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Leite DJ, Schönauer A, Blakeley G, Harper A, Garcia-Castro H, Baudouin-Gonzalez L, Wang R, Sarkis N, Nikola AG, Koka VSP, Kenny NJ, Turetzek N, Pechmann M, Solana J, McGregor AP. An atlas of spider development at single-cell resolution provides new insights into arthropod embryogenesis. EvoDevo 2024; 15:5. [PMID: 38730509 PMCID: PMC11083766 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-024-00224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spiders are a diverse order of chelicerates that diverged from other arthropods over 500 million years ago. Research on spider embryogenesis, particularly studies using the common house spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum, has made important contributions to understanding the evolution of animal development, including axis formation, segmentation, and patterning. However, we lack knowledge about the cells that build spider embryos, their gene expression profiles and fate. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses have been revolutionary in describing these complex landscapes of cellular genetics in a range of animals. Therefore, we carried out single-cell RNA sequencing of P. tepidariorum embryos at stages 7, 8 and 9, which encompass the establishment and patterning of the body plan, and initial differentiation of many tissues and organs. We identified 20 cell clusters, from 18.5 k cells, which were marked by many developmental toolkit genes, as well as a plethora of genes not previously investigated. We found differences in the cell cycle transcriptional signatures, suggestive of different proliferation dynamics, which related to distinctions between endodermal and some mesodermal clusters, compared with ectodermal clusters. We identified many Hox genes as markers of cell clusters, and Hox gene ohnologs were often present in different clusters. This provided additional evidence of sub- and/or neo-functionalisation of these important developmental genes after the whole genome duplication in an arachnopulmonate ancestor (spiders, scorpions, and related orders). We also examined the spatial expression of marker genes for each cluster to generate a comprehensive cell atlas of these embryonic stages. This revealed new insights into the cellular basis and genetic regulation of head patterning, hematopoiesis, limb development, gut development, and posterior segmentation. This atlas will serve as a platform for future analysis of spider cell specification and fate, and studying the evolution of these processes among animals at cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Leite
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Anna Schönauer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Grace Blakeley
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Amber Harper
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Helena Garcia-Castro
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | | | - Ruixun Wang
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Naïra Sarkis
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Günther Nikola
- Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Venkata Sai Poojitha Koka
- Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Department of Biochemistry Te Tari Matū Koiora, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Natascha Turetzek
- Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jordi Solana
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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2
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Yang A, Chidiac R, Russo E, Steenland H, Pauli Q, Bonin R, Blazer LL, Adams JJ, Sidhu SS, Goeva A, Salahpour A, Angers S. Exploiting spatiotemporal regulation of FZD5 during neural patterning for efficient ventral midbrain specification. Development 2024; 151:dev202545. [PMID: 38358799 PMCID: PMC10946437 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling governs anterior-posterior neural patterning during development. Current human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation protocols use a GSK3 inhibitor to activate Wnt signaling to promote posterior neural fate specification. However, GSK3 is a pleiotropic kinase involved in multiple signaling pathways and, as GSK3 inhibition occurs downstream in the signaling cascade, it bypasses potential opportunities for achieving specificity or regulation at the receptor level. Additionally, the specific roles of individual FZD receptors in anterior-posterior patterning are poorly understood. Here, we have characterized the cell surface expression of FZD receptors in neural progenitor cells with different regional identity. Our data reveal unique upregulation of FZD5 expression in anterior neural progenitors, and this expression is downregulated as cells adopt a posterior fate. This spatial regulation of FZD expression constitutes a previously unreported regulatory mechanism that adjusts the levels of β-catenin signaling along the anterior-posterior axis and possibly contributes to midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation. Stimulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hPSCs, using a tetravalent antibody that selectively triggers FZD5 and LRP6 clustering, leads to midbrain progenitor differentiation and gives rise to functional dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Yang
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Rony Chidiac
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Emma Russo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hendrik Steenland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- NeuroTek Innovative Technology, Toronto, ON M6C 3A2, Canada
| | - Quinn Pauli
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Robert Bonin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Levi L. Blazer
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jarrett J. Adams
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aleksandrina Goeva
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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3
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Cooper EJ, Scholpp S. Transport and gradient formation of Wnt and Fgf in the early zebrafish gastrula. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 157:125-153. [PMID: 38556457 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Within embryonic development, the occurrence of gastrulation is critical in the formation of multiple germ layers with many differentiative abilities. These cells are instructed through exposure to signalling molecules called morphogens. The secretion of morphogens from a source tissue creates a concentration gradient that allows distinct pattern formation in the receiving tissue. This review focuses on the morphogens Wnt and Fgf in zebrafish development. Wnt has been shown to have critical roles throughout gastrulation, including in anteroposterior patterning and neural posterisation. Fgf is also a vital signal, contributing to involution and mesodermal specification. Both morphogens have also been found to work in finely balanced synergy for processes such as neural induction. Thus, the signalling range of Wnts and Fgfs must be strictly controlled to target the correct target cells. Fgf and Wnts signal to local cells as well as to cells in the distance in a highly regulated way, requiring specific dissemination mechanisms that allow efficient and precise signalling over short and long distances. Multiple transportation mechanisms have been discovered to aid in producing a stable morphogen gradient, including short-range diffusion, filopodia-like extensions called cytonemes and extracellular vesicles, mainly exosomes. These mechanisms are specific to the morphogen that they transport and the intended signalling range. This review article discusses how spreading mechanisms in these two morphogenetic systems differ and the consequences on paracrine signalling, hence tissue patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Cooper
- Living Systems Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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4
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Lozovska A, Korovesi AG, Duarte P, Casaca A, Assunção T, Mallo M. The control of transitions along the main body axis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 159:272-308. [PMID: 38729678 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Although vertebrates display a large variety of forms and sizes, the mechanisms controlling the layout of the basic body plan are substantially conserved throughout the clade. Following gastrulation, head, trunk, and tail are sequentially generated through the continuous addition of tissue at the caudal embryonic end. Development of each of these major embryonic regions is regulated by a distinct genetic network. The transitions from head-to-trunk and from trunk-to-tail development thus involve major changes in regulatory mechanisms, requiring proper coordination to guarantee smooth progression of embryonic development. In this review, we will discuss the key cellular and embryological events associated with those transitions giving particular attention to their regulation, aiming to provide a cohesive outlook of this important component of vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Casaca
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tereza Assunção
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Moises Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal.
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5
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Kansara K, Mansuri A, Rajwar A, Vaswani P, Singh R, Kumar A, Bhatia D. Spatiotemporal dynamics of DNA nanocage uptake in zebrafish embryos for targeted tissue bioimaging applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2558-2564. [PMID: 37143798 PMCID: PMC10153486 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00905f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional DNA nanocages have attracted significant attention for various biomedical applications including targeted bioimaging in vivo. Despite the numerous advantages, the use and in vivo exploration of DNA nanocages are limited as the cellular targeting and intracellular fate of these DNA nanocages within various model systems have not been explored well. Herein, using a zebrafish model system, we provide a detailed understanding of time-, tissue- and geometry-dependent DNA nanocage uptake in developing embryos and larvae. Of all the geometries tested, tetrahedrons showed significant internalization in 72 hours post-fertilized larvae upon exposure, without disturbing the expression of genes involved in embryo development. Our study provides a detailed understanding of the time and tissue-specific uptake of DNA nanocages in the zebrafish embryos and larvae. These findings will provide valuable insights into the internalization and biocompatible potential of DNA nanocages and will help to predict their candidature for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Kansara
- Biological and Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology - Gandhinagar (IITGN) India
| | - Abdulkhalik Mansuri
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University Central Campus Navrangpura India
| | - Anjali Rajwar
- Biological and Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology - Gandhinagar (IITGN) India
| | - Payal Vaswani
- Biological and Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology - Gandhinagar (IITGN) India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Biological and Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology - Gandhinagar (IITGN) India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University Central Campus Navrangpura India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological and Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology - Gandhinagar (IITGN) India
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6
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Hatakeyama Y, Saito N, Mii Y, Takada R, Shinozuka T, Takemoto T, Naoki H, Takada S. Intercellular exchange of Wnt ligands reduces cell population heterogeneity during embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1924. [PMID: 37024462 PMCID: PMC10079677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is required to maintain bipotent progenitors for neural and paraxial mesoderm cells, the neuromesodermal progenitor (NMP) cells that reside in the epiblast and tailbud. Since epiblast/tailbud cells receive Wnt ligands produced by one another, this exchange may average out the heterogeneity of Wnt signaling levels among these cells. Here, we examined this possibility by replacing endogenous Wnt3a with a receptor-fused form that activates signaling in producing cells, but not in neighboring cells. Mutant mouse embryos show a unique phenotype in which maintenance of many NMP cells is impaired, although some cells persist for long periods. The epiblast cell population of these embryos increases heterogeneity in Wnt signaling levels as embryogenesis progresses and are sensitive to retinoic acid, an endogenous antagonist of NMP maintenance. Thus, mutual intercellular exchange of Wnt ligands in the epiblast cell population reduces heterogeneity and achieves robustness to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Hatakeyama
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Nen Saito
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Mii
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takemoto
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-5 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Honda Naoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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7
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Mansuri A, Kansara K, Raiyani D, Mazmudar D, Kumar A. New insight into long-term effects of phthalates microplastics in developing zebrafish: Evidence from genomic alteration and organ development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 99:104087. [PMID: 36841272 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The plasticizer leaches from the microplastics are one of the significant concerns related to plastic pollution. These plasticizers are known to be endocrine disrupters; however, little is known about their long-term effect on the development of aquatic vertebrates. Hence, the present study has been conducted to provide a holistic understanding of the effect of the three most common plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) leaching out from the microplastics in zebrafish development. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to different phthalates at different concentrations. The phthalates have shown significantly higher mortality and morphological changes in the larva upon exposure compared to the control. A significant change in the genes related to cardiovascular development (krit1, fbn2b), dorsoventral axis development (chrd, smad5), tail formation (pkd2, wnt3a, wnt8a), and floorplate development (foxa2) were also observed under the effects of the phthalates in comparison to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkhalik Mansuri
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Krupa Kansara
- Biological and Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology - Gandhinagar (IITGN), Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dixit Raiyani
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dhairya Mazmudar
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
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8
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Yan C, Xing K, Liu Y, Kong W, Zhang R, Sun Y, Zhang J. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of Wnt gene family in Neocaridina denticulata sinensis. Gene 2023; 854:147122. [PMID: 36539046 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are a class of hydrophobic secreted glycoproteins involved in diverse important biological processes, such as tissue formation and regeneration, embryonic development and innate immunity. The Wnt gene family has an early origin and is present in all deuterostomes. In the process of evolution, the phenomenon of gene expansion, contraction and adaptive evolution occurs in the Wnt gene family. In the current study, eleven Wnt genes (NdWnt1-2, NdWnt4-7, NdWnt9-11, NdWnt16, and NdWntA) belonging to different subfamilies were obtained based on the genomic and transcriptomic data of Neocaridina denticulata sinensis. Then the expression patterns of all NdWnts were analyzed in various tissues, at different developmental stages and under different stresses. The expression profiles of NdWnts at different developmental stages showed that most NdWnt genes were initially expressed at gastrula stage, and the expression of NdWnt5 and NdWnt16 throughout all developmental stages. The spatial expression of NdWnt genes presented tissue specificity. They were mainly expressed in four tissues, namely gill, intestines, ovary and eyestalk. After Vibrio parahemolyticus infection and under copper exposure, the expression levels of five NdWnts (NdWnt1, NdWnt5, NdWnt10, NdWnt16 and NdWntA) were variable. Our findings enrich the research on the Wnt gene family of N. denticulata sinensis and provide valuable insights into relationship between structure and function of Wnt genes in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kefan Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Weihua Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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9
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Niescierowicz K, Pryszcz L, Navarrete C, Tralle E, Sulej A, Abu Nahia K, Kasprzyk ME, Misztal K, Pateria A, Pakuła A, Bochtler M, Winata C. Adar-mediated A-to-I editing is required for embryonic patterning and innate immune response regulation in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5520. [PMID: 36127363 PMCID: PMC9489775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases (ADARs) catalyze the deamination of adenosine to inosine, also known as A-to-I editing, in RNA. Although A-to-I editing occurs widely across animals and is well studied, new biological roles are still being discovered. Here, we study the role of A-to-I editing in early zebrafish development. We demonstrate that Adar, the zebrafish orthologue of mammalian ADAR1, is essential for establishing the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes and patterning. Genome-wide editing discovery reveals pervasive editing in maternal and the earliest zygotic transcripts, the majority of which occurred in the 3'-UTR. Interestingly, transcripts implicated in gastrulation as well as dorso-ventral and antero-posterior patterning are found to contain multiple editing sites. Adar knockdown or overexpression affect gene expression by 12 hpf. Analysis of adar-/- zygotic mutants further reveals that the previously described role of Adar in mammals in regulating the innate immune response is conserved in zebrafish. Our study therefore establishes distinct maternal and zygotic functions of RNA editing by Adar in embryonic patterning along the zebrafish antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes, and in the regulation of the innate immune response, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek Pryszcz
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cristina Navarrete
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Tralle
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sulej
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karim Abu Nahia
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Elżbieta Kasprzyk
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Misztal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Abhishek Pateria
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Pakuła
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Bochtler
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cecilia Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Martin BL, Steventon B. A fishy tail: Insights into the cell and molecular biology of neuromesodermal cells from zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2022; 487:67-73. [PMID: 35525020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate embryos establish their primary body axis in a conserved progressive fashion from the anterior to the posterior. During this process, a posteriorly localized neuromesodermal cell population called neuromesodermal progenitors (NMps) plays a critical role in contributing new cells to the spinal cord and mesoderm as the embryo elongates. Defects in neuromesodermal population development can cause severe disruptions to the formation of the body posterior to the head. Given their importance during development and their potential, some of which has already been realized, for revealing new methods of in vitro tissue generation, there is great interest in better understanding NMp biology. The zebrafish model system has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the molecular and cellular attributes of the NM cell population and its derivatives. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the zebrafish NM population and its contribution to body axis formation, with particular emphasis on the lineage potency, morphogenesis, and niche factors that promote or inhibit differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA.
| | - Benjamin Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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11
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Abstract
Several anthropogenic products in wastewater are considered a threat to the aquatic environment. In addition to common industrial pollutants, levels of pharmaceuticals have been increasingly found in the environment in recent years, which may present a strong risk to the aquatic species that live there. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study is aimed at evaluating the developmental toxicity of fotemustine in the ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to doses of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL from 4 h post-fertilization to 120 h. This study confirms that fotemustine exposure at 50 and 100 µg/mL affects the survival and hatching rate, morphology score and body length. Additionally, it significantly disturbs the antioxidant defense system and increases ROS in zebrafish larvae. From the molecular point of view, fotemustine exposure strongly induces apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the Wnt signaling pathway.
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12
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Needham J, Metzis V. Heads or tails: Making the spinal cord. Dev Biol 2022; 485:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Zhang B, Qin G, Qu L, Zhang Y, Li C, Cang C, Lin Q. Wnt8a is one of the candidate genes that play essential roles in the elongation of the seahorse prehensile tail. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:416-426. [PMID: 37073259 PMCID: PMC10077196 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seahorses are a hallmark of specialized morphological features due to their elongated prehensile tail. However, the underlying genomic grounds of seahorse tail development remain elusive. Herein, we evaluated the roles of essential genes from the Wnt gene family for the tail developmental process in the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the Wnt gene family is conserved in seahorses. The expression profiles and in situ hybridization suggested that Wnt5a, Wnt8a, and Wnt11 may participate in seahorse tail development. Like in other teleosts, Wnt5a and Wnt11 were found to regulate the development of the tail axial mesoderm and tail somitic mesoderm, respectively. However, a significantly extended expression period of Wnt8a during seahorse tail development was observed. Signaling pathway analysis further showed that Wnt8a up-regulated the expression of the tail axial mesoderm gene (Shh), while interaction analysis indicated that Wnt8a could promote the expression of Wnt11. In summary, our results indicate that the special extended expression period of Wnt8a might promote caudal tail axis formation, which contributes to the formation of the elongated tail of the seahorse. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00099-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Geng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Lili Qu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Chunyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Chunlei Cang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510275 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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14
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Chipman AD. The evolution of the gene regulatory networks patterning the Drosophila Blastoderm. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 139:297-324. [PMID: 32450964 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila blastoderm gene regulatory network is one of the best studied networks in biology. It is composed of a series of tiered sub-networks that act sequentially to generate a primary segmental pattern. Many of these sub-networks have been studied in other arthropods, allowing us to reconstruct how each of them evolved over the transition from the arthropod ancestor to the situation seen in Drosophila today. I trace the evolution of each of these networks, showing how some of them have been modified significantly in Drosophila relative to the ancestral state while others are largely conserved across evolutionary timescales. I compare the putative ancestral arthropod segmentation network with that found in Drosophila and discuss how and why it has been modified throughout evolution, and to what extent this modification is unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Chipman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel.
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15
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Zebrafish Cdx4 regulates neural crest cell specification and migratory behaviors in the posterior body. Dev Biol 2021; 480:25-38. [PMID: 34389276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient multipotent cell population that migrates extensively to produce a remarkable array of vertebrate cell types. NC cell specification progresses in an anterior to posterior fashion, resulting in distinct, axial-restricted subpopulations. The anterior-most, cranial, population of NC is specified as gastrulation concludes and neurulation begins, while more posterior populations become specified as the body elongates. The mechanisms that govern development of the more posterior NC cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we report a key role for zebrafish Cdx4, a homeodomain transcription factor, in the development of posterior NC cells. We demonstrate that cdx4 is expressed in trunk NC cell progenitors, directly binds NC cell-specific enhancers in the NC GRN, and regulates expression of the key NC development gene foxd3 in the posterior body. Moreover, cdx4 mutants show disruptions to the segmental pattern of trunk NC cell migration due to loss of normal leader/follower cell dynamics. Finally, using cell transplantation to generate chimeric specimens, we show that Cdx4 does not function in the paraxial mesoderm-the environment adjacent to which crest migrates-to influence migratory behaviors. We conclude that cdx4 plays a critical, and likely tissue autonomous, role in the establishment of trunk NC migratory behaviors. Together, our results indicate that cdx4 functions as an early NC specifier gene in the posterior body of zebrafish embryos.
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16
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Ramakrishnan AB, Chen L, Burby PE, Cadigan KM. Wnt target enhancer regulation by a CDX/TCF transcription factor collective and a novel DNA motif. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:8625-8641. [PMID: 34358319 PMCID: PMC8421206 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation by Wnt signalling is primarily thought to be accomplished by a complex of β-catenin and TCF family transcription factors (TFs). Although numerous studies have suggested that additional TFs play roles in regulating Wnt target genes, their mechanisms of action have not been investigated in detail. We characterised a Wnt-responsive element (WRE) downstream of the Wnt target gene Axin2 and found that TCFs and Caudal type homeobox (CDX) proteins were required for its activation. Using a new separation-of-function TCF mutant, we found that WRE activity requires the formation of a TCF/CDX complex. Our systematic mutagenesis of this enhancer identified other sequences essential for activation by Wnt signalling, including several copies of a novel CAG DNA motif. Computational and experimental evidence indicates that the TCF/CDX/CAG mode of regulation is prevalent in multiple WREs. Put together, our results demonstrate the complex nature of cis- and trans- interactions required for signal-dependent enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisheng Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Peter E Burby
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ken M Cadigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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17
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Abstract
The axial skeleton of all vertebrates is composed of individual units known as vertebrae. Each vertebra has individual anatomical attributes, yet they can be classified in five different groups, namely cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal, according to shared characteristics and their association with specific body areas. Variations in vertebral number, size, morphological features and their distribution amongst the different regions of the vertebral column are a major source of the anatomical diversity observed among vertebrates. In this review I will discuss the impact of those variations on the anatomy of different vertebrate species and provide insights into the genetic origin of some remarkable morphological traits that often serve to classify phylogenetic branches or individual species, like the long trunks of snakes or the long necks of giraffes.
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18
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Setton EVW, Sharma PP. A conserved role for arrow in posterior axis patterning across Arthropoda. Dev Biol 2021; 475:91-105. [PMID: 33607111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Segmentation is a key characteristic of Arthropoda that is linked to the evolutionary success of this lineage. It has previously been shown in both vertebrates and short germ insects that posterior segmentation requires canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling, which maintains the expression of Caudal and the posterior growth zone; disruption of cWnt signaling incurs posterior truncations in these lineages due to the loss of the tail bud. However, comparable datasets for Wnt signaling are limited outside of holometabolous insects, due to incomparable phenotypic spectra and inefficacy of gene misexpression methods in certain model species. We applied RNA interference (RNAi) against the Wnt co-receptor arrow (arr), a key member of the cWnt signaling pathway in holometabolous insects and vertebrates, to examine posterior axis elongation of the cobweb spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum (short germ embryogenesis; one Wnt8 homolog), the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (intermediate germ; one Wnt8 homolog), and the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (short germ; two Wnt8 homologs). Knockdown of arr in insects resulted in posterior truncations affecting the gnathos through the abdomen in O. fasciatus, whereas posterior truncations only affected the T3 segment through the abdomen in G. bimaculatus. Spider embryos with disrupted arr expression exhibited defects along the entire axis, including segmentation defects throughout the germband. RNA-Seq-based differential gene expression analysis of severe Ptep-arr loss-of-function phenotypes at two developmental stages was used to confirm that knockdown of Ptep-arr results in systemic disruption of the Wnt pathway. Intriguingly, we found that knockdown of arr did not abrogate Wnt8 expression in any of the three species, with cad expression additionally retained in severe loss-of-function phenotypes in the cricket and the spider. Together with data from a holometabolous insect, our results suggest that cWnt signaling is not required for maintenance of Wnt8 expression across Arthropoda. These outcomes underscore the diagnostic power of differential gene expression analyses in characterizing catastrophic phenotypes in emerging model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V W Setton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706.
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 53706.
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19
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Xiong H, Huang Y, Mao Y, Liu C, Wang J. Inhibition in growth and cardiotoxicity of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate through down-regulating Wnt signaling pathway in early developmental stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111431. [PMID: 33069947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a common organophosphorus flame retardant, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) is detected in water environment and aquatic animals extensively. Despite previous researches have reported the developmental toxicity of TBOEP in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, few research focused on its underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 20, 200, 1000 and 2000 µg/L TBOEP from 2 until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) to determine potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity of this compound. Early developmental stage parameters such as body length, survival rate, hatching rate and heart rate were decreased, while malformation rate was ascended. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was carried out at 12, 24, 72 and 120 hpf to demonstrate alterations in expression of genes of Wnt signaling pathway. The results indicated that axin1 was significantly up-regulated, while β-catenin, pkc and wnt11 were down-regulated. Correlation analysis indicated that expression of these genes was significantly correlated with body length. Furthermore, apoptosis was detected in heart region by acridine orange (AO) staining and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In addition, at 120 hpf, occurrence of oxidative stress was observed in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), an activator of Wnt pathway, was found to alleviate the inhibiting effects of TBOEP on zebrafish growth. The overall outcomes offered novel viewpoints in toxic effects of TBOEP, and down-regulating Wnt signaling pathway were able to reveal some potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity of TBOEP in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuchao Mao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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20
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Wu CS, Lu YF, Liu YH, Huang CJ, Hwang SPL. Zebrafish Cdx1b modulates epithalamic asymmetry by regulating ndr2 and lft1 expression. Dev Biol 2020; 470:21-36. [PMID: 33197427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nodal signaling is essential for mesoderm and endoderm formation, as well as neural plate induction and establishment of left-right asymmetry. However, the mechanisms controlling expression of Nodal pathway genes in these contexts are not fully known. Previously, we showed that Cdx1b induces expression of downstream Nodal signaling factors during early endoderm formation. In this study, we show that Cdx1b also regulates epithalamic asymmetry in zebrafish embryos by modulating expression of ndr2 and lft1. We first knocked down cdx1b with translation-blocking and splicing-blocking morpholinos (MOs). Most embryos injected with translation-blocking MOs showed absent ndr2, lft1 and pitx2c expression in the left dorsal diencephalon during segmentation and pharyngula stages accompanied by aberrant parapineal migration and habenular laterality at 72 h post fertilization (hpf). These defects were less frequent in embryos injected with splicing-blocking MO. To confirm the morphant phenotype, we next generated both zygotic (Z)cdx1b-/- and maternal zygotic (MZ)cdx1b-/- mutants by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis. Expression of ndr2, lft1 and pitx2c was absent in the left dorsal diencephalon of a high proportion of MZcdx1b-/- mutants; however, aberrant dorsal diencephalic pitx2c expression patterns were observed at low frequency in Zcdx1b-/- mutant embryos. Correspondingly, dysregulated parapineal migration and habenular laterality were also observed in MZcdx1b-/- mutant embryos at 72 hpf. On the other hand, Kupffer's vesicle cilia length and number, expression pattern of spaw in the lateral plate mesoderm and pitx2c in the gut as well as left-right patterning of various visceral organs were not altered in MZcdx1b-/- mutants compared to wild-type embryos. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Cdx1b directly regulates ndr2 and lft1 expression. Furthermore, injection of cdx1b-vivo MO1 but not cdx1b-vivo 4 mm MO1 in the forebrain ventricle at 18 hpf significantly downregulated lft1 expression in the left dorsal diencephalon at 23-24 s stages. Together, our results suggest that Cdx1b regulates transcription of ndr2 and lft1 to maintain proper Nodal activity in the dorsal diencephalon and epithalamic asymmetry in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shiu Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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21
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Johnson AB, Lambert JD. The Caudal ParaHox gene is required for hindgut development in the mollusc Tritia (a.k.a. Ilyanassa). Dev Biol 2020; 470:1-9. [PMID: 33191200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Caudal homeobox genes are found across animals, typically linked to two other homeobox genes in what has been called the ParaHox cluster. These genes have been proposed to pattern the anterior-posterior axis of the endoderm ancestrally, but the expression of Caudal in extant groups is varied and often occurs in other germ layers. Here we examine the role of Caudal in the embryo of the mollusc Tritia (Ilyanassa) obsoleta. ToCaudal expression is initially broad, then becomes progressively restricted and is finally only in the developing hindgut (a.k.a. intestine). Knockdown of ToCaudal using morpholino oligonucleotides specifically blocks hindgut development, indicating that despite its initially broad expression, the functional role of ToCaudal is in hindgut patterning. This is the first functional characterization of Caudal in an animal with spiralian development, which is an ancient mode of embryogenesis that arose early in bilaterian animal evolution. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ancestral role of the ParaHox genes was anterior-posterior patterning of the endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - J David Lambert
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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22
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Rogers KW, ElGamacy M, Jordan BM, Müller P. Optogenetic investigation of BMP target gene expression diversity. eLife 2020; 9:58641. [PMID: 33174840 PMCID: PMC7728441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling molecules activate distinct patterns of gene expression to coordinate embryogenesis, but how spatiotemporal expression diversity is generated is an open question. In zebrafish, a BMP signaling gradient patterns the dorsal-ventral axis. We systematically identified target genes responding to BMP and found that they have diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns. Transcriptional responses to optogenetically delivered high- and low-amplitude BMP signaling pulses indicate that spatiotemporal expression is not fully defined by different BMP signaling activation thresholds. Additionally, we observed negligible correlations between spatiotemporal expression and transcription kinetics for the majority of analyzed genes in response to BMP signaling pulses. In contrast, spatial differences between BMP target genes largely collapsed when FGF and Nodal signaling were inhibited. Our results suggest that, similar to other patterning systems, combinatorial signaling is likely to be a major driver of spatial diversity in BMP-dependent gene expression in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Rogers
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad ElGamacy
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.,Modeling Tumorigenesis Group, Translational Oncology Division, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Heliopolis Biotechnology Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M Jordan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Patrick Müller
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.,Modeling Tumorigenesis Group, Translational Oncology Division, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Novikova AV, Auman T, Cohen M, Oleynik O, Stahi-Hitin R, Gil E, Weisbrod A, Chipman AD. The multiple roles of caudal in early development of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. Dev Biol 2020; 467:66-76. [PMID: 32891622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factor Caudal has conserved roles in all Bilateria in defining the posterior pole and in controlling posterior elongation. These roles are seemingly similar and are difficult to disentangle. We have carried out a detailed analysis of the expression, function and interactions of the caudal ortholog of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, a hemimetabolous insect with a conservative early development process, in order to understand its different functions throughout development. In Oncopeltus, caudal is not maternally deposited, but has a sequence of roles in the posterior of the embryos throughout early development. It defines and maintains a posterior-anterior gradient in the blastoderm and modulates the activity of segmentation genes in simultaneous segmentation during the blastoderm stage. It later defines the invagination site and the posterior segment addition zone (SAZ) in the germband. It maintains the posterior SAZ cells in an undifferentiated proliferative state, while promoting dynamic expression of segmentation genes in the anterior SAZ. We show that rather than being a simple posterior determinant, Caudal is involved in several distinct regulatory networks, each with a distinct developmental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya V Novikova
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tzach Auman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mira Cohen
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olesya Oleynik
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reut Stahi-Hitin
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ella Gil
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Weisbrod
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel D Chipman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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24
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Zhong Y, Herrera-Úbeda C, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Li G, Holland PWH. Mutation of amphioxus Pdx and Cdx demonstrates conserved roles for ParaHox genes in gut, anus and tail patterning. BMC Biol 2020; 18:68. [PMID: 32546156 PMCID: PMC7296684 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homeobox genes Pdx and Cdx are widespread across the animal kingdom and part of the small ParaHox gene cluster. Gene expression patterns suggest ancient roles for Pdx and Cdx in patterning the through-gut of bilaterian animals although functional data are available for few lineages. To examine evolutionary conservation of Pdx and Cdx gene functions, we focus on amphioxus, small marine animals that occupy a pivotal position in chordate evolution and in which ParaHox gene clustering was first reported. RESULTS Using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), we engineer frameshift mutations in the Pdx and Cdx genes of the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae and establish mutant lines. Homozygous Pdx mutants have a defect in amphioxus endoderm, manifest as loss of a midgut region expressing endogenous GFP. The anus fails to open in homozygous Cdx mutants, which also have defects in posterior body extension and epidermal tail fin development. Treatment with an inverse agonist of retinoic acid (RA) signalling partially rescues the axial and tail fin phenotypes indicating they are caused by increased RA signalling. Gene expression analyses and luciferase assays suggest that posterior RA levels are kept low in wild type animals by a likely direct transcriptional regulation of a Cyp26 gene by Cdx. Transcriptome analysis reveals extensive gene expression changes in mutants, with a disproportionate effect of Pdx and Cdx on gut-enriched genes and a colinear-like effect of Cdx on Hox genes. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that amphioxus Pdx and Cdx have roles in specifying middle and posterior cell fates in the endoderm of the gut, roles that likely date to the origin of Bilateria. This conclusion is consistent with these two ParaHox genes playing a role in the origin of the bilaterian through-gut with a distinct anus, morphological innovations that contributed to ecological change in the Cambrian. In addition, we find that amphioxus Cdx promotes body axis extension through a molecular mechanism conserved with vertebrates. The axial extension role for Cdx dates back at least to the origin of Chordata and may have facilitated the evolution of the post-anal tail and active locomotion in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.,Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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25
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Fuentes R, Tajer B, Kobayashi M, Pelliccia JL, Langdon Y, Abrams EW, Mullins MC. The maternal coordinate system: Molecular-genetics of embryonic axis formation and patterning in the zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:341-389. [PMID: 32591080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Axis specification of the zebrafish embryo begins during oogenesis and relies on proper formation of well-defined cytoplasmic domains within the oocyte. Upon fertilization, maternally-regulated cytoplasmic flow and repositioning of dorsal determinants establish the coordinate system that will build the structure and developmental body plan of the embryo. Failure of specific genes that regulate the embryonic coordinate system leads to catastrophic loss of body structures. Here, we review the genetic principles of axis formation and discuss how maternal factors orchestrate axis patterning during zebrafish early embryogenesis. We focus on the molecular identity and functional contribution of genes controlling critical aspects of oogenesis, egg activation, blastula, and gastrula stages. We examine how polarized cytoplasmic domains form in the oocyte, which set off downstream events such as animal-vegetal polarity and germ line development. After gametes interact and form the zygote, cytoplasmic segregation drives the animal-directed reorganization of maternal determinants through calcium- and cell cycle-dependent signals. We also summarize how maternal genes control dorsoventral, anterior-posterior, mesendodermal, and left-right cell fate specification and how signaling pathways pattern these axes and tissues during early development to instruct the three-dimensional body plan. Advances in reverse genetics and phenotyping approaches in the zebrafish model are revealing positional patterning signatures at the single-cell level, thus enhancing our understanding of genotype-phenotype interactions in axis formation. Our emphasis is on the genetic interrogation of novel and specific maternal regulatory mechanisms of axis specification in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manami Kobayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jose L Pelliccia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Elliott W Abrams
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, State University of New York, Harrison, NY, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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26
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Vyas B, Nandkishore N, Sambasivan R. Vertebrate cranial mesoderm: developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1933-1945. [PMID: 31722070 PMCID: PMC11105048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial mesoderm is a discrete developmental unit compared to the mesoderm below the developing neck. An extraordinary feature of the cranial mesoderm is that it includes a common progenitor pool contributing to the chambered heart and the craniofacial skeletal muscles. This striking developmental potential and the excitement it generated led to advances in our understanding of cranial mesoderm developmental mechanism. Remarkably, recent findings have begun to unravel the origin of its distinct developmental characteristics. Here, we take a detailed view of the ontogenetic trajectory of cranial mesoderm and its regulatory network. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge at the earliest step of the process that patterns the mesoderm germ layer along the anterior-posterior body axis. Further, we discuss the latest evidence and their impact on our current understanding of the evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm. Overall, the review highlights the findings from contemporary research, which lays the foundation to probe the molecular basis of unique developmental potential and evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitya Nandkishore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Karakambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
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27
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Caudal-dependent cell positioning directs morphogenesis of the C. elegans ventral epidermis. Dev Biol 2020; 461:31-42. [PMID: 31923384 PMCID: PMC7181193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly, epithelial morphogenesis remains incomplete at the end of C. elegans embryonic development; newly hatched larvae undergo extensive remodelling of their ventral epidermis during the first larval stage (L1), when newly-born epidermal cells move ventrally to complete the epidermal syncytium. Prior to this remodelling, undivided lateral seam cells produce anterior adherens junction processes that are inherited by the anterior daughter cells following an asymmetric division during L1. These adherens junction processes provide the ventral migratory route for these anterior daughters. Here, we show that these processes are perturbed in pal-1/caudal mutant animals, resulting in their inheritance by posterior, seam-fated daughters. This causes aberrant migration of seam daughter cells, disrupting the ventral epidermis. Using 4D-lineaging, we demonstrate that this larval epidermal morphogenesis defect in pal-1 mutants can be traced directly back to an initial cell positioning defect in the embryo. pal-1 expression, driven by a single intronic enhancer, is required to correctly position the seam cells in embryos such that the appropriate cell junctions support the correct migratory paths of seam daughters later in development, irrespective of their fate. Thus, during ventral epithelial remodelling in C. elegans, we show that the position of migrating cells, specified by pal-1/caudal, appears to be more important than their fate in driving morphogenesis. caudal/pal-1 is required to form the correct cell junctions during embryogenesis. Correctly placed cell junctions direct larval ventral epithelial cell migration. larval epithelial cell migration occurs independently of cell fate. Embryonic epidermal expression of pal-1 is dependent on a single intronic enhancer.
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28
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Rhyu D, Lee H, Tanguay RL, Kim KT. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) disrupts zebrafish tail fin development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109449. [PMID: 31398778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The flame retardant, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), is one of the most developmentally toxic organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). However, few mechanistic studies on phenotypic malformation caused by TDCIPP have been conducted. This study investigates the molecular mechanism underlying abnormal tail fin development consistently observed in zebrafish embryos exposed to TDCIPP. The results show that the defects in the tail fin (e.g., bent spine, defective caudal fin, and damaged tip) were associated with altered expression of transcription factors. The significant up-regulation of mmp9 and, among insulin-growth factor (IGF) families, igfbp-1a and igfbp1b was observed, whereas alterations in the expression of cdx4, igf1a, ifg1b, igf2b, and vegaa regulating tail development were dependent on time points. In accordance with changes in mRNA gene expression, TDCIPP impaired vessel formation and disorganized muscle in transgenic Tg(fli-GFP) zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, we found that the overexpression of mmp9 caused by TDCIPP was not linked to igfbp-1. Overall, these findings demonstrate that TDCIPP disrupts the progression of tail fin development, accompanied by defects in vessel and muscle formation in developing zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongYoung Rhyu
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environment and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Gomez GA, Prasad MS, Wong M, Charney RM, Shelar PB, Sandhu N, Hackland JOS, Hernandez JC, Leung AW, García-Castro MI. WNT/β-catenin modulates the axial identity of embryonic stem cell-derived human neural crest. Development 2019; 146:dev.175604. [PMID: 31399472 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
WNT/β-catenin signaling is crucial for neural crest (NC) formation, yet the effects of the magnitude of the WNT signal remain ill-defined. Using a robust model of human NC formation based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we expose that the WNT signal modulates the axial identity of NCs in a dose-dependent manner, with low WNT leading to anterior OTX+ HOX- NC and high WNT leading to posterior OTX- HOX+ NC. Differentiation tests of posterior NC confirm expected derivatives, including posterior-specific adrenal derivatives, and display partial capacity to generate anterior ectomesenchymal derivatives. Furthermore, unlike anterior NC, posterior NC exhibits a transient TBXT+/SOX2+ neuromesodermal precursor-like intermediate. Finally, we analyze the contributions of other signaling pathways in posterior NC formation, which suggest a crucial role for FGF in survival/proliferation, and a requirement of BMP for NC maturation. As expected retinoic acid (RA) and FGF are able to modulate HOX expression in the posterior NC. Surprisingly, early RA supplementation prohibits NC formation. This work reveals for the first time that the amplitude of WNT signaling can modulate the axial identity of NC cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Gomez
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Man Wong
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patrick B Shelar
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nabjot Sandhu
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James O S Hackland
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Hernandez
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alan W Leung
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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30
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Kjolby RAS, Truchado-Garcia M, Iruvanti S, Harland RM. Integration of Wnt and FGF signaling in the Xenopus gastrula at TCF and Ets binding sites shows the importance of short-range repression by TCF in patterning the marginal zone. Development 2019; 146:dev179580. [PMID: 31285353 PMCID: PMC6703714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During Xenopus gastrulation, Wnt and FGF signaling pathways cooperate to induce posterior structures. Wnt target expression around the blastopore falls into two main categories: a horseshoe shape with a dorsal gap, as in Wnt8 expression; or a ring, as in FGF8 expression. Using ChIP-seq, we show, surprisingly, that the FGF signaling mediator Ets2 binds near all Wnt target genes. However, β-catenin preferentially binds at the promoters of genes with horseshoe patterns, but further from the promoters of genes with ring patterns. Manipulation of FGF or Wnt signaling demonstrated that 'ring' genes are responsive to FGF signaling at the dorsal midline, whereas 'horseshoe' genes are predominantly regulated by Wnt signaling. We suggest that, in the absence of active β-catenin at the dorsal midline, the DNA-binding protein TCF binds and actively represses gene activity only when close to the promoter. In contrast, genes without functional TCF sites at the promoter may be predominantly regulated by Ets at the dorsal midline and are expressed in a ring. These results suggest recruitment of only short-range repressors to potential Wnt targets in the Xenopus gastrula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A S Kjolby
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marta Truchado-Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suvruta Iruvanti
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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31
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Große A, Perner B, Naumann U, Englert C. Zebrafish Wtx is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling but is dispensable for embryonic development and organ homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:866-881. [PMID: 31290212 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X-chromosomally linked gene WTX is a human disease gene and a member of the AMER family. Mutations in WTX are found in Wilms tumor, a form of pediatric kidney cancer and in patients suffering from OSCS (Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis), a sclerosing bone disorder. Functional data suggest WTX to be an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Deletion of Wtx in mouse leads to perinatal death, impeding the analysis of its physiological role. RESULTS To gain insights into the function of Wtx in development and homeostasis we have used zebrafish as a model and performed both knockdown and knockout studies using morpholinos and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), respectively. Wtx knockdown led to increased Wnt activity and embryonic dorsalization. Also, wtx mutants showed a transient upregulation of Wnt target genes in the context of caudal fin regeneration. Surprisingly, however, wtx as well as wtx/amer2/amer3 triple mutants developed normally, were fertile and did not show any anomalies in organ maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that members of the zebrafish wtx/amer gene family, while sharing a partially overlapping expression pattern do not compensate for each other. This observation demonstrates a remarkable robustness during development and regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Große
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Perner
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Naumann
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Englert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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32
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Hogvall M, Vellutini BC, Martín-Durán JM, Hejnol A, Budd GE, Janssen R. Embryonic expression of priapulid Wnt genes. Dev Genes Evol 2019; 229:125-135. [PMID: 31273439 PMCID: PMC6647475 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-019-00636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Posterior elongation of the developing embryo is a common feature of animal development. One group of genes that is involved in posterior elongation is represented by the Wnt genes, secreted glycoprotein ligands that signal to specific receptors on neighbouring cells and thereby establish cell-to-cell communication. In segmented animals such as annelids and arthropods, Wnt signalling is also likely involved in segment border formation and regionalisation of the segments. Priapulids represent unsegmented worms that are distantly related to arthropods. Despite their interesting phylogenetic position and their importance for the understanding of ecdysozoan evolution, priapulids still represent a highly underinvestigated group of animals. Here, we study the embryonic expression patterns of the complete sets of Wnt genes in the priapulids Priapulus caudatus and Halicryptus spinulosus. We find that both priapulids possess a complete set of 12 Wnt genes. At least in Priapulus, most of these genes are expressed in and around the posterior-located blastopore and thus likely play a role in posterior elongation. Together with previous work on the expression of other genetic factors such as caudal and even-skipped, this suggests that posterior elongation in priapulids is under control of the same (or very similar) conserved gene regulatory network as in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hogvall
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bruno C Vellutini
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden.
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33
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Frank D, Sela-Donenfeld D. Hindbrain induction and patterning during early vertebrate development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:941-960. [PMID: 30519881 PMCID: PMC11105337 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hindbrain is a key relay hub of the central nervous system (CNS), linking the bilaterally symmetric half-sides of lower and upper CNS centers via an extensive network of neural pathways. Dedicated neural assemblies within the hindbrain control many physiological processes, including respiration, blood pressure, motor coordination and different sensations. During early development, the hindbrain forms metameric segmented units known as rhombomeres along the antero-posterior (AP) axis of the nervous system. These compartmentalized units are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and act as the template for adult brainstem structure and function. TALE and HOX homeodomain family transcription factors play a key role in the initial induction of the hindbrain and its specification into rhombomeric cell fate identities along the AP axis. Signaling pathways, such as canonical-Wnt, FGF and retinoic acid, play multiple roles to initially induce the hindbrain and regulate Hox gene-family expression to control rhombomeric identity. Additional transcription factors including Krox20, Kreisler and others act both upstream and downstream to Hox genes, modulating their expression and protein activity. In this review, we will examine the earliest embryonic signaling pathways that induce the hindbrain and subsequent rhombomeric segmentation via Hox and other gene expression. We will examine how these signaling pathways and transcription factors interact to activate downstream targets that organize the segmented AP pattern of the embryonic vertebrate hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Abstract
Regeneration of lost body parts is essential to regain the fitness of the organism for successful living. In the animal kingdom, organisms from different clades exhibit varied regeneration abilities. Hydra is one of the few organisms that possess tremendous regeneration potential, capable of regenerating complete organism from small tissue fragments or even from dissociated cells. This peculiar property has made this genus one of the most invaluable model organisms for understanding the process of regeneration. Multiple studies in Hydra led to the current understanding of gross morphological changes, basic cellular dynamics, and the role of molecular signalling such as the Wnt signalling pathway. However, cell-to-cell communication by cell adhesion, role of extracellular components such as extracellular matrix (ECM), and nature of cell types that contribute to the regeneration process need to be explored in depth. Additionally, roles of developmental signalling pathways need to be elucidated to enable more comprehensive understanding of regeneration in Hydra. Further research on cross communication among extracellular, cellular, and molecular signalling in Hydra will advance the field of regeneration biology. Here, we present a review of the existing literature on Hydra regeneration biology and outline the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Akhila Gungi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manu Unni
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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35
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Li J, Zhang Y, Liu K, He Q, Sun C, Han J, Han L, Tian Q. Xiaoaiping Induces Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos Through Activation of ER Stress, Apoptosis and the Wnt Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1250. [PMID: 30459614 PMCID: PMC6233021 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the developmental toxicity of the traditional Chinese medicine Xiaoaiping (XAP) and to investigate its underlying mechanism of action. Zebrafish embryos were incubated with 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/mL XAP. Endpoints such as mortality, hatching rate, malformation, body length, morphology score, swimming behavior, histological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, and the mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, and the Wnt pathway were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that XAP exposure increased mortality and malformation and reduced the hatching rate. XAP resulted in severe malformation, including swim bladder deficiency, yolk retention, pericardial edema, and tail curvature. Histopathological analysis showed that XAP induced liver, heart and muscle injury. High doses (≥1.2 mg/mL) of XAP notably decreased the locomotor capacity of zebrafish. ROS generation was remarkably increased and T-SOD activity was decreased, confirming that oxidative stress was induced by XAP. The mRNA expression levels of ER stress-related genes (chop, hspa5, hsp90b1, and perk), apoptosis-related genes (caspase-3, bax, and p53) and wnt11 were significantly upregulated by XAP exposure. The expression levels of the oxidative stress-related genes (cat, sod1, and gstp2), Wnt pathway-related genes (β-catenin, wnt3a, and wnt8a) and bcl-2 initially increased and then decreased as the XAP exposure dose increased. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the first time that XAP can induce dose-related developmental toxicity, and ER stress, apoptosis and the Wnt pathway participate in the toxicity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jian Han
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Han
- Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qingping Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Pla P, Monsoro-Burq AH. The neural border: Induction, specification and maturation of the territory that generates neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S36-S46. [PMID: 29852131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is induced at the edge between the neural plate and the nonneural ectoderm, in an area called the neural (plate) border, during gastrulation and neurulation. In recent years, many studies have explored how this domain is patterned, and how the neural crest is induced within this territory, that also participates to the prospective dorsal neural tube, the dorsalmost nonneural ectoderm, as well as placode derivatives in the anterior area. This review highlights the tissue interactions, the cell-cell signaling and the molecular mechanisms involved in this dynamic spatiotemporal patterning, resulting in the induction of the premigratory neural crest. Collectively, these studies allow building a complex neural border and early neural crest gene regulatory network, mostly composed by transcriptional regulations but also, more recently, including novel signaling interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pla
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Universitaire de France, F-75005, Paris.
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37
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Auman T, Chipman AD. The Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks that Define Arthropod Body Plans. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:523-532. [PMID: 28957519 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetics of arthropod body plan development originally stems from work on Drosophila melanogaster from the late 1970s and onward. In Drosophila, there is a relatively detailed model for the network of gene interactions that proceeds in a sequential-hierarchical fashion to define the main features of the body plan. Over the years, we have a growing understanding of the networks involved in defining the body plan in an increasing number of arthropod species. It is now becoming possible to tease out the conserved aspects of these networks and to try to reconstruct their evolution. In this contribution, we focus on several key nodes of these networks, starting from early patterning in which the main axes are determined and the broad morphological domains of the embryo are defined, and on to later stage wherein the growth zone network is active in sequential addition of posterior segments. The pattern of conservation of networks is very patchy, with some key aspects being highly conserved in all arthropods and others being very labile. Many aspects of early axis patterning are highly conserved, as are some aspects of sequential segment generation. In contrast, regional patterning varies among different taxa, and some networks, such as the terminal patterning network, are only found in a limited range of taxa. The growth zone segmentation network is ancient and is probably plesiomorphic to all arthropods. In some insects, it has undergone significant modification to give rise to a more hardwired network that generates individual segments separately. In other insects and in most arthropods, the sequential segmentation network has undergone a significant amount of systems drift, wherein many of the genes have changed. However, it maintains a conserved underlying logic and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzach Auman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel D Chipman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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CFTR mutation enhances Dishevelled degradation and results in impairment of Wnt-dependent hematopoiesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:275. [PMID: 29449653 PMCID: PMC5833403 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis (CF) with a multitude of clinical manifestations. Some CF patients develop clinically significant anemia, suggesting that CFTR may regulate hematopoiesis. Here, we report that cftr mutant zebrafish model exhibits primitive and definitive hematopoietic defects with impaired Wnt signaling. Cftr is found to interact, via its PDZ-binding domain (PDZBD), with Dishevelled (Dvl), a key component of Wnt signaling required for hematopoietic progenitor specification, thus protecting Dvl from Dapper1 (Dpr1)-induced lysosomal degradation. Defective hematopoiesis and impaired Wnt signaling in cftr mutant can be rescued by overexpression of wild-type or channel function-defective G551D mutant CFTR with an intact PDZBD, but not Cftr with mutations in the PDZBD. Analysis of human database (http://r2.amc.nl) shows that CFTR is positively correlated with DVL2 and Wnt-related hematopoietic factors in human blood system. The results reveal a previously unrecognized role of CFTR, which is independent of its channel function, in regulating DVL degradation and thus Wnt signaling required for hematopoiesis in both zebrafish and humans, providing an explanation for the anemic phenotype of CF patients.
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39
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Yurt KK, Kaplan S. As a painkiller: a review of pre- and postnatal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure effects on the nervous systems. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:15-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Hino H, Nakanishi A, Seki R, Aoki T, Yamaha E, Kawahara A, Shimizu T, Hibi M. Roles of maternal wnt8a transcripts in axis formation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2017; 434:96-107. [PMID: 29208373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In early zebrafish development, the program for dorsal axis formation begins soon after fertilization. Previous studies suggested that dorsal determinants (DDs) localize to the vegetal pole, and are transported to the dorsal blastomeres in a microtubule-dependent manner. The DDs activate the canonical Wnt pathway and induce dorsal-specific genes that are required for dorsal axis formation. Among wnt-family genes, only the wnt8a mRNA is reported to localize to the vegetal pole in oocytes and to induce the dorsal axis, suggesting that Wnt8a is a candidate DD. Here, to reveal the roles of maternal wnt8a, we generated wnt8a mutants by transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and established zygotic, maternal, and maternal zygotic wnt8a mutants by germ-line replacement. Zebrafish wnt8a has two open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) that are tandemly located in the genome. Although the zygotic ORF1 or ORF2 wnt8a mutants showed little or no axis-formation defects, the ORF1/2 compound mutants showed antero-dorsalized phenotypes, indicating that ORF1 and ORF2 have redundant roles in ventrolateral and posterior tissue formation. Unexpectedly, the maternal wnt8a ORF1/2 mutants showed no axis-formation defects. The maternal-zygotic wnt8a ORF1/2 mutants showed more severe antero-dorsalized phenotypes than the zygotic mutants. These results indicated that maternal wnt8a is dispensable for the initial dorsal determination, but cooperates with zygotic wnt8a for ventrolateral and posterior tissue formation. Finally, we re-examined the maternal wnt genes and found that Wnt6a is an alternative candidate DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Hino
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryoko Seki
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Aoki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Etsuro Yamaha
- Nanae Fresh Water Laboratory, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Nanae, Kameda, Hokkaido 041-1105, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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41
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Effects of genetic variants of the bovine WNT8A gene on nine important growth traits in beef cattle. J Genet 2017; 96:535-544. [PMID: 28947701 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
WNT-β-catenin-TCF pathway is involved in carcinogenesis and foetal development. As a member of the WNT gene family, Wnt8A encodes secreted signalling proteins and responds to many biological processes.However, similar research on the effects of genetic variations of Wnt8A gene on growth traits is lacking. Therefore, in this study, polymorphisms of Wnt8A were detected in 396 animals from Chinese Qinchuan cattle using DNA pool sequencing and PCR-RFLP methods. Four novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Wnt8A gene were identified, including three mutations in introns (g.T-445C, g.G244C and g.G910A) and one in exon (g.T4922C). Additionally, we examined the associations of four SNPs with growth traits. The results revealed that SNP2 (g.G244C) was significantly associated with shoulder height, hip height, body length, hip width, and body weight (P < 0.05). SNP3 (g.G910A) also displayed notable effects on hip width (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the haplotype combination CC-GC-GA-CC was strongly associated with heavier, taller and longer animals (P < 0.05). These results show that the Wnt8A gene may be a potential candidate gene, and the SNPs could be used as molecular markers in early marker-assisted selection in beef cattle breeding programmes.
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42
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Brafman D, Willert K. Wnt/β-catenin signaling during early vertebrate neural development. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1239-1259. [PMID: 28799266 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of vast number of distinct cell types arranged in a highly organized manner. This high degree of complexity is achieved by cellular communication, including direct cell-cell contact, cell-matrix interactions, and cell-growth factor signaling. Among the several developmental signals controlling the development of the CNS, Wnt proteins have emerged as particularly critical and, hence, have captivated the attention of many researchers. With Wnts' evolutionarily conserved function as primordial symmetry breaking signals, these proteins and their downstream effects are responsible for simultaneously establishing cellular diversity and tissue organization. With their expansive repertoire of secreted agonists and antagonists, cell surface receptors, signaling cascades and downstream biological effects, Wnts are ideally suited to control the complex processes underlying vertebrate neural development. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms by which Wnts exert their potent effects on cells and tissues and highlight the many roles of Wnt signaling during neural development, starting from the initial induction of the neural plate, the subsequent patterning along the embryonic axes, to the intricately organized structure of the CNS. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1239-1259, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695
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43
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Neiswender H, Navarre S, Kozlowski DJ, Lemosy EK. Early Craniofacial Defects in Zebrafish that Have Reduced Function of a Wnt-Interacting Extracellular Matrix Protein, Tinagl1. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 54:381-390. [DOI: 10.1597/15-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tinagl1 has a weak genetic association with craniosynostosis, but its functions in cartilage and bone development are unknown. Knockdown of Tinagl1 in zebrafish embryos allowed an initial characterization of its potential effects on craniofacial cartilage development and a test of whether these effects could involve Wnt signaling. Results Tinagl1 knockdown resulted in dose-dependent reductions and defects in ventral pharyngeal arch cartilages as well as the ethmoid plate, a zebrafish correlate to the palate. These defects could be correlated to reduced numbers of cranial neural crest cells in the pharyngeal arches and could be reproduced with comanipulation of Tinagl1 and Wnt3a by morpholino-based knockdown. Conclusions These results suggest that Tinagl1 is required early in the proliferation or migration of cranial neural crest cells and that its effects are mediated via Wnt3a signaling. Because Wnt3a is among the Wnts that contribute to nonsyndromic cleft lip and cleft palate in mouse and man, further investigation of Tinagl1 may help to elucidate mechanisms underlying these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Neiswender
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University
| | - Sammy Navarre
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University
| | - David J. Kozlowski
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University
| | - Ellen K. Lemosy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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44
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Shitasako S, Ito Y, Ito R, Ueda Y, Shimizu Y, Ohshima T. Wnt and Shh signals regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1206-1220. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Shitasako
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science; Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yoko Ito
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science; Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ito
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science; Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yuto Ueda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science; Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science; Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science; Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
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45
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Liao BK, Oates AC. Delta-Notch signalling in segmentation. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:429-447. [PMID: 27888167 PMCID: PMC5446262 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modular body organization is found widely across multicellular organisms, and some of them form repetitive modular structures via the process of segmentation. It's vastly interesting to understand how these regularly repeated structures are robustly generated from the underlying noise in biomolecular interactions. Recent studies from arthropods reveal similarities in segmentation mechanisms with vertebrates, and raise the possibility that the three phylogenetic clades, annelids, arthropods and chordates, might share homology in this process from a bilaterian ancestor. Here, we discuss vertebrate segmentation with particular emphasis on the role of the Notch intercellular signalling pathway. We introduce vertebrate segmentation and Notch signalling, pointing out historical milestones, then describe existing models for the Notch pathway in the synchronization of noisy neighbouring oscillators, and a new role in the modulation of gene expression wave patterns. We ask what functions Notch signalling may have in arthropod segmentation and explore the relationship between Notch-mediated lateral inhibition and synchronization. Finally, we propose open questions and technical challenges to guide future investigations into Notch signalling in segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kai Liao
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Andrew C Oates
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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46
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Posterior tail development in the salamander Eurycea cirrigera: exploring cellular dynamics across life stages. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:85-99. [PMID: 28101674 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the body axis elongates and specializes. In vertebrate groups such as salamanders and lizards, elongation of the posterior body axis (tail) continues throughout life. This phenomenon of post-embryonic tail elongation via addition of vertebrae has remained largely unexplored, and little is known about the underlying developmental mechanisms that promote vertebral addition. Our research investigated tail elongation across life stages in a non-model salamander species, Eurycea cirrigera (Plethodontidae). Post-embryonic addition of segments suggests that the tail tip retains some aspects of embryonic cell/tissue organization and gene expression throughout the life cycle. We describe cell and tissue differentiation and segmentation of the posterior tail using serial histology and expression of the axial tissue markers, MF-20 and Pax6. Embryonic expression patterns of HoxA13 and C13 are shown with in situ hybridization. Tissue sections reveal that the posterior spinal cord forms via cavitation and precedes development of the underlying cartilaginous rod after embryogenesis. Post-embryonic tail elongation occurs in the absence of somites and mesenchymal cells lateral to the midline express MF-20. Pax6 expression was observed only in the spinal cord and some mesenchymal cells of adult Eurycea tails. Distinct temporal and spatial patterns of posterior Hox13 gene expression were observed throughout embryogenesis. Overall, important insights to cell organization, differentiation, and posterior Hox gene expression may be gained from this work. We suggest that further work on gene expression in the elongating adult tail could shed light on mechanisms that link continual axial elongation with regeneration.
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47
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Sharif F, Steenbergen PJ, Metz JR, Champagne DL. Long-lasting effects of dexamethasone on immune cells and wound healing in the zebrafish. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 23:855-65. [PMID: 26342183 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the lasting impact of dexamethasone (DEX) exposure during early development on tissue repair capacity at later life stages (5, 14, and 24 days post fertilization [dpf]) in zebrafish larvae. Using the caudal fin amputation model, we show that prior exposure to DEX significantly delays but does not prevent wound healing at all life stages studied. DEX-induced impairments on wound healing were fully restored to normal levels with longer post amputation recovery time. Further analyses revealed that DEX mainly exerted its detrimental effects in the early phase (0-5 hours) of wound-healing process. Specifically, we observed the following events: (1) massive amount of cell death both by necrosis and apoptosis; (2) significant reduction in the number as well as misplacement of macrophages at the wound site; (3) aberrant migration and misplacement of neutrophils and macrophages at the wound site. These events were accompanied by significant (likely compensatory) changes in the expression of genes involved in tissue patterning, including up-regulation of FKBP5 6 hours post DEX exposure and that of Wnt3a and RARγ at 24 hours post amputation. Taken together, this study provides evidence that DEX exposure during early sensitive periods of development appears to cause permanent alterations in the cellular/molecular immune processes that are involved in the early phase of wound healing in zebrafish. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that antenatal course of DEX is associated with immediate and lasting alterations of the immune system in rodent models and humans. Therefore, the current findings support the use of the larval zebrafish model to study the impact of stress and stress hormone exposure in immature organisms on health risks in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Sharif
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Peter J Steenbergen
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juriaan R Metz
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Nijmegen University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle L Champagne
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Nijmegen University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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48
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Ackermann M, Liebhaber S, Klusmann JH, Lachmann N. Lost in translation: pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoiesis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1388-402. [PMID: 26174486 PMCID: PMC4644373 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells represent a promising cell type to gain novel insights into human biology. Understanding the differentiation process of PSCs in vitro may allow for the identification of cell extrinsic/intrinsic factors, driving the specification process toward all cell types of the three germ layers, which may be similar to the human in vivo scenario. This would not only lay the ground for an improved understanding of human embryonic development but would also contribute toward the generation of novel cell types used in cell replacement therapies. In this line, especially the developmental process of mesodermal cells toward the hematopoietic lineage is of great interest. Therefore, this review highlights recent progress in the field of hematopoietic specification of pluripotent stem cell sources. In addition, we would like to shed light on emerging factors controlling primitive and definitive hematopoietic development and to highlight recent approaches to improve the differentiation potential of PSC sources toward hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. While the generation of fully defined hematopoietic stem cells from PSCs remains challenging in vitro, we here underline the instructive role of cell extrinsic factors such as cytokines for the generation of PSC-derived mature hematopoietic cells. Thus, we have comprehensively examined the role of cytokines for the derivation of mature hematopoietic cell types such as macrophages, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, and cells of the B- and T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mania Ackermann
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffi Liebhaber
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nico Lachmann
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany JRG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Perry KJ, Lyons DC, Truchado-Garcia M, Fischer AHL, Helfrich LW, Johansson KB, Diamond JC, Grande C, Henry JQ. Deployment of regulatory genes during gastrulation and germ layer specification in a model spiralian mollusc Crepidula. Dev Dyn 2016. [PMID: 26197970 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During gastrulation, endoderm and mesoderm are specified from a bipotential precursor (endomesoderm) that is argued to be homologous across bilaterians. Spiralians also generate mesoderm from ectodermal precursors (ectomesoderm), which arises near the blastopore. While a conserved gene regulatory network controls specification of endomesoderm in deuterostomes and ecdysozoans, little is known about genes controlling specification or behavior of either source of spiralian mesoderm or the digestive tract. RESULTS Using the mollusc Crepidula, we examined conserved regulatory factors and compared their expression to fate maps to score expression in the germ layers, blastopore lip, and digestive tract. Many genes were expressed in both ecto- and endomesoderm, but only five were expressed in ectomesoderm exclusively. The latter may contribute to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition seen in ectomesoderm. CONCLUSIONS We present the first comparison of genes expressed during spiralian gastrulation in the context of high-resolution fate maps. We found variation of genes expressed in the blastopore lip, mouth, and cells that will form the anus. Shared expression of many genes in both mesodermal sources suggests that components of the conserved endomesoderm program were either co-opted for ectomesoderm formation or that ecto- and endomesoderm are derived from a common mesodermal precursor that became subdivided into distinct domains during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Perry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Marta Truchado-Garcia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular, "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antje H L Fischer
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kimberly B Johansson
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cristina Grande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular, "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, Illinois
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50
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Steventon B, Duarte F, Lagadec R, Mazan S, Nicolas JF, Hirsinger E. Species-specific contribution of volumetric growth and tissue convergence to posterior body elongation in vertebrates. Development 2016; 143:1732-41. [PMID: 26989170 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Posterior body elongation is a widespread mechanism propelling the generation of the metazoan body plan. The posterior growth model predicts that a posterior growth zone generates sufficient tissue volume to elongate the posterior body. However, there are energy supply-related differences between vertebrates in the degree to which growth occurs concomitantly with embryogenesis. By applying a multi-scalar morphometric analysis in zebrafish embryos, we show that posterior body elongation is generated by an influx of cells from lateral regions, by convergence-extension of cells as they exit the tailbud, and finally by a late volumetric growth in the spinal cord and notochord. Importantly, the unsegmented region does not generate additional tissue volume. Fibroblast growth factor inhibition blocks tissue convergence rather than volumetric growth, showing that a conserved molecular mechanism can control convergent morphogenesis through different cell behaviours. Finally, via a comparative morphometric analysis in lamprey, dogfish, zebrafish and mouse, we propose that elongation via posterior volumetric growth is linked to increased energy supply and is associated with an overall increase in volumetric growth and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Steventon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Fernando Duarte
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Ronan Lagadec
- Development and Evolution of Vertebrates, CNRS-UPMC-UMR 7150, Station Biologique, Roscoff 29680, France CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls 66650, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Development and Evolution of Vertebrates, CNRS-UPMC-UMR 7150, Station Biologique, Roscoff 29680, France CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls 66650, France
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Estelle Hirsinger
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France
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