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Göldner V, Ulke J, Kirchner B, Skalka D, Schmalz M, Heuckeroth S, Karst U. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry bridging the gap between suspect and target screening of valsartan transformation products in wastewater treatment plant effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120525. [PMID: 37669607 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of xenobiotics in wastewater treatment plants may lead to the formation of transformation products with higher persistence or increased (eco-)toxic potential compared to the parent compounds. Accordingly, the identification of transformation products from wastewater treatment plant effluents has gained increasing attention. Here, we show the potential of electrochemistry hyphenated to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the prediction of oxidative degradation in wastewater treatment plants using the antihypertensive drug valsartan as a model compound. This approach identifies seven electrochemical transformation products of valsartan, which are used to conduct a suspect screening in effluent of the main wastewater treatment plant in the city of Münster in Germany. Apart from the parent compound valsartan, an electrochemically predicted transformation product, the N-dealkylated ETP336, is detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Subsequently, a targeted liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of valsartan and its electrochemical transformation products is set up. Here, electrochemical oxidation is used to generate reference materials of the transformation products in situ by hyphenating electrochemistry online to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Using this setup, multiple reaction monitoring transitions are set up without the need for laborious and costly synthesis and isolation of reference materials for the transformation products. The targeted method is then applied to extracts from wastewater treatment plant effluent and the presence of ETP336 and valsartan in the samples is verified. The presented workflow can be used to set up targeted analysis methods for previously unknown transformation products even without the need for expensive high-resolution mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Ulke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedict Kirchner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Skalka
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Schmalz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Heuckeroth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Zhang S, Chen W, Wang Y, Liu L, Jiang L, Feng M. Elucidating sulfate radical-induced oxidizing mechanisms of solid-phase pharmaceuticals: Comparison with liquid-phase reactions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 170:270-277. [PMID: 37729844 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
As a class of organic micropollutants of global concern, pharmaceuticals have prevalent distributions in the aqueous environment (e.g., groundwater and surface water) and solid matrices (e.g., soil, sediments, and dried sludge). Their contamination levels have been further aggravated by the annually increased production of expired drugs as emerging harmful wastes worldwide. Sulfate radicals (SO4•-)-based oxidation has attracted increasing attention for abating pharmaceuticals in the environment, whereas the transformation mechanisms of solid-phase pharmaceuticals remain unknown thus far. This investigation presented for the first time that SO4•-, individually produced by mechanical force-activated and heat-activated persulfate treatments, could effectively oxidize three model pharmaceuticals (i.e., methotrexate, sitagliptin, and salbutamol) in both solid and liquid phases. The high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis suggested their distinct transformation products formed by different phases of SO4•- oxidation. Accordingly, the SO4•--mediated mechanistic differences between the solid-phase and liquid-phase pharmaceuticals were proposed. It is noteworthy that the products from both systems were predicted with the remaining persistence, bioaccumulation, and multi-endpoint toxicity. Therefore, some post-treatment strategies need to be considered during practical applications of SO4•--based technologies in remediating different phases of micropollutants. This work has environmental implications for understanding the comparative transformation mechanisms of pharmaceuticals by SO4•- oxidation in remediating the contaminated solid and aqueous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lixue Liu
- Yantai Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Linke Jiang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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3
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Kashyap A, Nishil B, Thatikonda S. Experimental and numerical elucidation of the fate and transport of antibiotics in aquatic environment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:942. [PMID: 37436551 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights various experimental and mathematical modeling strategies to investigate the fate and transport of antibiotics that elucidate antimicrobial selective pressure in aquatic environments. Globally, the residual antibiotic concentrations in effluents from bulk drug manufacturing industries were 30- and 1500-fold greater than values reported in municipal and hospital effluents, respectively. The antibiotic concentration from different effluents enters the waterbodies that usually get diluted as they go downstream and undergo various abiotic and biotic reactive processes. In aquatic systems, photolysis is the predominant process for antibiotic reduction in the water matrix, while hydrolysis and sorption are frequently reported in the sediment compartment. The rate of antibiotic reduction varies widely with influencing factors such as the chemical properties of the antibiotics and hydrodynamic conditions of river streams. Among all, tetracycline was found to more unstable (log Kow = - 0.62 to - 1.12) that can readily undergo photolysis and hydrolysis; whereas macrolides were more stable (log Kow = 3.06 to 4.02) that are prone to biodegradation. The processes like photolysis, hydrolysis, and biodegradation followed first-order reaction kinetics while the sorption followed a second-order kinetics for most antibiotic classes with reaction rates occurring in the decreasing order of Fluoroquinolones and Sulphonamides. The reports from various experiments on abiotic and biotic processes serve as input parameters for an integrated mathematical modeling to predict the fate of the antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Various mathematical models viz. Fugacity level IV, RSEMM, OTIS, GREAT-ER, SWAT, QWASI, and STREAM-EU are discussed for their potential capabilities. However, these models do not account for microscale interactions of the antibiotics and microbial community under real-field conditions. Also, the seasonal variations for contaminant concentrations that exert selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance has not been accounted. Addressing these aspects collectively is the key to exploring the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, a comprehensive model involving antimicrobial resistance parameters like fitness cost, bacterial population dynamics, conjugation transfer efficiency, etc. is required to predict the fate of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kashyap
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Benita Nishil
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Shashidhar Thatikonda
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India.
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4
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Lin J, Zhang K, Jiang L, Hou J, Yu X, Feng M, Ye C. Removal of chloramphenicol antibiotics in natural and engineered water systems: Review of reaction mechanisms and product toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158059. [PMID: 35985581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol antibiotics are widely applied in human and veterinary medicine. They experience natural attenuation and/or chemical degradation during oxidative water treatment. However, the environmental risks posed by the transformation products of such organic contaminants remain largely unknown from the literature. As such, this review aims to summarize and analyze the elimination efficiency, reaction mechanisms, and resulting product risks of three typical chloramphenicol antibiotics (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol) from these transformation processes. The obtained results suggest that limited attenuation of these micropollutants is observed during hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis. Comparatively, prominent abatement of these compounds is accomplished using advanced oxidation processes; however, efficient mineralization is still difficult given the formation of recalcitrant products. The in silico prediction on the multi-endpoint toxicity and biodegradability of different products is systematically performed. Most of the transformation products are estimated with acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. Furthermore, the overall reaction mechanisms of these contaminants induced by multiple oxidizing species are revealed. Overall, this review unveils the non-overlooked and serious secondary risks and biodegradability recalcitrance of the degradation products of chloramphenicol antibiotics using a combined experimental and theoretical method. Strategic improvements of current treatment technologies are strongly recommended for complete water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kaiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Linke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jifei Hou
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Chengsong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Stando K, Korzeniewska E, Felis E, Harnisz M, Buta-Hubeny M, Bajkacz S. Determination of antimicrobial agents and their transformation products in an agricultural water-soil system modified with manure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17529. [PMID: 36266434 PMCID: PMC9584908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure fertilization is the primary source of veterinary antimicrobials in the water-soil system. The research gap is the fate of antimicrobials after their release into the environment. This study aimed to provide a detailed and multi-faceted examination of fertilized cultivated fields using two types of manure (poultry and bovine) enriched with selected antimicrobials. The research focused on assessing the mobility and stability of antimicrobials in the water-soil system. Additionally, transformation products of antimicrobials in the environment were identified. The extraction (solid-phase extraction and/or solid-liquid extraction) and LC-MS/MS analysis procedures were developed to determine 14 antimicrobials in the soil and pore water samples. Ten out of fourteen antimicrobials were detected in manure-amended soil and pore water samples. The highest concentration in the soil was 109.1 ng g-1 (doxycycline), while in pore water, it was 186.6 ng L-1 (ciprofloxacin). Sixteen transformation products of antimicrobials were identified in the soil and soil-related pore water. The same transformation products were detected in both soil and soil pore water extracts, with significantly higher signal intensities observed in soil extracts than in water. Transformation products were formed in oxidation, carbonylation, and ring-opening reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Stando
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Felis
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Buta-Hubeny
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Puhlmann N, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Transformation products of sulfonamides in aquatic systems: Lessons learned from available environmental fate and behaviour data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154744. [PMID: 35339561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SUAs) and their transformation products (TPs) contribute to environmental pollution. Importance of research on TPs' properties has been emphasised, e.g. allowing a comprehensive environmental risk assessment of their parent compounds. However, TPs' properties have been discussed in reviews on SUAs only marginally, if at all. For the first time, a scientific literature review aims to discuss the current state of knowledge on SUA-TPs including research gaps, and commonalities of SUA-TPs and TPs in general. Literature on SUA-TPs was consulted systematically to collect data on occurrence, physicochemical properties, degradability, and (eco)toxicity. TPs of 14 SUAs were reviewed, and aspects applicable for TPs in general were identified to guide future handling of TPs as a complex category of compounds. The data of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), the main representative, was analysed in more detail to discuss insights on a chemical level. Literature search resulted in 607 SUA-TPs reported in 222 publications. Only for 4%, 31%, and 35% of these TPs, data on occurrence in aquatic systems, on degradation, and (eco)toxicity, respectively, was found. Several mixtures of SUA-TPs were more ecotoxic than their parent compounds, e.g. 10 of 15 mixtures of SMX-TPs. Only few TPs were tested as single substance. Although several TPs could be eliminated experimentally, their mineralisation rate remained often unknown. Thus, further transformation to persistent TPs could not be ruled out. Standardised biodegradability tests of individual TPs would monitor their mineralisation rate, but are almost completely lacking. Reasons are likely poor availability of TPs, but also the focus on abiotic water treatment. Data assessment demonstrated that data of high significance according to standard methods, e.g. OECD methods for chronic (eco)toxicity and ready biodegradability, is needed to assess environmental risks of prioritised TPs, but also to redesign their parent pharmaceutical for complete environmental mineralisation in a long-term (Benign by Design).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Puhlmann
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Research and Education Hub, International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Center ISC3, Germany.
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7
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Poirier Larabie S, Jutras M, Leclair G, St-Jean I, Kleinert C, Gagné F, Gagnon C. Evaluation of uptake of the cytostatic methotrexate in Elliptio complanata mussels by LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45303-45313. [PMID: 35146607 PMCID: PMC9209350 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are continuously exposed to emerging contaminants coming from urban effluents of wastewater treatment plants. The contamination of surface water by those effluents poses a number of environmental risks, and pharmaceuticals are part of this class of effluent contaminants. Various classes of pharmaceuticals are not treated by wastewater treatment plants and anticancer drugs are part of them. The chemotherapy drug methotrexate (MTX) is an emerging contaminant and its growing use with the increase in cancer cases worldwide raises potential risk to aquatic organisms exposed to effluent discharges. However, chemical analyses in exposed freshwater aquatic organisms for ecotoxicological studies are rarely available and no studies have been done yet to accompany ecotoxicological data of exposed filter-feeding organisms. The purpose of this study was to develop a specific and sensitive analytical LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of methotrexate uptake in mussels exposed at different concentrations of the drug. A solid/liquid extraction followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) using an MCX phase purification scheme was optimized. The optimal recovery of 65% and matrix effect of 38% allowed to achieve a limit of quantification of 0.25 ng g-1, with an accuracy of 99-106%, a precision of no more than 3% RSD, and linearity ranging from 0.25 to 25 ng g-1. This methodology was tested with mussels exposed for 96 h at different concentrations (4 to 100 µg L-1) of MTX. The data revealed tissue uptake at concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.53 ng g-1. This suggests that this drug has low uptake potential and this methodology could be used to examine tissue levels of this drug in organisms continuously exposed to urban pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Poirier Larabie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Martin Jutras
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Plateforme de biopharmacieC.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Plateforme de biopharmacieC.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Jean
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Plateforme de biopharmacieC.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christine Kleinert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - François Gagné
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada.
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8
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Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Electron Beam and Plasma Irradiation: A Mini-Review. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence and environmental risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have caused increasing concern regarding their strategic elimination from aqueous environments. It has recently been recognized that advanced oxidation–reduction technologies (AO/RTs) exhibit superior removal performance for these ubiquitous pollutants. However, the detailed mechanisms and product risks have not been well summarized and systematically deciphered. In this mini-review article, the basic operating principles of two typical AO/RTs (electron beam and plasma irradiation) and their reported applications in the abatement of PFASs are described in detail. It is noteworthy that these reductive treatments induced remarkable defluorination efficiency of PFOA and PFOS with the generation of short-chain congeners in water. The reaction mechanisms mainly included desulfonization, decarboxylation, H/F exchange, radical cyclization, and stepwise losses of CF2 groups. Unexpectedly, partial degradation products manifested high potential in triggering acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. Additionally, high or even increased resistance to biodegradability was observed for multiple products relative to the parent chemicals. Taken together, both electron beam and plasma irradiation hold great promise in remediating PFAS-contaminated water and wastewater, while the secondary ecological risks should be taken into account during practical applications.
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Kokoszka K, Zieliński W, Korzeniewska E, Felis E, Harnisz M, Bajkacz S. Suspect screening of antimicrobial agents transformation products in environmental samples development of LC-QTrap method running in pseudo MRM transitions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152114. [PMID: 34864028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to develop a new HPLC-MS/MS method that allows for the simultaneous detection of antimicrobials agents (targeted analysis) and their transformation products (non-targeted analysis), which enabled the elucidation of their transformation pathways in the environment. Targeted analysis was performed for 16 selected antimicrobials agents (AMs) in wastewater collected at different stages of the treatment process and river water from sections before and after wastewater discharge. The samples were collected in the Łyna sewage treatment plant (Olsztyn, Poland) in three measuring periods at different seasons. Analytes were selected from tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, macrolides, glycopeptides, lincosamides and synthetic antibiotics. As a part of the targeted analysis, 13 AMs were detected in wastewater samples, and 7 of them in river water samples. However, their presence and concentrations were closely related to the type of the sample and the season in which the sample was taken. The highest concentrations of AMs were detected in samples collected in September (max. 1643.7 ng L-1 TRI), while the lowest AMs concentrations were found in samples collected in June (max. 136.1 ng L-1 CLR). The total content of AMs in untreated wastewater was in the range of 1.42-1644 ng L-1, while in the river water was for upstream 1.22-48.73 ng L-1 and for downstream 2.24-149 ng L-1. In the non-target analysis, 33 degradation products of the selected AMs were identified, and the transformation pathways of their degradation were speculated. In the course of the research, it was found that as a result of the processes taking place in wastewater treatment plant, the parent substances are transformed into a number of stable transformation products. Transformation products resulted from hydroxylation, ring opening, oxidation, methylation or demethylation, carboxylation, or cleavage of the CN bond of the parent AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kokoszka
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 6 B. Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wiktor Zieliński
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 1 Prawocheńskiego Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 1 Prawocheńskiego Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Felis
- Silesian University of Technology, Centre for Biotechnology, 8 B. Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, 2 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, 1 Prawocheńskiego Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 6 B. Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Centre for Biotechnology, 8 B. Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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10
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Zhang S, Ye C, Li J, Yu X, Feng M. Treatment-driven removal efficiency, product formation, and toxicity evolution of antineoplastic agents: Current status and implications for water safety assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117729. [PMID: 34624659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic compounds, designed for chemotherapeutic anticancer therapy, have become emerging contaminants of global concern over the past decade due to their ubiquitous occurrence, environmental persistence, and multiple adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies for remediating water containing these micropollutants. In this study, the physicochemical properties, natural attenuation, and chemical reactivity with aqueous oxidizing species of five antineoplastic drugs with the highest environmental prevalence (i.e., tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate) were summarized. The removal performance, transformation products (TPs) of varying structures, overall reaction pathways, and toxicity evolution during different treatments were evaluated and discussed. Additionally, the biodegradability and multi-endpoint toxicity of each TP were predicted using in silico QSAR software. Depending on their distinct inherent structures, the reactivity of the antineoplastics with oxidizing species varied, with hydroxyl radicals exhibiting unparalleled merits in rapid oxidation. Complete elimination of these contaminants was observed during oxidative treatments, but with inadequate mineralization. Notably, the increase in toxicity within multiple processes was determined based on both experimental bioassays and theoretical predictions. This may be attributed to the adverse effects induced by the large number of identified and unknown TPs individually and in combination. Together with the environmental persistence and low biodegradability of most TPs, these results necessitate the application of efficient post-treatments in conjunction with a more thorough water safety evaluation (e.g., using high-throughput screening) of the mixtures of treated water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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11
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Foroughi MM, Jahani S, Aramesh-Broujeni Z, Rostaminasab Dolatabad M. A label-free electrochemical biosensor based on 3D cubic Eu 3+/Cu 2O nanostructures with clover-like faces for the determination of anticancer drug cytarabine. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17514-17525. [PMID: 35479699 PMCID: PMC9033006 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01372f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research utilized a simplified procedure for developing a novel electro-chemical DNA biosensor based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with three-dimensional (3D) cubic Eu3+/Cu2O nanostructures with clover-like faces (Eu3+/Cu2O CLFNs). The modified electrode was applied to monitor electro-chemical interactions between dsDNA and cytarabine for the first time. Then, the decreased oxidation signal of guanine following the interactions between cytarabine and dsDNA was utilized as an indicator for selectively determining cytarabine using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). According to the findings, the oxidation peak current of guanine was linearly proportionate with the cytarabine concentration in the range between 0.01 and 90 μM. Additionally, the limit of quantification (LOQ) and the limit of detection (LOD) respectively equaled 9.4 nM and 2.8 nM. In addition, the repeatability, applicability and reproducibility of this analysis to drug dosage forms and human serum samples were investigated. Furthermore, UV-vis spectroscopy, DPV, docking and viscosity measurements were applied to elucidate the interaction mechanism of dsDNA with cytarabine. It was found that this DNA biosensor may be utilized to sensitively, accurately and rapidly determine cytarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shohreh Jahani
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran
| | - Zahra Aramesh-Broujeni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, AlZahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
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12
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Kowalczuk D, Gładysz A, Pitucha M, Kamiński DM, Barańska A, Drop B. Spectroscopic Study of the Molecular Structure of the New Hybrid with a Potential Two-Way Antibacterial Effect. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051442. [PMID: 33799954 PMCID: PMC7961860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strains become resistant to almost all classes of antibiotics, which makes it necessary to look for new substitutes. The non-absorbable ciprofloxacin–biguanide bismuth complex, used locally, may be a good alternative to a conventional therapy. The purpose of this study was to study the structure of the proposed ciprofloxacin (CIP) -bismuth(III)—chlorhexidine (CHX) composite (CIP-Bi-CHX). The spectroscopic techniques such as UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy were used for structure characterization of the hybrid compound. The performed analysis confirmed the presence of the two active components—CIP and CHX and revealed the possible coordination sites of the ligands with bismuth ion in the metallo-organic structure. Spectroscopic study showed that the complexation between Bi(III) and CIP occurs through the carboxylate and ketone groups of the quinolone ring, while CHX combines with the central ion via the biguanide moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalczuk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-7388
| | - Agata Gładysz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Daniel M. Kamiński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Barańska
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (B.D.)
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13
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Sanabria P, Scunderlick D, Wilde ML, Lüdtke DS, Sirtori C. Solar photo-Fenton treatment of the anti-cancer drug anastrozole in different aqueous matrices at near-neutral pH: Transformation products identification, pathways proposal, and in silico (Q)SAR risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142300. [PMID: 33254902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anastrozole (ANZ) is a breast cancer drug that was introduced onto the pharmaceutical market in the 1990s and is still one of the most widely consumed cytotoxic compounds. Due to the persistence of the drug, its continued presence after passing through wastewater treatment plants can lead to harm to aquatic environments. The present study investigates use of the solar photo-Fenton (SPF) process applied for ANZ degradation, considering the fate of ANZ and its transformation products (TPs). The SPF process was performed using different concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and H2O2 in solutions produced with deionized water (DW) and hospital wastewater (HWW), at pH close to neutrality. When solar irradiation in the SPF process was carried out the best ANZ removal rates were found under the following conditions: (i) for the DW matrix, [ANZ]0 = 50 μg L-1, [Fe2+] = 5 mg L-1, and [H2O2]0 = 25 mg L-1, achieving 95% primary ANZ elimination; (ii) for the HWW matrix, [ANZ]0 = 50 μg L-1, [Fe2+] = 10 mg L-1(multiple additions), and [H2O2]0 = 25 mg L-1, achieving 51% primary ANZ elimination. LC-QTOF MS analysis allowed to identify tentatively five transformation products (TPs) formed during the ANZ degradation process in DW, and two TPs when HWW was used. The main proposed degradation pathways were demethylation and hydroxylation. Different in silico models free available (quantitative) structure-activity relationship ((Q)SAR) software were used to predict the ecotoxicities and environmental fates of ANZ and the TPs. The in silico (Q)SAR predictions indicated that ANZ and the TPs were non-biodegradable compounds. In silico (Q)SAR predictions for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity end-points identified some TPs that require further study. Attention is drawn to the formation of several TPs for which statistical and rule-based positive alerts for mutagenic activities were found, requiring further confirmatory in vitro validation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sanabria
- Instituto de Química-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Davi Scunderlick
- Instituto de Química-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Wilde
- Instituto de Química-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo S Lüdtke
- Instituto de Química-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Shen C, Zuo Z. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an excellent vertebrate model for the development, reproductive, cardiovascular, and neural and ocular development toxicity study of hazardous chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43599-43614. [PMID: 32970263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the type of chemicals has gradually increased all over the world, and many of these chemicals may have a potentially toxic effect on human health. The zebrafish, as an excellent vertebrate model, is increasingly used for assessing chemical toxicity and safety. This review summarizes the efficacy of zebrafish as a model for the study of developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and ocular developmental toxicity of hazardous chemicals, and the transgenic zebrafish as biosensors are used to detect the environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China.
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15
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Nasri A, Allouche M, Hannachi A, Harrath AH, Aldahmash W, Alwasel S, Mahmoudi E, Beyrem H, Boufahja F. Restructuring of a meiobenthic assemblage after sediment contamination with an antibacterial compound: Case study of ciprofloxacin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111084. [PMID: 32810644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A microcosm experiment was conducted to evaluate the impacts of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin on meiobenthic taxa abundance, nematode genus structure, and functional trait parameters. Sediment samples were experimentally enriched with four different doses of ciprofloxacin [D1 (50 ppm Dry weight 'DW'), D2 (100 ppm DW), D3 (200 ppm DW), and D4 (500 ppm DW)] and were then compared with non-enriched sediments (controls). After one month of exposure, the data showed that ciprofloxacin had altered the meiofaunal taxa abundance. A change in the structure of nematofaunal genera was observed, particularly with the highest dose (D4), which was characterized by the lowest taxonomic diversity. The SIMPER analysis revealed that the average dissimilarity between nematode communities increased with increasing doses of ciprofloxacin. Two dimensional (2D) non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plots and relative abundances of functional groups of nematode genus assemblages revealed that all functional trait abundances were affected, particularly with the highest dose. However, only the amphid shape and feeding group functions showed a clear distribution separation between the control and ciprofloxacin treatments. The nMDS second-stage ordination of inter-matrix rank correlations for matrices including genus and functional traits showed that the tail shape was the closest functional trait to the generic distribution. Thus, only the curves of cumulative dominance related to the tail shape mirrored discernibly the sedimentary concentrations in ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nasri
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Allouche
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Amel Hannachi
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Aldahmash
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
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16
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Kuang Y, Guo X, Hu J, Li S, Zhang R, Gao Q, Yang X, Chen Q, Sun W. Occurrence and risks of antibiotics in an urban river in northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20054. [PMID: 33208822 PMCID: PMC7675971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of information on the occurrence and risks of antibiotics in the urban rivers from plateau areas. This study investigated 83 antibiotics in water and sediments of an urban river and effluents of sewage treatment plants (E-STPs) in Xining, Qinghai (northeastern Tibetan Plateau). Fifty-three antibiotics were detected, and the concentrations of individual antibiotics varied in the range of undetected (ND)-552 ng/L in water, ND-164 ng/g in sediments, and ND-3821 ng/L in E-STPs. Seasonal differences of antibiotic concentrations were significant for water samples (p < 0.05) but insignificant for sediments (p > 0.05). In urban area, E-STP is the main source of antibiotics in the river, while runoff from manured cropland contributes partially to antibiotics in the river in the suburban area. The antibiotic compositions in water were different from those in sediments, but were similar to those in E-STPs. Notably, because of strong solar radiation and long sunshine hours in the plateau area, low levels of quinolones, which are sensitive to photolysis, were observed in river water. Moreover, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin, observed in urban river from other regions of China, were not detected in the Huangshui River water. The occurrence of ofloxacin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and trimethoprim in E-STPs may induce a possible risk to antibiotic resistance evolution. Trimethoprim, anhydroerythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, and clindamycin in river water could pose low to medium risks to aquatic organisms. Further investigation on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the Huangshui River is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Kuang
- College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jingrun Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Si Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in River Ecosystems, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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17
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Li J, Tao J, Ma C, Yang J, Gu T, Liu J. Carboxylated cellulose nanofiber/montmorillonite nanocomposite for the removal of levofloxacin hydrochloride antibiotic from aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42038-42053. [PMID: 35516750 PMCID: PMC9057890 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08987g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the facile two-step synthesis of an effective carboxylated cellulose nanofiber/montmorillonite nanocomposite (CMNFs-MMT) adsorbent for levofloxacin hydrochloride (Levo-HCl). CMNFs-MMT was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on the central composite design, the effects of various factors on the removal of Levo-HCl by the CMNFs-MMT were explored, wherein the effect of pH was the most significant. To gain a clearer perspective on the adsorption process of Levo-HCl onto CMNFs-MMT, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were also measured, revealing that the reaction is pseudo-second-order and the Sips models provide the best fit with experimental data. Comparing the adsorption in pure water with the removal in river water, the rate of river water removal (90.37%) was slightly lower than that of pure water (93.97%) when adsorption equilibrium was reached, confirming that CMNFs-MMT is not easily influenced by environmental conditions. Reusability experiments indicate that CMNFs-MMT can maintain a certain adsorption capacity for Levo-HCl after six uses. Overall, this work indicates that CMNFs-MMT is an effective adsorbent for eliminating Levo-HCl from aqueous media in future engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Junhong Tao
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Chengxiao Ma
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 Xinjiang PR China
| | - Tiantian Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University Xinjiang 832003 PR China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China
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18
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Muriuki C, Kairigo P, Home P, Ngumba E, Raude J, Gachanja A, Tuhkanen T. Mass loading, distribution, and removal of antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs in selected wastewater treatment plants in Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140655. [PMID: 32659557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into the aquatic environment from wastewater effluents is a concern in many countries. Although many studies have been conducted to evaluate the APIs removal efficiencies and emissions to the environment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), most of these studies considered the aqueous and sludge phases, disregarding the suspended particulate matter (SPM) phase. To try to understand the role of the SPM, the occurrence of five most common antibiotics and three antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) commonly used in Kenya were investigated in this study. APIs partitioning and mass loading in influents and effluents of three different WWTPs: trickling filters, stabilization ponds, and decentralized fecal sludge system, were evaluated. API concentration levels ranging from ˂LOQ (limit of quantification) to 92 μgL-1 and ˂LOQ to 82.2 mgkg-1 were observed in aqueous samples and solid samples respectively, with SPM accounting for most of the higher concentrations. The use of the aqueous phase alone for determination of removal efficiencies showed underestimations of API removal as compared to when solid phases are also considered. Negative removal efficiencies were observed, depending on the compound and the type of WWTP. The negative removals were associated with deconjugation of metabolites, aggregated accumulation of APIs in the WWTPs, as well as unaccounted hydraulic retention time during sampling. Compound characteristics, environmental factors, and WWTPs operation influenced WWTPs removal efficiencies. Wastewater stabilization ponds had the poorest removals efficiencies with an average of -322%. High total mass loads into the WWTPs influent and effluent of 22,729 and 22,385 mg day-1 1000 PE-1 were observed respectively. The results aims at aiding scientists and engineers in planning and designing of WWTPs. Findings also aim at aiding policy-making on pharmaceutical drug use and recommend proper wastewater management practices to manage the high mass loading observed in the WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Muriuki
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Pius Kairigo
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Patrick Home
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah Ngumba
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Raude
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Gachanja
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tuula Tuhkanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
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19
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Kairigo P, Ngumba E, Sundberg LR, Gachanja A, Tuhkanen T. Occurrence of antibiotics and risk of antibiotic resistance evolution in selected Kenyan wastewaters, surface waters and sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137580. [PMID: 32135290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients, especially antibiotics, are micropollutants whose continuous flow into hydrological cycles has the potential to mediate antibiotic resistance in the environment and cause toxicity to sensitive organisms. Here, we investigated the levels of selected antibiotics in four wastewater treatment plants and the receiving water bodies. The measured environmental concentrations were compared with the proposed compound-specific predicted no-effect concentration for resistance selection values. The concentration of doxycycline, amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin within the influents, effluents, surface waters and river sediments ranged between 0.2 and 49.3 μgL-1, 0.1 to 21.4 μgL-1; ˂ 0.1 and 56.6 μgL-1; and 1.8 and 47.4 μgkg-1, respectively. Compared to the effluent concentrations, the surface waters upstream and downstream one of the four studied treatment plants showed two to five times higher concentrations of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and sulfamethoxazole. The risk quotient for bacterial resistance selection in effluent and surface water ranged between ˂0.1 and 53, indicating a medium to high risk of antibiotic resistance developing within the study areas. Therefore, risk mitigation and prevention strategies are a matter of priority in the affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Kairigo
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Elijah Ngumba
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Anthony Gachanja
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tuula Tuhkanen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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20
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Sivodia C, Sinha A. Assessment of graphite electrode on the removal of anticancer drug cytarabine via indirect electrochemical oxidation process: Kinetics & pathway study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125456. [PMID: 31995895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper degradation of cytarabine drug has been studied through electrochemical oxidation process by using graphite electrode. The performance of graphite electrode on the degradation of cytarabine was evaluated by investigating the effects of key parameters: pH (3-9), current density (5-20 mA cm-2) and initial pollutant concentration (5-50 mg L-1) with 0.05 M NaCl as supporting electrolyte. Highest removal efficiency (98%) for 20 mg L-1 of initial cytarabine solution was attained within 60 min electrolysis at 10 mA cm-2. The increase in degradation rate of cytarabine was possibly because of the active chlorine species originated at anode during the electrolysis. Further, efficiency of the graphite electrodes was compared with a metal electrode (copper) and results showed that the cytarabine degradation was facilitated by the in-situ generated OH radicals. However, only 82% of cytarabine was removed after 60 min of reaction time at 15 mA cm-2. The scum of Cu2+ ions deposited on the anode surface inhibit the mass transfer among the cytarabine molecules and generated hydroxyl radicals. The kinetic study also suggests faster reaction rate at graphite (0.12 min-1) than copper (0.05 min-1) electrode. The increase in electrolyte concentration enhanced the degradation rate and decreased the energy consumption from 3.66 to 0.66 kWh m-3. Cytosine was identified as the major transformation product from the UV-Vis spectral analysis and LC-MS analysis. Further, total organic carbon analysis depicts that only 60% of the parent molecule was mineralized. Hence, graphite was found to be an efficient anode material as compared to copper for cytarabine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charulata Sivodia
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India.
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21
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Campos-Mañas MC, Plaza-Bolaños P, Martínez-Piernas AB, Sánchez-Pérez JA, Agüera A. Determination of pesticide levels in wastewater from an agro-food industry: Target, suspect and transformation product analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:152-163. [PMID: 31154175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is considered as the main source of water contamination by pesticides. However, food packaging or processing industries are also recognised as relevant point sources of contamination by these compounds, not yet investigated in depth. The objective of this work has been to improve current knowledge about the presence and concentration of pesticides in the effluent of a food processing industry, as well as to investigate their main transformation products (TPs). An analytical strategy combining target and suspect analysis has been applied to provide an evaluation of the effluents. The methodology involves solid-phase extraction (SPE) of wastewater samples followed by (i) liquid chromatography quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) for quantitative target analysis and (ii) liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-HRMS) to identify non-target pesticides and possible TPs. The results revealed the presence of 17 of the target pesticides analysed and 3 additional ones as a result of the suspect screening performed by HRMS. The TPs were investigated for the pesticides found at the highest concentrations: imazalil (7038-19802 ng/L), pyrimethanil (744-9591 ng/L) and thiabendazole (341-926 ng/L). Up to 14 TPs could be tentatively identified, demonstrating the relevance of this type of studies. These data provide a better understanding of the occurrence of pesticides and their TPs in agro-food industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, Spain.
| | - Ana Belén Martínez-Piernas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, Spain
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22
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Lei K, Zhu Y, Chen W, Pan HY, Cao YX, Zhang X, Guo BB, Sweetman A, Lin CY, Ouyang W, He MC, Liu XT. Spatial and seasonal variations of antibiotics in river waters in the Haihe River Catchment in China and ecotoxicological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104919. [PMID: 31226562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of widely used antibiotics were predicted to be the highest in the Haihe River Catchment across China previously, potentially resulting in high ecotoxicological risks in this region. As a result of growing usage and regulation of antibiotic use in animals, the pattern of use may have altered temporally for different antibiotics. It is important to monitor the occurrence of antibiotics within different categories for understanding their mass loading to the catchment and the potential ecotoxicological risks involved. This study investigated the seasonal occurrence and spatial variation of 15 antibiotics in the Haihe River Catchment during 2016-2017. The investigated compounds included veterinary antibiotics, human-use antibiotics, and those intended for both human and animal use. Measurements reported from previous studies were compared with the results of this study and indicated that the use of veterinary antibiotics is probably increasing around the catchment. The ∑antibiotics concentration (i.e. the summed concentration of the 15 target antibiotics) ranged from 414 to 1951 ng/L, with an average of 821 ng/L. Discharges from wastewater treatment plants were the main sources of these compounds. The mass loading of antibiotics to the river waters was higher during wet seasons than during dry seasons. The mass fluxes of the antibiotics continuously increased towards the lower reaches of the rivers. The total annual input of the antibiotics from the Haihe River and Yongdingxin River into the Bohai Bay was 5008 kg/yr. Ofloxacin, trimethoprim, leucomycin, anhydro erythromycin and florfenicol were the predominant antibiotics, whilst amoxicillin, anhydro erythromycin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin may pose high ecotoxicological risks to the investigated aquatic ecosystem. Several antibiotics selected in this study were reported for the first time in this catchment. This study provides important information for chemical management and indicates that further monitoring is needed on the more harmful and veterinary antibiotics in the catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yun Pan
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Xin Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Bo Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Ye Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Chang He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Tao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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23
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Wolfson SJ, Porter AW, Villani TS, Simon JE, Young LY. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Can Be Transformed by Anaerobic Microbiomes in the Environment and in Waste-Treatment Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1585-1593. [PMID: 30883883 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging environmental contaminants that can be transformed by anaerobic microorganisms in anoxic environments. The present study examined 2 consortia, enriched under methanogenic and sulfate-rich conditions, that demethylate the phenylmethyl ether anti-inflammatory drug naproxen to 6-O-desmethylnaproxen. Both enriched consortia were also able to demethylate a range of phenylmethyl ether compounds of plant-based origin or used as PPCPs. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the 2 communities were very different despite sharing the same PPCP metabolism. In most cases, the demethylated metabolite was not further degraded but rather accumulated in the culture medium. For the expectorant guaifenesin, this resulted in a novel microbial metabolite. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first report of methylparaben metabolism under methanogenic conditions. The wide range of phenylmethyl ether substrates that underwent O-demethylation in both methanogenic and sulfate-rich conditions suggests that there are potentially bioactive transformation products in the environment that have not yet been quantified. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1585-1593. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abigail W Porter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas S Villani
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - James E Simon
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lily Y Young
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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24
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Kümmerer K, Dionysiou DD, Olsson O, Fatta-Kassinos D. Reducing aquatic micropollutants - Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:836-850. [PMID: 30380490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and many other chemicals are an important basis for nearly all sectors including for example, food and agriculture, medicine, plastics, electronics, transport, communication, and many other products used nowadays. This comes along with a tremendous chemicalization of the globe, including ubiquitous presence of products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the aquatic environment. Use of these products will increase with population growth and living standard as will the need for clean water. In addition, climate change will exacerbate availability of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Since its implementation, conventional wastewater treatment has increasingly contributed to environmental protection and health of humans. However, with the increasing pollution of water by chemicals, conventional treatment turned out to be insufficient. It was also found that advanced effluent treatment methods such as extended filtration, the sorption to activated charcoal or advanced oxidation methods have their own limitations. These are, for example, increased demand for energy and hazardous chemicals, incomplete or even no removal of pollutants, the generation of unwanted products from parent compounds (transformation products, TPs) of often-unknown chemical structure, fate and toxicity. In many countries, effluent treatment is available only rarely if at all let alone advanced treatment. The past should teach us, that focusing only on technological approaches is not constructive for a sustainable water quality control. Therefore, in addition to conventional and advanced treatment optimization more emphasis on input prevention is urgently needed, including more and better control of what is present in the source water. Measures for input prevention are known for long. The main focus though has always been on the treatment, and measures taken at the source have gained only little attention so far. A more effective and efficient approach, however, would be to avoid pollution at the source, which would in turn allow more targeted treatment to meet treated water quality objectives globally. New developments within green and sustainable chemistry are offering new approaches that allow for input prevention and a more targeted treatment to succeed in pollution elimination in and at the source. To put this into practice, engineers, water scientists and chemists as well as microbiologists and scientists of other related disciplines need to cooperate more extensively than in the past. Applying principles such as the precautionary principle, or keeping water flows separate where possible will add to this. This implies not minimizing the efforts to improve wastewater treatment but to design effluents and chemicals in such a way that treatment systems and water environments can cope successfully with the challenge of micropollutants globally (Kümmerer et al., 2018). This paper therefore presents in its first part some of the limitations of effluent treatment in order to demonstrate the urgent need for minimizing water pollution at the source and, information on why source management is urgently needed to improve water quality and stimulate discussions how to protect water resources on a global level. Some principles of green and sustainable chemistry as well as other approaches, which are part of source management, are presented in the second part in order to stimulate discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaboration Center (ISC(3)), Research and Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), 705 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA; Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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25
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Wang WL, Wu QY, Huang N, Xu ZB, Lee MY, Hu HY. Potential risks from UV/H 2O 2 oxidation and UV photocatalysis: A review of toxic, assimilable, and sensory-unpleasant transformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:109-125. [PMID: 29783164 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UV based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) that efficiently eliminate organic pollutants during water treatment have been the subject of numerous investigations. Most organic pollutants are not completely mineralized during UV-AOPs but are partially oxidized into transformation products (TPs), thereby adding complexity to the treated water and posing risks to humans, ecological systems, and the environment. While the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of pollutants have been widely documented, there is little information about the risks associated with TPs. In this review, we have collated recent knowledge about the harmful TPs that are generated in UV/H2O2 and UV photocatalysis, two UV-AOPs that have been studied extensively. Toxic and assimilable TPs were ubiquitously observed in more than 80% of UV-AOPs of organic pollutants, of which the toxicity and assimilability levels changed with variations in the reaction conditions, such as the UV fluence and oxidant dosage. Previous studies and modeling assessments showed that toxic and assimilable TPs may be generated during hydroxylation, dealkylation, decarboxylation, and deamination. Among various reactions, TPs generated from dealkylation and decarboxylation were generally less and more toxic than the parent pollutants, respectively; TPs generated from decarboxylation and deamination were generally less and more assimilable than the parent pollutants, respectively. There is also potential concern about the sensory-unpleasant TPs generated by oxidations and subsequent metabolism of microorganisms. In this overview, we stress the need to include both the concentrations of organic pollutants and the evaluations of the risks from TPs for the quality assessments of the water treated by UV-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zi-Bin Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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26
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Baran W, Adamek E, Jajko M, Sobczak A. Removal of veterinary antibiotics from wastewater by electrocoagulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:381-389. [PMID: 29223117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of veterinary antibiotic removal from wastewater using an electrocoagulation method. The removal efficiency of ampicillin, doxycycline, sulfathiazole and tylosin; the antibiotic degradation degree after electrolysis; and the toxicity and qualitative composition of antibiotic solutions after electrocoagulation were determined in the experiments. HPLC-QTOF was used for quantitative and qualitative determination. The eco-toxicity was assessed using the MARA® assay. After electrocoagulation, the concentration of ampicillin, doxycycline, sulfathiazole and tylosin in wastewater decreased 3.6 ± 3.2%, ∼100%, 3.3 ± 0.4% and 3.1 ± 0.3%, respectively. Doxycycline was the only antibiotic effectively removed from wastewater during electrocoagulation. Simultaneously, part of this antibiotic underwent oxidative degradation. As a result of this process, the eco-toxicity in the reaction environment decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Baran
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Adamek
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Jajko
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; Student Research Group at the Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobczak
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Kościelna 13, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Gupta A, Garg A. Degradation of ciprofloxacin using Fenton's oxidation: Effect of operating parameters, identification of oxidized by-products and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:1181-1188. [PMID: 29874747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CPX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is found in the bulk effluents emerged from pharmaceutical industries. Its presence in the effluent may lead to toxicity to the aquatic life and antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the oxidative degradation of CPX by classical Fenton's process was investigated for the present study. The maximum CPX and total organic carbon (TOC) removal from the synthetic wastewater (initial CPX concentration = 100 mg L-1) were 70% and 55%, respectively, under the best reaction conditions ([H2O2]:[Fe2+] = 10, stoichiometric H2O2 concentration = 14.2 mM and initial wastewater pH = 3.0). Five major degradation products could be identified by high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR LC-MS) which could have resulted by the occurrence of decarboxylation, defluorination, hydroxylation and cleavage of the piperazine ring. The time based detection of ferrous and ferric ions in aqueous phase confirmed the CPX degradation by hydroxyl radicals. A pathway has been proposed for CPX degradation by Fenton's process based on the kinetic decay and/or evolution profiles of CPX and intermediates as well as the release of inorganic ions into the aqueous solution. It was indicated from the rapid respirometric test that the wastewater toxicity was lowered after Fenton's treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Gupta
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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28
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Turker G, Akyol Ç, Ince O, Aydin S, Ince B. Operating conditions influence microbial community structures, elimination of the antibiotic resistance genes and metabolites during anaerobic digestion of cow manure in the presence of oxytetracycline. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:349-356. [PMID: 28863363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The way that antibiotic residues in manure follow is one of the greatest concerns due to its potential negative impacts on microbial communities, the release of metabolites and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) into the nature and the loss of energy recovery in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems. This study evaluated the link between different operating conditions, the biodegradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and the formation of its metabolites and ARGs in anaerobic digesters treating cow manure. Microbial communities and ARGs were determined through the use of quantitative real-time PCR. The biodegradation of OTC and occurrence of metabolites were determined using UV-HPLC and LC/MS/MS respectively. The maximum quantity of resistance genes was also examined at the beginning of AD tests and concentration was in the order of: tetM >tetO. The numbers of ARGs were always higher at high volatile solids (VS) content and high mixing rate. The results of the investigation revealed that relationship between mixing rate and VS content plays a crucial role for elimination of ARGs, OTC and metabolites. This can be attributed to high abundance of microorganisms due to high VS content and their increased contact with elevated mixing rate. An increased interaction between microorganisms triggers the promotion of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Turker
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çağrı Akyol
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Orhan Ince
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Aydin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Nişantaşı University, Sarıyer, 34485, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Ince
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Kosjek T, Negreira N, Heath E, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Aerobic activated sludge transformation of vincristine and identification of the transformation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:892-904. [PMID: 28830049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify (bio)transformation products of vincristine, a plant alkaloid chemotherapy drug. A batch biotransformation experiment was set-up using activated sludge at two concentration levels with and without the addition of a carbon source. Sample analysis was performed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer. To identify molecular ions of vincristine transformation products and to propose molecular and chemical structures, we performed data-dependent acquisition experiments combining full-scan mass spectrometry data with product ion spectra. In addition, the use of non-commercial detection and prediction algorithms such as MZmine 2 and EAWAG-BBD Pathway Prediction System, was proven to be proficient for screening for transformation products in complex wastewater matrix total ion chromatograms. In this study eleven vincristine transformation products were detected, nine of which were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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30
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Deeb AA, Stephan S, Schmitz OJ, Schmidt TC. Suspect screening of micropollutants and their transformation products in advanced wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1247-1253. [PMID: 28605842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) of organic micropollutants are still rarely considered in monitoring of wastewater and aquatic environments. For example, occurrence data of ozonated TPs in full-scale wastewater systems is largely lacking. In this study, the efficiency of a suspect screening strategy including 245 previously reported compounds and their TPs was evaluated for assessing the occurrence of different compound classes and their ozonated TPs in wastewater samples collected at different steps of an advanced treatment process including ozonation. After applying blank subtraction and filtering by mass accuracy (5ppm tolerance), peak height (minimum 1000 counts) and isotopic pattern score (≥80%) 189 of the 245 compounds were detected. A decrease in relative concentration levels was observed for parent compounds in wastewater after ozonation and after a subsequent biological treatment process, while formation of tentative TPs after ozonation accompanied by subsequent degradation in a following biological treatment step was found. Plausibility of structural assignments for tentatively identified TPs could be successfully tested by using relative retention time information as comparison criteria. Overall, the screening approach was fast and successful and can be expanded to other compound classes and TPs where reference standards are not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Deeb
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Susanne Stephan
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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31
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Zhang S, Xu J, Hu J, Cui C, Liu H. Interfacial Growth of TiO 2-rGO Composite by Pickering Emulsion for Photocatalytic Degradation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5015-5024. [PMID: 28467095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A 2D sandwich-like TiO2-rGO composite was fabricated by the Pickering emulsion approach to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. Through an in situ growth of antase-TiO2 nanoparticles on the interface of O/W type GO Pickering emulsion, TiO2 nanoparticles were closely and densely packed on the surface of well-exfoliated rGO sheets; meanwhile, many mesoporous voids acting as the adsorption chamber and microreactor were produced. Evaluated by methylene blue (MB) degradation, its photocatalytic activity was prominent compared with the common TiO2-based photocatalyst, with the rate constants 5 and 3.1 times higher under visible light and xenon lamp, respectively. When we applied it in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH, such as 10 ppm) under the visible light without adding any oxidants, the total removal efficiency was as high as 94% after 40 min. The mechanism of this good photocatalytic efficiency was illustrated by the scavenger trapping tests, which showed that this unique structure of TiO2-rGO composite induced by the Pickering emulsion can significantly enhance the light absorption ability, accelerate the separation rate of electron-hole pairs, increase the adsorption capacity of organic pollutants, and hence improve the photocatalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology , 1500 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Qu M, Li H, Li N, Liu G, Zhao J, Hua Y, Zhu D. Distribution of atrazine and its phytoremediation by submerged macrophytes in lake sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1515-1522. [PMID: 27932038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated sediments with high atrazine accumulation capability from 6 eutrophic lakes in Hubei Province of central China. Almost all lakes have atrazine in their sediments because of human activities. Honghu Lake and Liangzihu Lake were found to have higher levels of atrazine in sediment: 0.171 and 0.114 mg kg-1, respectively. The results showed that lake sediments could adsorb atrazine six times faster than soils. The equilibrium partition coefficient of atrazine desorption (KPd) is much larger than the adsorption equilibrium partition coefficient (KPa) of atrazine, indicating that the residue of atrazine in water is easily immobilized by the sediments. Meanwhile, the incubation experiment showed that the removal rateof atrazine in Potamogeton crispus-planted and Myriophyllum spicatum-planted sediments reached >90%, while the rate in unplanted sediments was 77.2 ± 2.12% over 45 d. In unplanted sediment, the half-life of atrazine dissipation was 14.30 d, which was strongly enhanced by P. crispus and M. spicatum, greatly reducing the half-life to 8.60 and 9.72 d, respectively. These two submerged macrophytes are considered to be potential tools in the remediation of atrazine-contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qu
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huidong Li
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yumei Hua
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Jaatinen ST, Palmroth MRT, Rintala JA, Tuhkanen TA. The effect of urine storage on antiviral and antibiotic compounds in the liquid phase of source-separated urine. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2189-98. [PMID: 26804243 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1144799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of pharmaceuticals related to the human immunodeficiency virus treatment was studied in the liquid phase of source-separated urine during six-month storage at 20°C. Six months is the recommended time for hygienization and use of urine as fertilizer. Compounds were spiked in urine as concentrations calculated to appear in urine. Assays were performed with separate compounds and as therapeutic groups of antivirals, antibiotics and anti-tuberculotics. In addition, urine was amended either with faeces or urease inhibitor. The pharmaceutical concentrations were monitored from filtered samples with solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography. The concentration reductions of the studied compounds as such or with amendments ranged from less than 1% to more than 99% after six-month storage. The reductions without amendments were 41.9-99% for anti-tuberculotics; <52% for antivirals (except with 3TC 75.6%) and <50% for antibiotics. In assays with amendments, the reductions were all <50%. Faeces amendment resulted in similar or lower reduction than without it even though bacterial activity should have increased. The urease inhibitor prevented ureolysis and pH rise but did not affect pharmaceutical removal. In conclusion, removal during storage might not be enough to reduce risks associated with the studied pharmaceuticals, in which case other feasible treatment practises or urine utilization means should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna T Jaatinen
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Marja R T Palmroth
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Jukka A Rintala
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Tuula A Tuhkanen
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
- b Department of Biology and Environmental Science , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
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Kopperi M, Parshintsev J, Ruiz-Jiménez J, Riekkola ML. Nontargeted evaluation of the fate of steroids during wastewater treatment by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17008-17017. [PMID: 27206750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging organic contaminants in wastewater are usually analyzed by targeted approaches, and especially estrogens have been the focus of environmental research due to their high hormonal activity. The selection of specific target compounds means, however, that most of the sample components, including transformation products and potential new contaminants, are neglected. In this study, the fate of steroidal compounds in wastewater treatment processes was evaluated by a nontargeted approach based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The potential of the nontargeted approach to generate comprehensive information about sample constituents was demonstrated with use of statistical tools. Transformation pathways of the tentatively identified compounds with steroidal four-ring structure were proposed. The purification efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants was studied, and the distribution of the compounds of interest in the suspended solids, effluent water, and sludge was measured. The results showed that, owing to strong adsorption of hydrophobic compounds onto the solid matter, the steroids were mostly bound to the suspended solids of the effluent water and the sewage sludge at the end of the treatment process. The most abundant steroid class was androstanes in the aqueous phase and cholestanes in the solid phase. 17β-estradiol was the most abundant estrogen in the aqueous phase, but it was only detected in the influent samples indicating efficient removal during the treatment process. In the sludge samples, however, high concentrations of an oxidation product of 17β-estradiol, estrone, were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Kopperi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jevgeni Parshintsev
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - José Ruiz-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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Gulde R, Meier U, Schymanski EL, Kohler HPE, Helbling DE, Derrer S, Rentsch D, Fenner K. Systematic Exploration of Biotransformation Reactions of Amine-Containing Micropollutants in Activated Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2908-2920. [PMID: 26864277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main removal process for polar organic micropollutants during activated sludge treatment is biotransformation, which often leads to the formation of stable transformation products (TPs). Because the analysis of TPs is challenging, the use of pathway prediction systems can help by generating a list of suspected TPs. To complete and refine pathway prediction, comprehensive biotransformation studies for compounds exhibiting pertinent functional groups under environmentally relevant conditions are needed. Because many polar organic micropollutants present in wastewater contain one or several amine functional groups, we systematically explored amine biotransformation by conducting experiments with 19 compounds that contained 25 structurally diverse primary, secondary, and tertiary amine moieties. The identification of 144 TP candidates and the structure elucidation of 101 of these resulted in a comprehensive view on initial amine biotransformation reactions. The reactions with the highest relevance were N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, N-acetylation, and N-succinylation. Whereas many of the observed reactions were similar to those known for the mammalian metabolism of amine-containing xenobiotics, some N-acylation reactions were not previously described. In general, different reactions at the amine functional group occurred in parallel. Finally, recommendations on how these findings can be implemented to improve microbial pathway prediction of amine-containing micropollutants are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Meier
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samuel Derrer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Michael-Kordatou I, Michael C, Duan X, He X, Dionysiou DD, Mills MA, Fatta-Kassinos D. Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 77:213-248. [PMID: 25917290 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reuse is currently considered globally as the most critical element of sustainable water management. The dissolved effluent organic matter (dEfOM) present in biologically treated urban wastewater, consists of a heterogeneous mixture of refractory organic compounds with diverse structures and varying origin, including dissolved natural organic matter, soluble microbial products, endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products residues, disinfection by-products, metabolites/transformation products and others, which can reach the aquatic environment through discharge and reuse applications. dEfOM constitutes the major fraction of the effluent organic matter (EfOM) and due to its chemical complexity, it is necessary to utilize a battery of complementary techniques to adequately describe its structural and functional character. dEfOM has been shown to exhibit contrasting effects towards various aquatic organisms. It decreases metal uptake, thus potentially reducing their bioavailability to exposed organisms. On the other hand, dEfOM can be adsorbed on cell membranes inducing toxic effects. This review paper evaluates the performance of various advanced treatment processes (i.e., membrane filtration and separation processes, activated carbon adsorption, ion-exchange resin process, and advanced chemical oxidation processes) in removing dEfOM from wastewater effluents. In general, the literature findings reveal that dEfOM removal by advanced treatment processes depends on the type and the amount of organic compounds present in the aqueous matrix, as well as the operational parameters and the removal mechanisms taking place during the application of each treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Michael-Kordatou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - C Michael
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - X Duan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA
| | - X He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA
| | - D D Dionysiou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA
| | - M A Mills
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, 26 W, Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - D Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Transformation products of emerging contaminants in the environment and high-resolution mass spectrometry: a new horizon. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6257-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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