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Zhao Y, Yang F, Jiang H, Gao G. Piezoceramic membrane with built-in ultrasound for reactive oxygen species generation and synergistic vibration anti-fouling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4845. [PMID: 38844530 PMCID: PMC11156986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Piezoceramic membranes have emerged as a prominent solution for membrane fouling control. However, the prevalent use of toxic lead and limitations of vibration-based anti-fouling mechanism impede their wider adoption in water treatment. This study introduces a Mn/BaTiO3 piezoceramic membrane, demonstrating a promising in-situ anti-fouling efficacy and mechanism insights. When applied to an Alternating Current at a resonant frequency of 20 V, 265 kHz, the membrane achieves optimal vibration, effectively mitigating various foulants such as high-concentration oil (2500 ppm, including real industrial oil wastewater), bacteria and different charged inorganic colloidal particles, showing advantages over other reported piezoceramic membranes. Importantly, our findings suggest that the built-in ultrasonic vibration of piezoceramic membranes can generate reactive oxygen species. This offers profound insights into the distinct anti-fouling processes for organic and inorganic wastewater, supplementing and unifying the traditional singular vibrational anti-fouling mechanism of piezoceramic membranes, and potentially propelling the development of piezoelectric catalytic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Han Jiang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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2
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Thuy NT, Tho NN, Hoan NX, Khoi TT, Thanh DV, Thanh NT, Duy HD, Huy NN. An electrical- and chemical-free approach using microfilter and Ag-based catalysts for emergency drinking water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1733-1747. [PMID: 36508591 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2152732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In emergency cases such as disasters, supplying enough safe drinking water is one of the most urgent needs for human life. This research aimed to develop a chemical- and electricity-free drinking water treatment system based on microfiltration and catalysts of Ag and Ag-TiO2-SiO2 coated on glass spheres in both dark and sunlight conditions. The system was applied to treat raw water samples taken from five rivers in Vietnam, simulated floodwater samples with high turbidity and E. coli concentration, and real flooding water samples. The results showed the filtration unit fed with simulated floodwater generated lower fluxes and shorter working durations before chemical cleaning than that fed with normal river water. However, filtrate quality was not significantly different for these five water samples with very low values of turbidity (0-0.66 NTU), total coliform (5-19 CFU (100 mL)-1), and E. coli (0-17 CFU (100 mL)-1). The catalyst units using glass spheres coated with either Ag in dark and sunlight or Ag-TiO2-SiO2 under sunlight can completely remove E. coli and coliform as well as additionally mitigate natural organic matters. This study hence suggests the combination of microfiltration and Ag-based catalytic treatment for safe drinking water supply in emergencies, especially for flooding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thuy
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Ngoc Tho
- HCMC University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Tien Khoi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dang Van Thanh
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, TNU - University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trung Thanh
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nanomaterial Laboratory, An Giang University, Long Xuyen City, Vietnam
| | - Ho Duc Duy
- HCMC University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Nhat Huy
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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3
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Bai Q, Zhou W, Cui W, Qi Z. Research Progress on Hygroscopic Agents for Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:722. [PMID: 38591579 PMCID: PMC10856168 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Adsorptive atmospheric water harvesting systems (AWHs) represent an innovative approach to collecting freshwater resources from the atmosphere, with a hygroscopic agent at their core. This method has garnered significant attention due to its broad applicability, strong recycling capacity, and sustainability. It is being positioned as a key technology to address global freshwater scarcity. The core agent's hygroscopic properties play a crucial role in determining the performance of the AWHs. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in hygroscopic agents, including their adsorption mechanisms and classifications. This study of hygroscopic agents analyzes the performance and characteristics of relevant porous material composite polymer composites and plant composites. It also evaluates the design and preparation of these materials. Aiming at the problems of low moisture adsorption and desorption difficulty of the hygroscopic agent, the factors affecting the water vapor adsorption performance and the method of enhancing the hygroscopic performance of the material are summarized and put forward. For the effect of hygroscopic agents on the volume of water catchment devices, the difference in density before and after hygroscopicity is proposed as part of the evaluation criteria. Moisture absorption per unit volume is added as a performance evaluation criterion to assess the effect of hygroscopic agents on the volume of water collection equipment. The article identifies areas that require further research and development for moisture absorbers, exploring their potential applications in other fields and anticipating the future development direction and opportunities of moisture-absorbing materials. The goal is to promote the early realization of adsorptive atmospheric water harvesting technology for large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610059, China; (Q.B.); (W.C.)
| | - Wanlai Zhou
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Wenzhong Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610059, China; (Q.B.); (W.C.)
| | - Zhiyong Qi
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
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Liu H, Xie J, Hu Z, Zhao J, Wang R, Qi Y, Sun S. Self-cleaning and photodegradle PVDF separation membranes modified with self-assembled TiO 2-g-CS/CNTs particle. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121467. [PMID: 37940261 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This work obtained separation membranes with UV-cleaning performance by adding TiO2-g-CS/CNTs photocatalyst to the PVDF. The positively charged chitosan (CS) and negatively charged carboxylic carbon nanotube (CNTs-COOH) can be self-assembled into the bilayer structure on the surface of TiO2 particles through electrostatic attraction. The presence of many hydrophilic groups in CS and CNTs-COOH significantly improves the hydrophilicity of TiO2-g-CS/CNTs-PVDF membrane, and helps TiO2 to be uniformly dispersed on the upper surface. TiO2-g-CS/CNTs promote the change of pore structure and expand the flux of the modified membrane to 4.5 times that of pure PVDF. Zeta potential demonstrates that the TiO2-g-CS particles successfully attracted CNTs in the PVDF matrix, and the membrane surface was still positively charged. Thus, the combined effect of the positively charged TiO2-g-CS and the highly adsorbed CNTs enhanced the retention of the contaminants. More importantly, there is a charge transfer between the grafted CS and TiO2 interface to obtain a broader light absorption band. The excitation carriers provided by CNTs significantly contribute to the photocatalytic performance after transfer between TiO2 and CS; thus, TiO2-g-CS/CNTs-PVDF produces higher photocatalytic activity for dye molecules (degradation rate > 97 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junhao Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuchao Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
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Zhou J, Hung YC, Xie X. Application of electric field treatment (EFT) for microbial control in water and liquid food. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130561. [PMID: 37055970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection and food pasteurization are critical to reducing waterborne and foodborne diseases, which have been a pressing public health issue globally. Electrified treatment processes are emerging and have become promising alternatives due to the low cost of electricity, independence of chemicals, and low potential to form by-products. Electric field treatment (EFT) is a physical pathogen inactivation approach, which damages cell membrane by irreversible electroporation. EFT has been studied for both water disinfection and food pasteurization. However, no study has systematically connected the two fields with an up-to-date review. In this article, we first provide a comprehensive background of microbial control in water and food, followed by the introduction of EFT. Subsequently, we summarize the recent EFT studies for pathogen inactivation from three aspects, the processing parameters, its efficacy against different pathogens, and the impact of liquid properties on the inactivation performance. We also review the development of novel configurations and materials for EFT devices to address the current challenges of EFT. This review introduces EFT from an engineering perspective and may serve as a bridge to connect the field of environmental engineering and food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Xing Xie
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Kammakakam I, Lai Z. Next-generation ultrafiltration membranes: A review of material design, properties, recent progress, and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137669. [PMID: 36623590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technology utilizing ultrafiltration (UF) processes has emerged as the most widely used and cost-effective simple process in many industrial applications. The industries like textiles and petroleum refining are promptly required membrane based UF processes to alleviate the potential environmental threat caused by the generation of various wastewater. At the same time, major limitations such as material selection as well as fouling behavior challenge the overall performance of UF membranes, particularly in wastewater treatment. Therefore, a complete discussion on material design with structural property relation and separation performance of UF membranes is always exciting. This state-of-the-art review has exclusively focused on the development of UF membranes, the material design, properties, progress in separation processes, and critical challenges. So far, most of the review articles have examined the UF membrane processes through a selected track of paving typical materials and their limited applications. In contrast, in this review, we have exclusively aimed at comprehensive research from material selection and fabrication methods to all the possible applications of UF membranes, giving more attention and theoretical understanding to the complete development of high-performance UF systems. We have discussed the methodical engineering behind the development of UF membranes regardless of their materials and fabrication mechanisms. Identifying the utility of UF membrane systems in various applications, as well as their mode of separation processes, has been well discussed. Overall, the current review conveys the knowledge of the present-day significance of UF membranes together with their future prospective opportunities whilst overcoming known difficulties in many potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Kammakakam
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zhiping Lai
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Chen G, Xie W, Chen C, Wu Q, Qin S, Liu B. Preparation of High Flux Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Ultrafiltration Membranes with Ternary Amphiphilic Copolymers as Anchor Pore-Forming Agents and Enhanced Anti-Fouling Behavior. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guijing Chen
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610207, PR China
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Avenue, Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan644000, PR China
| | - Wancen Xie
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Avenue, Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan644000, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610207, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Litree Purifying Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, Hainan571126, PR China
| | - Qidong Wu
- Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin Park, Section 2, Lingang Avenue, Cuiping District, Yibin, Sichuan644000, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610207, PR China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang550014, China
| | - Baicang Liu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610207, PR China
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8
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Yang E, Park S, Kim Y, Yanar N, Choi H. Fabrication and Investigation of Acid Functionalized CNT Blended Nanocomposite Hollow Fiber Membrane for High Filtration and Antifouling Performance in Ultrafiltration Process. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:70. [PMID: 36676876 PMCID: PMC9867267 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a nanocomposite polyethersulfone (PES) HF membrane by blending acid functionalized carbon nanotubes (FCNT) to address the issue of reduced membrane life, increased energy consumption, and operating costs due to low permeability and membrane fouling in the ultrafiltration process. Additionally, we investigated the effect of FCNT blending on the membrane in terms of the physicochemical properties of the membrane and the filtration and antifouling performance. The FCNT/PES nanocomposite HF membrane exhibited increased water permeance from 110.1 to 194.3 LMH/bar without sacrificing rejection performance and increased the flux recovery ratio from 89.0 to 95.4%, compared to a pristine PES HF membrane. This study successfully developed a high filtration and antifouling polymer-based HF membrane by blending FCNT. Furthermore, it was validated that blending FCNT into the membrane enhances the filtration and antifouling performance in the ultrafiltration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmok Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinyun Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yeji Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Numan Yanar
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechul Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Adam MR, Hubadillah SK, Aziz MHA, Jamalludin MR. The emergence of adsorptive membrane treatment for pollutants removal – A mini bibliometric analysis study. MATERIALS TODAY: PROCEEDINGS 2023; 88:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Increase by Substitution of Galvanized Steel for Aluminum Mirrors in the UV Solar Radiation in Canal with Fins and Side Panels That Disinfect Wastewater. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need arises to seek new depuration technological responses aimed at the reuse of wastewater, which requires the development and promotion of economically and environmentally sustainable technologies. In this paper, it studies an improvement to a disinfection system sustainable, low-cost, patented in 2019, and based on solar energy. The water passes through a canal of reflective material in the continuous regime, and in the batch regime, the water remains in the canal. The panels are located parallel to the lateral faces of the canal. The fraction of the radiation reflected outside the canal reaches the reflective side panels that return the radiation to the canal. These panels concentrate the radiation in the canal through reflection. The disinfectant canal with fins and side panels uses ultraviolet radiation to eliminate the bacterial load carried by treated wastewater. For this reason, the present work analyzes the incidence in the area of influence of the disinfectant canal. When reflective aluminum mirrors were installed on the sloping walls of the canal, global radiation increased by 4%, when they were used on the side panels, it increased 3%, and when the aluminum mirrors were used on the canal walls and side panels, it increased 8%. The important thing about this work is that it opens windows for improving the system through materiality so the new challenge is the search for the optimal material considering the impact on global radiation and consequently on the bacteriological elimination.
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Kamarudin D, Hashim NA, Ong BH, Faried M, Suga K, Umakoshi H, Wan Mahari WA. Alternative fouling analysis of PVDF UF membrane for surface water treatment: The credibility of silver nanoparticles. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Alternative Water Resources Selection to Supply Drinking Water in Flood Disasters by Multicriteria Decision-Making Techniques (DANP and VIKOR). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:5445786. [PMID: 35733978 PMCID: PMC9208984 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5445786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Emergency is generally caused by natural disaster and infectious disease outbreaks, or it is man-made. Floods are natural phenomena that generally appear in multiple parts of the world. Flooding is one of the most destructive naturally occurring environmental hazards and can cause public, infrastructural, and environmental damage. The purpose of this study is to select alternative water resources for supplying Bandar Abbas in flood disasters by multicriteria decision-making techniques. Methods Information required includes possible water resources alternative for flood, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the water resources, climatic circumstances, and demographic information used in organizations data and previous studies. After selecting and proposing water resources alternative for Bandar Abbas in flood, the subcriteria were weighed applying DANP (DEMATEL-ANP) techniques and water resources were prioritized with the VIKOR technique. According to the network structure and internal and external dependence of the criteria and subcriteria, the advantages of DANP in calculating weights have been used to adapt to more real-world problems. The VIKOR technique was developed for multicriteria optimization of complex systems. Results After reviewing and extracting the criteria from various studies, 9 main criteria and 44 subcriteria were defined to select water resources in disasters and emergencies. According to field studies and related organizations' information, the proposed water resources for Bandar Abbas to use in flood disasters include humidity, sea (Persian Gulf), Sarkhoon plain, and wastewater treatment plant of Bandar Abbas. Conclusion Results showed that the optimal water resources for Bandar Abbas in flood disasters are the sea and wastewater treatment plant effluent (after advanced treatment). The study proposed appropriate model to select optimal water resources for various natural disasters in different geographical areas. This model can help officials and decision-makers to plan for drinking water supply from disaster-prone areas before disasters occur.
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Pan L, Nakayama A, Matsui Y, Matsushita T, Shirasaki N. Desorption of micropollutant from superfine and normal powdered activated carbon in submerged-membrane system due to influent concentration change in the presence of natural organic matter: Experiments and two-component branched-pore kinetic model. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117872. [PMID: 34837808 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Submerged-membrane hybrid systems (SMHSs) that combine membrane filtration with powdered activated carbon (PAC) take advantage of PAC's ability to adsorb and remove contaminants dissolved in water. However, the risk of contaminant desorption due to temporal changes in the influent concentration of the contaminant has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we used a SMHS with conventionally-sized PAC or superfine PAC (SPAC) to remove 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), a representative micropollutant, from water containing natural organic matter (NOM), with the goal of elucidating adsorption-desorption phenomena in the SMHS. We found that 20-40% of the MIB that adsorbed on PAC and SPAC while the influent was contaminated with MIB (6 h, contamination period) desorbed to the liquid phase within 6 h from the time that the MIB-containing influent was replaced by MIB-free influent (no-contamination period). The percentage of desorption during the no-contamination period increased with increasing MIB breakthrough concentration during the contamination period. These findings indicate that the PAC/SPAC in the SMHS should be replaced while the breakthrough concentration is low, not only to keep a high removal rate but also to decrease the desorption risk. SPAC is fast in removal by adsorption, but it is also fast in release by desorption. SPAC (median diameter: 0.94 µm) showed almost the same adsorption-desorption kinetics as PAC (12.1 µm) of a double dose. A two-component branched-pore diffusion model combined with an IAST (ideal adsorbed solution theory)-Freundlich isotherm was used to describe and analyze the adsorption-desorption of MIB. The diffusivity of MIB molecules in the pores of the activated carbon particles decreased markedly in a short period of time. This decrease, which was attributed to fouling of the activated carbon in the SMHS by coagulant-treated water containing NOM, not only reduced the rate of MIB removal during the contamination period but also hindered the rate of MIB desorption during the no-contamination period and thus prevented the effluent MIB concentration from becoming high. On the other hand, coagulation did not change the concentration of NOM that competes with MIB for adsorption sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pan
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Taku Matsushita
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shirasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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Field Trial of an Automated Batch Chlorinator System at Two Shared Shallow Tubewells among Camps for Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN) in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412917. [PMID: 34948527 PMCID: PMC8701840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of shallow tubewell water is challenging due to various iron concentrations. A mixed-method, small-scale before-and-after field trial assessed the accuracy and consistency of an automated chlorinator, Zimba, in Rohingya camp housing, Cox’s Bazar. From August–September 2018, two shallow tubewells (iron concentration = 6.5 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L) were selected and 20 households were randomly enrolled to participate in household surveys and water testing. The field-team tested pre-and post-treated tubewell and household stored water for iron, free and total chlorine, and E. coli. A sub-set of households (n = 10) also received safe storage containers (5 L jerry cans). Overall mean iron concentrations were 5.8 mg/L in Zimba water, 1.9 mg/L in household storage containers, and 2.8 mg/L in the project-provided safe storage containers. At baseline, 0% samples at source and 60% samples stored in household vessels were contaminated with E. coli (mean log10 = 0.62 MPN/100 mL). After treatment, all water samples collected from source and project-provided safe storage containers were free from E. coli, but 41% of post-treated water stored in the household was contaminated with E. coli. E. coli concentrations were significantly lower in the project-provided safe storage containers (log10 mean difference = 0.92 MPN, 95% CI = 0.59–1.14) compared with baseline and post-treated water stored in household vessels (difference = 0.57 MPN, 95% CI = 0.32–0.83). Zimba is a potential water treatment technology for groundwater extracted through tubewells with different iron concentrations in humanitarian settings.
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Shen C, Wu S, Meng Q. Construction of portable drinking water device using an agricultural biomass-derived material of polyethylenimine-grafted-corncob. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Impacts of Surface Hydrophilicity of Carboxylated Polyethersulfone Supports on the Characteristics and Permselectivity of PA-TFC Nanofiltration Membranes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102470. [PMID: 34684911 PMCID: PMC8541453 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our current study experimentally evaluates the impacts of surface hydrophilicity of supports on the properties of polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes. A series of "carboxylated polyethersulfone" (CPES) copolymers with an increasing "molar ratio" (MR) of carboxyl units were used to prepare supports with diverse surface hydrophilicities by the classical nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. Then, the PA-TFC NF membranes were finely fabricated atop these supports by conventional interfacial polymerization (IP) reactions. The linkages between the surface hydrophilicity of the supports and the characteristics of the interfacially polymerized PA layers as well as the permselectivity of NF membranes were investigated systematically. The morphological details of the NF membranes indicate that the growth of PA layers can be adjusted through increasing the surface hydrophilicity of the supports. Moreover, the separation results reveal that the NF membrane fabricated on the relatively hydrophobic support exhibits lower permeability (7.04 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1) and higher selectivity (89.94%) than those of the ones prepared on the hydrophilic supports (14.64~18.99 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1 and 66.98~73.48%). A three-stage conceptual scenario is proposed to illustrate the formation mechanism of the PA layer in NF membranes, which is due to the variation of surface hydrophilicity of the supports. The overall findings specify how the surface hydrophilicity of the supports influences the formation of PA layers, which ultimately defines the separation performances of the corresponding NF membranes.
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17
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Universal Access to Safe Drinking Water: Escaping the Traps of Non-Frugal Technologies. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13179645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This communication is motivated by recent publications discussing the affordability of appropriate decentralized solutions for safe drinking water provision in low-income communities. There is a huge contrast between the costs of presented technologies, which vary by a factor of up to 12. For example, for the production of 2000 L/d of treated drinking water, the costs vary between about 1500 and 12,000 Euro. A closer look at the technologies reveals that expensive technologies use imported manufactured components or devices that cannot yet be locally produced. In the battle to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for safe drinking water (SDG 6.1), such technologies should be, at best, considered as bridging solutions. For a sustainable self-reliance in safe drinking water supply, do-it-yourself (DIY) systems should be popularized. These DIY technologies include biochar and metallic iron (Fe0) based systems. These relevant technologies should then be further improved through internal processes.
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18
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Loo SL, Vásquez L, Zahid M, Costantino F, Athanassiou A, Fragouli D. 3D Photothermal Cryogels for Solar-Driven Desalination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30542-30555. [PMID: 34156821 PMCID: PMC8289246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the fabrication of photothermal cryogels for freshwater production via the solar-driven evaporation of seawater. Photothermal cryogels were prepared via in situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole with ammonium persulfate on preformed poly(sodium acrylate) (PSA) cryogels. We found that the pyrrole concentration used in the fabrication process has a significant effect on the final PSA/PPy cryogels (PPCs), causing the as-formed polypyrrole (PPy) layer on the PPC to evolve from nanoparticles to lamellar sheets and to consolidated thin films. PPC fabricated using the lowest pyrrole concentration (i.e., PPC10) displays the best solar-evaporation efficiency compared to the other samples, which is further improved by switching the operative mode from floating to standing. Specifically, in the latter case, the apparent solar evaporation rate and solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency reach 1.41 kg m-2 h-1 and 96.9%, respectively, due to the contribution of evaporation from the exposed lateral surfaces. The distillate obtained from the condensed vapor, generated via solar evaporation of a synthetic seawater through PPC10, shows an at least 99.99% reduction of Na while all the other elements are reduced to a subppm level. We attribute the superior solar evaporation and desalination performance of PPC10 to its (i) higher photoabsorption efficiency, (ii) higher heat localization effect, (iii) open porous structure that facilitates vapor removal, (iv) rough pore surface that increases the surface area for light absorption and water evaporation, and (v) higher water-absorption capacity to ensure efficient water replenishment to the evaporative sites. It is anticipated that the gained know-how from this study would offer insightful guidelines to better designs of polymer-based 3D photothermal materials for solar evaporation as well as for other emerging solar-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Leng Loo
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Lía Vásquez
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI) Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Costantino
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Interdisciplinary
Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (i-LAMP) and Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Despina Fragouli
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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García-Pacheco R, Li Q, Comas J, Taylor RA, Le-Clech P. Novel housing designs for nanofiltration and ultrafiltration gravity-driven recycled membrane-based systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144181. [PMID: 33450590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low pressure gravity-driven membrane (GDM) systems have the potential to be significantly less costly and complex than conventional membranes for water treatment applications. To build upon this inherent advantage, this study assesses the reuse of recycled membranes in GDM systems for producing drinking water. Two reverse osmosis spiral-wound modules were recycled into nanofiltration (NF)-like and ultrafiltration (UF)-like membranes via controlled exposure to free chlorine. To operate the recycled membranes, two housing devices, based on a simple fitting and an advanced end-caps design, were developed. The recycled membrane systems were tested under a range of conditions (submerged vs. external system configuration and continuous vs. intermittent filtration mode). Synthetic river water feed solutions were used in the tests where performance, fouling, and clogging were measured. NF-like recycled membranes resulted in poor salt rejection and low permeability (~1.7 L m-2 h-1 bar-1), but also in high rejection (>81%) of dissolved organic carbon. UF-like recycled membranes maintained their capacity to reject biopolymers (BP) (>74%) and featured up to 18-fold higher permeate rate than NF-like recycled membranes. The optimized operating conditions were found when the recycled membranes were housed in the end-caps device and operated intermittently (relaxation time plus forward flushing). Flushing reduced the fouling accumulation inside the membrane (only 12% and 40% of BP accumulation was observed in the NF-like and UF-like, respectively). However, the end-caps-based device was estimated to be more expensive during the economic analysis. To address this techno-economic trade-off, a decision-making tree was developed to select the appropriate configuration based upon the implementation context. Overall, this study concludes that these designs can serve as robust, low-cost (water production cost <1 USD ct. yr. L-1), and light-weight GDM alternatives. This study is beneficial for developing compact GDM systems based on recycled spiral-wound membranes for both rural areas and emergency response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Pacheco
- LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona Campus Montilivi, carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia; IMDEA Water Institute, Avenida Punto Com. n°2. 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Qiyuan Li
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joaquim Comas
- LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona Campus Montilivi, carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Robert A Taylor
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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20
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Assessment of the Readiness and Resilience of Czech Society against Water-Related Crises. HYDROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This assessment of societal readiness and resilience to water-related situations in the Czech Republic focuses on an interdisciplinary approach in the Czech Republic for solving this problem. The goal of the article is to evaluate and characterize the preparedness for handling water-related crises. The analysis is carried out via a SWOT analysis, which is a universal analytical method used to understand and interpret strengths and weaknesses and to identify opportunities and threats. For the calculation of the weight factor of the SWOT analysis, an assessment was determined based on the multicriteria analysis. The pair comparison method was used to determine the relative importance of the parameters of the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The Fuller Triangle method was chosen for the system used to make the comparisons of the individual criteria. The uniqueness of the study consists of the issue of water management, which is thus reflected from a non-traditional perspective, being a contemporary model—the paradigm of the view on the preparedness of the planning documentation as one of the characteristics of societal resilience for water-related crises. The result of the research is the fact that a positive approach prevails in the researched area from the perspective of preparedness for water-related crises. For the creation of the conditions, the factors arising from the internal environment currently prevail slightly over those arising from the external environment.
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21
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Saiful S, Ajrina M, Wibisono Y, Marlina M. Development of Chitosan/Starch-Based Forward Osmosis Water Filtration Bags for Emergency Water Supply. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120414. [PMID: 33322244 PMCID: PMC7763897 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A forward osmosis (FO) membrane was developed from a mixture of chitosan and Dioscorea hispida starch, cross-linked using glutaraldehyde. The cross-linked chitosan/starch membrane was revealed to have high mechanical properties with an asymmetric structure. The prepared membrane’s performance was investigated as an FO filter assembled in a polypropylene water filter bag and aluminum foil plastic. In order to study the FO process, brackish water was used as a feed solution, drawn using three types of solution (fructose, sucrose, and fructose/sucrose mixture, each with 3 M concentration). The maximum water flux (5.75 L/m2 h) was achieved using 3 M sucrose. The cross-linked membrane restrained the ions in the feed with a rejection factor value close to 100%. The water quality parameters were evaluated for the physical, chemical, and biological criteria, such as pH, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), heavy metals, and Escherichia coli content. The water quality parameters for the FO-processed water met that set by the World Health Organization for drinking water. FO filter bags with cross-linked chitosan/starch membranes can be an option to produce drinking water during an emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Saiful
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (M.A.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-813-6058-1225
| | - Maurisa Ajrina
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (M.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Yusuf Wibisono
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia;
| | - Marlina Marlina
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (M.A.); (M.M.)
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22
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Development and Application of a Multi-Objective-Optimization and Multi-Criteria-Based Decision Support Tool for Selecting Optimal Water Treatment Technologies in India. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to improve water management, India is becoming increasingly water stressed due to multiple factors, including climate change, increasing population, and urbanization. We address one of the most challenging problems in the design of water treatment plants: how to select a suitable technology for a specific scenario or context. The process of decision making first requires the identification of feasible treatment configurations based on various objectives and criteria. In addition, the multiplicity of water quality parameters and design variables adds further complexity to the process. In this study, we propose a novel Decision Support Tool (DST), designed to address and support the above challenges. In this user-friendly tool, both Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) methods are employed. The integration of MCDA with MOO facilitates the generation of feasible drinking water treatment solutions, identifies optimal options, and ultimately, improves the process of decision making. This implemented approach has been tested for different contexts, including for different types of raw water sources and system implementation scales. The results show that this tool can enhance the process of decision making, supporting the user (e.g., stakeholders and decision makers) to implement the most suitable water treatment systems, keeping in view the trade-offs.
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23
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Biosand Filter as a Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technology: Influence of Turbidity on Microorganism Removal Efficiency. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The number of people living without access to clean water can be reduced by the implementation of point-of-use (POU) water treatment. Among POU treatment systems, the domestic biosand filter (BSF) stands out as a viable technology. However, the performance of the BSF varies with the inflow water quality characteristics, especially turbidity. In some locations, people have no choice but to treat raw water that has turbidity above recommended levels for the technology. This study aimed to measure the efficiency with which the BSF removes microorganisms from well water and from fecal-contaminated water with turbidity levels of 3, 25, and 50 NTU. Turbidity was controlled by the addition of kaolin to water. Turbidity removal varied from 88% to 99%. Reductions in total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli ranged from 0.54–2.01 and 1.2–2.2 log removal values (LRV), respectively. The BSF that received water with a higher level of turbidity showed the greatest reduction in the concentration of microorganisms. Additional testing with water contaminated with four bacterial pure cultures showed reductions between 2.7 and 3.6 LRV. A higher reduction in microorganisms was achieved after 30–35 days in operation. Despite the filter’s high efficiency, the filtrates still had some microorganisms, and a disinfection POU treatment could be added to increase water safety.
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24
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Liu G, Jiang J, Yu R, Yan H, Liang R. Silver Nanoparticle-Incorporated Porous Renewable Film as Low-Cost Bactericidal and Antifouling Filter for Point-of-Use Water Disinfection. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gongyan Liu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruiquan Yu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Yan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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25
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Xu Y, Tang C, Ma J, Liu D, Qi D, You S, Cui F, Wei Y, Wang W. Low-Tortuosity Water Microchannels Boosting Energy Utilization for High Water Flux Solar Distillation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5150-5158. [PMID: 32186176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar distillation through photothermal evaporators has approached solar light energy (E1) limit under no solar concentration but still suffers from modest vapor and clean water production. Herein, a nature-inspired low-tortuosity three-dimensional (3D) evaporator is demonstrated to significantly improve water production. The solar evaporator, prepared from polypyrrole-modified maize straw (PMS), had upright vascular structures enabling high water lifting and horizontal microgaps facilitating broad water distribution to the out-surface. Consequently, this novel PMS evaporator dramatically enhanced the utilization of the solar heat energy stored in the environment (E2) for promoting evaporation. The maximum vapor generation rate of a single PMS respectively increases 2.5 and 6 times compared with the conventional 3D evaporators and the planar evaporators of an identical occupied area. Consequently, a scaled-up PMS array achieved a state-of-the-art vapor generation rate of 3.0 L m-2 h-1 (LMH) under a simulated condition and a record-high clean water production of 2.2 LMH for actual seawater desalination under natural conditions (1 sun intensity). This breakthrough reveals great potentials for cost-effective freshwater production as well as the rational design of high-performance photothermal evaporators for solar distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chuyang Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam HW619B, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Yen Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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26
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Loo SL, Vásquez L, Paul UC, Campagnolo L, Athanassiou A, Fragouli D. Solar-Driven Freshwater Generation from Seawater and Atmospheric Moisture Enabled by a Hydrophilic Photothermal Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10307-10316. [PMID: 32058681 PMCID: PMC7997105 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated increase in freshwater demand, particularly among populations displaced in remote locations where conventional water sources and the infrastructure required to produce potable water may be completely absent, highlights the urgent need in creating additional freshwater supply from untapped alternative sources via energy-efficient solutions. Herein, we present a hydrophilic and self-floating photothermal foam that can generate potable water from seawater and atmospheric moisture via solar-driven evaporation at its interface. Specifically, the foam shows an excellent solar-evaporation rate of 1.89 kg m-2 h-1 with a solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 92.7% under 1-Sun illumination. The collected water is shown to be suitable for potable use because when synthetic seawater samples (3.5 wt %) are used, the foam is able to cause at least 99.99% of salinity reduction. The foam can also be repeatedly used in multiple hydration-dehydration cycles, consisting of moisture absorption or water collection, followed by solar-driven evaporation; in each cycle, 1 g of the foam can harvest 250-1770 mg of water. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a material that integrates all the desirable properties for solar evaporation, water collection, and atmospheric-water harvesting. The lightweight and versatility of the foam suggest that the developed foams can be a potent solution for water efficiency, especially for off-grid situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Leng Loo
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Lía Vásquez
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
| | - Uttam C. Paul
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Laura Campagnolo
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
| | | | - Despina Fragouli
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
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27
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Meng Q, Wu S, Shen C. Polyethylenimine-Grafted-Corncob as a Multifunctional Biomaterial for Removing Heavy Metal Ions and Killing Bacteria from Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shengdong Wu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Chong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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28
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Du Z, Cao H, Zheng T, Wang P, Quan J. Modelling and development of a modular oscillating-bed adsorption reactor system for copper ion removal from water in emergency. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Alumina double-layered ultrafiltration membranes with enhanced water flux. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Qi H, Wei T, Zhao W, Zhu B, Liu G, Wang P, Lin Z, Wang X, Li X, Zhang X, Zhu J. An Interfacial Solar-Driven Atmospheric Water Generator Based on a Liquid Sorbent with Simultaneous Adsorption-Desorption. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903378. [PMID: 31523873 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the greatest challenges facing human society. Because of the abundant amount of water present in the atmosphere, there are significant efforts to harvest water from air. Particularly, solar-driven atmospheric water generators based on sequential adsorption-desorption processes are attracting much attention. However, incomplete daytime desorption is the limiting factor for final water production, as the rate of water desorption typically decreases very quickly with decreased water content in the sorbents. Hereby combining tailored interfacial solar absorbers with an ionic-liquid-based sorbent, an atmospheric water generator with a simultaneous adsorption-desorption process is generated. With enhanced desorption capability and stabilized water content in the sorbent, this interfacial solar-driven atmospheric water generator enables a high rate of water production (≈0.5 L m-2 h-1 ) and 2.8 L m-2 d-1 for the outdoor environment. It is expected that this interfacial solar-driven atmospheric water generator, based on the liquid sorbent with a simultaneous adsorption-desorption process opens up a promising pathway to effectively harvest water from air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Qi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tianqi Wei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenhui Lin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xueyang Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiuqiang Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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He Z, Lyu Z, Gu Q, Zhang L, Wang J. Ceramic-based membranes for water and wastewater treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Siwila S, Brink IC. Comparison of five point-of-use drinking water technologies using a specialized comparison framework. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:568-586. [PMID: 31313995 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three novel and two commercially available low-cost point-of-use (PoU) water treatment technologies were comparatively evaluated using a specialized comparison framework targeted at them. The comparison results and specialized framework have been discussed. The PoU systems were evaluated principally in terms of performance, flow rate and cost per volume of water treated (quantitatively), ease of use, potential acceptability and material availability (qualitatively) with main focus on rural and suburban settings. The three novel systems assessed were developed in an ongoing research project aimed at developing a multibarrier low-cost PoU water treatment system. The comparative evaluation and analysis revealed that the commercially available systems may often produce water free of pathogens (with an apparent 100% removal for Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms) but may not be affordable for application to the poorest groups in much of the developing world. The novel systems, which were principally constructed from local materials, were more affordable, can supply relatively safe water and can be constructed by users with minimal training. Overall, bacterial removal effectiveness, ease of use, flow rate, material availability, cost and acceptability aspects of water were identified as key to potential adoption and sustainability of the evaluated low-cost PoU systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Siwila
- Department of Civil Engineering, Water Engineering Division, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Cape Town, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Isobel C Brink
- Department of Civil Engineering, Water Engineering Division, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Cape Town, South Africa E-mail:
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Alves AADA, Ruiz GLDO, Nonato TCM, Müller LC, Sens ML. Performance of the fixed-bed of granular activated carbon for the removal of pesticides from water supply. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1977-1987. [PMID: 29383989 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1435731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of a fixed bed adsorption column of granular activated carbon (FBAC-GAC), in the removal of carbaryl, methomyl and carbofuran at a concentration of 25 μg L-1 for each carbamate, from the public water supply was investigated. For the determination of the presence of pesticides in the water supply, the analytical technique of high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization was used. Under conditions of constant diffusivity, the FBAC-GAC was saturated after 196 h of operation on a pilot scale. The exhaust rate of the granular activated carbon (GAC) in the FBAC-GAC until the point of saturation was 0.02 kg GAC m-3 of treated water. By comparing a rapid small-scale column test and FBAC-GAC, it was confirmed that the predominant intraparticle diffusivity in the adsorption column was constant diffusivity. Based on the results obtained on a pilot scale, it was possible to estimate the values to be applied in the FBAC-GAC (full scale) to remove the pesticides, which are particle size with an average diameter of 1.5 mm GAC; relationship between the internal diameter of the column and the average diameter of GAC ≥50 in order to avoid preferential flow near the adsorption column wall; surface application rate 240 m3 m-2 d-1 and an empty bed contact time of 3 min. ABBREVIATIONS: BV: bed volume; CD: constant diffusivity; EBCT: empty bed contact time; FBAC-GAC: fixed bed adsorption column of granular activated carbon; GAC: granular activated carbon; MPV: maximum permitted values; NOM: natural organic matter; PD: proportional diffusivity; pHPCZ: pH of the zero charge point; SAR: surface application rate; RSSCT: rapid small-scale column test; WTCS: water treated conventional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcione Aparecida de Almeida Alves
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário UFSC/CTC Bairro Trindade , Florianópolis/SC , Brasil
- b Laboratório de Águas e Ecotoxicologia , Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul , Cerro Largo/RS , Brasil
| | - Giselle Louise de Oliveira Ruiz
- c Departamento de Engenharia Civil , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário UFSC/CTC Bairro Trindade , Florianópolis/SC , Brasil
| | - Thyara Campos Martins Nonato
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário UFSC/CTC Bairro Trindade , Florianópolis/SC , Brasil
| | - Laura Cecilia Müller
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário UFSC/CTC Bairro Trindade , Florianópolis/SC , Brasil
| | - Maurício Luiz Sens
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário UFSC/CTC Bairro Trindade , Florianópolis/SC , Brasil
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Wu S, Wang Z, Xiong S, Wang Y. Tailoring TiO2 membranes for nanofiltration and tight ultrafiltration by leveraging molecular layer deposition and crystallization. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11040732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water supply is at the core of both, humanitarian action in times of crisis, as well as national policies for regular and emergency supply. In countries with a continuous water supply, the population mostly relies ingenuously on the permanent availability of tap water due to high supply standards. In case of a disruption in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards become important for emergency management during disasters. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably fewer disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water provision standards in case of a disaster. Acknowledging that these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high supply standards. Based on a comprehensive literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper flags potential improvements for emergency water supply planning and identifies future fields of research.
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Liu F, Wang L, Li D, Liu Q, Deng B. A review: the effect of the microporous support during interfacial polymerization on the morphology and performances of a thin film composite membrane for liquid purification. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35417-35428. [PMID: 35528106 PMCID: PMC9074776 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The thin film composite (TFC) membrane prepared by interfacial polymerization (IP) on porous supports is currently one of the most efficient technologies for brackish water purification and seawater desalination, including reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), and nanofiltration (NF). Over the past decades, there have been intensive and continuous efforts in research of polyamide layers, while there is little information in the literature about the impact that physical–chemical properties and structure of support membranes have on the formation of composite membranes. This paper reviews the recent research progress of the supporting membrane, comprehensively summarizes the support role in polyamide formation, and provides good insight into TFC membrane research and development. In addition, we discuss several types of polymer supporting membranes and related modification methods to explore the appropriate supporting membrane for enhancing TFC membrane performance and extending the applications in the future. The thin film composite membrane prepared by interfacial polymerization on porous supports is currently one of the most efficient technologies for brackish water purification and seawater desalination, including reverse osmosis, forward osmosis and nanofiltration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Nonwoven Technology
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles
- Jiangnan University
- Ministry of Education
- Wuxi 214122
| | - LanLan Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Nonwoven Technology
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles
- Jiangnan University
- Ministry of Education
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Dawei Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Nonwoven Technology
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles
- Jiangnan University
- Ministry of Education
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Nonwoven Technology
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles
- Jiangnan University
- Ministry of Education
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Bingyao Deng
- Laboratory for Advanced Nonwoven Technology
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles
- Jiangnan University
- Ministry of Education
- Wuxi 214122
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38
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Ozcelik M. Alternative model for electricity and water supply after disaster. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozcelik
- Süleyman Demirel University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering, Isparta, Turkey
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39
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Smadi H, Al Theeb N, Bawa’neh H. Logistics system for drinking water distribution in post disaster humanitarian relief, Al-Za’atari camp. JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/jhlscm-12-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
It is essential to provide drinking water to affected population directly after a disaster. The purpose of this paper is to develop an optimization methodology that helps in the distribution of drinking water in post-disaster situations.
Design/methodology/approach
The research was conducted on two phases: phase 1 aims at identifying an appropriate way to deliver drinking water to refugee camps from external sources, considering required drinking water quantities and four possible sources of water with respect to cost and risk assessments. Phase 2 investigates drinking water distribution within a refugee camp using covering models. The MCLP–optimal number of facilities model is proposed to ensure that the water is distributed and delivered to all individuals in a camp with minimum number of water storage tanks required. A control policy is proposed to ensure the fair distribution of water to all targeted individuals.
Findings
Al-Za’atari refugee camp, located in northeast of Jordan, was considered as the case study for this research. The result showed that the appropriate way to deliver water to the camp is by using tanker–trucks, and a minimum number of five tanks are required to distribute water to individuals inside the camp with respect to tank locations and the allocation of tank of each area.
Originality/value
The proposed methodology is essential in decision making for the distribution of drinking water in refugee camps in short-term needs. The model adds important value to the literature as the proposed problem has no solution in the literature before.
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40
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Haupt A, Lerch A. Forward osmosis treatment of effluents from dairy and automobile industry - results from short-term experiments to show general applicability. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:467-475. [PMID: 30207988 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a potential membrane technology to treat wastewater energy efficiently with low fouling. In laboratory-scale experiments, six effluents from a dairy and an automobile production plant were tested to find out if FO is an applicable treatment technology. Permeate flux and reverse salt flux were determined in nine test series with three subsequent 5 h experiments each. In between, the membrane was cleaned with deionized water. Membrane performance tests before each experiment were used to monitor membrane performance and fouling. Samples were analysed and the T/M-value was introduced to indicate which substances caused fouling. Dairy cheese brine was a suitable DS. Here, permeate fluxes were 21.0 and 15.1 L/(m²·h). Automobile cooling tower water and wastewater from cathodic dip painting were also used as DS. However, permeate fluxes were below 1.1 L/(m²·h). The tested FS, reverse osmosis concentrate from dairy wastewater treatment, rinsing water and wastewater from automobile cathodic dip painting, as well as wastewater from automobile paint shop pre-treatment, showed good performance regarding the permeate flux of between 7.9 and 19.4 L/(m²·h). Membrane performance test showed that some of the effluents lead to permeate flux reduction due to fouling. Different cleaning-in-place methods were examined. Eventually, permeate flux was restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haupt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Chair of Process Engineering in Hydro Systems, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail:
| | - A Lerch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Chair of Process Engineering in Hydro Systems, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail:
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41
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Gayen P, Spataro J, Avasarala S, Ali AM, Cerrato JM, Chaplin BP. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate Using Magnéli Phase TiO 2 Reactive Electrochemical Membranes Doped with Pd-Based Catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9370-9379. [PMID: 30039962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on synthesis, characterization, and application of point-of-use catalytic reactive electrochemical membranes (REMs) for electrocatalytic NO3- reduction. Deposition of Pd-Cu and Pd-In catalysts to the REMs produced catalytic REMs (i.e., Pd-Cu/REM and Pd-In/REM) that were active for NO3- reduction. Optimal performance was achieved with a Pd-Cu/REM and upstream counter electrode, which reduced NO3- from 1.0 mM to below the EPAs regulatory MCL (700 μM) in a single pass through the REM (residence time ∼2 s), obtaining product selectivity of <2% toward NO2-/NH3. Nitrate reduction was not affected by dissolved oxygen and carbonate species and only slightly decreased in a surface water sample due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ scaling. Energy consumption to treat surface water was 1.1 to 1.3 kWh mol-1 for 1 mM NO3- concentrations, and decreased to 0.19 and 0.12 kWh mol-1 for 10 and 100 mM NaNO3 solutions, respectively. Electrocatalytic reduction kinetics were shown to be an order of magnitude higher than catalytic NO3- reduction kinetics. Conversion of up to 67% of NO3-, with low NO2- (0.7-11 μM) and NH3 formation (<10 μM), and low energy consumption obtained in this study suggest that Pd-Cu/REMs are a promising technology for distributed water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pralay Gayen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , 810 South Clinton Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Jason Spataro
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , 810 South Clinton Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Civil Engineering, MSC01 1070 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Abdul-Mehdi Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - José M Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, MSC01 1070 , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , 810 South Clinton Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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Forward Osmosis Application in Manufacturing Industries: A Short Review. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8030047. [PMID: 30041478 PMCID: PMC6160976 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane technology that uses the osmotic pressure difference to treat two fluids at a time giving the opportunity for an energy-efficient water and wastewater treatment. Various applications are possible; one of them is the application in industrial water management. In this review paper, the basic principle of FO is explained and the state-of-the-art regarding FO application in manufacturing industries is described. Examples of FO application were found for food and beverage industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, coal processing, micro algae cultivation, textile industry, pulp and paper industry, electronic industry, and car manufacturing. FO publications were also found about heavy metal elimination and cooling water treatment. However, so far FO was applied in lab-scale experiments only. The up-scaling on pilot- or full-scale will be the essential next step. Long-term fouling behavior, membrane cleaning methods, and operation procedures are essential points that need to be further investigated. Moreover, energetic and economic evaluations need to be performed before full-scale FO can be implemented in industries.
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Martin-Simpson S, Parkinson J, Katsou E. Measuring the benefits of using market based approaches to provide water and sanitation in humanitarian contexts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 216:263-269. [PMID: 28318827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of cash transfers and market based programming (CT/MBP) to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency responses is gaining prominence in the humanitarian sector. However, there is a lack of existing indicators and methodologies to monitor activities designed to strengthen water and sanitation (WaSH) markets. Gender and vulnerability markers to measure the impact of such activities on different stakeholders is also missing. This study identifies parameters to monitor, evaluate and determine the added value of utilising CT/MBP to achieve WaSH objectives in humanitarian response. The results of the work revealed that CT/MBP can be used to support household, community and market level interventions to effectively reduce transmission of faeco-oral diseases. Efficiency, effectiveness, sustainability, appropriateness and equity were identified as useful parameters which correlated to widely accepted frameworks against which to evaluate humanitarian action. The parameters were found to be directly applicable to the case of increasing demand and supply of point of use water treatment technology for a) disaster resilience activities, and b) post-crisis response. The need for peer review of the parameters and indicators and pilot measurement in humanitarian contexts was recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin-Simpson
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | | | - E Katsou
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK.
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Kiefer J, Bartels J, Kroll S, Rezwan K. Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Promising Toolbox for Analyzing Functionalized Ceramic Membranes. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:947-955. [PMID: 29667431 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818769479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic materials find use in many fields including the life sciences and environmental engineering. For example, ceramic membranes have shown to be promising filters for water treatment and virus retention. The analysis of such materials, however, remains challenging. In the present study, the potential of three vibrational spectroscopic methods for characterizing functionalized ceramic membranes for water treatment is evaluated. For this purpose, Raman scattering, infrared (IR) absorption, and solvent infrared spectroscopy (SIRS) were employed. The data were analyzed with respect to spectral changes as well as using principal component analysis (PCA). The Raman spectra allow an unambiguous discrimination of the sample types. The IR spectra do not change systematically with functionalization state of the material. Solvent infrared spectroscopy allows a systematic distinction and enables studying the molecular interactions between the membrane surface and the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kiefer
- 1 Technische Thermodynamik, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- 2 Center for Materials and Processes (MAPEX), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- 3 School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Julia Bartels
- 4 Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephen Kroll
- 2 Center for Materials and Processes (MAPEX), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- 5 IfBB-Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites, Hochschule Hannover- University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- 2 Center for Materials and Processes (MAPEX), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- 4 Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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45
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Shi B, Jiang J, Sivakumar B, Zheng Y, Wang P. Quantitative design of emergency monitoring network for river chemical spills based on discrete entropy theory. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:140-152. [PMID: 29426031 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Field monitoring strategy is critical for disaster preparedness and watershed emergency environmental management. However, development of such is also highly challenging. Despite the efforts and progress thus far, no definitive guidelines or solutions are available worldwide for quantitatively designing a monitoring network in response to river chemical spill incidents, except general rules based on administrative divisions or arbitrary interpolation on routine monitoring sections. To address this gap, a novel framework for spatial-temporal network design was proposed in this study. The framework combines contaminant transport modelling with discrete entropy theory and spectral analysis. The water quality model was applied to forecast the spatio-temporal distribution of contaminant after spills and then corresponding information transfer indexes (ITIs) and Fourier approximation periodic functions were estimated as critical measures for setting sampling locations and times. The results indicate that the framework can produce scientific preparedness plans of emergency monitoring based on scenario analysis of spill risks as well as rapid design as soon as the incident happened but not prepared. The framework was applied to a hypothetical spill case based on tracer experiment and a real nitrobenzene spill incident case to demonstrate its suitability and effectiveness. The newly-designed temporal-spatial monitoring network captured major pollution information at relatively low costs. It showed obvious benefits for follow-up early-warning and treatment as well as for aftermath recovery and assessment. The underlying drivers of ITIs as well as the limitations and uncertainty of the approach were analyzed based on the case studies. Comparison with existing monitoring network design approaches, management implications, and generalized applicability were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jiping Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bellie Sivakumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai 400076, India
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Cohen A, Colford JM. Effects of Boiling Drinking Water on Diarrhea and Pathogen-Specific Infections in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1362-1377. [PMID: 29016318 PMCID: PMC5817760 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately 2 billion people lack microbiologically safe drinking water. Boiling is the most prevalent household water treatment method, yet evidence of its health impact is limited. To conduct this systematic review, we searched four online databases with no limitations on language or publication date. Studies were eligible if health outcomes were measured for participants who reported consuming boiled and untreated water. We used reported and calculated odds ratios (ORs) and random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pathogen-specific and pooled effects by organism group and nonspecific diarrhea. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2, meta-regression, and funnel plots; study quality was also assessed. Of the 1,998 records identified, 27 met inclusion criteria and reported extractable data. We found evidence of a significant protective effect of boiling for Vibrio cholerae infections (OR = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13-0.79, N = 4 studies), Blastocystis (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.17-0.69, N = 3), protozoal infections overall (pooled OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.43-0.86, N = 11), viral infections overall (pooled OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.7-0.98, N = 4), and nonspecific diarrheal outcomes (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.45-0.77, N = 7). We found no evidence of a protective effect for helminthic infections. Although our study was limited by the use of self-reported boiling and non-experimental designs, the evidence suggests that boiling provides measureable health benefits for pathogens whose transmission routes are primarily water based. Consequently, we believe a randomized controlled trial of boiling adherence and health outcomes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Cohen
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - John M. Colford
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Liu Z, Zhu G, Wei Y, Zhang D, Jiang L, Wang H, Gao C. Enhanced flux performance of polyamide composite membranes prepared via interfacial polymerization assisted with ethyl formate. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:1884-1894. [PMID: 28991803 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel thin film composite (TFC) polyamide reverse osmosis membrane was prepared via the interfacial polymerization of m-phenylene diamine (MPD) in aqueous phase and 1,3,5-trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in organic phase on a polysulfone ultrafiltration support by assisting with ethyl formate as a co-solvent added in the organic phase. The ethyl formate added in the organic phase is intended to form a narrow miscibility zone, which leads to the thicker reaction zone. The multi-layered loose polyamide structure with larger pore size was formed due to the thicker reaction zone and lower content of MPD. The enhanced hydrophilicity of the membrane was proved by the decreased water contact angle. Water flux was measured at 1.6 MPa with 2,000 ppm NaCl aqueous solution. Compared to the TFC membrane prepared without ethyl formate, the water flux across the TFC membrane with ethyl formate in the organic phase increased with the increased ethyl formate content (from 23 to 45 L/(m2 h)) and the salt rejection remained at a high level (>90%). The ethyl formate can be used as a co-solvent to effectively enhance the performance of the TFC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
| | - Guiru Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
| | - Yulin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
| | - Haizeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
| | - Congjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China E-mail:
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The Performance and Fouling Control of Submerged Hollow Fiber (HF) Systems: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Son M, Kim H, Jung J, Jo S, Choi H. Influence of extreme concentrations of hydrophilic pore-former on reinforced polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes for reduction of humic acid fouling. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:194-201. [PMID: 28365505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To address the issue of membrane fouling by ubiquitous humic substances, a hydrophilic pore-former-blended polyethersulfone UF membrane was successfully synthesized via the phase inversion method. For the first time, extremely high concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), up to 20 wt%, were tested as the hydrophilic pore-former in order to determine the optimum concentration for humic acid fouling. Intrinsic membrane parameters such as permeability and selectivity were evaluated using a cross-flow UF filtration setup. Interestingly, as little as 1 wt% added PVP can significantly improve membrane permeability. That tiny amount of added PVP increased membrane flux to 1107 L/m2h·bar from zero flux, with over 90% rejection of humic acid. In addition, pure water permeation increased to over 2400 L/m2h·bar without sacrificing humic acid rejection (around 90%) when 10 wt% PVP was added; pure water permeation decreased to around 1000 L/m2h·bar as added PVP was increased to 20 wt%. The order of water flux increased with the amount of added PVP up to 20 wt% during humic acid fouling while maintaining membrane selectivity. However, the membrane with 10 wt% added PVP showed the best fouling resistance in terms of flux recovery ratio (98%), total flux loss, reversible fouling ratio, and irreversible fouling ratio. Therefore, the addition of 10 wt% PVP is recommended considering cleaning efficiency and the moderately high flux during humic acid fouling for field operation in wastewater reclamation and water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Son
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Center for Membranes, Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Jung
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Gwangju Science Academy for the Gifted, 215 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Jo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Gwangju Science Academy for the Gifted, 215 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechul Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Center for Membranes, Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea.
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A novel gravity-driven nanofibrous membrane for point-of-use water disinfection: polydopamine-induced in situ silver incorporation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2334. [PMID: 28539615 PMCID: PMC5443768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a facile method for preparing silver-loaded membranes for point-of-use disinfection and disaster relief applications. A bio-inspired material, polydopamine, was coated onto a highly porous nanofibrous polyacrylonitrile substrate. We then take advantage of the redox properties of polydopamine to form silver nanoparticles in situ. These nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of nanofibers with no apparent agglomeration at a silver loading up to 4.36 wt.% (cPAN-Ag1.5). The silver-incorporated membrane cPAN-Ag1.5 achieved a high pure water flux of 130 Lm−2 h−1 at 10-cm water head, demonstrating the feasibility of energy-efficient gravity-driven filtration and eliminating the need for electrical power. The strong anti-bacterial activity and high physical rejection of the membrane led to an excellent disinfection power, with no viable bacterial cells detected in its permeate water. The membrane exhibited >7 log reduction for E. coli and >6 log reduction for B. subtilis. The strategy reported here provides an efficient and green route to synthesize point-of-use membranes. Combining their excellent permeability and disinfection effectiveness, these membranes offer an ideal solution to water supply in disaster-affected areas.
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