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Valdez RM, Rivera BN, Chang Y, Pennington JM, Fischer KA, Löhr CV, Tilton SC. Assessing susceptibility for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity in an in vitro 3D respiratory model for asthma. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1287863. [PMID: 38706568 PMCID: PMC11066177 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1287863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increased emphasis on understanding cumulative risk from the combined effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors as it relates to public health. Recent animal studies have identified pulmonary inflammation as a possible modifier and risk factor for chemical toxicity in the lung after exposure to inhaled pollutants; however, little is known about specific interactions and potential mechanisms of action. In this study, primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) cultured in 3D at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are utilized as a physiologically relevant model to evaluate the effects of inflammation on toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of contaminants generated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Normal HBEC were differentiated in the presence of IL-13 for 14 days to induce a profibrotic phenotype similar to asthma. Fully differentiated normal and IL-13 phenotype HBEC were treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BAP; 1-40 μg/mL) or 1% DMSO/PBS vehicle at the ALI for 48 h. Cells were evaluated for cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, and transcriptional biomarkers of chemical metabolism and inflammation by quantitative PCR. Cells with the IL-13 phenotype treated with BAP result in significantly (p < 0.05) decreased barrier integrity, less than 50% compared to normal cells. The effect of BAP in the IL-13 phenotype was more apparent when evaluating transcriptional biomarkers of barrier integrity in addition to markers of mucus production, goblet cell hyperplasia, type 2 asthmatic inflammation and chemical metabolism, which all resulted in dose-dependent changes (p < 0.05) in the presence of BAP. Additionally, RNA sequencing data showed that the HBEC with the IL-13 phenotype may have increased potential for uncontrolled proliferation and decreased capacity for immune response after BAP exposure compared to normal phenotype HBEC. These data are the first to evaluate the role of combined environmental factors associated with inflammation from pre-existing disease and PAH exposure on pulmonary toxicity in a physiologically relevant human in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reese M. Valdez
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brianna N. Rivera
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jamie M. Pennington
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kay A. Fischer
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Susan C. Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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2
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Lyu Q, Li Q, Zhou J, Zhao H. Formation and function of multiciliated cells. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307150. [PMID: 38032388 PMCID: PMC10689204 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated cells that line the airway tracts, brain ventricles, and reproductive ducts. Each MCC contains dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a synchronized manner to drive fluid flow across epithelia, the dysfunction of which is associated with a group of human diseases referred to as motile ciliopathies, such as primary cilia dyskinesia. Given the dynamic and complex process of multiciliogenesis, the biological events essential for forming multiple motile cilia are comparatively unelucidated. Thanks to advancements in genetic tools, omics technologies, and structural biology, significant progress has been achieved in the past decade in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of multiple motile cilia formation. In this review, we discuss recent studies with ex vivo culture MCC and animal models, summarize current knowledge of multiciliogenesis, and particularly highlight recent advances and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lyu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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3
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Wesselman HM, Arceri L, Nguyen TK, Lara CM, Wingert RA. Genetic mechanisms of multiciliated cell development: from fate choice to differentiation in zebrafish and other models. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 37997009 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCS) form bundles of cilia and their activities are essential for the proper development and physiology of many organ systems. Not surprisingly, defects in MCCs have profound consequences and are associated with numerous disease states. Here, we discuss the current understanding of MCC formation, with a special focus on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MCC fate choice and differentiation. Furthermore, we cast a spotlight on the use of zebrafish to study MCC ontogeny and several recent advances made in understanding MCCs using this vertebrate model to delineate mechanisms of MCC emergence in the developing kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Arceri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Caroline M Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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4
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Lewis M, Terré B, Knobel PA, Cheng T, Lu H, Attolini CSO, Smak J, Coyaud E, Garcia-Cao I, Sharma S, Vineethakumari C, Querol J, Gil-Gómez G, Piergiovanni G, Costanzo V, Peiró S, Raught B, Zhao H, Salvatella X, Roy S, Mahjoub MR, Stracker TH. GEMC1 and MCIDAS interactions with SWI/SNF complexes regulate the multiciliated cell-specific transcriptional program. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:201. [PMID: 36932059 PMCID: PMC10023806 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) project dozens to hundreds of motile cilia from their apical surface to promote the movement of fluids or gametes in the mammalian brain, airway or reproductive organs. Differentiation of MCCs requires the sequential action of the Geminin family transcriptional activators, GEMC1 and MCIDAS, that both interact with E2F4/5-DP1. How these factors activate transcription and the extent to which they play redundant functions remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transcriptional targets and proximal proteomes of GEMC1 and MCIDAS are highly similar. However, we identified distinct interactions with SWI/SNF subcomplexes; GEMC1 interacts primarily with the ARID1A containing BAF complex while MCIDAS interacts primarily with BRD9 containing ncBAF complexes. Treatment with a BRD9 inhibitor impaired MCIDAS-mediated activation of several target genes and compromised the MCC differentiation program in multiple cell based models. Our data suggest that the differential engagement of distinct SWI/SNF subcomplexes by GEMC1 and MCIDAS is required for MCC-specific transcriptional regulation and mediated by their distinct C-terminal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lewis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Berta Terré
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- CDR-Life AG, Zurich, 8592, Switzerland
| | - Tao Cheng
- Washington University in St Louis, Departments of Medicine (Nephrology), Cell Biology and Physiology, St. Louis, MO, 20814, USA
| | - Hao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jordann Smak
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Isabel Garcia-Cao
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Shalu Sharma
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chithran Vineethakumari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jessica Querol
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gil-Gómez
- Apoptosis Signalling Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Gabriele Piergiovanni
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY, 11568, USA
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, 119288, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Washington University in St Louis, Departments of Medicine (Nephrology), Cell Biology and Physiology, St. Louis, MO, 20814, USA
| | - Travis H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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5
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Jiang WJ, Sun MH, Li XH, Lee SH, Heo G, Zhou D, Cui XS. E2F4 regulates cell cycle to mediate embryonic development in pigs. Theriogenology 2023; 196:227-235. [PMID: 36427391 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, E2 factor (E2F) acts as a cell cycle regulator. E2F transcription factor 4 (E2F4) is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors and usually represents predominant E2F activity in cells. The E2F4 gene has been extensively studied in animals and is associated with multiple functions, such as cell cycle regulation and apoptosis; however, little is known about its role during embryonic development. In this study, we investigated the function of E2F4 and its mechanism of action in porcine embryo development. For this purpose, we knocked down E2F4 by microinjecting double-stranded RNA of E2F4 at the 1-cell stage. The results showed that E2F4 knockdown in porcine embryos led to a significant decrease in the blastocyst rate and total cell number. Defective E2F4 expression reduced the level of G1/S checkpoints (cyclin E-cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and cell cycle-related gene expression at the 4-cell embryo stage and blastocyst. Moreover, a decrease in E2F4 expression increased phosphorylated H2A.X variant histones and activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53-p21 pathway. In addition, E2F4 depletion caused a significant decrease in histone acetylation. Taken together, E2F4 plays a critical role as a transcriptional activator in the development of porcine embryos, an observation that contradicts its well-established role as a transcription repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ramón-Landreau M, Sánchez-Puelles C, López-Sánchez N, Lozano-Ureña A, Llabrés-Mas AM, Frade JM. E2F4DN Transgenic Mice: A Tool for the Evaluation of E2F4 as a Therapeutic Target in Neuropathology and Brain Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012093. [PMID: 36292945 PMCID: PMC9603043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F4 was initially described as a transcription factor with a key function in the regulation of cell quiescence. Nevertheless, a number of recent studies have established that E2F4 can also play a relevant role in cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as tissue regeneration. For these non-canonical functions, E2F4 can also act in the cytoplasm, where it is able to interact with many homeostatic and synaptic regulators. Since E2F4 is expressed in the nervous system, it may fulfill a crucial role in brain function and homeostasis, being a promising multifactorial target for neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. The regulation of E2F4 is complex, as it can be chemically modified through acetylation, from which we present evidence in the brain, as well as methylation, and phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of E2F4 within a conserved threonine motif induces cell cycle re-entry in neurons, while a dominant negative form of E2F4 (E2F4DN), in which the conserved threonines have been substituted by alanines, has been shown to act as a multifactorial therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We generated transgenic mice neuronally expressing E2F4DN. We have recently shown using this mouse strain that expression of E2F4DN in 5xFAD mice, a known murine model of AD, improved cognitive function, reduced neuronal tetraploidization, and induced a transcriptional program consistent with modulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide proteostasis and brain homeostasis recovery. 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice also showed reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 3-6 months of age. Here, we analyzed the immune response in 1 year-old 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice, concluding that reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis is maintained at this late stage. In addition, the expression of E2F4DN also reduced age-associated microgliosis in wild-type mice, thus stressing its role as a brain homeostatic agent. We conclude that E2F4DN transgenic mice represent a promising tool for the evaluation of E2F4 as a therapeutic target in neuropathology and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ramón-Landreau
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Puelles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia López-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Lozano-Ureña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina M. Llabrés-Mas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Frade
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Cajal International Neuroscience Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, UAH Science and Technology Campus, Avenida León 1, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-585-4740
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7
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Jin X, Liu J, Wang S, Shi J, Zhao C, Xie H, Kang Y. E2f4 is required for intestinal and otolith development in zebrafish. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2690-2702. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Jin
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Jiale Shi
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Haibo Xie
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao China
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8
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Hoque M, Kim EN, Chen D, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Essential Roles of Efferent Duct Multicilia in Male Fertility. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030341. [PMID: 35159149 PMCID: PMC8834061 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based hair-like organelles on the cell surface. Cilia have been implicated in various biological processes ranging from mechanosensation to fluid movement. Ciliary dysfunction leads to a plethora of human diseases, known as ciliopathies. Although non-motile primary cilia are ubiquitous, motile multicilia are found in restricted locations of the body, such as the respiratory tract, the oviduct, the efferent duct, and the brain ventricles. Multicilia beat in a whip-like motion to generate fluid flow over the apical surface of an epithelium. The concerted ciliary motion provides the driving force critical for clearing airway mucus and debris, transporting ova from the ovary to the uterus, maintaining sperm in suspension, and circulating cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. In the male reproductive tract, multiciliated cells (MCCs) were first described in the mid-1800s, but their importance in male fertility remained elusive until recently. MCCs exist in the efferent ducts, which are small, highly convoluted tubules that connect the testis to the epididymis and play an essential role in male fertility. In this review, we will introduce multiciliogenesis, discuss mouse models of male infertility with defective multicilia, and summarize our current knowledge on the biological function of multicilia in the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hoque
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (M.H.); (E.N.K.)
| | - Eunice N. Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (M.H.); (E.N.K.)
| | - Danny Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (D.C.); (F.-Q.L.)
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (D.C.); (F.-Q.L.)
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (M.H.); (E.N.K.)
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (D.C.); (F.-Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Hazan R, Mori M, Danielian PS, Guen VJ, Rubin SM, Cardoso WV, Lees JA. E2F4's cytoplasmic role in multiciliogenesis is mediated via an N-terminal domain that binds two components of the centriole replication machinery, Deup1 and SAS6. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar1. [PMID: 34260288 PMCID: PMC8684742 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-01-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells play critical roles in the airway, reproductive organs, and brain. Generation of multiple cilia requires both activation of a specialized transcriptional program and subsequent massive amplification of centrioles within the cytoplasm. The E2F4 transcription factor is required for both roles and consequently for multiciliogenesis. Here we establish that E2F4 associates with two distinct components of the centriole replication machinery, Deup1 and SAS6, targeting nonhomologous domains in these proteins. We map Deup1 and SAS6 binding to E2F4’s N-terminus and show that this domain is sufficient to mediate E2F4’s cytoplasmic role in multiciliogenesis. This sequence is highly conserved across the E2F family, but the ability to bind Deup1 and SAS6 is specific to E2F4 and E2F5, consistent with their shared roles in multiciliogenesis. By generating E2F4/E2F1 chimeras, we identify a six-residue motif that is critical for Deup1 and SAS6 binding. We propose that the ability of E2F4 and E2F5 to recruit Deup1 and/or SAS6, and enable centriole replication, contributes to their cytoplasmic roles in multiciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renin Hazan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paul S Danielian
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Vincent J Guen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
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10
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Lewis M, Stracker TH. Transcriptional regulation of multiciliated cell differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Legendre M, Zaragosi LE, Mitchison HM. Motile cilia and airway disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:19-33. [PMID: 33279404 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A finely regulated system of airway epithelial development governs the differentiation of motile ciliated cells of the human respiratory tract, conferring the body's mucociliary clearance defence system. Human cilia dysfunction can arise through genetic mutations and this is a cause of debilitating disease morbidities that confer a greatly reduced quality of life. The inherited human motile ciliopathy disorder, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), can arise from mutations in genes affecting various aspects of motile cilia structure and function through deficient production, transport and assembly of cilia motility components or through defective multiciliogenesis. Our understanding about the development of the respiratory epithelium, motile cilia biology and the implications for human pathology has expanded greatly over the past 20 years since isolation of the first PCD gene, rising to now nearly 50 genes. Systems level insights about cilia motility in health and disease have been made possible through intensive molecular and omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) research, applied in ciliate organisms and in animal and human disease modelling. Here, we review ciliated airway development and the genetic stratification that underlies PCD, for which the underlying genotype can increasingly be connected to biological mechanism and disease prognostics. Progress in this field can facilitate clinical translation of research advances, with potential for great medical impact, e.g. through improvements in ciliopathy disease diagnosis, management, family counselling and by enhancing the potential for future genetically tailored approaches to disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Legendre
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Childhood Genetic Disorders, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75012, France
| | | | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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12
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Lemeille S, Paschaki M, Baas D, Morlé L, Duteyrat JL, Ait-Lounis A, Barras E, Soulavie F, Jerber J, Thomas J, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Kistler WS, Reith W, Durand B. Interplay of RFX transcription factors 1, 2 and 3 in motile ciliogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9019-9036. [PMID: 32725242 PMCID: PMC7498320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia assembly is under strict transcriptional control during animal development. In vertebrates, a hierarchy of transcription factors (TFs) are involved in controlling the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated epithelia. RFX TFs play key functions in the control of ciliogenesis in animals. Whereas only one RFX factor regulates ciliogenesis in C. elegans, several distinct RFX factors have been implicated in this process in vertebrates. However, a clear understanding of the specific and redundant functions of different RFX factors in ciliated cells remains lacking. Using RNA-seq and ChIP-seq approaches we identified genes regulated directly and indirectly by RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 in mouse ependymal cells. We show that these three TFs have both redundant and specific functions in ependymal cells. Whereas RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 occupy many shared genomic loci, only RFX2 and RFX3 play a prominent and redundant function in the control of motile ciliogenesis in mice. Our results provide a valuable list of candidate ciliary genes. They also reveal stunning differences between compensatory processes operating in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Soulavie
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Jerber
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - W Stephen Kistler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
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13
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Collins C, Ventrella R, Mitchell BJ. Building a ciliated epithelium: Transcriptional regulation and radial intercalation of multiciliated cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 145:3-39. [PMID: 34074533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of the Xenopus embryo has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the development of a ciliated epithelium. Interspersed throughout the epithelium are multiciliated cells (MCCs) with 100+ motile cilia that beat in a coordinated manner to generate fluid flow over the surface of the cell. MCCs are essential for various developmental processes and, furthermore, ciliary dysfunction is associated with numerous pathologies. Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing a ciliated epithelium are of particular interest. MCCs originate in the inner epithelial layer of Xenopus skin, where Notch signaling plays a critical role in determining which progenitors will adopt a ciliated cell fate. Then, activation of various transcriptional regulators, such as GemC1 and MCIDAS, initiate the MCC transcriptional program, resulting in centriole amplification and the formation of motile cilia. Following specification and differentiation, MCCs undergo the process of radial intercalation, where cells apically migrate from the inner layer to the outer epithelial layer. This process involves the cooperation of various cytoskeletal networks, activation of various signaling molecules, and changes in cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion. Coordination of these cellular processes is required for complete incorporation into the outer epithelial layer and generation of a functional ciliated epithelium. Here, we highlight recent advances made in understanding the transcriptional cascades required for MCC specification and differentiation and the coordination of cellular processes that facilitate radial intercalation. Proper regulation of these signaling pathways and processes are the foundation for developing a ciliated epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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14
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Transcriptional E2F1/2/5/8 as potential targets and transcriptional E2F3/6/7 as new biomarkers for the prognosis of human lung carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:973-987. [PMID: 29754146 PMCID: PMC5990399 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
E2F is a group of genes that encode a family of transcription factors (TFs) in higher eukaryotes and participate in cell cycle regulation and DNA synthesis in mammalian cells. Evidence from cell lines, mouse models, and human tissues indicates that TFs are implicated in lung cancer (LC) tumorigenesis. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of eight E2Fs have yet to be elucidated. In the current study, we examined the transcriptional and survival data of E2Fs in patients with LC from ONCOMINE, GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and cBioPortal databases. We found that the expression levels of E2F1/2/3/5/6/7/8 were higher in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma tissues than in lung tissues, whereas the expression level of E2F4 was lower in the former than in the latter. The expression levels of E2F2/4/5/7/8 were correlated with advanced tumor stage. Survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database revealed that the high transcription levels of E2F1/2/4/5/7/8 were associated with low relapse-free survival (RFS) in all of the patients with LC. Conversely, high E2F3/6 levels predicted high RFS in these patients. This study implied that E2F3/6/7 are potential targets of precision therapy for patients with LC and that E2F1/2/4/5/8 are new biomarkers for the prognosis of LC.
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15
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Chu Q, Yao C, Qi X, Stripp BR, Tang N. STK11 is required for the normal program of ciliated cell differentiation in airways. Cell Discov 2019; 5:36. [PMID: 31636950 PMCID: PMC6796922 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of mucosal surfaces are dependent on establishing the correct proportions of specialized epithelial cell types. Multiciliated cells (also known as ciliated cells) are evolutionarily conserved and functionally indispensable epithelial cells, as suggested by the link between ciliated cell dysfunction and chronic human disease. Ciliated cell differentiation is an ordered process that involves initial cell fate determination and multiciliogenesis. STK11, a serine/threonine kinase, has been reported to be downregulated in human diseases associated with ciliopathies and functions as a tumor suppressor. Here, we show that STK11 is a physiological factor for the normal program of ciliated cell differentiation by phosphorylating MARK3, which directly suppresses ERK1/2 mediated pRB inactivation. Loss of Stk11 in airway progenitors impairs the differentiation of ciliated cells in both embryonic and adult airways. Our study establishes that STK11/MARK3/ERK1/2 signaling cascade is a key regulator to integrate ciliated cell fate commitment and the subsequent process of multiciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Changfu Yao
- Lung and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 90048 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Barry Raymond Stripp
- Lung and Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 90048 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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16
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Wildung M, Esser TU, Grausam KB, Wiedwald C, Volceanov-Hahn L, Riedel D, Beuermann S, Li L, Zylla J, Guenther AK, Wienken M, Ercetin E, Han Z, Bremmer F, Shomroni O, Andreas S, Zhao H, Lizé M. Transcription factor TAp73 and microRNA-449 complement each other to support multiciliogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2740-2757. [PMID: 31068677 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia serve vital functions in development, homeostasis, and regeneration. We recently demonstrated that TAp73 is an essential transcriptional regulator of respiratory multiciliogenesis. Here, we show that TAp73 is expressed in multiciliated cells (MCCs) of diverse tissues. Analysis of TAp73 mutant animals revealed that TAp73 regulates Foxj1, Rfx2, Rfx3, axonemal dyneins Dnali1 and Dnai1, plays a pivotal role in the generation of MCCs in male and female reproductive ducts, and contributes to fertility. However, the function of MCCs in the brain appears to be preserved despite the loss of TAp73, and robust activity of cilia-related networks is maintained in the absence of TAp73. Notably, TAp73 loss leads to distinct changes in ciliogenic microRNAs: miR34bc expression is reduced, whereas the miR449 cluster is induced in diverse multiciliated epithelia. Among different MCCs, choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells in the brain display prominent miR449 expression, whereas brain ventricles exhibit significant increase in miR449 levels along with an increase in the activity of ciliogenic E2F4/MCIDAS circuit in TAp73 mutant animals. Conversely, E2F4 induces robust transcriptional response from miR449 genomic regions. To address whether increased miR449 levels in the brain maintain the multiciliogenesis program in the absence of TAp73, we deleted both TAp73 and miR449 in mice. Although loss of miR449 alone led to a mild ciliary defect in the CP, more pronounced ciliary defects and hydrocephalus were observed in the brain lacking both TAp73 and miR449. In contrast, miR449 loss in other MCCs failed to enhance ciliary defects associated with TAp73 loss. Together, our study shows that, in addition to the airways, TAp73 is essential for generation of MCCs in male and female reproductive ducts, whereas miR449 and TAp73 complement each other to support multiciliogenesis and CP development in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merit Wildung
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Uli Esser
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katie Baker Grausam
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapeutics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Cornelia Wiedwald
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Larisa Volceanov-Hahn
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Electron Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapeutics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jessica Zylla
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapeutics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Ann-Kathrin Guenther
- Department of Genes and Behavior, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Wienken
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Evrim Ercetin
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Zhiyuan Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapeutics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
| | - Muriel Lizé
- Molecular & Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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17
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Terré B, Lewis M, Gil-Gómez G, Han Z, Lu H, Aguilera M, Prats N, Roy S, Zhao H, Stracker TH. Defects in efferent duct multiciliogenesis underlie male infertility in GEMC1-, MCIDAS- or CCNO-deficient mice. Development 2019; 146:dev.162628. [PMID: 30936178 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
GEMC1 and MCIDAS are geminin family proteins that transcriptionally activate E2F4/5-target genes during multiciliogenesis, including Foxj 1 and Ccno Male mice that lacked Gemc1, Mcidas or Ccno were found to be infertile, but the origin of this defect has remained unclear. Here, we show that all three genes are necessary for the generation of functional multiciliated cells in the efferent ducts that are required for spermatozoa to enter the epididymis. In mice that are mutant for Gemc1, Mcidas or Ccno, we observed a similar spectrum of phenotypes, including thinning of the seminiferous tubule epithelia, dilation of the rete testes, sperm agglutinations in the efferent ducts and lack of spermatozoa in the epididymis (azoospermia). These data suggest that defective efferent duct development is the dominant cause of male infertility in these mouse models, and this likely extends to individuals with the ciliopathy reduced generation of multiple motile cilia with mutations in MCIDAS and CCNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Terré
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Michael Lewis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gil-Gómez
- Apoptosis Signalling Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Zhiyuan Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY 11568, USA
| | - Hao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Neus Prats
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY 11568, USA
| | - Travis H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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18
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Al Jord A, Spassky N, Meunier A. Motile ciliogenesis and the mitotic prism. Biol Cell 2019; 111:199-212. [PMID: 30905068 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia of epithelial multiciliated cells transport vital fluids along organ lumens to promote essential respiratory, reproductive and brain functions. Progenitors of multiciliated cells undergo massive and coordinated organelle remodelling during their differentiation for subsequent motile ciliogenesis. Defects in multiciliated cell differentiation lead to severe cilia-related diseases by perturbing cilia-based flows. Recent work designated the machinery of mitosis as the orchestrator of the orderly progression of differentiation associated with multiple motile cilia formation. By examining the events leading to motile ciliogenesis with a methodological prism of mitosis, we contextualise and discuss the recent findings to broaden the spectrum of questions related to the differentiation of mammalian multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Al Jord
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS 7241 INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, F-75005, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005, France.,INSERM, U1024, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Alice Meunier
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, F-75005, France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005, France.,INSERM, U1024, Paris, F-75005, France
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19
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Dragoj M, Bankovic J, Podolski-Renic A, Buric SS, Pesic M, Tanic N, Stankovic T. Association of Overexpressed MYC Gene with Altered PHACTR3 and E2F4 Genes Contributes to Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Pathogenesis. J Med Biochem 2019; 38:188-195. [PMID: 30867647 PMCID: PMC6410994 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-Myc is one of the major cellular oncogenes overexpressed in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Its deregulated expression is necessary but not sufficient for malignant transformation. We evaluated expression of MYC gene in NSCLC patients and its association with alterations in the genes previously identified to be related to NSCLC pathogenesis, PHACTR3 and E2F4. METHODS We analyzed MYC gene expression by qRT-PCR in 30 NSCLC patients' samples and paired normal lung tissue. MYC expression was further statistically evaluated in relation to histopathological parameters, PHACTR3 and E2F4 gene alterations and survival. Alterations in aforementioned genes were previously detected and identified based on AP-PCR profiles of paired normal and tumor DNA samples, selection of DNA bands with altered mobility in tumor samples and their characterization by the reamplification, cloning and sequencing. RESULTS MYC expression was significantly increased in NSCLC samples and its overexpression significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma subtype. Most importantly, MYC overexpression significantly coincided with mutations in PHACTR3 and E2F4 genes, in group of all patients and in squamous cell carcinoma subtype. Moreover, patients with jointly overexpressed MYC and altered PHACTR3 or E2F4 showed trend of shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS Overall, MYC is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC and it is associated with mutated PHACTR3 gene, as well as mutated E2F4 gene. These joint gene alterations could be considered as potential molecular markers of NSCLC and its specific subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Dragoj
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Bankovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Podolski-Renic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Stojkovic Buric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Pesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Tanic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Stankovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research »Sinisa Stankovic«, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Lu H, Anujan P, Zhou F, Zhang Y, Chong YL, Bingle CD, Roy S. Mcidas mutant mice reveal a two-step process for the specification and differentiation of multiciliated cells in mammals. Development 2019; 146:146/6/dev172643. [PMID: 30877126 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) function in fluid clearance over epithelia. Studies with Xenopus embryos and individuals with the congenital respiratory disorder reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC), have implicated the nuclear protein MCIDAS (MCI), in the transcriptional regulation of MCC specification and differentiation. Recently, a paralogous protein, geminin coiled-coil domain containing (GMNC), was also shown to be required for MCC formation. Surprisingly, in contrast to the presently held view, we find that Mci mutant mice can specify MCC precursors. However, these precursors cannot produce multiple basal bodies, and mature into single ciliated cells. We identify an essential role for MCI in inducing deuterosome pathway components for the production of multiple basal bodies. Moreover, GMNC and MCI associate differentially with the cell-cycle regulators E2F4 and E2F5, which enables them to activate distinct sets of target genes (ciliary transcription factor genes versus basal body amplification genes). Our data establish a previously unrecognized two-step model for MCC development: GMNC functions in the initial step for MCC precursor specification. GMNC induces Mci expression that drives the second step of basal body production for multiciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Priyanka Anujan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673.,Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Feng Zhou
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Yan Ling Chong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673 .,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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21
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Stracker TH. E2F4/5-mediated transcriptional control of multiciliated cell differentiation: redundancy or fine-tuning? Dev Biol 2019; 446:20-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Gene set enrichment analysis of the bronchial epithelium implicates contribution of cell cycle and tissue repair processes in equine asthma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16408. [PMID: 30401798 PMCID: PMC6219531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower airways similar to adult-onset asthma in humans. Exacerbations are characterized by bronchial and bronchiolar neutrophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and airway constriction. In this study we analyzed the gene expression response of the bronchial epithelium within groups of asthmatic and non-asthmatic animals following exposure to a dusty hay challenge. After challenge we identified 2341 and 120 differentially expressed genes in asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis of changes in gene expression after challenge identified 587 and 171 significantly enriched gene sets in asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, respectively. Gene sets in asthmatic animals pertained, but were not limited, to cell cycle, neutrophil migration and chemotaxis, wound healing, hemostasis, coagulation, regulation of body fluid levels, and the hedgehog pathway. Furthermore, transcription factor target enrichment analysis in the asthmatic group showed that transcription factor motifs with the highest enrichment scores for up-regulated genes belonged to the E2F transcription factor family. It is postulated that engagement of hedgehog and E2F pathways in asthmatic horses promotes dysregulated cell proliferation and abnormal epithelial repair. These fundamental lesions may prevent re-establishment of homeostasis and perpetuate inflammation.
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23
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Chong YL, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Roy S. Distinct requirements of E2f4 versus E2f5 activity for multiciliated cell development in the zebrafish embryo. Dev Biol 2018; 443:165-172. [PMID: 30218642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) differentiate arrays of motile cilia that beat to drive fluid flow over epithelia. Recent studies have established two Geminin family coiled-coil containing nuclear regulatory proteins, Gmnc and Multicilin (Mci), in the specification and differentiation of the MCCs. Both Gmnc and Mci are devoid of a DNA binding domain: they regulate transcription by associating with E2f family transcription factors, notably E2f4 and E2f5. Here, we have studied the relative contribution of these two E2f factors in MCC development using the zebrafish embryo, which differentiates MCCs within kidney tubules and the nose. We found that while E2f4 is fully dispensable, E2f5 is essential for MCCs to form in the kidney tubules. Moreover, using a variety of double mutant combinations we show that E2f5 has a more prominent role in MCC development in the zebrafish than E2f4. This contrasts with current evidence from the mouse, where E2f4 seems to be more important. Thus, distinct combinatorial activities of the E2f4 and E2f5 proteins regulate the specification and differentiation of MCCs in zebrafish and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling Chong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhou
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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24
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Kim S, Ma L, Shokhirev MN, Quigley I, Kintner C. Multicilin and activated E2f4 induce multiciliated cell differentiation in primary fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12369. [PMID: 30120325 PMCID: PMC6098136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are specialized epithelial cells that project hundreds of motile cilia. To form these cilia, MCCs differentiate by dramatically expanding centriole number, using assembly factors required for centriole duplication during the cell cycle and multiple, novel assembly sites, called the deuterosome. The small coiled-coil protein, Multicilin, acting in a complex with the E2F proteins can initiate multiciliated cell differentiation, but reportedly only in a limited range of epithelial progenitors. To examine the nature of this restricted activity, we analyzed Multicilin activity in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), a cell type distant from the epithelial lineages where MCCs normally arise. We show that Multicilin transcriptional activity is markedly attenuated in MEFs, where it induces only limited centriole expansion in a small fraction of cells. We further show that this transcriptional block is largely bypassed by expressing Multicilin along with a form of E2f4 where a generic activation domain from HSV1 VP16 (E2f4VP16) is fused to the carboxy terminus. MEFs respond to Multicilin and E2f4VP16 by undergoing massive centriole expansion via the deuterosome pathway, recapitulating a temporal sequence of organelle biogenesis that occurs in epithelial progenitors during MCC differentiation. These results suggest that the pattern of organelle biogenesis occurring in differentiating MCCs is largely determined by the transcriptional changes induced by Multicilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjae Kim
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lina Ma
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Ian Quigley
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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25
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Wang Z, Plasschaert LW, Aryal S, Renaud NA, Yang Z, Choo-Wing R, Pessotti AD, Kirkpatrick ND, Cochran NR, Carbone W, Maher R, Lindeman A, Russ C, Reece-Hoyes J, McAllister G, Hoffman GR, Roma G, Jaffe AB. TRRAP is a central regulator of human multiciliated cell formation. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1941-1955. [PMID: 29588376 PMCID: PMC5987713 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) function to promote directional fluid flow across epithelial tissues. Wang et al. show that TRRAP, a component of multiple histone acetyltransferase complexes, is required for airway MCC formation and regulates a network of genes involved in MCC differentiation and function. The multiciliated cell (MCC) is an evolutionarily conserved cell type, which in vertebrates functions to promote directional fluid flow across epithelial tissues. In the conducting airway, MCCs are generated by basal stem/progenitor cells and act in concert with secretory cells to perform mucociliary clearance to expel pathogens from the lung. Studies in multiple systems, including Xenopus laevis epidermis, murine trachea, and zebrafish kidney, have uncovered a transcriptional network that regulates multiple steps of multiciliogenesis, ultimately leading to an MCC with hundreds of motile cilia extended from their apical surface, which beat in a coordinated fashion. Here, we used a pool-based short hairpin RNA screening approach and identified TRRAP, an essential component of multiple histone acetyltransferase complexes, as a central regulator of MCC formation. Using a combination of immunofluorescence, signaling pathway modulation, and genomic approaches, we show that (a) TRRAP acts downstream of the Notch2-mediated basal progenitor cell fate decision and upstream of Multicilin to control MCC differentiation; and (b) TRRAP binds to the promoters and regulates the expression of a network of genes involved in MCC differentiation and function, including several genes associated with human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lindsey W Plasschaert
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shivani Aryal
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nicole A Renaud
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zinger Yang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rayman Choo-Wing
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Angelica D Pessotti
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Nadire R Cochran
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Walter Carbone
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rob Maher
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alicia Lindeman
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Carsten Russ
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - John Reece-Hoyes
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aron B Jaffe
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
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26
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Ding J, Aronow BJ, Kaminski N, Kitzmiller J, Whitsett JA, Bar-Joseph Z. Reconstructing differentiation networks and their regulation from time series single-cell expression data. Genome Res 2018; 28:383-395. [PMID: 29317474 PMCID: PMC5848617 DOI: 10.1101/gr.225979.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Generating detailed and accurate organogenesis models using single-cell RNA-seq data remains a major challenge. Current methods have relied primarily on the assumption that descendant cells are similar to their parents in terms of gene expression levels. These assumptions do not always hold for in vivo studies, which often include infrequently sampled, unsynchronized, and diverse cell populations. Thus, additional information may be needed to determine the correct ordering and branching of progenitor cells and the set of transcription factors (TFs) that are active during advancing stages of organogenesis. To enable such modeling, we have developed a method that learns a probabilistic model that integrates expression similarity with regulatory information to reconstruct the dynamic developmental cell trajectories. When applied to mouse lung developmental data, the method accurately distinguished different cell types and lineages. Existing and new experimental data validated the ability of the method to identify key regulators of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ding
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Joseph Kitzmiller
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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27
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Schlauch D, Glass K, Hersh CP, Silverman EK, Quackenbush J. Estimating drivers of cell state transitions using gene regulatory network models. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:139. [PMID: 29237467 PMCID: PMC5729420 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Specific cellular states are often associated with distinct gene expression patterns. These states are plastic, changing during development, or in the transition from health to disease. One relatively simple extension of this concept is to recognize that we can classify different cell-types by their active gene regulatory networks and that, consequently, transitions between cellular states can be modeled by changes in these underlying regulatory networks. Results Here we describe MONSTER, MOdeling Network State Transitions from Expression and Regulatory data, a regression-based method for inferring transcription factor drivers of cell state conditions at the gene regulatory network level. As a demonstration, we apply MONSTER to four different studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to identify transcription factors that alter the network structure as the cell state progresses toward the disease-state. Conclusions We demonstrate that MONSTER can find strong regulatory signals that persist across studies and tissues of the same disease and that are not detectable using conventional analysis methods based on differential expression. An R package implementing MONSTER is available at github.com/QuackenbushLab/MONSTER. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0517-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schlauch
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Craig P Hersh
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA. .,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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28
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Mori M, Hazan R, Danielian PS, Mahoney JE, Li H, Lu J, Miller ES, Zhu X, Lees JA, Cardoso WV. Cytoplasmic E2f4 forms organizing centres for initiation of centriole amplification during multiciliogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15857. [PMID: 28675157 PMCID: PMC5500891 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal development of multiciliated cells is a hallmark of a variety of human conditions associated with chronic airway diseases, hydrocephalus and infertility. Multiciliogenesis requires both activation of a specialized transcriptional program and assembly of cytoplasmic structures for large-scale centriole amplification that generates basal bodies. It remains unclear, however, what mechanism initiates formation of these multiprotein complexes in epithelial progenitors. Here we show that this is triggered by nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the transcription factor E2f4. After inducing a transcriptional program of centriole biogenesis, E2f4 forms apical cytoplasmic organizing centres for assembly and nucleation of deuterosomes. Using genetically altered mice and E2F4 mutant proteins we demonstrate that centriole amplification is crucially dependent on these organizing centres and that, without cytoplasmic E2f4, deuterosomes are not assembled, halting multiciliogenesis. Thus, E2f4 integrates nuclear and previously unsuspected cytoplasmic events of centriole amplification, providing new perspectives for the understanding of normal ciliogenesis, ciliopathies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Renin Hazan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paul S Danielian
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John E Mahoney
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Huijun Li
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jining Lu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Emily S Miller
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
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29
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Abstract
Multiciliated cells are epithelial cells that are in contact with bodily fluids and are required for the proper function of major organs including the brain, the respiratory system and the reproductive tracts. Their multiple motile cilia beat unidirectionally to remove particles of external origin from their surface and/or drive cells or fluids into the lumen of the organs. Multiciliated cells in the brain are produced once, almost exclusively during embryonic development, whereas in respiratory tracts and oviducts they regenerate throughout life. In this Review, we provide a cell-to-organ overview of multiciliated cells and highlight recent studies that have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving the development and function of these cells in vertebrates. We discuss cell fate determination and differentiation of multiciliated cells, and provide a comprehensive account of their locations and functions in mammals.
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30
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Abstract
Many animal cells assemble single cilia involved in motile and/or sensory functions. In contrast, multiciliated cells (MCCs) assemble up to 300 motile cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion to generate a directional fluid flow. In the human airways, the brain, and the oviduct, MCCs allow mucus clearance, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and egg transportation, respectively. Impairment of MCC function leads to chronic respiratory infections and increased risks of hydrocephalus and female infertility. MCC differentiation during development or repair involves the activation of a regulatory cascade triggered by the inhibition of Notch activity in MCC progenitors. The downstream events include the simultaneous assembly of a large number of basal bodies (BBs)-from which cilia are nucleated-in the cytoplasm of the differentiating MCCs, their migration and docking at the plasma membrane associated to an important remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, and the assembly and polarization of motile cilia. The direction of ciliary beating is coordinated both within cells and at the tissue level by a combination of planar polarity cues affecting BB position and hydrodynamic forces that are both generated and sensed by the cilia. Herein, we review the mechanisms controlling the specification and differentiation of MCCs and BB assembly and organization at the apical surface, as well as ciliary assembly and coordination in MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meunier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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31
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Abstract
The E2F family of transcription factors is a key determinant of cell proliferation in response to extra- and intra-cellular signals. Within this family, E2F4 is a transcriptional repressor whose activity is critical to engage and maintain cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 in conjunction with members of the retinoblastoma (RB) family. However, recent observations challenge this paradigm and indicate that E2F4 has a multitude of functions in cells besides this cell cycle regulatory role, including in embryonic and adult stem cells, during regenerative processes, and in cancer. Some of these new functions are independent of the RB family and involve direct activation of target genes. Here we review the canonical functions of E2F4 and discuss recent evidence expanding the role of this transcription factor, with a focus on cell fate decisions in tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hsu
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Julien Sage
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
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32
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Danielian PS, Hess RA, Lees JA. E2f4 and E2f5 are essential for the development of the male reproductive system. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:250-60. [PMID: 26825228 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1121350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors are primarily implicated in the regulation of entry and exit from the cell cycle. However, in vivo studies have established additional roles for E2Fs during organ development and homeostasis. With the goal of addressing the intestinal requirements of E2f4 and E2f5, we crossed mice carrying Vil-cre, E2f4 conditional and E2f5 germline alleles. E2f4 deletion had no detectable effect on intestinal development. However, E2f4f/f;E2f5+/-;Vil-cre males, but not E2f4f/f;Vil-cre littermates, were unexpectedly sterile. This defect was not due to defective spermatogenesis. Instead, the seminiferous tubules and rete testes showed significant dilation, and spermatozoa accumulated aberrantly in the rete testis and efferent ducts. Our data show that these problems result from defective efferent ducts, a tissue whose primary function is to concentrate sperm through fluid absorption. First, Vil-cre expression, and consequent E2F4 loss, was specific to the efferent ducts and not other reproductive tract tissues. Second, the E2f4f/f;E2f5+/-;Vil-cre efferent ducts had completely lost multiciliated cells and greatly reduced levels of critical absorptive cell proteins: aquaporin1, a water channel protein, and clusterin, an endocytic marker. Collectively, the observed testis phenotypes suggest a fluid flux defect. Remarkably, we observed rete testis dilation prior to the normal time of seminiferous fluid production, arguing that the efferent duct defects promote excessive secretory activity within the reproductive tract. Finally, we also detect key aspects of these testis defects in E2f5-/- mice. Thus, we conclude that E2f4 and E2f5 display overlapping roles in controlling the normal development of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Danielian
- a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Rex A Hess
- b Reproductive Biology & Toxicology , Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana , IL , USA
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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33
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Marshall CB, Mays DJ, Beeler JS, Rosenbluth JM, Boyd KL, Santos Guasch GL, Shaver TM, Tang LJ, Liu Q, Shyr Y, Venters BJ, Magnuson MA, Pietenpol JA. p73 Is Required for Multiciliogenesis and Regulates the Foxj1-Associated Gene Network. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2289-300. [PMID: 26947080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that p73 is expressed in multiciliated cells (MCCs), is required for MCC differentiation, and directly regulates transcriptional modulators of multiciliogenesis. Loss of ciliary biogenesis provides a unifying mechanism for many phenotypes observed in p73 knockout mice including hydrocephalus; hippocampal dysgenesis; sterility; and chronic inflammation/infection of lung, middle ear, and sinus. Through p73 and p63 ChIP-seq using murine tracheal cells, we identified over 100 putative p73 target genes that regulate MCC differentiation and homeostasis. We validated Foxj1, a transcriptional regulator of multiciliogenesis, and many other cilia-associated genes as direct target genes of p73 and p63. We show p73 and p63 are co-expressed in a subset of basal cells and suggest that p73 marks these cells for MCC differentiation. In summary, p73 is essential for MCC differentiation, functions as a critical regulator of a transcriptome required for MCC differentiation, and, like p63, has an essential role in development of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton B Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Deborah J Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Beeler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer M Rosenbluth
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Shaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lucy J Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan J Venters
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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34
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Terré B, Piergiovanni G, Segura-Bayona S, Gil-Gómez G, Youssef SA, Attolini CSO, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Jung C, Rojas AM, Marjanović M, Knobel PA, Palenzuela L, López-Rovira T, Forrow S, Huttner WB, Valverde MA, de Bruin A, Costanzo V, Stracker TH. GEMC1 is a critical regulator of multiciliated cell differentiation. EMBO J 2016; 35:942-60. [PMID: 26933123 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of multiciliated cells (MCCs) is required for the proper function of many tissues, including the respiratory tract, brain, and germline. Defects in MCC development have been demonstrated to cause a subclass of mucociliary clearance disorders termed reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC). To date, only two genes, Multicilin (MCIDAS) and cyclin O (CCNO) have been identified in this disorder in humans. Here, we describe mice lacking GEMC1 (GMNC), a protein with a similar domain organization as Multicilin that has been implicated in DNA replication control. We have found that GEMC1-deficient mice are growth impaired, develop hydrocephaly with a high penetrance, and are infertile, due to defects in the formation of MCCs in the brain, respiratory tract, and germline. Our data demonstrate that GEMC1 is a critical regulator of MCC differentiation and a candidate gene for human RGMC or related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Terré
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Segura-Bayona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gil-Gómez
- IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carole Jung
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Rojas
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Campus Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Marko Marjanović
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Palenzuela
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa López-Rovira
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen Forrow
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Miguel A Valverde
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Travis H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Park SA, Platt J, Lee JW, López-Giráldez F, Herbst RS, Koo JS. E2F8 as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Lung Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv151. [PMID: 26089541 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E2F members have been divided into transcription activators (E2F1-E2F3) and repressors (E2F4-E2F8). E2F8 with E2F7 has been known to play an important physiologic role in embryonic development and cell cycle regulation by repressing E2F1. However, the function of E2F8 in cancer cells is unknown. METHODS E2F8 expression was assessed by immunoblotting or immunofluorescence staining in human lung cancer (LC) cells and tissues from LC patients (n = 45). Cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion analysis were performed to evaluate the role of E2F8 in LC. Microarray analysis was used to determine the target genes of E2F8. The regulation of E2F8 on the expression of ubiquitin-like PHD and RING domain-containing 1 (UHRF1), one of E2F8 target genes, was determined using chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter activity assays. Human LC xenograft models were used to determine the effects of inhibiting E2F8 by siRNAs (n = 7 per group) or antisense morpholino (n = 8 per group) on tumor growth. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and group differences by the Student's t test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS LC tumors overexpressed E2F8 compared with normal lung tissues. Depletion of E2F8 inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth. E2F8 knockdown statistically significantly reduced the expression of UHRF1 (~60%-70%, P < .001), and the direct binding of E2F8 on the promoter of UHRF1 was identified. Kaplan-Meier analysis with a public database showed prognostic significance of aberrant E2F8 expression in LC (HR = 1.91 95% CI = 1.21 to 3.01 in chemo-naïve patients, P = .0047). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that E2F8 is overexpressed in LC and is required for the growth of LC cells. These findings implicate E2F8 as a novel therapeutic target for LC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Aye Park
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine (SAP, JWL, RSH, JSK) and Translational Research Program (RSH, JSK), Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology (JP), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT (FLG)
| | - James Platt
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine (SAP, JWL, RSH, JSK) and Translational Research Program (RSH, JSK), Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology (JP), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT (FLG)
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine (SAP, JWL, RSH, JSK) and Translational Research Program (RSH, JSK), Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology (JP), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT (FLG)
| | - Francesc López-Giráldez
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine (SAP, JWL, RSH, JSK) and Translational Research Program (RSH, JSK), Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology (JP), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT (FLG)
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine (SAP, JWL, RSH, JSK) and Translational Research Program (RSH, JSK), Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology (JP), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT (FLG)
| | - Ja Seok Koo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine (SAP, JWL, RSH, JSK) and Translational Research Program (RSH, JSK), Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pathology and Medical Oncology (JP), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT (FLG).
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Fuchs JC, Linden JF, Baldini A, Tucker AS. A defect in early myogenesis causes Otitis media in two mouse models of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1869-82. [PMID: 25452432 PMCID: PMC4355021 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM), the inflammation of the middle ear, is the most common disease and cause for surgery in infants worldwide. Chronic Otitis media with effusion (OME) often leads to conductive hearing loss and is a common feature of a number of craniofacial syndromes, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS). OM is more common in children because the more horizontal position of the Eustachian tube (ET) in infants limits or delays clearance of middle ear effusions. Some mouse models with OM have shown alterations in the morphology and angle of the ET. Here, we present a novel mechanism in which OM is caused not by a defect in the ET itself but in the muscles that control its function. Our results show that in two mouse models of 22q11.2DS (Df1/+ and Tbx1(+/-)) presenting with bi- or unilateral OME, the fourth pharyngeal arch-derived levator veli palatini muscles were hypoplastic, which was associated with an earlier altered pattern of MyoD expression. Importantly, in mice with unilateral OME, the side with the inflammation was associated with significantly smaller muscles than the contralateral unaffected ear. Functional tests examining ET patency confirmed a reduced clearing ability in the heterozygous mice. Our findings are also of clinical relevance as targeting hypoplastic muscles might present a novel preventative measure for reducing the high rates of OM in 22q11.2DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Fuchs
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jennifer F Linden
- Ear Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 8XX, UK
| | - Antonio Baldini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK,
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Balestra F, Gönczy P. Multiciliogenesis: Multicilin Directs Transcriptional Activation of Centriole Formation. Curr Biol 2014; 24:R746-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Biphasic response of checkpoint control proteins in hyperoxia: exposure to lower levels of oxygen induces genome maintenance genes in experimental baboon BPD. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:187-98. [PMID: 24939362 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Breathing high concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) causes lung injury and is associated with lung diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborns. Hyperoxia (95-100 %O2) causes DNA damage and growth arrest of lung cells and consequently cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. Although supplemental oxygen therapy is clinically important, the level and duration of hyperoxic exposure that would allow lung cells to reenter the cell cycle remains unclear. We hypothesized that cells exposed to lower concentrations of hyperoxia will retain the capacity to enter cell cycle when recovered in room air. We employed varying concentrations of oxygen (21-95 %) to determine the response of lung cells to hyperoxia. Our results indicate that cells were growth arrested and failed to reenter the cell cycle when exposed to greater than 60 % oxygen. Cell cycle checkpoint proteins were increased in a biphasic manner, increasing until 70 % oxygen, but declined in greater than 90 % oxygen. Microarray analysis shows that there is significant decrease in the abundance of Cdks 6-8 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p107 and p130 in exposure to 90 % oxygen for 48 h. We further tested the effect of clinically relevant as needed oxygen [(pro-re-nata (prn)] in premature infant (125-days and 140-days) baboon model of BPD. The microarray results show that 6 or 14d PRN oxygen-exposed animals had induced expression of chromosomal maintenance genes (MCMs), genes related to anti-inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation.
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Abstract
Muliciliate cells (MCCs) play critical roles in producing luminal fluid flow in a number of organ systems. To differentiate, MCCs undergo a unique program of centriole assembly initiated by the small coiled-coil protein multicilin. Kintner and colleagues show that multicilin forms a ternary complex with e2f4, e2f5, and their dimerization partner, dp1, which activates centriole biogenesis genes. Multicilin thus coopts the e2f regulation of cell cycle genes to drive centriole assembly. Furthermore, this complex is disabled by mutations in human multicilin that cause a severe congenital mucociliary clearance disorder. Multiciliate cells employ hundreds of motile cilia to produce fluid flow, which they nucleate and extend by first assembling hundreds of centrioles. In most cells, entry into the cell cycle allows centrioles to undergo a single round of duplication, but in differentiating multiciliate cells, massive centriole assembly occurs in G0 by a process initiated by a small coiled-coil protein, Multicilin. Here we show that Multicilin acts by forming a ternary complex with E2f4 or E2f5 and Dp1 that binds and activates most of the genes required for centriole biogenesis, while other cell cycle genes remain off. This complex also promotes the deuterosome pathway of centriole biogenesis by activating the expression of deup1 but not its paralog, cep63. Finally, we show that this complex is disabled by mutations in human Multicilin that cause a severe congenital mucociliary clearance disorder due to reduced generation of multiple cilia. By coopting the E2f regulation of cell cycle genes, Multicilin drives massive centriole assembly in epithelial progenitors in a manner required for multiciliate cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla 92037, California, USA
| | - Ian Quigley
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla 92037, California, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster; Germany
| | - Chris Kintner
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla 92037, California, USA
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Bultmann I, Conradi A, Kretschmer C, Sterner-Kock A. Latent transforming growth factor β-binding protein 4 is downregulated in esophageal cancer via promoter methylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65614. [PMID: 23741501 PMCID: PMC3669142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor β-binding protein 4 (LTBP4) is an extracellular matrix molecule that is a member of important connective tissue networks and is needed for the correct folding and the secretion of TGF-β1. LTBP4 is downregulated in carcinomas of various tissues. Here we show that LTBP4 is also downregulated in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus in vitro and in vivo. Re-expression of LTBP4 in esophageal cancer cell lines reduced cell migration ability, whereas cell viability and cell proliferation remained unchanged. Hypermethylation of the promoter regions of the two main human LTBP4 transcriptional forms, LTBP4L and LTBP4S, was found to be involved in LTBP4 silencing. Detailed investigations of the methylation patterns of the promoter regions of LTBP4L and LTBP4S identified GATA1, SP1, E2F4 and SMAD3 as potential transcription factors involved in LTBP4 expression. In in vitro transcription factor activity studies we discovered E2F4 as novel powerful regulator for LTBP4S expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Bultmann
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Miller ES, Berman SD, Yuan TL, Lees JA. Disruption of calvarial ossification in E2f4 mutant embryos correlates with increased proliferation and progenitor cell populations. Cell Cycle 2011; 9:2620-8. [PMID: 20581455 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.13.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F family of transcription factors, in association with pocket protein family members, are important for regulating genes required for cellular proliferation. The most abundant E2F, E2F4, is implicated in maintaining the G(0)/G(1) cell cycle state via transcriptional repression of genes that encode proteins required for S-phase progression. Here, we investigate E2F4's role in bone development using E2f4 germline mutant mice. We find that mutation of E2f4 impairs the formation of several bones that arise through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. The most severe defect occurred in the calvarial bones of the skull where we observed a striking delay in their ossification. In vivo and in vitro analyses established that E2F4 loss did not block the intrinsic differentiation potential of calvarial osteoblast progenitors. However, our data showed that E2f4 mutation elevated proliferation in the developing calvaria in vivo and it increased the endogenous pool of undifferentiated progenitor cells. These data suggest that E2F4 plays an important role in enabling osteoblast progenitors to exit the cell cycle and subsequently differentiate thereby contributing to the commitment of these cells to the bone lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Miller
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Unraveling the genetics of otitis media: from mouse to human and back again. Mamm Genome 2010; 22:66-82. [PMID: 21107580 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is among the most common illnesses of early childhood, characterised by the presence of inflammation in the middle ear cavity. Acute OM and chronic OM with effusion (COME) affect the majority of children by school age and have heritability estimates of 40-70%. However, the majority of genes underlying this susceptibility are, as yet, unidentified. One method of identifying genes and pathways that may contribute to OM susceptibility is to look at mouse mutants displaying a comparable phenotype. Single-gene mouse mutants with OM have identified a number of genes, namely, Eya4, Tlr4, p73, MyD88, Fas, E2f4, Plg, Fbxo11, and Evi1, as potential and biologically relevant candidates for human disease. Recent studies suggest that this "mouse-to-human" approach is likely to yield relevant data, with significant associations reported between polymorphisms at the FBXO11, TLR4, and PAI1 genes and disease in humans. An association between TP73 and chronic rhinosinusitis has also been reported. In addition, the biobanks of available mouse mutants provide a powerful resource for functional studies of loci identified by future genome-wide association studies of OM in humans. Mouse models of OM therefore are an important component of current approaches attempting to understand the complex genetic susceptibility to OM in humans, and which aim to facilitate the development of preventative and therapeutic interventions for this important and common disease.
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Transcriptional control of genes involved in ciliogenesis: a first step in making cilia. Biol Cell 2010; 102:499-513. [PMID: 20690903 DOI: 10.1042/bc20100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella have essential functions in a wide range of organisms. Cilia assembly is dynamic during development and different types of cilia are found in multicellular organisms. How this dynamic and specific assembly is regulated remains an important question in cilia biology. In metazoans, the regulation of the overall expression level of key components necessary for cilia assembly or function is an important way to achieve ciliogenesis control. The FOXJ1 (forkhead box J1) and RFX (regulatory factor X) family of transcription factors have been shown to be important players in controlling ciliary gene expression. They fulfill a complementary and synergistic function by regulating specific and common target genes. FOXJ1 is essential to allow for the assembly of motile cilia in vertebrates through the regulation of genes specific to motile cilia or necessary for basal body apical transport, whereas RFX proteins are necessary to assemble both primary and motile cilia in metazoans, in particular, by regulating genes involved in intraflagellar transport. Recently, different transcription factors playing specific roles in cilia biogenesis and physiology have also been discovered. All these factors are subject to complex regulation to allow for the dynamic and specific regulation of ciliogenesis in metazoans.
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Brown KC, Witte TR, Hardman WE, Luo H, Chen YC, Carpenter AB, Lau JK, Dasgupta P. Capsaicin displays anti-proliferative activity against human small cell lung cancer in cell culture and nude mice models via the E2F pathway. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10243. [PMID: 20421925 PMCID: PMC2857654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by rapid progression and low survival rates. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed for this disease. Capsaicin, the active ingredient of chilli peppers, displays anti-proliferative activity in prostate and epidermoid cancer in vitro. However, the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin has not been studied in human SCLCs. The present manuscript fills this void of knowledge and explores the anti-proliferative effect of capsaicin in SCLC in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings BrdU assays and PCNA ELISAs showed that capsaicin displays robust anti-proliferative activity in four human SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, capsaicin potently suppressed the growth of H69 human SCLC tumors in vivo as ascertained by CAM assays and nude mice models. The second part of our study attempted to provide insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. We found that the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin is correlated with a decrease in the expression of E2F-responsive proliferative genes like cyclin E, thymidylate synthase, cdc25A and cdc6, both at mRNA and protein levels. The transcription factor E2F4 mediated the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. Ablation of E2F4 levels by siRNA methodology suppressed capsaicin-induced G1 arrest. ChIP assays demonstrated that capsaicin caused the recruitment of E2F4 and p130 on E2F-responsive proliferative promoters, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of capsaicin could be useful in the therapy of human SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ted R. Witte
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - W. Elaine Hardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Haitao Luo
- Department of Biology, Alderson-Broaddus College, Phillipi, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yi C. Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson-Broaddus College, Phillipi, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - A. Betts Carpenter
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jamie K. Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang J, Lee EY, Liu Y, Berman SD, Lodish HF, Lees JA. pRB and E2F4 play distinct cell-intrinsic roles in fetal erythropoiesis. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:371-6. [PMID: 20023434 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.2.10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRB functions, at least in part, by directly binding to and modulating the activity of the E2F transcription factors. Previous studies have shown that both E2F4 and pRB play important roles in fetal erythropoiesis. Given that these two proteins interact directly we investigated the overlap of E2F4 and pRB function in this process by analyzing E2f4(-/-), conditional Rb knockout (Rb(1lox/1lox)), and compound E2f4(-/-);Rb(1lox/1lox) embryos. At E15.5 E2f4(-/-) and Rb(1lox/1lox) fetal erythroid cells display distinct abnormalities in their differentiation profiles. When cultured in vitro, both E2f4(-/-) and Rb(1lox/1lox) erythroid cells show defects in cell cycle progression. Surprisingly, analysis of cell cycle profiling suggests that E2F4 and pRB control cell cycle exit through different mechanisms. Moreover, only pRB, but not E2F4, promotes cell survival in erythroid cells. We observed an additive rather than a synergistic impact upon the erythroid defects in the compound E2f4(-/-);Rb(1lox/1lox) embryos. We further found that fetal liver macrophage development is largely normal regardless of genotype. Taken together, our results show that E2F4 and pRB play independent cell-intrinsic roles in fetal erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
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A role for E2F activities in determining the fate of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000640. [PMID: 19749980 PMCID: PMC2729385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic heterogeneity that characterizes human cancers reflects the enormous genetic complexity of the oncogenic process. This complexity can also be seen in mouse models where it is frequently observed that in addition to the initiating genetic alteration, the resulting tumor harbors additional, somatically acquired mutations that affect the tumor phenotype. To investigate the role of genetic interactions in the development of tumors, we have made use of the Emu-myc model of pre-B and B cell lymphoma. Since various studies point to a functional interaction between Myc and the Rb/E2F pathway, we have investigated the role of E2F activities in the process of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Whereas the absence of E2F1 and E2F3 function has no impact on Myc-mediated tumor development, the absence of E2F2 substantially accelerates the time of tumor onset. Conversely, tumor development is delayed by the absence of E2F4. The enhanced early onset of tumors seen in the absence of E2F2 coincides with an expansion of immature B lineage cells that are likely to be the target for Myc oncogenesis. In contrast, the absence of E2F4 mutes the response of the lineage to Myc and there is no expansion of immature B lineage cells. We also find that distinct types of tumors emerge from the Emu-myc mice, distinguished by different patterns of gene expression, and that the relative proportions of these tumor types are affected by the absence of either E2F2 or E2F4. From these results, we conclude that there are several populations of tumors that arise from the Emu-myc model, reflecting distinct populations of cells that are susceptible to Myc-mediated oncogenesis and that the proportion of these cell populations is affected by the presence or absence of E2F activities.
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Amsterdam A, Lai K, Komisarczuk AZ, Becker TS, Bronson RT, Hopkins N, Lees JA. Zebrafish Hagoromo mutants up-regulate fgf8 postembryonically and develop neuroblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:841-50. [PMID: 19531571 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We screened an existing collection of zebrafish insertional mutants for cancer susceptibility by histologic examination of heterozygotes at 2 years of age. As most mutants had no altered cancer predisposition, this provided the first comprehensive description of spontaneous tumor spectrum and frequency in adult zebrafish. Moreover, the screen identified four lines, each carrying a different dominant mutant allele of Hagoromo previously linked to adult pigmentation defects, which develop tumors with high penetrance and that histologically resemble neuroblastoma. These tumors are clearly neural in origin, although they do not express catecholaminergic neuronal markers characteristic of human neuroblastoma. The zebrafish tumors result from inappropriate maintenance of a cell population within the cranial ganglia that are likely neural precursors. These neoplasias typically remain small but they can become highly aggressive, initially traveling along cranial nerves, and ultimately filling the head. The developmental origin of these tumors is highly reminiscent of human neuroblastoma. The four mutant Hagoromo alleles all contain viral insertions in the fbxw4 gene, which encodes an F-box WD40 domain-containing protein. However, although one allele clearly reduced the levels of fbxw4 mRNA, the other three insertions had no detectable effect on fbw4 expression. Instead, we showed that all four mutations result in the postembryonic up-regulation of the neighboring gene, fibroblast growth factor 8 (fgf8). Moreover, fgf8 is highly expressed in the tumorigenic lesions. Although fgf8 overexpression is known to be associated with breast and prostate cancer in mammals, this study provides the first evidence that fgf8 misregulation can lead to neural tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Amsterdam
- David H. Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lee EY, Yuan TL, Danielian PS, West JC, Lees JA. E2F4 cooperates with pRB in the development of extra-embryonic tissues. Dev Biol 2009; 332:104-15. [PMID: 19433082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene, RB-1, was the first identified tumor suppressor. Rb(-/-) mice die in mid-gestation with defects in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The activating E2F transcription factors, E2F1-3, contribute to these embryonic defects, indicating that they are key downstream targets of the retinoblastoma protein, pRB. E2F4 is the major pRB-associated E2F in vivo, yet its role in Rb(-/-) embryos is unknown. Here we establish that E2f4 deficiency reduced the lifespan of Rb(-/-) embryos by exacerbating the Rb mutant placental defect. We further show that this reflects the accumulation of trophectoderm-like cells in both Rb and Rb;E2f4 mutant placentas. Thus, Rb and E2f4 play cooperative roles in placental development. We used a conditional mouse model to allow Rb(-/-);E2f4(-/-) embryos to develop in the presence of Rb wild-type placentas. Under these conditions, Rb(-/-);E2f4(-/-) mutants survived to birth. These Rb(-/-);E2f4(-/-) embryos exhibited all of the defects characteristic of the Rb and E2f4 single mutants and had no novel defects. Taken together, our data show that pRB and E2F4 cooperate in placental development, but play largely non-overlapping roles in the development of many embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y Lee
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Guseh JS, Bores SA, Stanger BZ, Zhou Q, Anderson WJ, Melton DA, Rajagopal J. Notch signaling promotes airway mucous metaplasia and inhibits alveolar development. Development 2009; 136:1751-9. [PMID: 19369400 DOI: 10.1242/dev.029249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The airways are conduits that transport atmospheric oxygen to the distal alveolus. Normally, airway mucous cells are rare. However, diseases of the airway are often characterized by mucous metaplasia, in which there are dramatic increases in mucous cell numbers. As the Notch pathway is known to regulate cell fate in many contexts, we misexpressed the active intracellular domain of the mouse Notch1 receptor in lung epithelium. Notch misexpression resulted in an increase in mucous cells and a decrease in ciliated cells in the airway. Similarly, mouse embryonic tracheal explants and adult human airway epithelium treated with Notch agonists displayed increased mucous cell numbers and decreased ciliated cell numbers. Notch antagonists had the opposite effect. Notably, Notch antagonists blocked IL13-induced mucous metaplasia. IL13 has a well-established role as an inflammatory mediator of mucous metaplasia and functions through Stat6-mediated gene transcription. We found that Notch ligands, however, are able to cause mucous metaplasia in Stat6-null cultured trachea, thus identifying a novel pathway that stimulates mucous metaplasia. Notch signaling may therefore play an important role in airway disease and, by extension, Notch antagonists may have therapeutic value. Conversely, in the distal lung, Notch misexpression prevented the differentiation of alveolar cell types. Instead, the distal lung formed cysts composed of cells that were devoid of alveolar markers but that expressed some, but not all, markers of proximal airway epithelium. Occasional distal cystic cells appeared to differentiate into normal proximal airway cells, suggesting that ectopic Notch signaling arrests the normal differentiation of distal lung progenitors before they initiate an alveolar program.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sawalla Guseh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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50
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Ianari A, Natale T, Calo E, Ferretti E, Alesse E, Screpanti I, Haigis K, Gulino A, Lees JA. Proapoptotic function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:184-94. [PMID: 19249677 PMCID: PMC2880703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein (pRB) tumor suppressor blocks cell proliferation by repressing the E2F transcription factors. This inhibition is relieved through mitogen-induced phosphorylation of pRB, triggering E2F release and activation of cell-cycle genes. E2F1 can also activate proapoptotic genes in response to genotoxic or oncogenic stress. However, pRB's role in this context has not been established. Here we show that DNA damage and E1A-induced oncogenic stress promote formation of a pRB-E2F1 complex even in proliferating cells. Moreover, pRB is bound to proapoptotic promoters that are transcriptionally active, and pRB is required for maximal apoptotic response in vitro and in vivo. Together, these data reveal a direct role for pRB in the induction of apoptosis in response to genotoxic or oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ianari
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Natale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eliezer Calo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin Haigis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Neuromed Institute, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Corresponding authors: (A.G.) Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, La Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, Italy 00161, Tel. (39 06) 446 4021, . (J.A.L.) MIT Koch Institute, E17-517B, 40 Ames St., Cambridge, MA 02139, (617) 252 1972,
| | - Jacqueline A. Lees
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Corresponding authors: (A.G.) Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, La Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, Italy 00161, Tel. (39 06) 446 4021, . (J.A.L.) MIT Koch Institute, E17-517B, 40 Ames St., Cambridge, MA 02139, (617) 252 1972,
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