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Jeon D, Kim SH, Kim J, Jeong H, Uhm C, Oh H, Cho K, Cho Y, Park IH, Oh J, Kim JJ, Hwang JY, Lee HJ, Lee HY, Seo JY, Shin JS, Seong JK, Nam KT. Discovery of a new long COVID mouse model via systemic histopathological comparison of SARS-CoV-2 intranasal and inhalation infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167347. [PMID: 39019092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Intranasal infection is commonly used to establish a SARS-CoV-2 mouse model due to its non-invasive procedures and a minimal effect from the operation itself. However, mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a high mortality rate, which limits the utility of this model for exploring therapeutic strategies and the sequelae of non-fatal COVID-19 cases. To resolve these limitations, an aerosolised viral administration method has been suggested. However, an in-depth pathological analysis comparing the two models is lacking. Here, we show that inhalation and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 (106 PFU) infection models established in K18-hACE2 mice develop unique pathological features in both the respiratory and central nervous systems, which could be directly attributed to the infection method. While the inhalation-infection model exhibited relatively milder pathological parameters, it closely mimicked the prevalent chest CT pattern observed in COVID-19 patients with focal, peripheral lesions and fibrotic scarring in the recuperating lung. We also found the evidence of direct neuron-invasion from the olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory bulb in the intranasal model and showed the trigeminal nerve as an alternative route of transmission to the brain in inhalation infected mice. Even after viral clearance confirmed at 14 days post-infection, mild lesions were still found in the brain of inhalation-infected mice. These findings suggest that the inhalation-infection model has advantages over the intranasal-infection model in closely mimicking the pathological features of non-fatal symptoms of COVID-19, demonstrating its potential to study the sequelae and possible interventions for long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chanyang Uhm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heeju Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungrae Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK 21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; BIO MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Lalrinawma TSK, Sangma JT, Renthlei Z, Trivedi AK. Restraint stress-induced effects on learning, memory, cognition, and expression of transcripts in different brain regions of mice. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:278. [PMID: 38319482 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is one of the prevalent factors influencing cognition. Several studies examined the effect of mild or chronic stress on cognition. However, most of these studies are limited to a few behavioral tests or the expression of selected RNA/proteins markers in a selected brain region. METHODS This study examined the effect of restraint stress on learning, memory, cognition, and expression of transcripts in key learning centers. Male mice were divided into three groups (n = 6/group)-control group, stress group (adult stressed group; S), and F1 group (parental stressed group). Stress group mice were subjected to physical restraint stress for 2 h before light offset for 2 weeks. The F1 group comprised adult male mice born of stressed parents. All animals were subjected to different tests and were sacrificed at the end. Transcription levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Bdnf), Tyrosine kinase (TrkB), Growth Associated Protein 43 (Gap-43), Neurogranin (Ng), cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (Creb), Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Gsk3β), Interleukine-1 (IL-1) and Tumour necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α) were studied. RESULTS Results show that both adult and parental stress negatively affect learning, memory and cognition, as reflected by taking longer time to achieve the task or showing reduced exploratory behavior. Expression of Bdnf, TrkB, Gsk3β and Ng was downregulated, while IL-1 and Tnf-α were upregulated in the brain's cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus region of stressed mice. These effects seem to be relatively less severe in the offspring of stressed parents. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that physical restraint stress can alter learning, memory, cognition, and expression of transcripts in key learning centers of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James T Sangma
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | | | - Amit K Trivedi
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India.
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Soteros BM, Tillmon H, Wollet M, General J, Chin H, Lee JB, Carreno FR, Morilak DA, Kim JH, Sia GM. Heterogeneous complement and microglia activation mediates stress-induced synapse loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546889. [PMID: 37425856 PMCID: PMC10327081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatially heterogeneous synapse loss is a characteristic of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that spatially-restricted complement activation mediates stress-induced heterogeneous microglia activation and synapse loss localized to the upper layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Single cell RNA sequencing also reveals a stress-associated microglia state marked by high expression of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE high ) localized to the upper layers of the mPFC. Mice lacking complement component C3 are protected from stress-induced layer-specific synapse loss, and the ApoE high microglia population is markedly reduced in the mPFC of these mice. Furthermore, C3 knockout mice are also resilient to stress-induced anhedonia and working memory behavioral deficits. Our findings suggest that region-specific complement and microglia activation can contribute to the disease-specific spatially restricted patterns of synapse loss and clinical symptoms found in many brain diseases.
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Malsagova KA, Astrelina TA, Balakin EI, Kobzeva IV, Adoeva EY, Yurku KA, Suchkova YB, Stepanov AA, Izotov AA, Butkova TV, Kaysheva AL, Pustovoyt VI. Influence of Sports Training in Foothills on the Professional Athlete's Immunity. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020030. [PMID: 36828315 PMCID: PMC9959015 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity and inflammation play important part in the body's adaptive reactions in response to prolonged physical activity. These processes are associated with the cross-interaction of the nervous and immune systems, which is realized through the transmission of signals from neurotransmitters and cytokines. Using the methods of flow cytometry and advanced biochemical analysis of blood humoral parameters, we showed that intense and prolonged physical activity at the anaerobic threshold, without nutritional and metabolic support, contributes to the development of exercise-induced immunosuppression in sportsmen. These athletes illustrate the following signs of a decreased immune status: fewer absolute indicators of the content of leukocytes, lowered values in the immunoregulatory index (CD4+/CD8+), and diminished indicators of humoral immunity (immunoglobulins A, M, and G, and IFN-γ). These factors characterize the functional state of cellular and humoral immunity and their reduction affects the prenosological risk criteria, indicative of the athletes' susceptibility to develop exercise-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Malsagova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-764-98-78
| | - Tatiana A. Astrelina
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii I. Balakin
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Kobzeva
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Ya. Adoeva
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya A. Yurku
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya B. Suchkova
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna L. Kaysheva
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy I. Pustovoyt
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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Moraes DA, Machado RB, Koban M, Hoffman GE, Suchecki D. The Pituitary-Adrenal Response to Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation Is Similar to a Psychological Stressor, Whereas the Hypothalamic Response Is Unique. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:885909. [PMID: 35880052 PMCID: PMC9308007 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.885909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors of different natures induce activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis at different magnitudes. Moreover, the HPA axis response to repeated exposure is usually distinct from that elicited by a single session. Paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) augments ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) levels, but the nature of this stimulus is not yet defined. The purpose of the present study was to qualitatively compare the stress response of animals submitted to PSD to that of rats exposed once or four times to cold, as a physiological stress, movement restraint (RST) as a mixed stressor and predator odour (PRED) as the psychological stressor, whilst animals were submitted for 1 or 4 days to PSD and respective control groups. None of the stressors altered corticotropin releasing factor immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), median eminence (ME) or central amygdala, compared to control groups, whereas vasopressin immunoreactivity in PSD animals was decreased in the PVN and increased in the ME, indicating augmented activity of this system. ACTH levels were higher after repeated stress or prolonged PSD than after single- or 1 day-exposure and control groups, whereas the CORT response was habituated by repeated stress, but not by 4-days PSD. This dissociation resulted in changes in the CORT : ACTH ratio, with repeated cold and RST decreasing the ratio compared to single exposure, but no change was seen in PRED and PSD groups. Comparing the magnitude and pattern of pituitary-adrenal response to the different stressors, PSD-induced responses were closer to that shown by PRED-exposed rats. In contrast, the hypothalamic response of PSD-exposed rats was unique, inasmuch as this was the only stressor which increased the activity of the vasopressin system. In conclusion, we propose that the pituitary-adrenal response to PSD is similar to that induced by a psychological stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A. Moraes
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B. Machado
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Psicossomática, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Koban
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gloria E. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Deborah Suchecki,
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