1
|
Carvalho D, Chitolina GZ, Wilsmann DE, Lucca V, de Emery BD, Borges KA, Furian TQ, dos Santos LR, Moraes HLDS, do Nascimento VP. Development of Predictive Modeling for Removal of Multispecies Biofilms of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni from Poultry Slaughterhouse Surfaces. Foods 2024; 13:1703. [PMID: 38890930 PMCID: PMC11172265 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni are among the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and poultry products are strongly associated with foodborne pathogen outbreaks. These pathogens are capable of producing biofilms on several surfaces used in the food processing industry, including polyethylene and stainless steel. However, studies on multi-species biofilms are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to develop predictive mathematical models to simulate the adhesion and removal of multispecies biofilms. All combinations of microorganisms resulted in biofilm formation with differences in bacterial counts. E. coli showed the greatest ability to adhere to both surfaces, followed by S. Enteritidis and C. jejuni. The incubation time and temperature did not influence adhesion. Biofilm removal was effective with citric acid and benzalkonium chloride but not with rhamnolipid. Among the generated models, 46 presented a significant coefficient of determination (R2), with the highest R2 being 0.88. These results provide support for the poultry industry in creating biofilm control and eradication programs to avoid the risk of contamination of poultry meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Carvalho
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Gabriela Zottis Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Daiane Elisa Wilsmann
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Vivian Lucca
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Brunna Dias de Emery
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Luciana Ruschel dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil (T.Q.F.); (H.L.d.S.M.); (V.P.d.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raouan SE, Zouine N, Harchli EE, El Abed S, Sadiki M, Ghachtouli NE, Lachkar M, Ibnsouda SK. The theoretical adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as nosocomial pathogens on 3D printing filament materials. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023:10.1007/s12223-022-01028-6. [PMID: 36807129 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections and nosocomial diseases associated with biomaterial have become a major problem of public health and largely lead to revision surgery, which is painful and quite expensive for patients. These infections are caused by formation of biofilm, which present a difficulty of treatment with conventional antibiotics. The aim of our study is to investigate the theoretical adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on four 3-dimensional printing filament materials used in the manufacture of medical equipment. Thus, the physicochemical properties of these microorganisms and all filament materials were determined using the contact angle measurements. Our results indicated that bacterial surfaces were hydrophilic, strongly electron donating and weakly electron accepting. In contrast, nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polylactic acid surfaces were hydrophobic and more electron-donor than electron-acceptor. In addition, according to the values of total free interaction energy ΔGTotal, Staphylococcus aureus was found unable to adhere to the filament materials except polyethylene terephthalate surface. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed adhesion capacity only for acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene and polyethylene terephthalate surfaces. These findings imply that the usage of these 3D printed materials in the medical area necessitates more research into enhancing their resistance to bacterial adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safae Er Raouan
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nouhaila Zouine
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Elhassan El Harchli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Soumya El Abed
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Moulay Sadiki
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering Valorization and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Naima El Ghachtouli
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Lachkar
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment, Faculty of Science, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carvalho D, Menezes R, Chitolina GZ, Kunert-Filho HC, Wilsmann DE, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Salle CTP, Moraes HLDS, do Nascimento VP. Antibiofilm activity of the biosurfactant and organic acids against foodborne pathogens at different temperatures, times of contact, and concentrations. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1051-1064. [PMID: 35260995 PMCID: PMC9151985 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation has been suggested to play a significant role in the survival of pathogens in food production. Interest in evaluating alternative products of natural origin for disinfectant use has increased. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effects of biosurfactants and organic acids on Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni biofilms, mainly considering temperatures found in environments of poultry processing, as well as simulating the contact times used for disinfection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of rhamnolipid, malic acid, and citric acid on the adhesion of S. Enteritidis, E. coli, and C. jejuni on polystyrene surfaces at different temperatures (4, 12, and 25 °C), compound concentrations, and times of contact (5 and 10 min), and to analyze the potential use of these compounds to disrupt formed biofilms. All three compounds exhibited antibiofilm activity under all analyzed conditions, both in the prevention and removal of formed biofilms. Contact time was less important than temperature and concentration. The antibiofilm activity of the compounds also varied according to the pathogens involved. In the food industry, compound selection must consider the temperature found in each stage of product processing and the target pathogens to be controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Carvalho
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Menezes
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Zottis Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Hiran Castagnino Kunert-Filho
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Daiane Elisa Wilsmann
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico E Pesquisa Em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interaction between Biofilm Formation, Surface Material and Cleanability Considering Different Materials Used in Pig Facilities—An Overview. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sometimes the contamination in pig facilities can persist even after the washing and disinfection procedure. Some factors could influence this persistence, such as bacteria type, biofilm formation, material type and washing parameters. Therefore, this review summarizes how the type of surface can influence bacteria colonization and how the washing procedure can impact sanitary aspects, considering the different materials used in pig facilities. Studies have shown that biofilm formation on the surface of different materials is a complex system influenced by environmental conditions and the characteristics of each material’s surface and group of bacteria. These parameters, along with the washing parameters, are the main factors having an impact on the removal or persistence of biofilm in pig facilities even after the cleaning and disinfection processes. Some options are available for proper removal of biofilms, such as chemical treatments (i.e., detergent application), the use of hot water (which is indicated for some materials) and a longer washing time.
Collapse
|
5
|
Trigui H, Thibodeau A, Fravalo P, Letellier A, P Faucher S. Survival in water of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from the slaughterhouse. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:799. [PMID: 26702388 PMCID: PMC4688295 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni cause gastroenteritis in humans. The main transmission vector is the consumption or handling of contaminated chicken meat, since chicken can be colonized asymptomatically by C. jejuni. However, water has been implicated as the transmission vector in a few outbreaks. One possibility is the contamination of water effluent by C. jejuni originating from chicken farm. The ability of C. jejuni to be transmitted by water would be closely associated to its ability to survive in water. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated the ability of reference strains and chicken-isolated strains to survive in water. Defined water media were used, since the composition of tap water is variable. We showed that some isolates survive better than others in defined freshwater (Fraquil) and that the survival was affected by temperature and the concentration of NaCl. By comparing the ability of C. jejuni to survive in water with other phenotypic properties previously tested, we showed that the ability to survive in water was negatively correlated with autoagglutination. Our data showed that not all chicken isolates have the same ability to survive in water, which is probably due to difference in genetic content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Trigui
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreeal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreeal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreeal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC Canada
| | - Sebastien P Faucher
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Singh SV, Singh AV, Kumar A, Singh PK, Deb R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Dhama K. Survival mechanisms of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> within host species and in the environment—A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ns.2013.56088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Physico-mechanical characterisation of cells using atomic force microscopy — Current research and methodologies. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Moshynets OV, Koza A, Dello Sterpaio P, Kordium VA, Spiers AJ. Up-dating the Cholodny method using PET films to sample microbial communities in soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0000ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Moshynets
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - A. Koza
- SIMBIOS Centre, University of Abertay Dundee
| | | | - V. A. Kordium
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - A. J. Spiers
- SIMBIOS Centre, University of Abertay Dundee
- University of Abertay Dundee
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cook KL, Britt JS, Bolster CH. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in biofilms on livestock watering trough materials. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:103-9. [PMID: 19717251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic enteric infection that affects ruminants. Despite the ubiquitous occurrence of Mycobacterium sp. in nature and the fact that Johne's disease has been reported worldwide, little research has been done to assess its survival in agricultural environments. The goal of this 365-day study was to evaluate the ability of Map to persist in mixed-community biofilms on materials commonly used to construct livestock watering troughs. Map was inoculated into 32l of trough water containing either concrete, plastic, galvanized or stainless steel trough materials. The concentration of Map was determined by using quantitative, real-time PCR to target the IS900 sequence in DNA extracts. High concentrations of Map were detected on all trough materials after 3 days (around 1 x 10(5)cells cm(-2)). Based on the best-fit slopes, the time required for a 99% reduction (t(99)) in biofilm-associated Map cells was 144 and 115 days for plastic and stainless steel trough materials, respectively. Map concentrations did not decrease on concrete and galvanized steel trough materials. These results suggest that Map survives well in biofilms present on livestock watering trough materials. To inhibit spread of this organism and exposure of susceptible animals to Map on infected farms, best management practices aimed at maintaining biofilm-free trough surfaces should be included in any Johne's control plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Cook
- US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, 230 Bennett Ln., Bowling Green, KY 42104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hahn T, O’Sullivan CK, Drese KS. Microsystem for Field-Amplified Electrokinetic Trapping Preconcentration of DNA at Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Membranes. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2904-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801923d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hahn
- Fluidics and Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Paisos Catalan, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ciara K. O’Sullivan
- Fluidics and Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Paisos Catalan, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus S. Drese
- Fluidics and Simulation, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Carl Zeiss Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany, Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Paisos Catalan, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain, and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paris T, Skali-Lami S, Block JC. Probing young drinking water biofilms with hard and soft particles. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:117-126. [PMID: 18996556 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate, through the use of soft (Escherichia coli) and hard (polystyrene microspheres) particles, the distribution and persistence of allochthonous particles inoculated in drinking water flow chambers. Biofilms were allowed to grow for 7-10 months in tap water from Nancy's drinking water network and were composed of bacterial aggregates and filamentous fungi. Both model particles adhered almost exclusively on the biofilms (i.e. on the bacterial aggregates and on the filamentous structures) and not directly on the uncolonized walls (glass or Plexiglas). Biofilm age (i.e. bacterial density and biofilm properties) and convective-diffusion were found to govern particle accumulation: older biofilms and higher wall shear rates both increased the velocity and the amount of particle deposition on the biofilm. Persistence of the polystyrene particles was measured over a two-month period after inoculation. Accumulation amounts were found to be very different between hard and soft particles as only 0.03 per thousand of the soft particles inoculated accumulated in the biofilm against 0.3-0.8% for hard particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Paris
- Laboratoire d'Energétique et de Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA), UMR 7563, Nancy-University, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 160, 54504 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|