1
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Nussinov R, Yavuz BR, Jang H. Single cell spatial biology over developmental time can decipher pediatric brain pathologies. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106597. [PMID: 38992777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low grade brain tumors and neurodevelopmental disorders share proteins, signaling pathways, and networks. They also share germline mutations and an impaired prenatal differentiation origin. They may differ in the timing of the events and proliferation. We suggest that their pivotal distinct, albeit partially overlapping, outcomes relate to the cell states, which depend on their spatial location, and timing of gene expression during brain development. These attributes are crucial as the brain develops sequentially, and single-cell spatial organization influences cell state, thus function. Our underlying premise is that the root cause in neurodevelopmental disorders and pediatric tumors is impaired prenatal differentiation. Data related to pediatric brain tumors, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain cell (sub)types, locations, and timing of expression in the developing brain are scant. However, emerging single cell technologies, including transcriptomic, spatial biology, spatial high-resolution imaging performed over the brain developmental time, could be transformational in deciphering brain pathologies thereby pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Bengi Ruken Yavuz
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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2
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Bedois AMH, Parker HJ, Price AJ, Morrison JA, Bronner ME, Krumlauf R. Sea lamprey enlightens the origin of the coupling of retinoic acid signaling to vertebrate hindbrain segmentation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1538. [PMID: 38378737 PMCID: PMC10879103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in antero-posterior patterning of the chordate body axis and, in jawed vertebrates, has been shown to play a major role at multiple levels of the gene regulatory network (GRN) regulating hindbrain segmentation. Knowing when and how RA became coupled to the core hindbrain GRN is important for understanding how ancient signaling pathways and patterning genes can evolve and generate diversity. Hence, we investigated the link between RA signaling and hindbrain segmentation in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, an important jawless vertebrate model providing clues to decipher ancestral vertebrate features. Combining genomics, gene expression, and functional analyses of major components involved in RA synthesis (Aldh1as) and degradation (Cyp26s), we demonstrate that RA signaling is coupled to hindbrain segmentation in lamprey. Thus, the link between RA signaling and hindbrain segmentation is a pan vertebrate feature of the hindbrain and likely evolved at the base of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M H Bedois
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Hugo J Parker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Andrew J Price
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Jason A Morrison
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 66160, USA.
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3
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Zavafer A, Bates H, Mancilla C, Ralph PJ. Phenomics: conceptualization and importance for plant physiology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1004-1013. [PMID: 37137749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenomics is a relatively new discipline of biology that has been widely applied in several fields, mainly in crop sciences. We reviewed the concepts used in this discipline (particularly for plants) and found a lack of consensus on what defines a phenomic study. Furthermore, phenomics has been primarily developed around its technical aspects (operationalization), while the conceptual framework of the actual research lags behind. Each research group has given its own interpretation of this 'omic' and thus unwittingly created a 'conceptual controversy'. Addressing this issue is of particular importance, as the experimental designs and concepts of phenomics are so diverse that it is difficult to compare studies. In this opinion article, we evaluate the conceptual framework of phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Zavafer
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada; Department of Engineering, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Harvey Bates
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cristian Mancilla
- Department of Engineering, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Bedois AMH, Parker HJ, Bronner ME, Krumlauf R. Sea lamprey enlightens the origin of the coupling of retinoic acid signaling to vertebrate hindbrain segmentation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548143. [PMID: 37461675 PMCID: PMC10350081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in antero-posterior patterning of the chordate body axis and, in jawed vertebrates, has been shown to play a major role at multiple levels of the gene regulatory network (GRN) regulating hindbrain segmentation. Knowing when and how RA became coupled to the core hindbrain GRN is important for understanding how ancient signaling pathways and patterning genes can evolve and generate diversity. Hence, we investigated the link between RA signaling and hindbrain segmentation in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, an important jawless vertebrate model providing clues to decipher ancestral vertebrate features. Combining genomics, gene expression, and functional analyses of major components involved in RA synthesis (Aldh1as) and degradation (Cyp26s), we demonstrate that RA signaling is coupled to hindbrain segmentation in lamprey. Thus, the link between RA signaling and hindbrain segmentation is a pan vertebrate feature of the hindbrain and likely evolved at the base of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. H. Bedois
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Hugo J. Parker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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5
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Sobrido‐Cameán D, González‐Llera L, Anadón R, Barreiro‐Iglesias A. Organization of the corticotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein systems in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:58-88. [PMID: 36150899 PMCID: PMC9826344 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (PmCRH) and the CRH-binding protein (PmCRHBP) mRNAs was studied by in situ hybridization in the brain of prolarvae, larvae, and adults of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. We also generated an antibody against the PmCRH mature peptide to study the distribution of PmCRH-immunoreactive cells and fibers. PmCRH immunohistochemistry was combined with antityrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, PmCRHBP in situ hybridization, or neurobiotin transport from the spinal cord. The most numerous PmCRH-expressing cells were observed in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus-paraventricular nucleus and in the superior and medial rhombencephalic reticular formation. PmCRH expression was more extended in adults than in larvae, and some cell populations were mainly (olfactory bulb) or only (striatum, ventral hypothalamus, prethalamus) observed in adults. The preopto-paraventricular fibers form conspicuous tracts coursing toward the neurohypophysis, but many immunoreactive fibers were also observed coursing in many other brain regions. Brain descending fibers in the spinal cord mainly come from cells located in the isthmus and in the medial rhombencephalic reticular nucleus. The distribution of PmCRHBP-expressing neurons was different from that of PmCRH cells, with cells mainly present in the septum, striatum, preoptic region, tuberal hypothalamus, pretectum, pineal complex, isthmus, reticular formation, and spinal cord. Again, expression in adults was more extended than in larvae. PmCRH- and PmCRHBP-expressing cells are different, excluding colocalization of these substances in the same neuron. Present findings reveal a complex CRH/CRHBP system in the brain of the oldest extant vertebrate group, the agnathans, which shows similarities but important divergences with that of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sobrido‐Cameán
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of BiologyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain,Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Laura González‐Llera
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of BiologyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of BiologyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Antón Barreiro‐Iglesias
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of BiologyUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
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Fasano G, Compagnucci C, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Teleost Fish and Organoids: Alternative Windows Into the Development of Healthy and Diseased Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:855786. [PMID: 36034498 PMCID: PMC9403253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.855786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety in the display of animals’ cognition, emotions, and behaviors, typical of humans, has its roots within the anterior-most part of the brain: the forebrain, giving rise to the neocortex in mammals. Our understanding of cellular and molecular events instructing the development of this domain and its multiple adaptations within the vertebrate lineage has progressed in the last decade. Expanding and detailing the available knowledge on regionalization, progenitors’ behavior and functional sophistication of the forebrain derivatives is also key to generating informative models to improve our characterization of heterogeneous and mechanistically unexplored cortical malformations. Classical and emerging mammalian models are irreplaceable to accurately elucidate mechanisms of stem cells expansion and impairments of cortex development. Nevertheless, alternative systems, allowing a considerable reduction of the burden associated with animal experimentation, are gaining popularity to dissect basic strategies of neural stem cells biology and morphogenesis in health and disease and to speed up preclinical drug testing. Teleost vertebrates such as zebrafish, showing conserved core programs of forebrain development, together with patients-derived in vitro 2D and 3D models, recapitulating more accurately human neurogenesis, are now accepted within translational workflows spanning from genetic analysis to functional investigation. Here, we review the current knowledge of common and divergent mechanisms shaping the forebrain in vertebrates, and causing cortical malformations in humans. We next address the utility, benefits and limitations of whole-brain/organism-based fish models or neuronal ensembles in vitro for translational research to unravel key genes and pathological mechanisms involved in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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7
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Medina L, Abellán A, Desfilis E. Evolving Views on the Pallium. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:181-199. [PMID: 34657034 DOI: 10.1159/000519260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pallium is the largest part of the telencephalon in amniotes, and comparison of its subdivisions across species has been extremely difficult and controversial due to its high divergence. Comparative embryonic genoarchitecture studies have greatly contributed to propose models of pallial fundamental divisions, which can be compared across species and be used to extract general organizing principles as well as to ask more focused and insightful research questions. The use of these models is crucial to discern between conservation, convergence or divergence in the neural populations and networks found in the pallium. Here we provide a critical review of the models proposed using this approach, including tetrapartite, hexapartite and double-ring models, and compare them to other models. While recognizing the power of these models for understanding brain architecture, development and evolution, we also highlight limitations and comment on aspects that require attention for improvement. We also discuss on the use of transcriptomic data for understanding pallial evolution and advise for better contextualization of these data by discerning between gene regulatory networks involved in the generation of specific units and cell populations versus genes expressed later, many of which are activity dependent and their expression is more likely subjected to convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Medina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida's Institute for Biomedical Research - Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Abellán
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida's Institute for Biomedical Research - Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Ester Desfilis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida's Institute for Biomedical Research - Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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8
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Bennett MS. Five Breakthroughs: A First Approximation of Brain Evolution From Early Bilaterians to Humans. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:693346. [PMID: 34489649 PMCID: PMC8418099 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.693346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retracing the evolutionary steps by which human brains evolved can offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of human brain function as well as the phylogenetic origin of various features of human behavior. To this end, this article presents a model for interpreting the physical and behavioral modifications throughout major milestones in human brain evolution. This model introduces the concept of a "breakthrough" as a useful tool for interpreting suites of brain modifications and the various adaptive behaviors these modifications enabled. This offers a unique view into the ordered steps by which human brains evolved and suggests several unique hypotheses on the mechanisms of human brain function.
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9
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Viscardi LH, Imparato DO, Bortolini MC, Dalmolin RJS. Ionotropic Receptors as a Driving Force behind Human Synapse Establishment. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:735-744. [PMID: 32986821 PMCID: PMC7947827 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of nervous systems is a main theme in biology and its mechanisms are largely underlied by synaptic neurotransmission. One problem to explain synapse establishment is that synaptic orthologs are present in multiple aneural organisms. We questioned how the interactions among these elements evolved and to what extent it relates to our understanding of the nervous systems complexity. We identified the human neurotransmission gene network based on genes present in GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic systems. The network comprises 321 human genes, 83 of which act exclusively in the nervous system. We reconstructed the evolutionary scenario of synapse emergence by looking for synaptic orthologs in 476 eukaryotes. The Human–Cnidaria common ancestor displayed a massive emergence of neuroexclusive genes, mainly ionotropic receptors, which might have been crucial to the evolution of synapses. Very few synaptic genes had their origin after the Human–Cnidaria common ancestor. We also identified a higher abundance of synaptic proteins in vertebrates, which suggests an increase in the synaptic network complexity of those organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Henriques Viscardi
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danilo Oliveira Imparato
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment-BioME, IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Juliani Siqueira Dalmolin
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment-BioME, IMD, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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10
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Lamprey lecticans link new vertebrate genes to the origin and elaboration of vertebrate tissues. Dev Biol 2021; 476:282-293. [PMID: 33887266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of vertebrates from an invertebrate chordate ancestor involved the evolution of new organs, tissues, and cell types. It was also marked by the origin and duplication of new gene families. If, and how, these morphological and genetic innovations are related is an unresolved question in vertebrate evolution. Hyaluronan is an extracellular matrix (ECM) polysaccharide important for water homeostasis and tissue structure. Vertebrates possess a novel family of hyaluronan binding proteins called Lecticans, and studies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) have shown they function in many of the cells and tissues that are unique to vertebrates. This raises the possibility that the origin and/or expansion of this gene family helped drive the evolution of these vertebrate novelties. In order to better understand the evolution of the lectican gene family, and its role in the evolution of vertebrate morphological novelties, we investigated the phylogeny, genomic arrangement, and expression patterns of all lecticans in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a jawless vertebrate. Though both P. marinus and gnathostomes each have four lecticans, our phylogenetic and syntenic analyses are most consistent with the independent duplication of one of more lecticans in the lamprey lineage. Despite the likely independent expansion of the lamprey and gnathostome lectican families, we find highly conserved expression of lecticans in vertebrate-specific and mesenchyme-derived tissues. We also find that, unlike gnathostomes, lamprey expresses its lectican paralogs in distinct subpopulations of head skeleton precursors, potentially reflecting an ancestral diversity of skeletal tissue types. Together, these observations suggest that the ancestral pre-duplication lectican had a complex expression pattern, functioned to support mesenchymal histology, and likely played a role in the evolution of vertebrate-specific cell and tissue types.
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11
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Pujades C. The multiple functions of hindbrain boundary cells: Tinkering boundaries? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Zaraisky AG. Genetic Mechanisms of the Early Development of the Telencephalon, a Unique Segment of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System, as Reflecting Its Emergence and Evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Perks KE, Krotinger A, Bodznick D. A cerebellum-like circuit in the lateral line system of fish cancels mechanosensory input associated with its own movements. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb204438. [PMID: 31953367 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An animal's own movement exerts a profound impact on sensory input to its nervous system. Peripheral sensory receptors do not distinguish externally generated stimuli from stimuli generated by an animal's own behavior (reafference) - although the animal often must. One way that nervous systems can solve this problem is to provide movement-related signals (copies of motor commands and sensory feedback) to sensory systems, which can then be used to generate predictions that oppose or cancel out sensory responses to reafference. Here, we studied the use of movement-related signals to generate sensory predictions in the lateral line medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON) of the little skate. In the MON, mechanoreceptive afferents synapse on output neurons that also receive movement-related signals from central sources, via a granule cell parallel fiber system. This parallel fiber system organization is characteristic of a set of so-called cerebellum-like structures. Cerebellum-like structures have been shown to support predictive cancellation of reafference in the electrosensory systems of fish and the auditory system of mice. Here, we provide evidence that the parallel fiber system in the MON can generate predictions that are negative images of (and therefore cancel) sensory input associated with respiratory and fin movements. The MON, found in most aquatic vertebrates, is probably one of the most primitive cerebellum-like structures and a starting point for cerebellar evolution. The results of this study contribute to a growing body of work that uses an evolutionary perspective on the vertebrate cerebellum to understand its functional diversity in animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista E Perks
- Neurosciences Department and Zuckermann Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program and Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Anna Krotinger
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program and Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - David Bodznick
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program and Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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14
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Belzunce I, Belmonte-Mateos C, Pujades C. The interplay of atoh1 genes in the lower rhombic lip during hindbrain morphogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228225. [PMID: 32012186 PMCID: PMC6996848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lower Rhombic Lip (LRL) is a transient neuroepithelial structure of the dorsal hindbrain, which expands from r2 to r7, and gives rise to deep nuclei of the brainstem, such as the vestibular and auditory nuclei and most posteriorly the precerebellar nuclei. Although there is information about the contribution of specific proneural-progenitor populations to specific deep nuclei, and the distinct rhombomeric contribution, little is known about how progenitor cells from the LRL behave during neurogenesis and how their transition into differentiation is regulated. In this work, we investigated the atoh1 gene regulatory network operating in the specification of LRL cells, and the kinetics of cell proliferation and behavior of atoh1a-derivatives by using complementary strategies in the zebrafish embryo. We unveiled that atoh1a is necessary and sufficient for specification of LRL cells by activating atoh1b, which worked as a differentiation gene to transition progenitor cells towards neuron differentiation in a Notch-dependent manner. This cell state transition involved the release of atoh1a-derivatives from the LRL: atoh1a progenitors contributed first to atoh1b cells, which are committed non-proliferative precursors, and to the lhx2b-neuronal lineage as demonstrated by cell fate studies and functional analyses. Using in vivo cell lineage approaches we revealed that the proliferative cell capacity, as well as the mode of division, relied on the position of the atoh1a progenitors within the dorsoventral axis. We showed that atoh1a may behave as the cell fate selector gene, whereas atoh1b functions as a neuronal differentiation gene, contributing to the lhx2b neuronal population. atoh1a-progenitor cell dynamics (cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and neuronal migration) relies on their position, demonstrating the challenges that progenitor cells face in computing positional information from a dynamic two-dimensional grid in order to generate the stereotyped neuronal structures in the embryonic hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Belzunce
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Fritzsch B, Elliott KL, Pavlinkova G, Duncan JS, Hansen MR, Kersigo JM. Neuronal Migration Generates New Populations of Neurons That Develop Unique Connections, Physiological Properties and Pathologies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:59. [PMID: 31069224 PMCID: PMC6491807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system neurons become postmitotic when radial glia cells divide to form neuroblasts. Neuroblasts may migrate away from the ventricle radially along glia fibers, in various directions or even across the midline. We present four cases of unusual migration that are variably connected to either pathology or formation of new populations of neurons with new connectivities. One of the best-known cases of radial migration involves granule cells that migrate from the external granule cell layer along radial Bergman glia fibers to become mature internal granule cells. In various medulloblastoma cases this migration does not occur and transforms the external granule cell layer into a rapidly growing tumor. Among the ocular motor neurons is one unique population that undergoes a contralateral migration and uniquely innervates the superior rectus and levator palpebrae muscles. In humans, a mutation of a single gene ubiquitously expressed in all cells, induces innervation defects only in this unique motor neuron population, leading to inability to elevate eyes or upper eyelids. One of the best-known cases for longitudinal migration is the facial branchial motor (FBM) neurons and the overlapping inner ear efferent population. We describe here molecular cues that are needed for the caudal migration of FBM to segregate these motor neurons from the differently migrating inner ear efferent population. Finally, we describe unusual migration of inner ear spiral ganglion neurons that result in aberrant connections with disruption of frequency presentation. Combined, these data identify unique migratory properties of various neuronal populations that allow them to adopt new connections but also sets them up for unique pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Jeremy S Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Marlan R Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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16
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Kucheryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG. Lampreys, “Living Fossils,” in Research on Early Development and Regeneration in Vertebrates. Russ J Dev Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Pombal MA, Megías M. Development and Functional Organization of the Cranial Nerves in Lampreys. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:512-539. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Pombal
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology - IBIV; University of Vigo; Vigo, 36310 Spain
| | - Manuel Megías
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology - IBIV; University of Vigo; Vigo, 36310 Spain
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Suzuki DG, Grillner S. The stepwise development of the lamprey visual system and its evolutionary implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1461-1477. [PMID: 29488315 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys, which represent the oldest group of living vertebrates (cyclostomes), show unique eye development. The lamprey larva has only eyespot-like immature eyes beneath a non-transparent skin, whereas after metamorphosis, the adult has well-developed image-forming camera eyes. To establish a functional visual system, well-organised visual centres as well as motor components (e.g. trunk muscles for locomotion) and interactions between them are needed. Here we review the available knowledge concerning the structure, function and development of the different parts of the lamprey visual system. The lamprey exhibits stepwise development of the visual system during its life cycle. In prolarvae and early larvae, the 'primary' retina does not have horizontal and amacrine cells, but does have photoreceptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells. At this stage, the optic nerve projects mostly to the pretectum, where the dendrites of neurons in the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF) appear to receive direct visual information and send motor outputs to the neck and trunk muscles. This simple neural circuit may generate negative phototaxis. Through the larval period, the lateral region of the retina grows again to form the 'secondary' retina and the topographic retinotectal projection of the optic nerve is formed, and at the same time, the extra-ocular muscles progressively develop. During metamorphosis, horizontal and amacrine cells differentiate for the first time, and the optic tectum expands and becomes laminated. The adult lamprey then has a sophisticated visual system for image-forming and visual decision-making. In the adult lamprey, the thalamic pathway (retina-thalamus-cortex/pallium) also transmits visual stimuli. Because the primary, simple light-detecting circuit in larval lamprey shares functional and developmental similarities with that of protochordates (amphioxus and tunicates), the visual development of the lamprey provides information regarding the evolutionary transition of the vertebrate visual system from the protochordate-type to the vertebrate-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang S, Yang Q, Wang Z, Feng S, Li H, Ji D, Zhang S. Evolutionary and Expression Analyses Show Co-option of khdrbs Genes for Origin of Vertebrate Brain. Front Genet 2018; 8:225. [PMID: 29354154 PMCID: PMC5758493 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes generated by whole genome duplications (WGD) can be co-opted by changing their regulation process or altering their coding proteins, which has been shown contributable to the emergence of vertebrate morphological novelties such as vertebrate cartilage. Mouse khdrbs genes, differing from its invertebrate orthologs, were mainly expressed in brain, hinting that khdrbs gene family as a member of genetic toolkit may be linked to vertebrate brain development. However, the evolutionary relationship between khdrbs gene family and vertebrate brain development is unclear. First, we analyzed the evolutionary history of khdrbs gene family in metazoans, and then investigated their expression patterns during early development and in adulthood of zebrafish. We found that the duplication of khdrbs gene family by WGD took place in zebrafish, and all zebrafish khdrbs genes were predominantly expressed in the substructures of brain during early development. Given the expression of invertebrate khdrbs gene in germ line, the distinct expression domains of zebrafish khdrbs genes in brain suggested that the duplicated khdrbs genes are co-opted for promoting the evolutionary origin of vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuoqi Feng
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongrui Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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20
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Lampreys, the jawless vertebrates, contain only two ParaHox gene clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9146-9151. [PMID: 28784804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704457114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ParaHox genes (Gsx, Pdx, and Cdx) are an ancient family of developmental genes closely related to the Hox genes. They play critical roles in the patterning of brain and gut. The basal chordate, amphioxus, contains a single ParaHox cluster comprising one member of each family, whereas nonteleost jawed vertebrates contain four ParaHox genomic loci with six or seven ParaHox genes. Teleosts, which have experienced an additional whole-genome duplication, contain six ParaHox genomic loci with six ParaHox genes. Jawless vertebrates, represented by lampreys and hagfish, are the most ancient group of vertebrates and are crucial for understanding the origin and evolution of vertebrate gene families. We have previously shown that lampreys contain six Hox gene loci. Here we report that lampreys contain only two ParaHox gene clusters (designated as α- and β-clusters) bearing five ParaHox genes (Gsxα, Pdxα, Cdxα, Gsxβ, and Cdxβ). The order and orientation of the three genes in the α-cluster are identical to that of the single cluster in amphioxus. However, the orientation of Gsxβ in the β-cluster is inverted. Interestingly, Gsxβ is expressed in the eye, unlike its homologs in jawed vertebrates, which are expressed mainly in the brain. The lamprey Pdxα is expressed in the pancreas similar to jawed vertebrate Pdx genes, indicating that the pancreatic expression of Pdx was acquired before the divergence of jawless and jawed vertebrate lineages. It is likely that the lamprey Pdxα plays a crucial role in pancreas specification and insulin production similar to the Pdx of jawed vertebrates.
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21
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Parker HJ, Krumlauf R. Segmental arithmetic: summing up the Hox gene regulatory network for hindbrain development in chordates. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28771970 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organization and development of the early vertebrate hindbrain are controlled by a cascade of regulatory interactions that govern the process of segmentation and patterning along the anterior-posterior axis via Hox genes. These interactions can be assembled into a gene regulatory network that provides a framework to interpret experimental data, generate hypotheses, and identify gaps in our understanding of the progressive process of hindbrain segmentation. The network can be broadly separated into a series of interconnected programs that govern early signaling, segmental subdivision, secondary signaling, segmentation, and ultimately specification of segmental identity. Hox genes play crucial roles in multiple programs within this network. Furthermore, the network reveals properties and principles that are likely to be general to other complex developmental systems. Data from vertebrate and invertebrate chordate models are shedding light on the origin and diversification of the network. Comprehensive cis-regulatory analyses of vertebrate Hox gene regulation have enabled powerful cross-species gene regulatory comparisons. Such an approach in the sea lamprey has revealed that the network mediating segmental Hox expression was present in ancestral vertebrates and has been maintained across diverse vertebrate lineages. Invertebrate chordates lack hindbrain segmentation but exhibit conservation of some aspects of the network, such as a role for retinoic acid in establishing nested Hox expression domains. These comparisons lead to a model in which early vertebrates underwent an elaboration of the network between anterior-posterior patterning and Hox gene expression, leading to the gene-regulatory programs for segmental subdivision and rhombomeric segmentation. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e286. doi: 10.1002/wdev.286 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J Parker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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22
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Eroshkin FM, Kucheryavyy AV, Martynova NY, Zaraisky AG. Presence of homeobox gene of Anf class in Pacific lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum confirms the hypothesis about the importance of emergence of Anf genes for the origin of telencephalon in vertebrate evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360417040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Hibi M, Matsuda K, Takeuchi M, Shimizu T, Murakami Y. Evolutionary mechanisms that generate morphology and neural-circuit diversity of the cerebellum. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:228-243. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hibi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Koji Matsuda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Miki Takeuchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
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24
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Sugahara F, Murakami Y, Pascual-Anaya J, Kuratani S. Reconstructing the ancestral vertebrate brain. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:163-174. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya 663-8501 Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory; RIKEN; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
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25
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Albuixech-Crespo B, López-Blanch L, Burguera D, Maeso I, Sánchez-Arrones L, Moreno-Bravo JA, Somorjai I, Pascual-Anaya J, Puelles E, Bovolenta P, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Puelles L, Irimia M, Ferran JL. Molecular regionalization of the developing amphioxus neural tube challenges major partitions of the vertebrate brain. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001573. [PMID: 28422959 PMCID: PMC5396861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All vertebrate brains develop following a common Bauplan defined by anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) subdivisions, characterized by largely conserved differential expression of gene markers. However, it is still unclear how this Bauplan originated during evolution. We studied the relative expression of 48 genes with key roles in vertebrate neural patterning in a representative amphioxus embryonic stage. Unlike nonchordates, amphioxus develops its central nervous system (CNS) from a neural plate that is homologous to that of vertebrates, allowing direct topological comparisons. The resulting genoarchitectonic model revealed that the amphioxus incipient neural tube is unexpectedly complex, consisting of several AP and DV molecular partitions. Strikingly, comparison with vertebrates indicates that the vertebrate thalamus, pretectum, and midbrain domains jointly correspond to a single amphioxus region, which we termed Di-Mesencephalic primordium (DiMes). This suggests that these domains have a common developmental and evolutionary origin, as supported by functional experiments manipulating secondary organizers in zebrafish and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albuixech-Crespo
- Department of Genetics, School of Biology, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura López-Blanch
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Demian Burguera
- Department of Genetics, School of Biology, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Maeso
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luisa Sánchez-Arrones
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM and CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ildiko Somorjai
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eduardo Puelles
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM and CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, School of Biology, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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26
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Wullimann MF. Nervous System Architecture in Vertebrates. THE WILEY HANDBOOK OF EVOLUTIONARY NEUROSCIENCE 2016:236-278. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118316757.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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27
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28
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Parker HJ, Bronner ME, Krumlauf R. The vertebrate Hox gene regulatory network for hindbrain segmentation: Evolution and diversification: Coupling of a Hox gene regulatory network to hindbrain segmentation is an ancient trait originating at the base of vertebrates. Bioessays 2016; 38:526-38. [PMID: 27027928 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain development is orchestrated by a vertebrate gene regulatory network that generates segmental patterning along the anterior-posterior axis via Hox genes. Here, we review analyses of vertebrate and invertebrate chordate models that inform upon the evolutionary origin and diversification of this network. Evidence from the sea lamprey reveals that the hindbrain regulatory network generates rhombomeric compartments with segmental Hox expression and an underlying Hox code. We infer that this basal feature was present in ancestral vertebrates and, as an evolutionarily constrained developmental state, is fundamentally important for patterning of the vertebrate hindbrain across diverse lineages. Despite the common ground plan, vertebrates exhibit neuroanatomical diversity in lineage-specific patterns, with different vertebrates revealing variations of Hox expression in the hindbrain that could underlie this diversification. Invertebrate chordates lack hindbrain segmentation but exhibit some conserved aspects of this network, with retinoic acid signaling playing a role in establishing nested domains of Hox expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J Parker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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29
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Evolution of mammalian sound localization circuits: A developmental perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 141:1-24. [PMID: 27032475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Localization of sound sources is a central aspect of auditory processing. A unique feature of mammals is the smooth, tonotopically organized extension of the hearing range to high frequencies (HF) above 10kHz, which likely induced positive selection for novel mechanisms of sound localization. How this change in the auditory periphery is accompanied by changes in the central auditory system is unresolved. I will argue that the major VGlut2(+) excitatory projection neurons of sound localization circuits (dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), lateral and medial superior olive (LSO and MSO)) represent serial homologs with modifications, thus being paramorphs. This assumption is based on common embryonic origin from an Atoh1(+)/Wnt1(+) cell lineage in the rhombic lip of r5, same cell birth, a fusiform cell morphology, shared genetic components such as Lhx2 and Lhx9 transcription factors, and similar projection patterns. Such a parsimonious evolutionary mechanism likely accelerated the emergence of neurons for sound localization in all three dimensions. Genetic analyses indicate that auditory nuclei in fish, birds, and mammals receive contributions from the same progenitor lineages. Anatomical and physiological differences and the independent evolution of tympanic ears in vertebrate groups, however, argue for convergent evolution of sound localization circuits in tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). These disparate findings are discussed in the context of the genetic architecture of the developing hindbrain, which facilitates convergent evolution. Yet, it will be critical to decipher the gene regulatory networks underlying development of auditory neurons across vertebrates to explore the possibility of homologous neuronal populations.
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30
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Sugahara F, Pascual-Anaya J, Oisi Y, Kuraku S, Aota SI, Adachi N, Takagi W, Hirai T, Sato N, Murakami Y, Kuratani S. Evidence from cyclostomes for complex regionalization of the ancestral vertebrate brain. Nature 2016; 531:97-100. [PMID: 26878236 DOI: 10.1038/nature16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain is highly complex, but its evolutionary origin remains elusive. Because of the absence of certain developmental domains generally marked by the expression of regulatory genes, the embryonic brain of the lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, had been regarded as representing a less complex, ancestral state of the vertebrate brain. Specifically, the absence of a Hedgehog- and Nkx2.1-positive domain in the lamprey subpallium was thought to be similar to mouse mutants in which the suppression of Nkx2-1 leads to a loss of the medial ganglionic eminence. Here we show that the brain of the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), another cyclostome group, develops domains equivalent to the medial ganglionic eminence and rhombic lip, resembling the gnathostome brain. Moreover, further investigation of lamprey larvae revealed that these domains are also present, ruling out the possibility of convergent evolution between hagfish and gnathostomes. Thus, brain regionalization as seen in crown gnathostomes is not an evolutionary innovation of this group, but dates back to the latest vertebrate ancestor before the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes more than 500 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Oisi
- Development and Function of Inhibitory Neural Circuits, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Aota
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Ravi V, Yu WP, Pillai NE, Lian MM, Tay BH, Tohari S, Brenner S, Venkatesh B. Cyclostomes Lack Clustered Protocadherins. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:311-5. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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33
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Loonen AJM, Ivanova SA. Circuits regulating pleasure and happiness: the evolution of reward-seeking and misery-fleeing behavioral mechanisms in vertebrates. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:394. [PMID: 26557051 PMCID: PMC4615821 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The very first free-moving animals in the oceans over 540 million years ago must have been able to obtain food, territory, and shelter, as well as reproduce. Therefore, they would have needed regulatory mechanisms to induce movements enabling achievement of these prerequisites for survival. It can be useful to consider these mechanisms in primitive chordates, which represent our earliest ancestors, to develop hypotheses addressing how these essential parts of human behavior are regulated and relate to more sophisticated behavioral manifestations such as mood. An animal comparable to lampreys was the earliest known vertebrate with a modern forebrain consisting of old and new cortical parts. Lampreys have a separate dorsal pallium, the forerunner of the most recently developed part of the cerebral cortex. In addition, the lamprey extrapyramidal system (EPS), which regulates movement, is modern. However, in lampreys and their putative forerunners, the hagfishes, the striatum, which is the input part of this EPS, probably corresponds to the human centromedial amygdala, which in higher vertebrates is part of a system mediating fear and anxiety. Both animals have well-developed nuclear habenulae, which are involved in several critical behaviors; in lampreys this system regulates the reward system that reinforces appetitive-seeking behavior or the avoidance system that reinforces flight behavior resulting from negative inputs. Lampreys also have a distinct glutamatergic nucleus, the so-called habenula-projection globus pallidus, which receives input from glutamatergic and GABAergic signals and gives output to the lateral habenula. Via this route, this nucleus influences midbrain monoaminergic nuclei and regulates the food acquisition system. These various structures involved in motor regulation in the lampreys may be conserved in humans and include two complementary mechanisms for reward reinforcement and avoidance behaviors. The first system is associated with experiencing pleasure and the second with happiness. The activities of these mechanisms are regulated by a tract running via the habenula to the upper brainstem. Identifying the human correlate of the lamprey habenula-projecting globus pallidus may help in elucidating the mechanism of the antidepressant effects of glutamatergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J M Loonen
- Department of Pharmacy, Geestelijke GezondheidsZorg Westelijk Noord-Brabant Chair of Pharmacotherapy in Psychiatric Patients, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Mental Health Institute Westelijk Noord-Brabant Halsteren, Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Molecular Biology and Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Research Institute Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Ecology and Basic Safety, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk, Russia
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34
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Terriente J, Pujades C. Cell segregation in the vertebrate hindbrain: a matter of boundaries. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3721-30. [PMID: 26089248 PMCID: PMC11113478 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Segregating cells into compartments during embryonic development is essential for growth and pattern formation. In the developing hindbrain, boundaries separate molecularly, physically and neuroanatomically distinct segments called rhombomeres. After rhombomeric cells have acquired their identity, interhombomeric boundaries restrict cell intermingling between adjacent rhombomeres and act as signaling centers to pattern the surrounding tissue. Several works have stressed the relevance of Eph/ephrin signaling in rhombomeric cell sorting. Recent data have unveiled the role of this pathway in the assembly of actomyosin cables as an important mechanism for keeping cells from different rhombomeres segregated. In this Review, we will provide a short summary of recent evidences gathered in different systems suggesting that physical actomyosin barriers can be a general mechanism for tissue separation. We will discuss current evidences supporting a model where cell-cell signaling pathways, such as Eph/ephrin, govern compartmental cell sorting through modulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and cell adhesive properties to prevent cell intermingling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Terriente
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Suzuki DG, Murakami Y, Yamazaki Y, Wada H. Expression patterns of Eph genes in the "dual visual development" of the lamprey and their significance in the evolution of vision in vertebrates. Evol Dev 2015; 17:139-47. [PMID: 25801221 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Image-forming vision is crucial to animals for recognizing objects in their environment. In vertebrates, this type of vision is achieved with paired camera eyes and topographic projection of the optic nerve. Topographic projection is established by an orthogonal gradient of axon guidance molecules, such as Ephs. To explore the evolution of image-forming vision in vertebrates, lampreys, which belong to the basal lineage of vertebrates, are key animals because they show unique "dual visual development." In the embryonic and pre-ammocoete larval stage (the "primary" phase), photoreceptive "ocellus-like" eyes develop, but there is no retinotectal optic nerve projection. In the late ammocoete larval stage (the "secondary" phase), the eyes grow and form into camera eyes, and retinotectal projection is newly formed. After metamorphosis, this retinotectal projection in adult lampreys is topographic, similar to that of gnathostomes. In this study, we explored the involvement of Ephs in lamprey "dual visual development" and establishment of the image-form vision. We found that gnathostome-like orthogonal gradient expression was present in the retina during the "secondary" phase; i.e., EphB showed a gradient of expression along the dorsoventral axis, while EphC was expressed along the anteroposterior axis. However, no orthogonal gradient expression was observed during the "primary" phase. These observations suggest that Ephs are likely recruited de novo for the guidance of topographical "second" optic nerve projection. Transformations during lamprey "dual visual development" may represent "recapitulation" from a protochordate-like ancestor to a gnathostome-like vertebrate ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi G Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
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Rahimi-Balaei M, Afsharinezhad P, Bailey K, Buchok M, Yeganeh B, Marzban H. Embryonic stages in cerebellar afferent development. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 26331050 PMCID: PMC4552263 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-015-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is important for motor control, cognition, and language processing. Afferent and efferent fibers are major components of cerebellar circuitry and impairment of these circuits causes severe cerebellar malfunction, such as ataxia. The cerebellum receives information from two major afferent types – climbing fibers and mossy fibers. In addition, a third set of afferents project to the cerebellum as neuromodulatory fibers. The spatiotemporal pattern of early cerebellar afferents that enter the developing embryonic cerebellum is not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss the cerebellar architecture and connectivity specifically related to afferents during development in different species. We will also consider the order of afferent fiber arrival into the developing cerebellum to establish neural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada ; College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Pegah Afsharinezhad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Karen Bailey
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Matthew Buchok
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada ; College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
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Ahumada-Galleguillos P, Fernández M, Marin GJ, Letelier JC, Mpodozis J. Anatomical organization of the visual dorsal ventricular ridge in the chick (Gallus gallus): Layers and columns in the avian pallium. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2618-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Ahumada-Galleguillos
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute; Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Máximo Fernández
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Gonzalo J. Marin
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Finis Terrae; Santiago Chile
| | - Juan C. Letelier
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Jorge Mpodozis
- Departamento de Biologia; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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Noro M, Sugahara F, Kuraku S. Reevaluating Emx gene phylogeny: homopolymeric amino acid tracts as a potential factor obscuring orthology signals in cyclostome genes. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:78. [PMID: 25935411 PMCID: PMC4464114 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate Emx genes, retained as multiple copies, are expressed in a nested pattern in the early embryonic forebrain and required for its regionalization. This pattern seems to have originated in a vertebrate common ancestor; however, a previous analysis, reporting two lamprey Emx genes, claimed independent Emx gene duplications in both cyclostome (extant jawless fish) and gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) lineages after their divergence. This scenario is neither parsimonious nor consistent with the hypothesis that genome expansion occurred before the cyclostome-gnathostome split, which is supported by recent genome-wide analyses. RESULTS We isolated and sequenced cDNA of two hagfish Emx genes and performed intensive molecular phylogenetic analyses, including the hagfish and/or lamprey Emx genes. The lamprey genes tended to attract each other in inferred phylogenetic trees, an effect that tended to be relaxed on inclusion of the hagfish genes. The results of these analyses suggest that cyclostome EmxB is orthologous to gnathostome Emx2, which was also supported by conserved synteny. Homopolymeric amino acid (HPAA) tracts represent a remarkable feature of the lamprey Emx sequences, and a comparative genome-wide scan revealed that lamprey proteins exhibit a unique pattern of HPAA tract accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis, including hagfish Emx genes, suggests that gene duplications gave rise to Emx1, -2 and -3 before the cyclostome-gnathostome split. We propose that independent HPAA tract accumulations in multiple ancient duplicates, as identified in lamprey Emx gene products, may have led to erroneous identification of gene duplication in the lamprey lineage. Overall, our reanalysis favors the scenario that the nested Emx expression pattern in mouse and lamprey shares a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Noro
- Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan. .,Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Lara-Ramírez R, Patthey C, Shimeld SM. Characterization of twoneurogeningenes from the brook lampreylampetra planeriand their expression in the lamprey nervous system. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1096-1108. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lara-Ramírez
- Department of Zoology; The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Cédric Patthey
- Department of Zoology; The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford United Kingdom
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Sebastian M. Shimeld
- Department of Zoology; The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford United Kingdom
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Pose-Méndez S, Candal E, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I. Genoarchitecture of the rostral hindbrain of a shark: basis for understanding the emergence of the cerebellum at the agnathan–gnathostome transition. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1321-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fritzsch B, Jahan I, Pan N, Elliott KL. Evolving gene regulatory networks into cellular networks guiding adaptive behavior: an outline how single cells could have evolved into a centralized neurosensory system. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:295-313. [PMID: 25416504 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of the neurosensory system of man, able to reflect on its own origin, is one of the major goals of comparative neurobiology. Details of the origin of neurosensory cells, their aggregation into central nervous systems and associated sensory organs and their localized patterning leading to remarkably different cell types aggregated into variably sized parts of the central nervous system have begun to emerge. Insights at the cellular and molecular level have begun to shed some light on the evolution of neurosensory cells, partially covered in this review. Molecular evidence suggests that high mobility group (HMG) proteins of pre-metazoans evolved into the definitive Sox [SRY (sex determining region Y)-box] genes used for neurosensory precursor specification in metazoans. Likewise, pre-metazoan basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes evolved in metazoans into the group A bHLH genes dedicated to neurosensory differentiation in bilaterians. Available evidence suggests that the Sox and bHLH genes evolved a cross-regulatory network able to synchronize expansion of precursor populations and their subsequent differentiation into novel parts of the brain or sensory organs. Molecular evidence suggests metazoans evolved patterning gene networks early, which were not dedicated to neuronal development. Only later in evolution were these patterning gene networks tied into the increasing complexity of diffusible factors, many of which were already present in pre-metazoans, to drive local patterning events. It appears that the evolving molecular basis of neurosensory cell development may have led, in interaction with differentially expressed patterning genes, to local network modifications guiding unique specializations of neurosensory cells into sensory organs and various areas of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, CLAS, 143 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA,
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Minicerebellum, now available for reductionists' functional study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11580-1. [PMID: 25074916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411821111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Medina L, Abellán A, Vicario A, Desfilis E. Evolutionary and developmental contributions for understanding the organization of the basal ganglia. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 83:112-25. [PMID: 24776992 DOI: 10.1159/000357832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein we take advantage of the evolutionary developmental biology approach in order to improve our understanding of both the functional organization and the evolution of the basal ganglia, with a particular focus on the globus pallidus. Therefore, we review data on the expression of developmental regulatory genes (that play key roles in patterning, regional specification and/or morphogenesis), gene function and fate mapping available in different vertebrate species, which are useful to (a) understand the embryonic origin and basic features of each neuron subtype of the basal ganglia (including neurotransmitter/neuropeptide expression and connectivity patterns); (b) identify the same (homologous) subpopulations in different species and the degree of variation or conservation throughout phylogeny, and (c) identify possible mechanisms that may explain the evolution of the basal ganglia. These data show that the globus pallidus of rodents contains two major subpopulations of GABAergic projection neurons: (1) neurons containing parvalbumin and neurotensin-related hexapetide (LANT6), with descending projections to the subthalamus and substantia nigra, which originate from progenitors expressing Nkx2.1, primarily located in the pallidal embryonic domain (medial ganglionic eminence), and (2) neurons containing preproenkephalin (and possibly calbindin), with ascending projections to the striatum, which appear to originate from progenitors expressing Islet1 in the striatal embryonic domain (lateral ganglionic eminence). Based on data on Nkx2.1, Islet1, LANT6 and proenkephalin, it appears that both cell types are also present in the globus pallidus/dorsal pallidum of chicken, frog and lungfish. In chicken, the globus pallidus also contains neurons expressing substance P (SP), perhaps originating in the striatal embryonic domain. In ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes, the pallidum contains at least the Nkx2.1 lineage cell population (likely representing the neurons containing LANT6). Based on the presence of neurons containing enkephalin or SP, it is possible that the pallidum of these animals also includes the Islet1 lineage cell subpopulation, and both neuron subtypes were likely present in the pallidum of the first jawed vertebrates. In contrast, lampreys (jawless fishes) appear to lack the pallidal embryonic domain and the Nkx2.1 lineage cell population that mainly characterize the pallidum in jawed vertebrates. In the absence of data in other jawless fishes, the ancestral condition in vertebrates remains to be elucidated. Perhaps, a major event in telencephalic evolution was the novel expression of Nkx2.1 in the subpallium, which has been related to Hedgehog expression and changes in the regulatory region of Nkx2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Medina
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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González A, Morona R, Moreno N, Bandín S, López JM. Identification of striatal and pallidal regions in the subpallium of anamniotes. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 83:93-103. [PMID: 24776990 DOI: 10.1159/000357754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The telencephalic basal ganglia (BG) of amniotes consist of two subdivisions, striatum and pallidum, which share many features, including development, cell types, neurotransmitter organization and hodology. In particular, these two subdivisions during development are defined on the basis of discrete gene expression patterns (genoarchitecture or genoarchitectonics). The characterization of the BG in the subpallium of representatives of the different classes of anamniote vertebrates was first approached in studies dealing with their localization, hodology and main neurochemical characteristics. Thus, it was proposed that an impressive degree of conservation exists across species. New insights can be gained by the comparative analysis of the expression of conserved transcription factors that distinctly define the striatal and pallidal components of the BG in all vertebrates. In addition, the expression of other genes that characterize neighboring regions of the BG is also useful to define the boundaries of each subdivision. Following this approach, we have analyzed the BG in the brain of juvenile representatives of amphibians, lungfishes, holosteans, Polypteriformes and Chondrichthyes. In addition, we briefly review previous data in teleosts and agnathans. The markers used include islet 1 and Dlx as striatal markers, whereas Nkx2.1 is essential for the identification of the pallidum. In turn, Pax6 and in particular Tbr1 are expressed in the pallium. These markers have been systematically analyzed in combination with neuronal markers of specific subpallial territories and cell populations, such as tyrosine hydroxylase, γ-aminobutyric acid, nitric oxide synthase, substance P and enkephalin. The results highlight that many genes share common distribution patterns and are arranged in conserved combinations whose identification has served to define homologies between components of the BG in distant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Wang H, Chung-Davidson YW, Li W. Identification and quantification of sea lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormones by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:98-106. [PMID: 24768126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) are neuropeptide hormones that regulate reproduction in vertebrates. Twenty-five unique chordate GnRH isoforms have been identified, all with very similar molecular architecture. Identification and quantification of endogenous GnRH in biological samples is extremely challenging due to the high levels of sequence similarity among these GnRH peptides and complexity of the biological matrices laden with large numbers of other peptides and protein degradation fragments, and due to low levels of GnRH abundance. In this study, three lamprey GnRH (lGnRH-I, -II, and -III) were extracted from sea lamprey brain tissue and plasma samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and identified by a high resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). A rapid quantitation method was developed and validated to determine the concentrations of these three lGnRHs by using a UPLC coupled tandem MS in positive ESI multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Luteinizing hormone-release hormone (LHRH, one of the mammalian GnRHs) was used as the internal standard. The developed quantitation method was fully validated for its recovery, matrix effect, linearity, repeatability, precision and accuracy, and storage stability. This method exhibited excellent linearity in a broad concentration range for all three lGnRHs (R(2)>0.99) and limits of detection (LOD; as low as 0.007 ng/mL). Brain and plasma samples from a total of 280 sea lampreys were analyzed with the developed method to investigate the biological relevance of the lGnRH levels. The concentrations of these three lGnRHs were detected at levels of pictogram per microgram brain tissue and milliliter of plasma. The obtained analytical performance parameters and collected data from real biological samples have proven that this is a robust, sensitive, and fully validated LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify three neuropeptide hormones in complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Wang
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Suzuki IK, Hirata T. A common developmental plan for neocortical gene-expressing neurons in the pallium of the domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus and the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:20. [PMID: 24778607 PMCID: PMC3985024 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The six-layered neocortex is a unique characteristic of mammals and likely provides the neural basis of their sophisticated cognitive abilities. Although all mammalian species share the layered structure of the neocortex, the sauropsids exhibit an entirely different cytoarchitecture of the corresponding pallial region. Our previous gene expression study revealed that the chicken pallium possesses neural subtypes that express orthologs of layer-specific genes of the mammalian neocortex. To understand the evolutionary steps leading toward animal group-specific neuronal arrangements in the pallium in the course of amniote diversification, we examined expression patterns of the same orthologs and a few additional genes in the pallial development of the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis, and compared these patterns to those of the chicken. Our analyses highlighted similarities in neuronal arrangements between the two species; the mammalian layer 5 marker orthologs are expressed in the medial domain and the layer 2/3 marker orthologs are expressed in the lateral domain in the pallia of both species. We hypothesize that the mediolateral arrangement of the neocortical layer-specific gene-expressing neurons originated in their common ancestor and is conserved among all sauropsid groups, whereas the neuronal arrangement within the pallium could have highly diversified independently in the mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo K Suzuki
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Mishima, Japan ; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Mishima, Japan
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Joven A, Morona R, González A, Moreno N. Expression patterns of Pax6 and Pax7 in the adult brain of a urodele amphibian, Pleurodeles waltl. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2088-124. [PMID: 23224769 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Expression patterns of Pax6, Pax7, and, to a lesser extent, Pax3 genes were analyzed by a combination of immunohistochemical techniques in the central nervous system of adult specimens of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl. Only Pax6 was found in the telencephalon, specifically the olfactory bulbs, striatum, septum, and lateral and central parts of the amygdala. In the diencephalon, Pax6 and Pax7 were distinct in the alar and basal parts, respectively, of prosomere 3. The distribution of Pax6, Pax7, and Pax3 cells correlated with the three pretectal domains. Pax7 specifically labeled cells in the dorsal mesencephalon, mainly in the optic tectum, and Pax6 cells were the only cells found in the tegmentum. Large populations of Pax7 cells occupied the rostral rhombencephalon, along with lower numbers of Pax6 and Pax3 cells. Pax6 was found in most granule cells of the cerebellum. Pax6 cells also formed a column of scattered neurons in the reticular formation and were found in the octavolateral area. The rhombencephalic ventricular zone of the alar plate expressed Pax7. Dorsal Pax7 cells and ventral Pax6 cells were found along the spinal cord. Our results show that the expression of Pax6 and Pax7 is widely maintained in the brains of adult urodeles, in contrast to the situation in other tetrapods. This discrepancy could be due to the generally pedomorphic features of urodele brains. Although the precise role of these transcription factors in adult brains remains to be determined, our findings support the idea that they may also function in adult urodeles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Joven
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Lauter G, Söll I, Hauptmann G. Molecular characterization of prosomeric and intraprosomeric subdivisions of the embryonic zebrafish diencephalon. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1093-118. [PMID: 22949352 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During development of the early neural tube, positional information provided by signaling gradients is translated into a grid of transverse and longitudinal transcription factor expression domains. Transcription factor specification codes defining distinct histogenetic domains within this grid are evolutionarily conserved across vertebrates and may reflect an underlying common vertebrate bauplan. When compared to the rich body of comparative gene expression studies of tetrapods, there is considerably less comparative data available for teleost fish. We used sensitive multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization to generate a detailed map of regulatory gene expression domains in the embryonic zebrafish diencephalon. The high resolution of this technique allowed us to resolve abutting and overlapping gene expression of different transcripts. We found that the relative topography of gene expression patterns in zebrafish was highly similar to those of orthologous genes in tetrapods and consistent with a three-prosomere organization of the alar and basal diencephalon. Our analysis further demonstrated a conservation of intraprosomeric subdivisions within prosomeres 1, 2, and 3 (p1, p2, and p3). A tripartition of zebrafish p1 was identified reminiscent of precommissural (PcP), juxtacommissural (JcP), and commissural (CoP) pretectal domains of tetrapods. The constructed detailed diencephalic transcription factor gene expression map further identified molecularly distinct thalamic and prethalamic rostral and caudal domains and a prethalamic eminence histogenetic domain in zebrafish. Our comparative gene expression analysis conformed with the idea of a common bauplan for the diencephalon of anamniote and amniote vertebrates from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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Sugahara F, Murakami Y, Adachi N, Kuratani S. Evolution of the regionalization and patterning of the vertebrate telencephalon: what can we learn from cyclostomes? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:475-83. [PMID: 23499411 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The telencephalon, the most anterior part of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), is a highly diversified region of the vertebrate body. Its evolutionary origin remains elusive, especially with regard to the ancestral state of its architecture as well as the origin of telencephalon-specific neuron subtypes. Cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfish), the sister group of the gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), serve as valuable models for studying the evolution of the vertebrate CNS. Here, we summarize recent studies on the development of the telencephalon in the lamprey. By comparing detailed developmental studies in mammals, we illustrate a possible ancestral developmental plan underlying the diversification of the vertebrate telencephalon and propose possible approaches for understanding the early evolution of the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sugahara
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Grillner S, Robertson B, Stephenson-Jones M. The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate basal ganglia and its role in action selection. J Physiol 2013; 591:5425-31. [PMID: 23318875 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.246660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of nuclei within the basal ganglia of the forebrain is central to the control of movement. We present data showing that the structure and function of the basal ganglia have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution over some 560 million years. The interaction between the different nuclei within the basal ganglia is conserved as well as the cellular and synaptic properties and transmitters. We consider the role of the conserved basal ganglia circuitry for basic patterns of motor behaviour controlled via brainstem circuits. The output of the basal ganglia consists of tonically active GABAergic neurones, which target brainstem motor centres responsible for different patterns of behaviour, such as eye and locomotor movements, posture, and feeding. A prerequisite for activating or releasing a motor programme is that this GABAergic inhibition is temporarily reduced. This can be achieved through activation of GABAergic projection neurons from striatum, the input level of the basal ganglia, given an appropriate synaptic drive from cortex, thalamus and the dopamine system. The tonic inhibition of the motor centres at rest most likely serves to prevent the different motor programmes from becoming active when not intended. Striatal projection neurones are subdivided into one group with dopamine 1 receptors that provides increased excitability of the direct pathway that can initiate movements, while inhibitory dopamine 2 receptors are expressed on neurones that instead inhibit movements and are part of the 'indirect loop' in mammals as well as lamprey. We review the evidence showing that all basic features of the basal ganglia have been conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny, and discuss these findings in relation to the role of the basal ganglia in selection of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Grillner
- S. Grillner: Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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