film composite based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and malic acid (MA) was deposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the selective and sensitive electrochemical sensing of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The casting solution containing MA functionalized AgNPs was employed as a precursor for the thermal deposition of the AgNPs integrated MA thin film composite onto the GCE surface. The uniform coverage of AgNPs within the thin film composite at GCE was obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A significantly high charge transfer resistance of the modified electrode (85.7 Ω for AgNPs-MA/GCE in 2 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- at a bias of +0.235 V as compared to bare GCE (38.01 Ω) verified the optimum coating of AgNPs-MA composite at the surface of the electrode. The AgNPs-MA composite deposited GCE revealed substantial electrocatalytic activity toward TCA reduction with significantly enhanced reduction current. The novel electrode manifested a linear square wave voltammetric (SWV) response over the concentration ranges of 0.1-2 (R2 = 0.9953) and 4-100 μM (R2 = 0.9969) with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 30 nM and 92.5 nM, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited an excellent long-term stability (30 days) with the retention of >95% of initial current. The selectivity of the proposed electrode for the determination of TCA was examined in the presence of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) with the retention of high recovery percentages.
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8
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Semwal V, Shrivastav AM, Gupta BD. Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic trichloroacetic acid sensor utilizing layer of silver nanoparticles and chitosan doped hydrogel. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:065503. [PMID: 28059062 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/6/065503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a silver nanoparticles/chitosan doped hydrogel-based fiber optic sensor for the detection of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The sensor is based on the combined phenomenon of localized and propagating surface plasmons. The sensing relies on the interaction of TCA with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) which results in the electron transfer between the negative group of TCA and positive amino group of AgNP stabilizer (chitosan). This alters the mechanical properties/refractive index of the AgNP embedded hydrogel matrix as well as the refractive index of the AgNP. The change in refractive index of both in turn changes the effective refractive index of the nanocomposite hydrogel layer which can be determined using the Maxwell-Garnet Theory. Four stage optimization of the probe fabrication parameters is performed to obtain the best performance of the sensing probe. The sensor operates in the TCA concentration range 0-120 μm which is harmful for the humans and environment. The shift in peak extinction wavelength observed for the same TCA concentration range is 42 nm. The sensor has the linearity range for the TCA concentration range of 40-100 μm. The sensor possesses high sensitivity, selectivity and numerous other advantages such as ease of handling, quick response, modest cost and capability of online monitoring and remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Semwal
- Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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9
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Kinani A, Kinani S, Bouchonnet S. Formation and determination of organohalogen by-products in water. Part III. Characterization and quantitative approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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The hemoglobin-modified electrode with chitosan/Fe3O4 nanocomposite for the detection of trichloroacetic acid. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-3097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cardador MJ, Fernández-Salguero J, Gallego M. Simultaneous quantification of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in cheese by on-line static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Kanchanamayoon W. Sample Preparation Methods for the Determination of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cardador MJ, Gallego M. Eco-friendly microextraction method for the quantitative speciation of 13 haloacetic acids in water. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:15-23. [PMID: 24679411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the first micro liquid-liquid extraction (MLLE) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the speciation of emerging iodinated acetic acids, along with conventional chlorinated and brominated acids in water. The haloacetic acids (HAAs) were derivatised using 3 reagents for their methylation, both in aqueous and organic media. The acidic methanol derivatisation in aqueous medium provided the best efficiency, requiring minimal sample manipulation. The derivatisation yield was improved through the use of microwave energy that drastically reduced reaction time (2 min). The HAA methyl esters were finally extracted using 250 μL of methyl tert-butyl ether. This MLLE combined with the use of a large-volume sample injection coupled to a programmed temperature vaporiser-GC-MS improved the sensitivity of the method and minimised the generation of hazardous residues in accordance with the principles of "Green Chemistry". Detection and quantification limits (excepting tribromoacetic acid) within the range of 0.01-0.15 μg/L and 0.03-0.5 μg/L, respectively, were obtained and the relative standard deviation was lower than 10%. The eco-friendly method was applied to the speciation of the 13 HAAs in treated (chlorinated and chloraminated water) and untreated water. Up to 8 HAAs were found at detectable levels in treated water. The highly toxic monoiodoacetic acid was detected in almost all the chloraminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Cardador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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14
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In situ derivatization coupled to microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography for the automated determination of haloacetic acids in chlorinated water. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1318:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Hammami B, Driss MR. Development of dry derivatization and headspace solid-phase microextraction technique for the GC-ECD determination of haloacetic acids in tap water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813080054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Ferreira AMC, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. In situ aqueous derivatization as sample preparation technique for gas chromatographic determinations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:70-83. [PMID: 23726081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of derivatization reactions is a common practice in analytical laboratories. Although in many cases it is tedious and time-consuming, it does offer a good alternative for the determination of analytes not compatible to gas chromatography. Many of the reactions reported in the literature occur in organic medium. However, in situ aqueous derivatization reactions, which can be performed directly in aqueous medium, offer important advantages over those mentioned above, such as no need of a previous extraction step and easy automation. Here we review the most recent developments and applications of in situ aqueous derivatization. The discussion focuses on the derivatization reactions used for the determination of alcohols and phenols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones, nitrogen-containing compounds and thiols in different aqueous matrices, such as environmental, biological and food samples. Several reactions are described for each functional group (acylation, alkylation, esterification, among others) and, in some cases, the same reagents can be used for several functional groups, such that there is an unavoidable overlap between sections. Finally, attention is also focused on the techniques used for the introduction of the derivatives formed in the aqueous medium into the chromatographic system. The implementation of in situ aqueous derivatization coupled to preconcentration techniques has permitted the enhancement of recoveries and improvements in the separation, selectivity and sensitivity of the analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Kurd M, Salimi A, Hallaj R. Highly sensitive amperometric sensor for micromolar detection of trichloroacetic acid based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and Fe(II)–phtalocyanine modified glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1720-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Electrochemical sensing of trichloroacetic acid based on silver nanoparticles doped chitosan hydrogel film prepared with controllable electrodeposition. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cardador MJ, Gallego M. Effect of the chlorinated washing of minimally processed vegetables on the generation of haloacetic acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7326-7332. [PMID: 22747435 DOI: 10.1021/jf302591u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine solutions are usually used to sanitize fruit and vegetables in the fresh-cut industry due to their efficacy, low cost, and simple use. However, disinfection byproducts such as haloacetic acids (HAAs) can be formed during this process, which can remain on minimally processed vegetables (MPVs). These compounds are toxic and/or carcinogenic and have been associated with human health risks; therefore, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for five HAAs at 60 μg/L in drinking water. This paper describes the first method to determine the nine HAAs that can be present in MPV samples, with static headspace coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry where the leaching and derivatization of the HAAs are carried out in a single step. The proposed method is sensitive, with limits of detection between 0.1 and 2.4 μg/kg and an average relative standard deviation of ∼8%. From the samples analyzed, we can conclude that about 23% of them contain at least two HAAs (<0.4-24 μg/kg), which showed that these compounds are formed during washing and then remain on the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Cardador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
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20
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Xie Z, Yu L, Yu H, Deng Q. Application of a fluorescent derivatization reagent 9-chloromethyl anthracene on determination of carboxylic acids by HPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:464-8. [PMID: 22499836 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is proposed for the analysis of some carboxylic acids in food samples and the environment. The use of 9-chloromethyl anthracene as a fluorescence-labeling reagent has been investigated. The derivatization reagent reacts with unitary carboxylic acids and tetrabutylammonium bromide as a catalyst within 50 min in acetonitrile to give esters, which can be separated by HPLC employing fluorescence detection at λ(ex) = 365 and λ(em) = 410 nm. The optimum conditions for derivatization, fluorescence detection and chromatographic separation are established. The method shows good sensitivity, with a detection limit from 0.18 to 2.53 pmol, and good linearity between 1-250 nmol/mL of each analyte. The practical applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing samples that were spiked with the acid standards, environment and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Xie
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Ferreira AMC, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Headspace sampling with in situ carbodiimide-mediated derivatization for the determination of ibuprofen in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4856-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, USA
| | - John McCaffrey
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, USA
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Tu W, Lei J, Ju H. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with water-insoluble porphyrin in ionic liquid: direct electrochemistry and highly sensitive amperometric biosensing for trichloroacetic acid. Chemistry 2009; 15:779-84. [PMID: 19058268 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A functional composite of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with hematin, a water-insoluble porphyrin, was first prepared in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF(6)]) ionic liquid. The novel composite in ionic liquid was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and showed a pair of direct redox peaks of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple. The composite-[BMIM][PF(6)]-modified glassy carbon electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in neutral media due to the synergic effect among SWNTs, [BMIM][PF(6)], and porphyrin, which led to a highly sensitive and stable amperometric biosensor for TCA with a linear range from 9.0x10(-7) to 1.4x10(-4) M. The detection limit was 3.8x10(-7) M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The TCA biosensor had good analytical performance, such as rapid response, good reproducibility, and acceptable accuracy, and could be successfully used for the detection of residual TCA in polluted water. The functional composite in ionic liquid provides a facile way to not only obtain the direct electrochemistry of water-insoluble porphyrin, but also construct novel biosensors for monitoring analytes in real environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Cardador MJ, Serrano A, Gallego M. Simultaneous liquid–liquid microextraction/methylation for the determination of haloacetic acids in drinking waters by headspace gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:61-9. [PMID: 18823895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Cardador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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25
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Liu Y, Muralidhara S, Bruckner JV, Bartlett MG. In situ derivatization/solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of trichloroethylene metabolites in rat blood. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1023-1031. [PMID: 18320547 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An in situ derivatization solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method has been developed for the determination of the trichloroethylene (TCE) metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and trichloroethanol (TCOH), in rat blood. The analytical procedure involves derivatization of TCA and DCA to their ethyl esters with acidic ethanol, headspace sampling using SPME, and gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/NCI-MS) determination. Parameters affecting both derivatization efficiency and the headspace SPME procedure, such as the concentration of sulfuric acid, amount of ethanol, derivatization-extraction temperature and time, sample preheating time, agitator speed and desorption conditions, were optimized. The method showed good linearity over the range of 1-1000 ng/mL in rat blood for each metabolite with correlation coefficients (R(2)) higher than 0.99. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were less than 10%. The relative recoveries for all analytes were greater than 84%. Validation results demonstrated that selected ion monitoring of the (35)Cl and (37)Cl isotopes using NCI resulted in reliable and sensitive quantitation of all three TCE metabolites. This validated method was successfully applied to study the toxicokinetic behavior of TCE metabolites following a 1 mg/kg oral dose of TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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26
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Varanusupakul P, Vora-Adisak N, Pulpoka B. In situ derivatization and hollow fiber membrane microextraction for gas chromatographic determination of haloacetic acids in water. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 598:82-6. [PMID: 17693310 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An alternative method for gas chromatographic determination of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water using direct derivatization followed by hollow fiber membrane liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) has been developed. The method has improved the sample preparation step according to the conventional US EPA Method 552.2 by combining the derivatization and the extraction into one step prior to determination by gas chromatography electron captured detector (GC-ECD). The HAAs were derivatized with acidic methanol into their methyl esters and simultaneously extracted with supported liquid hollow fiber membrane in headspace mode. The derivatization was attempted directly in water sample without sample evaporation. The HF-LPME was performed using 1-octanol as the extracting solvent at 55 degrees C for 60 min with 20% Na2SO4. The linear calibration curves were observed for the concentrations ranging from 1 to 300 microg L(-1) with the correlation coefficients (R2) being greater than 0.99. The method detection limits of most analytes were below 1 microg L(-1) except DCAA and MCAA that were 2 and 18 microg L(-1), respectively. The recoveries from spiked concentration ranged from 97 to 109% with %R.S.D. less than 12%. The method was applied for determination of HAAs in drinking water and tap water samples. The method offers an easy one step high sample throughput sample preparation for gas chromatographic determination of haloacetic acids as well as other contaminants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Wardencki W, Curyło J, Namieśnik J. Trends in solventless sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:275-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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