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Feng C, Li J, Yang W, Chen Z. Study on the inactivation effect and mechanism of EGCG disinfectant on Bacillus subtilis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124364. [PMID: 38878811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants in drinking water treatment has led to the proliferation of chlorine-resistant bacteria and the risk of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), posing a serious threat to public health. This study aims to explore the effectiveness and potential applications of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against chlorine-resistant Bacillus and its spores in water, providing new insights for the control of chlorine-resistant bacteria and improving the biological stability of distribution systems. The inactivation effects of EGCG on Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and its spores were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, ATP measurement, and transcriptome sequencing analysis to determine changes in surface structure, energy metabolism, and gene expression levels, thereby elucidating the inactivation mechanism. The results demonstrate the potential application of EGCG in continuously inhibiting chlorine-resistant B. subtilis in water, effectively improving the biological stability of the distribution system. However, EGCG is not suitable for treating raw water with high spore content and is more suitable as a supplementary disinfectant for processes with strong spore removal capabilities, such as ozone, ultraviolet, or ultrafiltration. EGCG exhibits a disruptive effect on the morphological structure and energy metabolism of B. subtilis and suppresses the synthesis of substances, energy metabolism, and normal operation of the antioxidant system by inhibiting the expression of multiple genes, thereby achieving the inactivation of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Weiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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Hübner U, Spahr S, Lutze H, Wieland A, Rüting S, Gernjak W, Wenk J. Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment - Guidance for systematic future research. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30402. [PMID: 38726145 PMCID: PMC11079112 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a growing research field with a large variety of different process variants and materials being tested at laboratory scale. However, despite extensive research in recent years and decades, many variants have not been transitioned to pilot- and full-scale operation. One major concern are the inconsistent experimental approaches applied across different studies that impede identification, comparison, and upscaling of the most promising AOPs. The aim of this tutorial review is to streamline future studies on the development of new solutions and materials for advanced oxidation by providing guidance for comparable and scalable oxidation experiments. We discuss recent developments in catalytic, ozone-based, radiation-driven, and other AOPs, and outline future perspectives and research needs. Since standardized experimental procedures are not available for most AOPs, we propose basic rules and key parameters for lab-scale evaluation of new AOPs including selection of suitable probe compounds and scavengers for the measurement of (major) reactive species. A two-phase approach to assess new AOP concepts is proposed, consisting of (i) basic research and proof-of-concept (technology readiness levels (TRL) 1-3), followed by (ii) process development in the intended water matrix including a cost comparison with an established process, applying comparable and scalable parameters such as UV fluence or ozone consumption (TRL 3-5). Subsequent demonstration of the new process (TRL 6-7) is briefly discussed, too. Finally, we highlight important research tools for a thorough mechanistic process evaluation and risk assessment including screening for transformation products that should be based on chemical logic and combined with complementary tools (mass balance, chemical calculations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Xylem Services GmbH, Boschstraße 4-14, 32051, Herford, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Lutze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute IWAR, Chair of Environmental Analytics and Pollutants, Technical University of Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Arne Wieland
- Xylem Services GmbH, Boschstraße 4-14, 32051, Herford, Germany
| | - Steffen Rüting
- Xylem Services GmbH, Boschstraße 4-14, 32051, Herford, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jannis Wenk
- University of Bath, Department of Chemical Engineering and Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC@Bath), Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Dong Y, Wang Q, Zhu J, Liang L, Xu D, Mi X, Ren Z, Wang P. A comprehensive study on the co-removal of Cr (VI) and ciprofloxacin via microbial-photocatalytic coupling: Mechanistic insights and performance evaluation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120044. [PMID: 38184867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of water systems by antibiotics and heavy metals has become a growing concern. The intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) approach offers a promising strategy for the effective removal of mixed pollutants. Despite some prior research on ICPB applications, the mechanism by which ICPB eliminates mixed pollutants remains unclear. In our current study, the ICPB approach achieved approximately 1.53 times the degradation rate of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and roughly 1.82 times the reduction rate of Cr (VI) compared to photocatalysis. Remarkably, after 30 days, the ICPB achieved a 96.1% CIP removal rate, and a 97.8% reduction in Cr (VI). Our investigation utilized three-dimensional fluorescence analysis and photo-electrochemical characterization to unveil the synergistic effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation in removal of CIP and Cr (VI). Incorporation of B-Bi3O4Cl (B-BOC) photocatalyst facilitated electron-hole separation, leading to production of ·O2-, ·OH, and h+ species which interacted with CIP, while electrons reduced Cr (VI). Subsequently, the photocatalytic products were biodegraded by a protective biofilm. Furthermore, we observed that CIP, acting as an electron donor, promoted the reduction of Cr (VI). The microbial communities revealed that the number of bacteria favoring pollutant removal increased during ICPB operation, leading to a significant enhancement in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Dong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Qiuwen Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Xueyue Mi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhijun Ren
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
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Tufail A, Al-Rifai J, Price WE, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL, Hai FI. Elucidating the performance of UV-based photochemical processes for the removal of trace organic contaminants: Degradation and toxicity evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:140978. [PMID: 38135125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of standalone ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely, UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/chlorine, UV/persulphate, and UV/permonosulphate, were investigated for the degradation of 31 trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). Under the tested conditions, standalone UV photolysis did not achieve effective removal of TrOCs. To improve the degradation efficiency of UV photolysis, four different oxidants were added individually to the test solution. The effect of these oxidants in the absence of UV irradiation was also explored and only chlorine showed promising degradation of some contaminants. During the chlorination of 31 investigated TrOCs, only six demonstrated greater than 50% degradation. The combined UV-based AOPs demonstrated much improved degradation (ranging from 65 to 100%) depending on TrOC-structure and oxidant concentration. The UV/hydrogen peroxide process showed similar degradation of TrOCs, irrespective of the functional groups (i.e., electron withdrawing groups, EWGs and electron donating groups, EDGs) present in their structures. Conversely, the UV/sulphate and UV/chlorine based processes achieved better degradation of the TrOCs with EDGs in their structures. TrOCs degradation improved up to 40% when oxidants concentrations were increased from 0.1 to 1 mM, and further increasing the concentration to 2 mM did not improve degradation. Toxicity evaluation using bioluminescence test (BLT assay) demonstrated that except for UV/hydrogen peroxide, all UV-based AOPs increased the toxicity of the treated effluent, indicating generation of toxic by-products. This study elucidates the performance of four different UV-based AOPs for the removal of commonly detected diverse TrOCs for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbab Tufail
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jawad Al-Rifai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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5
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Calaixo MRC, Ribeirinho-Soares S, Madeira LM, Nunes OC, Rodrigues CSD. Catalyst-free persulfate activation by UV/visible radiation for secondary urban wastewater disinfection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119486. [PMID: 37925988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the treatment of secondary urban wastewater (W) to improve the effluent quality aiming at the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms for the safe reuse of the treated wastewater (TW). Catalyst-free persulfate activation by radiation-based oxidation was applied as a treatment technology. A parametric study was carried out to select the best operating conditions. Total enterobacteria inactivation (quantified by the log reduction (CFU/100 mL)) was achieved when using [S2O82-] = 1 mM, pH = 8.5 (natural pH of W), T = 25 °C, and I = 500 W/m2. However, storing TW for 3 days promoted the regrowth of bacteria, risking its reutilization. Therefore, in this study, and for the first time, the potential beneficial role of inoculation of wastewater treated by the radiation-activated persulfate process with a diverse bacterial community was evaluated in order to control the regrowth of potentially harmful microorganisms through bacterial competition. For this, TW was diluted with river water (R) in the volume percentages of 5, 25, and 50 (percentages refer to R content), and enterobacteria and total heterotrophs were enumerated before and after storage for 72 h. The results showed total heterotrophs and enterobacteria regrowth for TW and R + TW diluted 5 and 25% after storage. However, for R + TW diluted 50%, only the total heterotrophs regrew. Hence, the treated wastewater generated by the oxidative process diluted with 50% river water complies with the legislated limits for reuse in urban uses or irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário R C Calaixo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Ribeirinho-Soares
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M Madeira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga C Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen S D Rodrigues
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Attar SBE, Soriano-Molina P, Pichel N, París-Reche A, Plaza-Bolaños P, Agüera A, Pérez JAS. Continuous flow operation of solar photo-Fenton fused with NaOCl as a novel tertiary treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132354. [PMID: 37651935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy based on solar photo-Fenton mediated by ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe3+-NTA) combined with NaOCl in continuous flow mode for wastewater reclamation has been studied. Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation attained ≥ 5 log10-units, meeting the most restrictive EU 2020/741 target (10 CFU/100 mL), and 75% of organic microcontaminant total load was removed. As a remarkable finding, trihalomethanes (THMs) concentration was insignificant, complying by far with the Italian legislation limit. To attain these results, first the effect of liquid depth on E. coli inactivation and imidacloprid (IMD) removal from spiked municipal effluents was evaluated in continuous flow pilot-scale raceway pond reactors at 60-min hydraulic residence time with low reagent concentrations (0.10 mM Fe3+-NTA, 0.73 mM H2O2 and 0.13 mM NaOCl). Disinfection was due to the bactericidal effect of chlorine. In contrast, liquid depth notably influenced microcontaminant removal, highlighting that operation at 10-cm liquid depth allows achieving treatment capacities higher than at 5 cm (16.50 vs 28.20 mg IMD/m2∙day). Next, the monitoring of THMs was carried out to evaluate the generation and degradation of disinfection by-products, along with the removal of actual microcontaminants. These promising results draw attention to the treatment potential and open the way for its commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Belachqer-El Attar
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - P Soriano-Molina
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain.
| | - N Pichel
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - A París-Reche
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - P Plaza-Bolaños
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - A Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - J A Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería 04120, Spain.
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7
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Kong Q, Ye L, Pan Y, Zhou Y, Lei Y, Zeng Z, Chen S, Yao L, Zhang X, Westerhoff P, Yang X. Photochemical Transformation of Free Chlorine Induced by Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37428984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of free chlorine is an increasingly recognized approach for effectively inactivating microorganisms and eliminating trace organic contaminants. However, the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is ubiquitous in engineered water systems, on free chlorine photolysis is not yet well understood. In this study, triplet state DOM (3DOM*) was found to cause the decay of free chlorine for the first time. By using laser flash photolysis, the scavenging rate constants of triplet state model photosensitizers by free chlorine at pH 7.0 were determined to be in the range of (0.26-3.33) × 109 M-1 s-1. 3DOM*, acting as a reductant, reacted with free chlorine at an estimated reaction rate constant of 1.22(±0.22) × 109 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.0. This study revealed an overlooked pathway of free chlorine decay during UV irradiation in the presence of DOM. Besides the DOM's light screening ability and scavenging of radicals or free chlorine, 3DOM* played an important role in the decay of free chlorine. This reaction pathway accounted for a significant proportion of the decay of free chlorine, ranging from 23 to 45%, even when DOM concentrations were below 3 mgC L-1 and a free chlorine dose of 70 μM was present during UV irradiation at 254 nm. The generation of HO• and Cl• from the oxidation of 3DOM* by free chlorine was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance and quantified by chemical probes. By inputting the newly observed pathway in the kinetics model, the decay of free chlorine in UV254-irradiated DOM solution can be well predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liaoliao Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Pratap B, Kumar S, Nand S, Azad I, Bharagava RN, Romanholo Ferreira LF, Dutta V. Wastewater generation and treatment by various eco-friendly technologies: Possible health hazards and further reuse for environmental safety. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137547. [PMID: 36529169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of untreated wastewater as a result of various developmental activities such as urbanization, industrialization and changes in lifestyle poses great threats to aquatic ecosystems as well as humans. Currently, ∼380 billion m3 (380 trillion liters) of wastewater is generated globally every year. Around 70% of freshwater withdrawals are used for agricultural production throughout the world. The wastewater generated through agricultural run-off further pollutes freshwater resources. However, only 24% of the total wastewater generated from households and industries is treated before its disposal in rivers or reused in agriculture. The most problematic contaminants associated with ecological toxicity are heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Hg, As and Mn. One of the most important issues linked with wastewater generation is the residual presence of pathogenic microorganisms which pose potential health hazards to consumers when they enter into the food chain. It is estimated that in India almost USD 600 million (48.60 billion INR) is spent per year to tackle waterborne diseases (WBD). In light of this, immediate action is needed to effectively treat wastewater and develop safer reuse prospects. Various wastewater treatment technologies have been established and they work well to provide an alternative water source to meet the growing demand. The main concern towards treating wastewater is to eliminate inorganic and organic substances and lower the nutrient concentration, total solids, and microbial pathogens to prevent freshwater pollution and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Pratap
- Department of Environmental Science (DES), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (SEES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Utter Pradesh, India.
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science (DES), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (SEES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Sampurna Nand
- Environmental Technologies Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), 436, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Iqbal Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226 026, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (SEES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Avenida Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Avenida Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Venkatesh Dutta
- Department of Environmental Science (DES), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (SEES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, Utter Pradesh, India
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9
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Manna M, Sen S. Advanced oxidation process: a sustainable technology for treating refractory organic compounds present in industrial wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25477-25505. [PMID: 35287196 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The world faces tremendous challenges and environmental crises due to the rising strength of wastewater. The conventional technologies fail to achieve the quality water that can be reused after treatment means "zero effluent" discharge of the industrial effluent. Therefore, now the key challenge is to develop improved technologies which will have no contribution to secondary pollution and at the same time more efficient for the socio-economic growth of the environment. Sustainable technologies are needed for wastewater treatment, reducing footprint by recycling, reusing, and recovering resources. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the sustainable emerging technologies for treating refractory organic contaminants present in different industrial wastewaters like textile, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and refineries. This critical review emerges details of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), mentioning all possible permutations and combinations of components like ozone, UV, the catalyst used in the process. Non-conventional AOP systems, microwave, ultrasound, and plasma pulse assisted are the future of the oxidation process. This review aims to enlighten the role of AOPs for the mineralization of refractory organic contaminants (ROC) to readily biodegradable organics that cannot be either possible by conventional treatment. The integrated AOPs can improve the biodegradability of recalcitrant organic compounds and reduce the toxicity of wastewater, making them suitable for further biological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Manna
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Sen
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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10
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Lu YW, Liang XX, Wang CY, Chen D, Liu H. Synergistic nanowire-assisted electroporation and chlorination for inactivation of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water systems via inducing cell pores for chlorine permeation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119399. [PMID: 36462257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of chlorination (Cl2) in drinking water systems causes the selection of chlorine-resistant bacteria commonly with dense extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) against chlorine permeation, posing significant threat to public health. Herein, a nanowire-assisted electroporation (EP) via locally enhanced electric field was combined with Cl2 to construct the synergistic EP/Cl2 disinfection, with the purposes of inducing cell pores for chlorine permeation and bacterial inactivation. The synergistic effects of EP/Cl2 were observed for inactivation of chlorine-resistant Bacillus cereus (G+, 304 μg DOC-EPS/109 CFU) and Aeromonas media (G-, 35.8 μg), and chlorine-sensitive Escherichia coli (G-, 5.1 μg) that were frequent occurrence in drinking water systems. The EP/Cl2 enabled above 6 log B. cereus inactivation (undetectable live bacteria) at 1.5 V-EP and 0.9 mg/L-Cl2, which was much higher than the individual EP (1.11 log) and Cl2 (1.13 log) disinfection. The cell membrane integrity, intracellular free chlorine levels, and morphology analyses revealed that the electroporation-induced pores on cell wall/membrane destructed the bound EPS barrier for chlorine permeation, and the pore sizes were further enlarged by chlorine oxidation, hence facilitating bacterial inactivation via destroying the cell structures. The excellent disinfection performance for tap water and lake water also suggested its sound application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Lu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xiang-Xing Liang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chen-Yang Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Hai Liu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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11
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Almeida J, Monahan A, Dionísio J, Delgado F, Magro C. Sustainability assessment of wastewater reuse in a Portuguese military airbase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158329. [PMID: 36030850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current water-scarcity crisis that is being felt in Europe, namely in the southern region, has leveraged the development and implementation of national and regional water management plans. These policies aim to promote efficient wastewater reuse in industrial and urban sectors. Thus, stakeholders are now seeking strategies to enhance the sustainability of their wastewater treatment processes. The present work details the evaluation of the wastewater treatment methods used at an Air Force Base located in Portugal. In addition, this study also intended to determine how wastewater reuse can be implemented and add value to the environmental protection mission of the military airbase. Hence, an assessment of wastewater treatment practices was carried out, considering primary and secondary treatments. The chemical, physical, and biological indicators of samples collected over two consecutive years were analyzed to determine trends and fluctuations. The results revealed that the overall effectiveness of nutrient removal is low due to the oversized nature of the treatment plant, the age of the facility, and the composition of the wastewater. The effluent produced meets standards for non-potable reuse and could be used on base for aircraft maintenance and the cleaning of facilities. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of the plant could be improved by implementing a more advanced tertiary wastewater treatment to decrease the concentration of undesired compounds (e.g., total nitrogen), enabling the reuse of water in a broader range of activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almeida
- CENSE-Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Abigail Monahan
- School for International Training, World Learning Inc., Brattleboro, VT 05302, USA
| | - Joana Dionísio
- School for International Training, World Learning Inc., Brattleboro, VT 05302, USA
| | - Filipe Delgado
- Environmental Department, Portuguese Air Force, Portugal
| | - Cátia Magro
- School for International Training, World Learning Inc., Brattleboro, VT 05302, USA.
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12
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Pan L, Wan Z, Feng Q, Wang J, Xiong J, Wang S, Zhu H, Chen G. Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI). J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 122:50-61. [PMID: 35717090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS2/CoS2 photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O2- and h+ attacking SMX and e- reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liushu Pan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhou Wan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qilin Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jue Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Guoning Chen
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530007, China
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13
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Chen Y, Jafari I, Zhong Y, Chee MJ, Hu J. Degradation of organics and formation of DBPs in the combined LED-UV and chlorine processes: Effects of water matrix and fluorescence analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157454. [PMID: 35868393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combined processes of light-emitting diodes ultraviolet (LED UV) and chlorination (Cl2) are alternative disinfection technologies in drinking water, while the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) needs to be evaluated. This study investigated the impacts of critical water matrix factors on the DBP formation in the combined processes. Moreover, the correlation between the degraded natural organic matter (NOM) and the formed DBP was studied. Simultaneous UV/Cl2 outperformed single Cl2 and sequential combined processes in degrading humic acids (HA) and resulted in the highest DBP yield. Iodide at 5-20 μg/L and bromide at 0.05-0.2 mg/L slightly affected the degradation of organics, while increased the formation of brominated DBPs up to 36.6 μg/L. pH 6 was regarded as the optimum pH, achieving high efficiency of HA degradation and a lower level of total DBP formation than pH 7 and 8 by 11 % and 24 %, respectively. Compared to HA samples (46.8-103.9 μg/L per mg/L DOC), NOM in canal water were less aromatic and yielded fewer DBPs (19.6 and 21.2 μg/L per mg/L DOC). However, the extremely high bromide in site 1 samples (18.6 mg/L) shifted the chlorinated DBPs to their brominated analogues, posting around 1 order of magnitude higher levels of toxicities than HA samples. The reduction of absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) correlated with all DBP categories in HA samples, while the correlation coefficients were compromised when included in the canal samples. For the first time, this study found that parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) would neglect the fluorescence change caused by iodide/bromide in UV/Cl2, while the changes could be captured by self-organising map (SOM) trained with full fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence Ex/Em pairs were proposed to predict DBP formation, suggesting a potential method to develop an online monitoring system for DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Iman Jafari
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Min Jun Chee
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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14
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Lu Z, Ling Y, Sun W, Liu C, Mao T, Ao X, Huang T. Antibiotics degradation by UV/chlor(am)ine advanced oxidation processes: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119673. [PMID: 35760199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are emerging contaminants in aquatic environments which pose serious risks to the ecological environment and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ultraviolet (UV) light have good application prospects for antibiotic degradation. As new and developing UV-AOPs, UV/chlorine and derived UV/chloramine processes have attracted increasing attention due to the production of highly reactive radicals (e.g., hydroxyl radical, reactive chlorine species, and reactive nitrogen species) and also because they can provide long-lasting disinfection. In this review, the main reaction pathways of radicals formed during the UV/chlor (am)ine process are proposed. The degradation efficiency, influencing factors, generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), and changes in toxicity that occur during antibiotic degradation by UV/chlor (am)ine are reviewed. Based on the statistics and analysis of published results, the effects caused by energy consumption, defined as electrical energy per order (EE/O), increase in the following order: UV/chlorine < UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS)< UV/H2O2 < UV/persulfate (PS) < 265 nm and 285 nm UV-LED/chlorine (EE/O). Some inherent problems that affect the UV/chlor (am)ine processes and prospects for future research are proposed. The use of UV/chlor (am)ine AOPs is a rich field of research and has promising future applications, and this review provides a theoretical basis for that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanchen Ling
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Beijing Waterworks Group Co., LTD, Beijing, 100031, China
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyin Huang
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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15
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Urban Living Lab: An Experimental Co-Production Tool to Foster the Circular Economy. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades; the balance of power between institutional and economic actors has radically changed; with a significant impact on the modes and dynamics of governance. In the broad array of experimental practices of co-production; Living Labs (LLs) represent a promising mode of collaboration among public bodies; research centres; private companies and citizens. By means of LLs; public actors aim to co-produce experimental policies; breaking out of traditional policy schemes to find new solutions to collective problems. On an urban scale; such tools have come to be known as Urban Living Labs (ULLs), and they are increasingly used by local governments to tackle complex problems such us stimulating the circular economy to tackle climate change. This paper provides a systematic review of case studies to understand whether and how the ULLs can represent an effective policy tool to foster the circular economy on an urban scale.
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16
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Degradation of Organics and Change Concentration in Per-Fluorinated Compounds (PFCs) during Ozonation and UV/H2O2 Advanced Treatment of Tertiary-Treated Sewage. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of H2O2 addition, ozone feed rate, and UV addition on the change in the concentration of organics such as CODMn, CODCr, TOC, and PFCs in tertiary-treated effluent from a sewage treatment plant (STP) during the O3 and UV/H2O2 process. The degradation of organic pollutants from tertiary effluent is a significant challenge because biological treatment cannot degrade these recalcitrant pollutants. Therefore, the O3/UV/H2O2 process was an effective method for treating recalcitrant organics. Several batch tests were conducted to investigate the direct UV photolysis, UV/H2O2, and ozone-based advanced oxidation process to degrade CODMn, CODCr, TOC, and PFCs. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) with UV irradiation showed 95% and 50% removal efficiency percentages under optimal conditions (initial pH = 6.7, H2O2 dosage = 50 mg/L, ozone feed rate = 5.8 mg/L/min. Moreover, UV irradiation, with the addition of H2O2, and a sufficient dose of ozone, demonstrated the efficient removal of organic compounds by the indication of radical oxidation. (·OH) is the dominant mechanism. However, AOPs are not sufficient to fully treat the PFC compound; thus, additional procedures are required to degrade PFCs. In this study, the removal of organic recalcitrant contaminants and the change in added PFC concentration in tertiary-treated sewage were investigated by applying the ozone-based advanced oxidation process.
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17
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Sánchez-Montes I, Salmerón I, Aquino JM, Polo-López MI, Malato S, Oller I. Solar-driven free chlorine advanced oxidation process for simultaneous removal of microcontaminants and microorganisms in natural water at pilot-scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132493. [PMID: 34637860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of natural water (NW) by emerging contaminants has been widely pointed out as one of the main challenges to ensure high-quality drinking water. Thus, the effectiveness of a solar-driven free chlorine advanced oxidation process simultaneously investigating the elimination of six organic microcontaminants (OMCs) and three bacteria from NW at a pilot-scale was evaluated in this study. Firstly, the solar/free chlorine process was studied at lab-scale using a solar simulator to evaluate the effect of free chlorine concentration (0.5-10 mg L-1) on OMC degradation and generation of toxic oxyanions (e.g., ClO3- ions). Thus, the best free chlorine concentration observed was applied for the simultaneous removal of OMCs and pathogens under natural solar light at pilot scale. At lab-scale, the solar/free chlorine (2.5 mg L-1) process achieved 80% of total degradation in 5 min (1.4 kJ L-1 of accumulative UV energy) with an oxidant consumption of 0.3 mg L-1 and without ClO3- generation. Similar results were attained under natural solar irradiation at a pilot-scale. For all bacteria strains, the legally required detection limit (DL = 1 CFU 100 mL-1) for reclaimed water reuse was attained in a short contact time. Still, more importantly, the solar/free chlorine (2.5 mg L-1) process effectively avoided the possible bacterial regrowth in the post-treated sample after six days. Finally, the combination of free chlorine with solar irradiation provided a simple and energy-efficient process for OMC and bacteria removal in NW at a pilot-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Irene Salmerón
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, Tabernas, Almería, 04200, Spain
| | - José M Aquino
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, Tabernas, Almería, 04200, Spain
| | - Isabel Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, Tabernas, Almería, 04200, Spain.
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18
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Application Progress of O3/UV Advanced Oxidation Technology in the Treatment of Organic Pollutants in Water. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollution is a significant challenge in environmental protection, especially the discharge of refractory organic pollutants in chemical production and domestic use. The biological treatment method of traditional sewage treatment plants cannot degrade such pollutants, which leads to the continuous transfer of these pollutants into the water environment. Therefore, it is necessary to study clean and efficient advanced treatment technologies to degrade organic pollutants. The ozone/UV advanced oxidation process (O3/UV) has attracted extensive attention. This paper summarizes the reaction mechanism of O3/UV and analyzes its application progress in industrial wastewater, trace polluted organic matter and drinking water. The existing research results show that this technology has an excellent performance in the degradation of organic pollutants and has the characteristics of clean and environmental protection. In addition, the control of bromate formation and its economy is evaluated, and its operating characteristics and current application scope are summarized, which has a practical reference value for the follow-up in-depth study of the O3/UV process.
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19
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Fiorentino A, Lofrano G, Cucciniello R, Carotenuto M, Motta O, Proto A, Rizzo L. Disinfection of roof harvested rainwater inoculated with E. coli and Enterococcus and post-treatment bacterial regrowth: Conventional vs solar driven advanced oxidation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149763. [PMID: 34438135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar driven advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (an alternative solar photo Fenton like process (SPF), sunlight/H2O2 (SHP) and sunlight/chlorine (SCL)) and respective dark conditions, were compared for the first time to conventional (chlorination and UV-C radiation) disinfection processes, in the inactivation of E. coli and Entero strains inoculated in real roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW), to evaluate their possible safe use for crop irrigation. In this regard, bacterial regrowth was also evaluated 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after disinfection treatment. The SPF, using iminodisuccinic acid (IDS)-Cu complex as catalyst, was optimized (H2O2/IDS-Cu 55/1 best molar ratio) under mild conditions (spontaneous pH) and sunlight. The faster inactivation kinetics were observed for the SCL process (k = 1.473 min-1, t1/2 = 0.47 min for E. coli and k = 1.193 min-1, t1/2 = 0.57 min for Entero), while the most effective processes in controlling bacterial regrowth were SPF and SCL. Although UV-C radiation (0-1.3 × 104 μW s cm-2 dose range) was the second faster disinfection process (k = 1.242 min-1, t1/2 = 0.55 min for E. coli and k = 1.150 min-1, t1/2 = 0.60 min for Entero), it was the less effective process in controlling bacterial regrowth (>10 CFU 100 mL-1 already after 6 h post-treatment incubation). According to the bacterial inactivation and regrowth tests carried out in this work, SPF and SCL are interesting options for RHRW disinfection, in case of effluent use for crop irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fiorentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - G Lofrano
- Centro Servizi Metereologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - R Cucciniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - M Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - O Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - A Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - L Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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20
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Sella CF, Carneiro RB, Sabatini CA, Sakamoto IK, Zaiat M. Can different inoculum sources influence the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic during anaerobic digestion? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Wang H, Hasani M, Alisha A, Warriner K. Vapor-Phase Hydroxyl or Chlorine Radical Treatment for Inactivating Listeria monocytogenes on Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) without Negatively Affecting Quality or Shelf Life. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1945-1955. [PMID: 34189580 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Processes based on generating vapor-phase hydroxyl radicals or chlorine radicals were developed for inactivating Listeria monocytogenes on mushrooms without negatively affecting quality. Antimicrobial radicals were generated from the UV-C degradation of hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite and ozone gas. Response surface modeling was used to identify the interaction among the operating parameters for the hydroxyl radical process: UV-C254nm intensity, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and ozone delivered. There was an inverse relationship between hydrogen peroxide concentration and UV-C intensity in terms of the log reduction of L. monocytogenes. The independent parameters for the chlorine radical process were hypochlorite concentration, pH, and UV-C intensity. From predictive models, the optimal hydroxyl radical treatment was found to be 5% (v/v) H2O2, 2.86 mW/cm2 UV-C intensity (total UV-C dose 144 mJ/cm2), and 16.5 mg of ozone. The optimal parameters for the chlorine radical process were 10 ppm of hypochlorite (pH 3.0), 11.0 mg of ozone, and 4.60 mW/cm2 UV-C intensity. When inoculated mushrooms were treated with the optimal hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical processes, the reduction of L. monocytogenes was found to be 2.42 ± 0.42 and 2.61 ± 0.30 log CFU, respectively, without any negative effects on mushroom quality (weight loss and Browning index during 14 days of storage at 4°C). These reductions were significantly greater than those from application of the individual elements of the radical processes and those in the control process, which used a 90-s dip in 1% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide. The study has demonstrated that hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical vapor-phase treatments are equally effective at inactivating L. monocytogenes on mushrooms and can be considered as a preventative control step. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongran Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Mahdiyeh Hasani
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Alisha Alisha
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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22
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Fernandes CHM, Silva BF, Aquino JM. On the performance of distinct electrochemical and solar-based advanced oxidation processes to mineralize the insecticide imidacloprid. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130010. [PMID: 33676275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination by contaminants of emerging concern is one of the main challenges to be solved by our desired sustainable society. In the same time, different technologies for water treatment are becoming enough mature to be implemented. In this work, two different advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were investigated: i) electrochemical processes (electrochemical, photoassisted electrochemical, electro Fered-Fenton, and photo-electro Fered-Fenton - PEF-Fered) using a BDD and DSA® electrodes under UVA and UVC irradiation (9 W) and ii) solar-based AOP using four distinct oxidants (HOCl, H2O2, S2O82-, HSO5-) in the presence or absence of Fe2+ ions to oxidize and mineralize imidacloprid (IMD: 50 mg L-1) containing solutions. The PEF-Fered (1.0 mM Fe2+ and 50 mg L-1 h-1 H2O2) under UVA or UVC irradiation and HOCl/UVC (NaCl 17 mM) processes using a BDD and DSA® electrodes (10 mA cm -2), respectively, performed equally well to completely oxidize and mineralize (∼90%) IMD at the expense of only ∼0.3 kWh g-1. Low amounts and highly oxidized byproducts identified through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were observed for the HOCl/UVC process using a DSA® electrode. Concerning the solar-based AOP, all assessed oxidants (4 mM h-1) successfully oxidized IMD within 3 h of treatment, whereas only H2O2 and HOCl led to significant (∼60%) TOC abatement after 6 h treatment. The use of Fe2+ (0.5 or 1.0 mM) had no significant improvement in the oxidation and mineralization of IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H M Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Química, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Departamento de Química Analítica, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - José M Aquino
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Química, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Sgroi M, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. Comparison of AOPs at pilot scale: Energy costs for micro-pollutants oxidation, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128527. [PMID: 33268086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) operated at pilot-scale as tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater in terms of energy efficiency, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. Investigated AOPs included UV/H2O2, UV/Cl2, O3, O3/UV, H2O2/O3/UV, Cl2/O3/UV. AOPs were operated using various ozone doses (1.5-9 mg L-1), and UV fluences (191-981 mJ cm-2). Electrical energy costs necessary for the oxidation of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) (i.e., carbamazepine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim) were calculated using the electrical energy per order (EEO) parameter. Ozonation resulted by far the most energy efficient process, whereas UV/H2O2 and UV/Cl2 showed the highest energy costs. Energy costs for AOPs based on the combination of UV and ozone were in the order O3/UV ≈ Cl2/O3/UV > H2O2/O3/UV, and they were significantly lower than energy costs of UV/H2O2 and UV/Cl2 processes. Cl2/O3/UV increased bromate formation, O3/UV and O3 had same levels of bromate formation, whereas H2O2/O3/UV did not form bromate. In addition, UV photolysis resulted an effective treatment for NDMA mitigation even in combination with ozone and chlorine in AOP technologies. Ozonation (doses of 1.5-6 mg L-1) was the least effective process to inactivate somatic coliphages, total coliform, escherichia coli, and enterococci. UV irradiation was able to completely inactivate somatic coliphages, total coliform, escherichia coli at low fluence (191 mJ cm-2), whereas enterococci were UV resistant. AOPs that utilized UV irradiation were the most effective processes for wastewater disinfection resulting in a complete inactivation of selected indicator organisms by low ozone dose (1.5 mg L-1) and UV fluence (191-465 mJ cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Sgroi M, Anumol T, Vagliasindi FGA, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. Comparison of the new Cl 2/O 3/UV process with different ozone- and UV-based AOPs for wastewater treatment at pilot scale: Removal of pharmaceuticals and changes in fluorescing organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142720. [PMID: 33572038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work critically compared the removal of fluorescing PARAFAC components and selected pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim) from a tertiary wastewater effluent by different UV- and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) operated at pilot-scale. Investigated AOPs included UV/H2O2, UV/Cl2, O3, O3/UV, H2O2/O3/UV, and the new Cl2/O3/UV. AOPs comparison was accomplished using various ozone doses (0-9 mg/L), UV fluences (191-981 mJ/cm2) and radical promoter concentrations of Cl2 = 0.04 mM and H2O2 = 0.29 mM. Chlorine-based AOPs produced radical species that reacted more selectively with pharmaceuticals than radical species and oxidants generated by other AOPs. Tryptophan-like substances and humic-like fluorescing compounds were the most degraded components by all AOPs, which were better removed than microbial products and fulvic-like fluorescing substances. Removal of UV absorbance at 254 (UV254) nm was always low. Overall, chlorine-based AOPs were more effective to reduce fluorescence intensities than similar H2O2-based AOPs. The Cl2/O3/UV process was the most effective AOP to degrade all target micro-pollutants except primidone. On the other hand, the oxidation performance of pharmaceuticals by other ozone-based AOPs followed the order H2O2/O3/UV > O3/UV > O3. UV/Cl2 process outcompeted UV/H2O2 only for the removal of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Correlations between the removal of pharmaceuticals and spectroscopic indexes (PARAFAC components and UV254) had unique regression parameters for each compound, surrogate parameter and oxidation process. Particularly, a diverse PARAFAC component for each investigated AOP resulted to be the most sensitive surrogate parameter able to monitor small changes of pharmaceuticals removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Federico G A Vagliasindi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Zhang W, Zhou S, Wu Y, Zhu S, Crittenden J. Computerized Pathway Generator for the UV/Free Chlorine Process: Prediction of Byproducts and Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2608-2617. [PMID: 33522788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV)/free chlorine process is a very promising treatment technology to remove persistent organic contaminants (POCs, e.g., pharmaceutical and personal care products) from water. The radical chain reactions involved in the UV/free chlorine process are very complicated, and the reaction pathways for organic contaminants degradation are largely unknown. Therefore, we developed a computerized pathway generator that uses graph theory and experimentally determined reaction rules that were reported for the UV/free chlorine process. Our pathway generator predicts all possible intermediates, byproducts, and elementary reactions that are involved in the oxidation of organic contaminants. For example, the degradation of tricholoroethylene (TCE) produces 497 species (i.e., intermediates and byproducts) and 6608 elementary reactions. The predicted species from our pathway generator not only predict the major and stable byproducts that were observed in our experiments (e.g., CHCl2COOH, CHCl(OCl)COOH, etc.) but also include many other minor and toxic byproducts that were produced but not measured because they have a short lifetime. Overall, our pathway generator significantly improves our understanding of the reaction pathways that are involved in organic contaminant degradation in the UV/free chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiu Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - John Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Tufail A, Price WE, Hai FI. A critical review on advanced oxidation processes for the removal of trace organic contaminants: A voyage from individual to integrated processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127460. [PMID: 32673866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation, Fenton process, anodic oxidation, sonolysis, and wet air oxidation, have been investigated extensively for the removal of a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). A standalone AOP may not achieve complete removal of a broad group of TrOCs. When combined, AOPs produce more hydroxyl radicals, thus performing better degradation of the TrOCs. A number of studies have reported significant improvement in TrOC degradation efficiency by using a combination of AOPs. This review briefly discusses the individual AOPs and their limitations towards the degradation of TrOCs containing different functional groups. It also classifies integrated AOPs and comprehensively explains their effectiveness for the degradation of a wide range of TrOCs. Integrated AOPs are categorized as UV irradiation based AOPs, ozonation/Fenton process-based AOPs, and electrochemical AOPs. Under appropriate conditions, combined AOPs not only initiate degradation but may also lead to complete mineralization. Various factors can affect the efficiency of integrated processes including water chemistry, the molecular structure of TrCOs, and ions co-occurring in water. For example, the presence of organic ions (e.g., humic acid and fulvic acid) and inorganic ions (e.g., halide, carbonate, and nitrate ions) in water can have a significant impact. In general, these ions either convert to high redox potential radicals upon collision with other reactive species and increase the reaction rates, or may act as radical scavengers and decrease the process efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbab Tufail
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Chaves FP, Gomes G, Della-Flora A, Dallegrave A, Sirtori C, Saggioro EM, Bila DM. Comparative endocrine disrupting compound removal from real wastewater by UV/Cl and UV/H 2O 2: Effect of pH, estrogenic activity, transformation products and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141041. [PMID: 32768778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) and their release through various pathways into the environment are emerging environmental concerns. In this context, H2O2 and chlorine UV-based treatments were carried out to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of the bisphenol A (BPA), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at 100 μg L-1 from ultrapure water and from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Photolysis was performed under different irradiation sources, i.e. UVC and UVA. The effect of H2O2 (3 and 30 mg·L-1), free chlorine concentrations (1 and 2 mg·L-1) and pH (5, 7 and 9) were also investigated. Toxicity (Raphidocelis subcapitata) and estrogenic activity (yeast estrogen screen - YES assay) were assessed during the processes. Compound removal at optimal operating parameters reached 100% after 15 and 2 min for UVC/H2O2 (pH 9 and 3 mg L-1 of H2O2), and UVC/Cl (pH 9 and 2 mg L-1 of chlorine), respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal achieved 37% and 45% for the H2O2 and Cl-UV based process, respectively. The in vitro YES assay indicated that the formed by-products were non-estrogenic compounds, while the toxicity evaluation revealed high cell growth inhibition due to UVC/Cl byproducts. During the UV-based processes, 30 transformation products (TPs) were identified, in which three new chlorinated TPs from E2 and EE2 may be responsible for toxicity effects. EDC degradation by UV/Cl is faster than by UV/H2O2, although chlorinated toxic byproducts were also formed during the UV/Cl process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pereira Chaves
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Della-Flora
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Dallegrave
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Center of Studies on Worker's Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Sanitation and Environment Health Department, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Beretsou VG, Michael-Kordatou I, Michael C, Santoro D, El-Halwagy M, Jäger T, Besselink H, Schwartz T, Fatta-Kassinos D. A chemical, microbiological and (eco)toxicological scheme to understand the efficiency of UV-C/H 2O 2 oxidation on antibiotic-related microcontaminants in treated urban wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140835. [PMID: 32721672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An assessment comprising chemical, microbiological and (eco)toxicological parameters of antibiotic-related microcontaminants, during the application of UV-C/H2O2 oxidation in secondary-treated urban wastewater, is presented. The process was investigated at bench scale under different oxidant doses (0-50 mg L-1) with regard to its capacity to degrade a mixture of antibiotics (i.e. ampicillin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim) with an initial individual concentration of 100 μg L-1. The process was optimized with respect to the oxidant dose. Under the optimum conditions, the inactivation of selected bacteria and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) (i.e. faecal coliforms, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonasaeruginosa and total heterotrophs), and the reduction of the abundance of selected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (e.g. blaOXA, qnrS, sul1, tetM) were investigated. Also, phytotoxicity against three plant species, ecotoxicity against Daphnia magna, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity were assessed. Apart from chemical actinometry, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling was applied to estimate the fluence rate. For the given wastewater quality and photoreactor type used, 40 mg L-1 H2O2 were required for the complete degradation of the studied antibiotics after 18.9 J cm-2. Total bacteria and ARB inactivation was observed at UV doses <1.5 J cm-2 with no bacterial regrowth being observed after 24 h. The abundance of most ARGs was reduced at 16 J cm-2. The process produced a final effluent with lower phytotoxicity compared to the untreated wastewater. The toxicity against Daphnia magna was shown to increase during the chemical oxidation. Although genotoxicity and oxidative stress fluctuated during the treatment, the latter led to the removal of these effects. Overall, it was made apparent from the high UV fluence required, that the particular reactor although extensively used in similar studies, it does not utilize efficiently the incident radiation and thus, seems not to be suitable for this kind of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki G Beretsou
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Michael-Kordatou
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Costas Michael
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Thomas Jäger
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems b.v., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- BioDetection Systems b.v., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Tan C, Wu H, He H, Lu X, Gao H, Deng J, Chu W. Anti-inflammatory drugs degradation during LED-UV 365 photolysis of free chlorine: roles of reactive oxidative species and formation of disinfection by-products. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116252. [PMID: 32763529 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diode (LED) is environmentally friendly with longer life compared with traditionally mercury lamps. This study investigated the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)- phenacetin (PNT) and acetaminophen (ACT)- removal during LED-UV (365 nm) photolysis of free available chlorine (FAC). Degradation of PNT and ACT during LED-UV365/FAC treatment at pH 5.5-8.5 followed the pseudo-first order kinetics. The presence of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), reactive chlorine species (RCS), and ozone (O3, transformed from O (3P)) were screened by using scavengers of ethanol (EtOH), tert-Butanol (TBA), and 3-buten-2ol, and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP), and quantified by competition kinetics with probing compounds of nitrobenzene (NB), benzoate acid (BA), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMOB). Higher pH would lead to decrease of ·OH contribution and an increase of FAC contribution to PNT and ACT degradation. It has been determined that the contribution of O3 to degradation of PNT and ACT was less than 5% for all pHs, and O3(P) reacts toward EtOH with second-order constant of 1.52 × 109 M-1s-1. LED-UV365/FAC system reduced the formation of five typical CX3-R type disinfection by-products (DBPs) as well as the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of water samples at pH 5.5 and 8.5, compared with FAC alone. The decrease of DBPs formation resulted from fast FAC decomposition upon LED-UV365 irradiation. A feasible reaction pathway of DBPs formation in the LED-UV365/FAC system was examined with density functional theory (DFT). For FAC decay during LED-UV365/FAC with effluent from wastewater, the residual FAC in 15 min was 0.8 mg/L (lower than limit of 0.2 mg/L) once initial FAC was 2.0 mg/L. The results indicate that more tests on the balance of target pollutant removal efficiency, residual FAC and cost should be explored in LED-UV365/FAC system for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Tan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Haotian Wu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huan He
- Depart of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2007, United States
| | - Xu Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Haiying Gao
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- Key laboratory of Yangze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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30
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Critical Perspective on Advanced Treatment Processes for Water and Wastewater: AOPs, ARPs, and AORPs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants’ presence in water, wastewater, and aquatic environments has been widely reported. Their environmental and health-related effects, and the increasing tendency towards wastewater reuse require technology that could remove to a greater degree, or even mineralize, all these contaminants. Currently, the most commonly used process technologies for their removal are advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); however, recent advances have highlighted other advanced treatment processes (ATPs) as possible alternatives, such as advanced reduction processes (ARPs) and advanced oxidation-reduction processes (AORPs). Although they are not yet widely diffused, they may remove contaminants that are not readily treatable by AOPs, or offer better performance than the former. This paper presents an overview of some of the most common or promising ATPs for the removal of contaminants from water and wastewater, and their application, with discussion of their limitations and merits. Issues about technologies’ costs and future perspectives in the water sector are discussed.
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