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Qu Q, Wang S, Hu X, Mu L. The impact of anthropogenic pressures on microbial diversity and river multifunctionality relationships on a global scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175293. [PMID: 39111414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Conserving biodiversity is crucial for maintaining essential ecosystem functions, as indicated by the positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, the impacts of declining biodiversity on ecosystem functions in response to mounting human pressures remain uncertain. This uncertainty arises from the complexity of trade-offs among human activities, climate change, river properties, and biodiversity, which have not been comprehensively addressed collectively. Here, we provide evidence that river biodiversity was significantly and positively associated with multifunctionality and contributed to key ecosystem functions such as microbially driven water purification, leaf litter decomposition and pathogen control. However, human pressure led to abrupt changes in microbial diversity and river multifunctionality relationships at a human pressure value of 0.5. In approximately 30 % (N = 58) of countries globally, the ratio of area above this threshold exceeded the global average (∼11 %), especially in Europe. Results show that human pressure affected ecosystem functions through direct effects and interactive effects. We provide more direct evidence that the nonadditive effects triggered by prevailing human pressure impact the multifunctionality of rivers globally. Under high levels of human stress, the beneficial effects of biodiversity on nutrient cycling, carbon storage, gross primary productivity, leaf litter decomposition, and pathogen control tend to diminish. Our findings highlight that considering interactions between human pressure and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of river ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Li Mu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Product Safety, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Controlling Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191 Tianjin, China.
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Krishna B, Achari VS. Groundwater for drinking and industrial purposes: A study of water stability and human health risk assessment from black sand mineral rich coastal region of Kerala, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119783. [PMID: 38113784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Tempero-spatial analysis of groundwater to disseminate the level of drinking water quality and industrial suitability to meet the developmental requirement of a region is a significant area of research. Accordingly, groundwater quality and geochemical interactions prevailed in a black sand mineral rich coastal village is systematically presented in appraisal of drinking and industrial uses for economic engineering purposes. The study area focused is Alappad village, Kollam, Kerala, India has numerous ecological features in a sustainable perspective. The region is unique with placer deposits where an alluvial soil aquifer-saline water-freshwater interaction occurs. This dynamics decides the pertinent hydro geochemistry, potable and designated uses of ground water in season wise. Coastal area is hereby presented based on water quality parameters predicted with the health risk assessment model with a view on human health and cancer risk due to ions (Pb, Ni, Cu, Ba, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn) in groundwater.. To ascertain industrial usage, ground water is evaluated by Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Aggressive index (AI), Larson-Skold index (LS) and Puckorius scaling index (PSI) and inferences are complemented. Chemical weathering and evaporation processes are the natural factors controlling hydrochemistry of this aquifer. This complex coastal system has Nemerow pollution index (NPI) of moderate pollution for total dissolved ions of Fe and lesser for Cu, and Cr present in groundwater. LSI indicates, water is scale forming but non corrosive (46% in PRM, 20% in MON and 47% in POM). Water quality index (WQI) in POM (ranged 28.7-79.9) was excellent for drinking, followed by PRM (23.6-218.2) and MON (33.4-202.7) seasons. This groundwater bears temporary hardness with the dominance of Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type. Health risk assessment of non-carcinogenic risk index of trace metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb) revealed, children are at 'low risk' and 'medium' risk with Ni and Cu. The carcinogenic risk index indicated 93% of samples were high Ni induced cancer risk for children, and 87% for adults due to long term ingestion (drinking water intake) pathway. Studies specific on placer mineral deposited coastal region of India are not sufficiently reported with a focus on the above perspectives. Growing need of rare earths for material, device and energy applications, placer mineral explorations can destabilise the coastal hydrosphere. Interrelations of mineral soil - water chemistry prevailed and health hazard predicted would kindle a set of sustainable deliberations. This study summarises the drinking and industrial use of coastal groundwater for future development and human well-being on the basis of quality criteria, corrosion proneness, water stability and health risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurali Krishna
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682 022, Kerala, India
| | - V Sivanandan Achari
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682 022, Kerala, India.
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Fang J, Dai Z, Li X, van der Hoek JP, Savic D, Medema G, van der Meer W, Liu G. Service-lines as major contributor to water quality deterioration at customer ends. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120143. [PMID: 37276656 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm detachment contributes to water quality deterioration. However, the contributions of biofilm detachment from different pipes have not been quantified or compared. Following the introduction of partial reverse osmosis (RO) in drinking water production, this study analyzed particles at customers' ends and tracked their origins to water distribution mains and service lines. For doing so, filter bags were installed in front of water meters to capture upstream detached particles, while biofilm from water main and service line were sampled by cutting pipe specimens. The results showed that elemental concentrations of the biofilm in mains were higher than those of service lines (54.3-268.5 vs. 27.1-44.4 μg/cm2), both dominated by Ca. Differently, filter bags were dominated by Fe/Mn (77.5-98.1%). After introducing RO, Ca significantly decreased in biofilms of mains but not service lines, but the released Fe/Mn rather than Ca arrived at customers' ends. The ATP concentrations of service lines were higher than mains, which decreased on mains but increased in service lines after introducing RO. For the core ASVs, 13/24 were shared by service lines (17), mains (21), and filter bags (17), which were assigned mainly to Nitrospira spp., Methylomagnum spp., Methylocytis spp., and IheB2-23 spp. According to source tracking results, service lines contributed more than mains to the particulate material collected by filter bags (57.6 ± 13.2% vs. 13.0 ± 11.6%). To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first evidence of service lines' direct and quantitative contributions to potential water quality deterioration at customers' ends. This highlights the need for the appropriate management of long-neglected service line pipes, e.g., regarding material selection, length optimization, and proper regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Fang
- Key Lab of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, PR China; Membrane Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Zihan Dai
- Key Lab of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Lab of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Waternet, P.O. Box 94370, 1090, GJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dragan Savic
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department for Hydraulic and environmental engineering, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Membrane Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands; Oasen Water Company, PO BOX 122, 2800, AC, Gouda, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, PR China; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands.
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Koppanen M, Kesti T, Rintala J, Palmroth M. Can online particle counters and electrochemical sensors distinguish normal periodic and aperiodic drinking water quality fluctuations from contamination? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162078. [PMID: 36764531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Early warning systems monitoring the quality of drinking water need to distinguish between normal quality fluctuations and those caused by contaminants. Thus, to decrease the number of false positive events, normal water quality fluctuations, whether periodic or aperiodic, need to be characterized. For this, we used a novel flow-imaging particle counter, a light-scattering particle counter, and electrochemical sensors to monitor the drinking water quality of a pressure zone in a building complex for 109 days. Data were analyzed to determine the feasibility of the sensors and particle counters to distinguish periodic and aperiodic fluctuations from real-life contaminants. The concentrations of particles smaller than 10 μm and N, Small, Large, and B particles showed sudden changes recurring daily, likely due to the flow rate changes in the building complex. Conversely, the concentrations of larger than 10 μm particles and C particles, in addition to the responses of electrochemical sensors, remained in their low typical values despite flow rate changes. The aperiodic events, likely resulting from an abnormally high flow rate in the water mains due to maintenance, were detected using particle counters and electrochemical sensors. This study provides insights into choosing water quality sensors by showing that machine learning-based particle classes, such as B, C, F, and particles larger than 10 μm are promising in distinguishing contamination from aperiodic and periodic fluctuations while the use of other particle classes and electrochemical sensors may require dynamic baseline to decrease false positive events in an early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Koppanen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Tero Kesti
- Uponor Corporation, Kaskimäenkatu 2, FI-33900 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Rintala
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja Palmroth
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
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Chen L, Li X, van der Meer W, Medema G, Liu G. Capturing and tracing the spatiotemporal variations of planktonic and particle-associated bacteria in an unchlorinated drinking water distribution system. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118589. [PMID: 35597222 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aperiodic changes in the quantity and community of planktonic and particle-associated bacteria have hampered the understanding and management of microbiological water quality in drinking water distribution systems. In this study, online sampling was combined with the microbial fingerprint-based SourceTracker2 to capture and trace the spatiotemporal variations in planktonic and particle-associated bacteria in an unchlorinated distribution system. The results showed that spatially, the particle load significantly increased, while in contrast, the quantity of particle-associated bacteria decreased sharply from the treatment plant to the distribution network. Similar to the trend of particle-associated bacterial diversity, the number of observed OTUs first slightly decreased from the treatment plant to the transportation network and then sharply increased from the transportation network to the distribution network. The SourceTracker2 results revealed that the contribution of particle-associated bacteria from the treatment plant decreased along the distribution distance. The spatial results indicate the dominant role of sedimentation of particles from the treatment plant, while the observed increases in particles and the associated bacteria mainly originated from the distribution network, which were confirmed directly by the increased contributions of loose deposits and biofilm. Temporally, the daily peaks of particle-associated bacterial quantity, observed OTU number, and contributions of loose deposits and biofilms were captured during water demand peaks (e.g., 18-21 h). The temporal results reveal clear linkages between the distribution system harboring bacteria (e.g., within loose deposits and biofilms) and the planktonic and particle-associated bacteria flowing through the distribution system, which are dynamically connected and interact. This study highlights that the spatiotemporal variations in planktonic and particle-associated bacteria are valuable and unneglectable for the widely on-going sampling campaigns required by water quality regulations and/or drinking water microbiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R China; Department of Water Management, Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, Delft 2600 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Water Management, Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, Delft 2600 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Membrane Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, the Netherlands; Oasen Drinkwater, Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, Gouda 2801 SB, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Department of Water Management, Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, Delft 2600 GA, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherlands; Michigan State University, 1405 S Harrison Rd, East-Lansing, MI 48823, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R China; Department of Water Management, Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, Delft 2600 GA, the Netherlands.
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Lin H, Hu Y. Impact of different source-water switching patterns on the stability of drinking water in an estuarine urban water distribution system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49059-49069. [PMID: 35217958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source-water switching can lead to instability in drinking water distribution systems. In estuarine cities using surface water as source water where salt tide occasionally happens, the influence can be particularly complex due to changes of Larson Index (LI). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different switching patterns on the stability of water in an estuarine city. Fluctuated LI was found in the current distribution system. LI of the new source water was lower and more stable. Susceptible areas with a high frequency of over standard water quality were identified and pipe scales there were mainly composed of relatively stable iron oxides with dense crystal structures (Fe3O4 and α-FeOOH). Two old pipe sections were used to simulate different switching patterns. The microbial risk did not increase significantly when the original and new water sources were combined in different ratios (2∶8, 5∶5), when multiple water sources were used (3∶3∶4) or when salinity increased. The better water quality, lower LI of the new source water, and stability of the current distribution system together contributed to the biostability. Total iron increased after switching, then declined and stabilized for most switching patterns. Salt tide can lead to sharp iron release. The results provided insightful information for distribution systems that have cast iron pipes and that might encounter source-water switching patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Li J, Ren A, van der Mark E, Liu G. Direct evidence of microbiological water quality changes on bacterial quantity and community caused by plumbing system. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 116:175-183. [PMID: 35219416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water quality deteriorates from treatment plant to customer taps, especially in the plumbing system. There is no direct evidence about what the differences are contributed by plumbing system. This study compared the water quality in the water main and at customer tap by preparing a sampling tap on the water main. The biomass was quantified by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the microbial community was profiled by 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that in distribution pipes, biofilm contributed >94% of the total biomass, while loose deposits showed little contribution (< 2%) because of the low amount of loose deposits. The distribution of biological stable water had minor effects on the microbiocidal water quality regarding both quantity (ATP 1 ng/L vs. 1.7 ng/L) and community of the bacteria. Whereas the plumbing system has significant contribution to the increase of active biomass (1.7 ng/L vs. 2.9 ng/L) and the changes of bacterial community. The relative abundance of Sphingomonas spp. at tap (22%) was higher than that at water main (2%), while the relative abundance of Pseudomonas spp. in tap water (15%) was lower than that in the water from street water main (29%). Though only one location was prepared and studied, the present study showed that the protocol of making sampling tap on water main offered directly evidences about the impacts of plumbing system on tap water quality, which makes it possible to distinguish and study the processes in distribution system and plumbing system separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anran Ren
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ed van der Mark
- Dunea Water Company, Plaza of the United Nations 11-15, Zoetermeer 2700 AT, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sanitary engineering, Department of Water management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2600 GA, the Netherlands.
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Kurajica L, Ujević Bošnjak M, Kinsela AS, Bieroza M, Štiglić J, Waite TD, Capak K, Romić Ž. Mixing of arsenic-rich groundwater and surface water in drinking water distribution systems: Implications for contaminants, disinfection byproducts and organic components. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133406. [PMID: 34958791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of groundwaters containing high levels of arsenic (As) for drinking water purposes presents major health and economic challenges for water utilities. One low-cost approach is to mix arsenic-rich groundwater (GW) with arsenic-free surface waters (SW) to achieve acceptable As levels. In this study we investigated the effect of different mixing ratios on water quality in an eastern Croatian water distribution system (WDS). To investigate the effects of mixing on drinking water quality, we measured the organic matter (OM) composition, disinfection byproduct (DBP) and metal concentrations in differently mixed ratios of GW and SW within the WDS. Fluorescence analysis revealed that the GW and SW had similar OM composition, with an almost equal ratio of humic- and protein-like OM throughout the WDS despite fluorescence indices revealing slightly different OM sources between the two water types. The tyrosine-like OM component was more variable, increasing during warmer months and towards the end of the WDS, most likely due to enhanced biofilm formation. Arsenic concentrations decreased to below 10 μg/L in the second half of the sampling campaign. Acceptable water quality was achieved after a period of destabilization and solubilization of loose deposits within the WDS resulting in their mobilization caused by water quality changes. Principal component and classification analysis, regression models and Spearman correlation coefficients revealed an association between As, OM and DBP concentrations with these correlations suggestive of their role in As mobilization in the WDS. Changing source waters, with different OM content and characteristics, corresponded to variable As release within the WDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kurajica
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller Street 7, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Ujević Bošnjak
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller Street 7, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - A S Kinsela
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - M Bieroza
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - J Štiglić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller Street 7, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T D Waite
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - K Capak
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller Street 7, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ž Romić
- Osijek Water Supply Company, Poljski Put 1, Osijek, Croatia
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Lin X, Xu Q, Li Y, Zhao B, Li L, Qiang Z. Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:73-83. [PMID: 34593196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of "red water" and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCITI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (RFe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCITI,24 and RFe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The RFe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid "red water".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yuxian Li
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sousi M, Salinas-Rodriguez SG, Liu G, Dusseldorp J, Kemperman AJB, Schippers JC, Van der Meer WGJ, Kennedy MD. Comparing the bacterial growth potential of ultra-low nutrient drinking water assessed by growth tests based on flow cytometric intact cell count versus adenosine triphosphate. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117506. [PMID: 34371231 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial growth potential (BGP) of drinking water is widely assessed either by flow cytometric intact cell count (BGPICC) or adenosine triphosphate (BGPATP) based methods. Combining BGPICC and BGPATP measurements has been previously applied for various types of drinking water having high to low growth potential. However, this has not been applied for water with ultra-low nutrient content, such as remineralised RO permeate. To conduct a sound comparison, conventionally treated drinking water was included in this study, which was also used as an inoculum source. BGPICC, BGPATP, intact cell-yield (YICC), and ATP-yield (YATP) were determined for conventionally treated drinking water (Tap-water) and remineralised RO permeate (RO-water). In addition, both BGPICC and BGPATP methods were used to identify the growth-limiting nutrient in each water type. The results showed that the BGPICC ratio between Tap-water/RO-water was ∼7.5, whereas the BGPATP ratio was only ∼4.5. Moreover, the YICC ratio between Tap-water/RO-water was ∼2 (9.8 ± 0.6 × 106 vs. 4.6 ± 0.8 × 106 cells/µg-C), whereas the YATP ratio was ∼1 (0.39 ± 0.12 vs. 0.42 ± 0.06 ng ATP/µg-C), resulting in a consistently higher ATP per cell in RO-water than that of Tap-water. Both BGPICC and BGPATP methods revealed that carbon was the growth-limiting nutrient in the two types of water. However, with the addition of extra carbon, phosphate limitation was detected only with the BGPICC method, whereas BGPATP was not affected, suggesting that a combination of carbon and phosphate is essential for biomass synthesis, whereas carbon is probably utilised for cellular activities other than cell synthesis when phosphate is limited. It was estimated that the intact cell-yield growing on phosphate would be 0.70 ± 0.05 × 109 cells/µg PO4-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaned Sousi
- Department of Water Supply, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, Westvest 7, Delft 2611 AX, the Netherlands; Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, the Netherlands
| | - Sergio G Salinas-Rodriguez
- Department of Water Supply, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, Westvest 7, Delft 2611 AX, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Beijing 100085, PR China; Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, the Netherlands.
| | - Jos Dusseldorp
- Oasen Drinkwater, Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, Gouda 2801 SB, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine J B Kemperman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C Schippers
- Department of Water Supply, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, Westvest 7, Delft 2611 AX, the Netherlands
| | - Walter G J Van der Meer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede 7522 NB, the Netherlands; Oasen Drinkwater, Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, Gouda 2801 SB, the Netherlands
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- Department of Water Supply, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, Westvest 7, Delft 2611 AX, the Netherlands; Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, the Netherlands
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11
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Bian K, Wang C, Jia S, Shi P, Zhang H, Ye L, Zhou Q, Li A. Spatial dynamics of bacterial community in chlorinated drinking water distribution systems supplied with two treatment plants: An integral study of free-living and particle-associated bacteria. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106552. [PMID: 33866058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the expansion of cities, the deterioration of drinking water quality undergoing complex and long-distance distribution is gaining increasing attention. However, spatial variations between free-living bacteria (FLB) and particle-associated bacteria (PAB) in chlorinated drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) have not been fully explored, especially in complex water supply areas with multiple interconnected DWDSs. To fill this gap, this study utilized 16S rRNA approaches to characterize the spatial patterns of FLB and PAB in DWDSs with intersection regions. Based on distance-decay analysis, transportation distance is a potential driver of bacterial variation for both FLB (Pearson's r = -0.476, p < 0.01) and PAB. (Pearson's r = -0.352, p < 0.01). Moreover, the influence of transportation distance was further confirmed by a 1.20-99.45% decline in microbial contribution to the source of FLB and PAB communities in pipe water along the transportation pipelines. Meanwhile, significant difference (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.14, p < 0.01) was found between FLB and PAB in DWDSs. Average proportions of Pseudomonas spp. were 59.84% and 45.59% for the PAB and intersection regions based on the 16S rRNA results, respectively, suggesting that PAB are potential reservoirs for high-risk bacteria, and a greater microbial risk may exist in intersection regions. In summary, transportation distance and pipeline intersection exerted significant impacts on the FLB and PAB in DWDSs. Therefore, precautionary strategies for controlling microbial risks that consider different microbial components and intersection regions in long-distance and multi-plant DWDSs should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huaicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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12
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Kurajica L, Ujević Bošnjak M, Kinsela AS, Štiglić J, Waite TD, Capak K, Pavlić Z. Effects of changing supply water quality on drinking water distribution networks: Changes in NOM optical properties, disinfection byproduct formation, and Mn deposition and release. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144159. [PMID: 33360458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field studies were conducted in a Croatian city supplied by two distinct groundwater sources (referred to as A and B) to investigate both the effects of changing water source on the water quality in the drinking water supply system, as well as to further understand discoloration events that occurred in city locations that switched water from source A to B. The water treatment processes at site A were found to alter organic matter (OM) characteristics, removing humic substances while enhancing protein-derived (tryptophan) content. Although the humic-like component predominated in raw waters, microbially/protein-derived components were found to increase throughout the distribution networks of both systems. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as total trihalomethane (TTHM) and total haloacetic acid (THAA) were prevalent in water distribution system (WDS)-A, which correlated with elevated OM content as well as re-chlorination with hypochlorite (NaOCl). Our field study revealed that THMs were more readily formed than HAAs during ClO2 treatment. Unsurprisingly, chlorite concentrations were generally higher than chlorate concentrations during ClO2 treatment, whereas (secondary) NaOCl disinfection contributed to higher chlorate production. Principal component analysis indicated that variable pH values and humic-like OM could affect Mn, As and Al concentrations at the consumer's tap. Our results suggested that although Mn concentrations complied with regulations at WDS-B and were below 50 μg/L after disinfection, Mn was oxidized and formed particulate Mn oxides capable of causing discoloration events depending on prevailing network physico-chemical and hydraulic conditions. Aluminium also appears to be released during hydraulic disturbances from extensive deposits within the network. Thermodynamic calculations showed that Mn-oxidation was strongly dependent upon the ORP, and to lesser extent the pH value. Collectively, our results confirm that ensuring the provision of safe drinking waters to consumers requires an understanding of water quality across entire distribution networks in addition to any routine post-treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kurajica
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller street 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Ujević Bošnjak
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller street 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - A S Kinsela
- Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - J Štiglić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller street 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T D Waite
- Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - K Capak
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefeller street 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Z Pavlić
- Slavonski Brod Water Supply Company, Nikole Zrinskog 25, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
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13
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Ahmad JI, Dignum M, Liu G, Medema G, van der Hoek JP. Changes in biofilm composition and microbial water quality in drinking water distribution systems by temperature increase induced through thermal energy recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110648. [PMID: 33358877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) have been thoroughly studied, but the concept of thermal energy recovery from DWDSs is very new and has been conceptualized in the past few years. Cold recovery results in a temperature increase of the drinking water. Its effects on drinking water quality and biofilm development are unclear. Hence, we studied both bulk water and biofilm phases for 232 days in two parallel pilot scale distribution systems with two temperature settings after cold recovery, 25 °C and 30 °C, and compared these with a reference pilot system without cold recovery. In all three pilot distributions systems (DSs) our results showed an initial increase in biomass (ATP) in the biofilm phase, along with occurrence of primary colonizers (Betaproteobacteriales) and subsequently a decrease in biomass and an increasing relative abundance of other microbial groups (amoeba resisting groups; Xanthobacteraceae, Legionellales), including those responsible for EPS formation in biofilms (Sphingomonadaceae). The timeline for biofilm microbial development was different for the three pilot DSs: the higher the temperature, the faster the development took place. With respect to the water phase within the three pilot DSs, major microbial contributions came from the feed water (17-100%) and unkown sources (2-80%). Random contributions of biofilm (0-70%) were seen between day 7-77. During this time period six-fold higher ATP concentration (7-11 ng/l) and two-fold higher numbers of high nucleic acid cells (5.20-5.80 × 104 cells/ml) were also observed in the effluent water from all three pilot DSs, compared to the feed water. At the end of the experimental period the microbial composition of effluent water from three pilot DSs revealed no differences, except the presence of a biofilm related microbial group (Sphingomonadaceae), within all three DSs compared to the feed water. In the biofilm phase higher temperatures initiated the growth of primary colonizing bacteria but this did not lead to differences in microbial diversity and composition at the end of the experimental period. Hence, we propose that the microbiological water quality of DWDSs with cold recovery should be monitored more frequently during the first 2-3 months of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Imtiaz Ahmad
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, H-12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Marco Dignum
- Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Liu
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Michigan State University, 1405 S Harrison Rd, East-Lansing, 48823, USA
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Bordós G, Gergely S, Háhn J, Palotai Z, Szabó É, Besenyő G, Salgó A, Harkai P, Kriszt B, Szoboszlay S. Validation of pressurized fractionated filtration microplastic sampling in controlled test environment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116572. [PMID: 33157414 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field of microplastic (MP) research in the environment, a significant amount of the currently reported results is uncertain because of the inappropriate methods of sampling, detection and quantification of MPs. Fortunately, many research groups are aware of these challenges, but validated methods, which are the prerequisite of standardized measurements, are scarce. Recovery tests are especially rare in the field of MP sampling. The aim of our research was to take a step forward and collect data on cascade filtration recoveries by modeling different turbulance conditions and sampling depth applying environmentally relevant MP concentrations while obtaining large sample volumes. As reference materials, different polymer types (polyethylene - PE; polypropylene - PP; poly[ethylene terephthalate] - PET; poly[vinyl chloride] - PVC; polyamide - PA) and shapes (sphere, fragment, fiber) were used, and for detection near-infrared spectroscopy/microscopy was applied. The developed method provides information not only on system based MP losses, but on sampling efficiency in a model environment as well. Based on the results, the highest recovery rate of all polymers was 31.4% on average, sampled from the water surface during continuous stirring. In these conditions, 92.4% of the PE spheres and 31.9% of the PE fragments were recovered. This indicates, particles reported in environmental monitoring studies might be less than the real environmental concentration. We can conclude, that surface sampling is more efficient than sampling in a deeper layer of the water column. Our research revealed, that the widespread application of microspheres as reference materials might lead to too optimistic recovery values. The application of reference particles (fragments, fibers) with higher environmental relevance shows much lower recovery rates. Our results highlight, that validating the efficiency of the whole sampling process from the environment is more important than measuring only the filtration device's recovery. This study helps us to better understand the relationship and the possible gaps between the reported MP results and the real-life concentrations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bordós
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary; Institute for Natural Resources Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Protection and Environmental Safety, Szent István University, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő 2100, Hungary.
| | - Szilveszter Gergely
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Judit Háhn
- Institute for Natural Resources Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Protection and Environmental Safety, Szent István University, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Palotai
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Besenyő
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - András Salgó
- WESSLING Hungary Ltd., 6. Anonymus st., Budapest 1045, Hungary; NIR Spectroscopy Group, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3. Műegyetem rkp, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Péter Harkai
- Institute for Natural Resources Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Protection and Environmental Safety, Szent István University, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Institute for Natural Resources Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Protection and Environmental Safety, Szent István University, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- Institute for Natural Resources Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Protection and Environmental Safety, Szent István University, 1. Páter Károly st., Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
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15
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Zhuang Y, Shen C, Gu Y, Chen R, Shi B. Effect of trichloroacetic acid on iron oxidation: Implications on the control of DBPs and deposits in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116632. [PMID: 33227611 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution system (DWDS), disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have a large possibility of participating in iron oxidation by dissolved oxygen (DO), which may induce particle structure transformations and increase unknown risks. In this work, the influence of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA, one of the most typical DBPs) on iron oxidation processes was studied, and the potential effects of the resulting α-FeOOH particles were evaluated through two aspects: (i) influence on the bacterial community and (ii) toxicity to human cells. TCAA promoted iron oxidation process through an Fe-O-C linkage, which led to a sharper surface of the particles (TCAA-mediated Fe oxide particles, TFOP) than that without TCAA (Fe oxide particles, FOP). Interestingly, the influence of particles on the richness of bacterial community of drinking water was different under anaerobic and aerobic conditions: under anaerobic conditions, the richness of bacterial community increased with the addition of particles, while under aerobic conditions, the richness of bacterial community decreased. The higher affinity of TFOP for electron-accepting DO than FOP indicated the role of DO on TFOP under aerobic conditions. TFOP exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity among FOP and the actual deposits. DFT calculations confirmed that TCAA in iron particles promoted the adsorption and dissociation of H2O2 to generate more •OH with an obvious decrease in the energy barrier from 1.51 to 0.80 eV. This study indicates the high potential of adverse effects of DBPs on loose deposits in DWDS and gives implications for the control of DBPs and deposits in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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16
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Ley CJ, Proctor CR, Jordan K, Ra K, Noh Y, Odimayomi T, Julien R, Kropp I, Mitchell J, Nejadhashemi AP, Whelton AJ, Aw TG. Impacts of Municipal Water-Rainwater Source Transitions on Microbial and Chemical Water Quality Dynamics at the Tap. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11453-11463. [PMID: 32786341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When rainwater harvesting is utilized as an alternative water resource in buildings, a combination of municipal water and rainwater is typically required to meet water demands. Altering source water chemistry can disrupt pipe scale and biofilm and negatively impact water quality at the distribution level. Still, it is unknown if similar reactions occur within building plumbing following a transition in source water quality. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in water chemistry and microbiology at a green building following a transition between municipal water and rainwater. We monitored water chemistry (metals, alkalinity, and disinfectant byproducts) and microbiology (total cell counts, plate counts, and opportunistic pathogen gene markers) throughout two source water transitions. Several constituents including alkalinity and disinfectant byproducts served as indicators of municipal water remaining in the system since the rainwater source does not contain these constituents. In the treated rainwater, microbial proliferation and Legionella spp. gene copy numbers were often three logs higher than those in municipal water. Because of differences in source water chemistry, rainwater and municipal water uniquely interacted with building plumbing and generated distinctively different drinking water chemical and microbial quality profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Ley
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Caitlin R Proctor
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn Jordan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Kyungyeon Ra
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tolulope Odimayomi
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan Julien
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ian Kropp
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - A Pouyan Nejadhashemi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tiong Gim Aw
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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17
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Liu G, Zhang Y, Liu X, Hammes F, Liu WT, Medema G, Wessels P, van der Meer W. 360-Degree Distribution of Biofilm Quantity and Community in an Operational Unchlorinated Drinking Water Distribution Pipe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5619-5628. [PMID: 32259432 PMCID: PMC7203839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, triplicate rings of 360° pipe surfaces of an operational drinking water distribution pipe were swabbed. Each ring was equally divided into 16 parts for swabbing. The collected swabs were grouped into 3 sections and compared with the biofilm samples sampled by sonication of specimens from the same pipe. The results showed that the biofilm is unevenly distributed over the 16 parts and the 3 sections of the pipe surface. Both the active biomass and the number of observed OTUs increased as the measurements proceeded from the top to the bottom of the pipe. The bacterial community was dominated in all sections by Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Nitrospira spp., Terrimonas spp., and Hyphomicrobium spp. were dominant in all sections. Gaiella spp. and Vicinamibacter spp. dominated in S-I, Blastopirellula spp. and Pirellula spp. dominated in S-II, while Holophaga spp. and Phaeodactylibacter spp. dominated in S-III. When swabbing and pipe specimen sonication were compared, the results showed that the sampling strategy significantly influences the obtained biofilm bacterial community. A consistent multisectional swabbing strategy is proposed for future biofilm sampling; it involves collecting swabs from all sections and comparing the swabs from the same position/section across locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre
for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- Oasen
Drinkwater, P.O. Box
122, 2801SB, Gouda, The Netherlands
- Sanitary
Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Phone: 0086 17600879707; e-mail: ,
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Catalysis
Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Eawag,
Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary
Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands
- KWR
Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Wessels
- Oasen
Drinkwater, P.O. Box
122, 2801SB, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen
Drinkwater, P.O. Box
122, 2801SB, Gouda, The Netherlands
- Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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18
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Ahmad JI, Liu G, van der Wielen PWJJ, Medema G, Peter van der Hoek J. Effects of cold recovery technology on the microbial drinking water quality in unchlorinated distribution systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109175. [PMID: 31999996 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are used to supply hygienically safe and biologically stable water for human consumption. The potential of thermal energy recovery from drinking water has been explored recently to provide cooling for buildings. Yet, the effects of increased water temperature induced by this "cold recovery" on the water quality in DWDSs are not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cold recovery from DWDSs on the microbiological quality of drinking water. For this purpose, three pilot distribution systems were operated in parallel for 38 weeks. System 1 has an operational heat exchanger, mimicking the cold recovery system by maintaining the water temperature at 25 °C; system 2 operated with a non-operational heat exchanger and system 3 run without heat exchanger. The results showed no significant effects on drinking water quality: cell numbers and ATP concentrations remained around 3.5 × 105 cells/ml and 4 ng ATP/l, comparable observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (~470-490) and similar Shannon indices (7.7-8.9). In the system with cold recovery, a higher relative abundance of Pseudomonas spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. was observed in the drinking water microbial community, but only when the cold recovery induced temperature difference (ΔT) was higher than 9 °C. In the 38 weeks' old biofilm, higher ATP concentration (475 vs. 89 pg/cm2), lower diversity (observed OTUs: 88 vs. ≥200) and a different bacterial community composition (e.g. higher relative abundance of Novosphingobium spp.) were detected, which did not influence water quality. No impacts were observed for the selected opportunisitic pathogens after introducing cold recovery. It is concluded that cold recovery does not affect bacterial water quality. Further investigation for a longer period is commended to understand the dynamic responses of biofilm to the increased temperature caused by cold recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Imtiaz Ahmad
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, H-12 Sector, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gang Liu
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Paul W J J van der Wielen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8033, 6700, EH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Michigan State University, 1405, S Harrison Rd East-Lansing, 48823, USA
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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