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Grall E, Feregrino C, Fischer S, De Courten A, Sacher F, Hiscock TW, Tschopp P. Self-organized BMP signaling dynamics underlie the development and evolution of digit segmentation patterns in birds and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304470121. [PMID: 38175868 PMCID: PMC10786279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304470121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Repeating patterns of synovial joints are a highly conserved feature of articulated digits, with variations in joint number and location resulting in diverse digit morphologies and limb functions across the tetrapod clade. During the development of the amniote limb, joints form iteratively within the growing digit ray, as a population of distal progenitors alternately specifies joint and phalanx cell fates to segment the digit into distinct elements. While numerous molecular pathways have been implicated in this fate choice, it remains unclear how they give rise to a repeating pattern. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial gene expression profiling, we investigate the transcriptional dynamics of interphalangeal joint specification in vivo. Combined with mathematical modeling, we predict that interactions within the BMP signaling pathway-between the ligand GDF5, the inhibitor NOGGIN, and the intracellular effector pSMAD-result in a self-organizing Turing system that forms periodic joint patterns. Our model is able to recapitulate the spatiotemporal gene expression dynamics observed in vivo, as well as phenocopy digit malformations caused by BMP pathway perturbations. By contrasting in silico simulations with in vivo morphometrics of two morphologically distinct digits, we show how changes in signaling parameters and growth dynamics can result in variations in the size and number of phalanges. Together, our results reveal a self-organizing mechanism that underpins amniote digit segmentation and its evolvability and, more broadly, illustrate how Turing systems based on a single molecular pathway may generate complex repetitive patterns in a wide variety of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Grall
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Christian Feregrino
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Fischer
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Aline De Courten
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Sacher
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Tom W. Hiscock
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AberdeenAB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
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2
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Ono SF, Cordeiro IR, Kishida O, Ochi H, Tanaka M. Air-breathing behavior underlies the cell death in limbs of Rana pirica tadpoles. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36624534 PMCID: PMC9830891 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians shape their limbs by differential outgrowth of digits and interdigital regions. In contrast, amniotes employ cell death, an additional developmental system, to determine the final shape of limbs. Previous work has shown that high oxygen availability is correlated with the induction of cell death in developing limbs. Given the diversity of life histories of amphibians, it is conceivable that some amphibians are exposed to a high-oxygen environment during the tadpole phase and exhibit cell death in their limbs. Here, we examined whether air-breathing behavior underlies the cell death in limbs of aquatic tadpoles of the frog species Rana pirica. Our experimental approach revealed that R. pirica tadpoles exhibit cell death in their limbs that is likely to be induced by oxidative stress associated with their frequent air-breathing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi F Ono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053-0035, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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3
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Lancman JJ, Hasso SM, Suzuki T, Kherdjemil Y, Kmita M, Ferris A, Dong PDS, Ros MA, Fallon JF. Downregulation of Grem1 expression in the distal limb mesoderm is a necessary precondition for phalanx development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1439-1455. [PMID: 34719843 PMCID: PMC9054941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phalanges are the final skeletal elements to form in the vertebrate limb and their identity is regulated by signaling at the phalanx forming region (PFR) located at the tip of the developing digit ray. Here, we seek to explore the relationship between PFR activity and phalanx morphogenesis, which define the most distal limb skeletal elements, and signals associated with termination of limb outgrowth. RESULTS As Grem1 is extinguished in the distal chick limb mesoderm, the chondrogenesis marker Aggrecan is up-regulated in the metatarsals and phalanges. Fate mapping confirms that subridge mesoderm cells contribute to the metatarsal and phalanges when subridge Grem1 is down-regulated. Grem1 overexpression specifically blocks chick phalanx development by inhibiting PFR activity. PFR activity and digit development are also disrupted following overexpression of a Gli3 repressor, which results in Grem1 expression in the distal limb and downregulation of Bmpr1b. CONCLUSIONS Based on expression and fate mapping studies, we propose that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb marks the transition from metatarsal to phalanx development. This suggests that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb mesoderm is necessary for phalanx development. Grem1 downregulation allows for full PFR activity and phalanx progenitor cell commitment to digit fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean M Hasso
- Heat Biologics, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yacine Kherdjemil
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Kmita
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ferris
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - P Duc S Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-Sociedad para al Desarrollo Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - John F Fallon
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Parada C, Banavar SP, Khalilian P, Rigaud S, Michaut A, Liu Y, Joshy DM, Campàs O, Gros J. Mechanical feedback defines organizing centers to drive digit emergence. Dev Cell 2022; 57:854-866.e6. [PMID: 35413235 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, digits gradually emerge in a periodic pattern. Although genetic evidence indicates that digit formation results from a self-organizing process, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we find that convergent-extension tissue flows driven by active stresses underlie digit formation. These active stresses simultaneously shape cartilage condensations and lead to the emergence of a compressive stress region that promotes high activin/p-SMAD/SOX9 expression, thereby defining digit-organizing centers via a mechanical feedback. In Wnt5a mutants, such mechanical feedback is disrupted due to the loss of active stresses, organizing centers do not emerge, and digit formation is precluded. Thus, digit emergence does not result solely from molecular interactions, as was previously thought, but requires a mechanical feedback that ensures continuous coupling between phalanx specification and elongation. Our work, which links mechanical and molecular signals, provides a mechanistic context for the emergence of organizing centers that may underlie various developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Parada
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Samhita P Banavar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5070, USA
| | - Parisa Khalilian
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Rigaud
- Image Analysis Hub, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yucen Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5070, USA
| | - Dennis Manjaly Joshy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5070, USA
| | - Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5070, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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5
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Towler OW, Shore EM. BMP signaling and skeletal development in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Dev Dyn 2022; 251:164-177. [PMID: 34133058 PMCID: PMC9068236 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultra-rare genetic disease caused by increased BMP pathway signaling due to mutation of ACVR1, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor. The primary clinical manifestation of FOP is extra-skeletal bone formation (heterotopic ossification) within soft connective tissues. However, the underlying ACVR1 mutation additionally alters skeletal bone development and nearly all people born with FOP have bilateral malformation of the great toes as well as other skeletal malformations at diverse anatomic sites. The specific mechanisms through which ACVR1 mutations and altered BMP pathway signaling in FOP influence skeletal bone formation during development remain to be elucidated; however, recent investigations are providing a clearer understanding of the molecular and developmental processes associated with ACVR1-regulated skeletal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Will Towler
- The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eileen M. Shore
- The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Díaz-Hernández ME, Galván-Hernández CI, Marín-Llera JC, Camargo-Sosa K, Bustamante M, Wischin S, Chimal-Monroy J. Activation of the WNT-BMP-FGF Regulatory Network Induces the Onset of Cell Death in Anterior Mesodermal Cells to Establish the ANZ. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703836. [PMID: 34820367 PMCID: PMC8606791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal control of programmed cell death (PCD) plays a significant role in sculpting the limb. In the early avian limb bud, the anterior necrotic zone (ANZ) and the posterior necrotic zone are two cell death regions associated with digit number reduction. In this study, we evaluated the first events triggered by the FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling interactions to initiate cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to establish the ANZ. This study demonstrates that in a period of two to 8 h after the inhibition of WNT or FGF signaling or the activation of BMP signaling, cell death was induced in the anterior margin of the limb concomitantly with the regulation of Dkk, Fgf8, and Bmp4 expression. Comparing the gene expression profile between the ANZ and the undifferentiated zone at 22HH and 25HH and between the ANZ of 22HH and 25HH stages correlates with functional programs controlled by the regulatory network FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling in the anterior margin of the limb. This work provides novel insights to recognize a negative feedback loop between FGF8, BMP4, and DKK to control the onset of cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to the establishment of the ANZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Elena Díaz-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Claudio Iván Galván-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Karen Camargo-Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Marcia Bustamante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Sabina Wischin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
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7
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Sader F, Roy S. Tgf-β superfamily and limb regeneration: Tgf-β to start and Bmp to end. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:973-987. [PMID: 34096672 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotls represent a popular model to study how nature solved the problem of regenerating lost appendages in tetrapods. Our work over many years focused on trying to understand how these animals can achieve such a feat and not end up with a scarred up stump. The Tgf-β superfamily represents an interesting family to target since they are involved in wound healing in adults and pattern formation during development. This family is large and comprises Tgf-β, Bmps, activins and GDFs. In this review, we present work from us and others on Tgf-β & Bmps and highlight interesting observations between these two sub-families. Tgf-β is important for the preparation phase of regeneration and Bmps for the redevelopment phase and they do not overlap with one another. We present novel data showing that the Tgf-β non-canonical pathway is also not active during redevelopment. Finally, we propose a molecular model to explain how Tgf-β and Bmps maintain distinct windows of expression during regeneration in axolotls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Lorda-Diez CI, Duarte-Olivenza C, Hurle JM, Montero JA. Transforming growth factor beta signaling: The master sculptor of fingers. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:125-136. [PMID: 33871876 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) constitutes a large and evolutionarily conserved superfamily of secreted factors that play essential roles in embryonic development, cancer, tissue regeneration, and human degenerative pathology. Studies of this signaling cascade in the regulation of cellular and tissue changes in the three-dimensional context of a developing embryo have notably advanced in the understanding of the action mechanism of these growth factors. In this review, we address the role of TGFβ signaling in the developing limb, focusing on its essential function in the morphogenesis of the autopod. As we discuss in this work, modern mouse genetic experiments together with more classical embryological approaches in chick embryos, provided very valuable information concerning the role of TGFβ and Activin family members in the morphogenesis of the digits of tetrapods, including the formation of phalanxes, digital tendons, and interphalangeal joints. We emphasize the importance of the Activin and TGFβ proteins as digit inducing factors and their critical interaction with the BMP signaling to sculpt the hand and foot morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Duarte-Olivenza
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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9
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Histone Epigenetic Signatures in Embryonic Limb Interdigital Cells Fated to Die. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040911. [PMID: 33921015 PMCID: PMC8071442 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb formation in vertebrates with free digits, the interdigital mesoderm is eliminated by a massive degeneration process that involves apoptosis and cell senescence. The degradation process is preceded by intense DNA damage in zones located close to methylated DNA, accompanied by the activation of the DNA repair response. In this study, we show that trimethylated histone 3 (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3) overlaps with zones positive for 5mC in the nuclei of interdigital cells. This pattern contrasts with the widespread distribution of acetylated histones (H3K9ac and H4ac) and the histone variant H3.3 throughout the nucleoplasm. Consistent with the intense labeling of acetylated histones, the histone deacetylase genes Hdac1, Hdac2, Hdac3, and Hdac8, and at a more reduced level, Hdac10, are expressed in the interdigits. Furthermore, local treatments with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, which promotes an open chromatin state, induces massive cell death and transcriptional changes reminiscent of, but preceding, the physiological process of interdigit remodeling. Together, these findings suggest that the epigenetic profile of the interdigital mesoderm contributes to the sensitivity to DNA damage that precedes apoptosis during tissue regression.
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10
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Suzuki T, Fallon JF. The dynamic spatial and temporal relationships between the phalanx‐forming region and the interdigits determine digit identity in the chick limb autopod. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1318-1329. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - John F. Fallon
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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11
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Farrera-Hernández A, Marín-Llera JC, Chimal-Monroy J. WNT5A-Ca 2+-CaN-NFAT signalling plays a permissive role during cartilage differentiation in embryonic chick digit development. Dev Biol 2021; 469:86-95. [PMID: 33058830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During digit development, the correct balance of chondrogenic signals ensures the recruitment of undifferentiated cells into the cartilage lineage or the maintenance of cells at the undifferentiated stage. WNT/β catenin maintains the pool of progenitor cells, whereas TGFβ signalling promotes cartilage differentiation by inducing Sox9 expression. Moreover, WNT5A promotes the degradation of β catenin during mouse limb development. Although these mechanisms are well established, it is still unknown whether the signalling pathway downstream WNT5A is also involved in early chondrogenesis during digit formation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of WNT5A during the recruitment of progenitor cells during digit development. Our results showed that WNT5A activated calcium (Ca2+) release in the undifferentiated region during digit development. Further, the blockade of Ca2+ release or calcineurin (CaN) or nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) functions resulted in an inhibition of cartilage differentiation. Together, our results demonstrate that non canonical WNT5A-Ca2+-CaN-NFAT signalling plays a key role during embryonic digit development in vivo promoting the competence for chondrogenic signals and also acts as a permissive factor for chondrogenesis independently of cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Farrera-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico.
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12
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Cordeiro IR, Yu R, Tanaka M. Regulation of the limb shape during the development of the Chinese softshell turtles. Evol Dev 2020; 22:451-462. [PMID: 32906209 PMCID: PMC7757393 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interdigital cell death is an important mechanism employed by amniotes to shape their limbs; inhibiting this process leads to the formation of webbed fingers, as seen in bats and ducks. The Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae) has a distinctive limb morphology: the anterior side of the limbs has partially webbed fingers with claw‐like protrusions, while the posterior fingers are completely enclosed in webbings. Here, P. sinensis embryos were investigated to gain insights on the evolution of limb‐shaping mechanisms in amniotes. We found cell death and cell senescence in their interdigital webbings. Spatial or temporal modulation of these processes were correlated with the appearance of indentations in the webbings, but not a complete regression of this tissue. No differences in interdigital cell proliferation were found. In subsequent stages, differential growth of the finger cartilages led to a major difference in limb shape. While no asymmetry in bone morphogenetic protein signaling was evident during interdigital cell death stages, some components of this pathway were expressed exclusively in the clawed digit tips, which also had earlier ossification. In addition, a delay and/or truncation in the chondrogenesis of the posterior digits was found in comparison with the anterior digits of P. sinensis, and also when compared with the previously published pattern of digit skeletogenesis of turtles without posterior webbings. In conclusion, modulation of cell death, as well as a heterochrony in digit chondrogenesis, may contribute to the formation of the unique limbs of the Chinese softshell turtles. Cell death and senescence shape the interdigital webbings of Pelodiscus sinensis. Delayed chondrogenesis/ossification and truncated tips are found in posterior digits, as well as differential expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and Msh homeobox 1 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid R Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Yu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Cordeiro IR, Tanaka M. Environmental Oxygen is a Key Modulator of Development and Evolution: From Molecules to Ecology. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000025. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology B‐17, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226‐8501 Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology B‐17, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226‐8501 Japan
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14
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Sanchez-Fernandez C, Lorda-Diez CI, Hurlé JM, Montero JA. The methylation status of the embryonic limb skeletal progenitors determines their cell fate in chicken. Commun Biol 2020; 3:283. [PMID: 32504030 PMCID: PMC7275052 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Digits shape is sculpted by interdigital programmed cell death during limb development. Here, we show that DNA breakage in the periphery of 5-methylcytosine nuclei foci of interdigital precursors precedes cell death. These cells showed higher genome instability than the digit-forming precursors when exposed to X-ray irradiation or local bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) treatments. Regional but not global DNA methylation differences were found between both progenitors. DNA-Methyl-Transferases (DNMTs) including DNMT1, DNMT3B and, to a lesser extent, DNMT3A, exhibited well-defined expression patterns in regions destined to degenerate, as the interdigital tissue and the prospective joint regions. Dnmt3b functional experiments revealed an inverse regulation of cell death and cartilage differentiation, by transcriptional regulation of key genes including Sox9, Scleraxis, p21 and Bak1, via differential methylation of CpG islands across their promoters. Our findings point to a regulation of cell death versus chondrogenesis of limb skeletal precursors based on epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Carlos Ignacio Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurlé
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.
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15
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Fowler DA, Larsson HCE. The tissues and regulatory pattern of limb chondrogenesis. Dev Biol 2020; 463:124-134. [PMID: 32417169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Initial limb chondrogenesis offers the first differentiated tissues that resemble the mature skeletal anatomy. It is a developmental progression of three tissues. The limb begins with undifferentiated mesenchyme-1, some of which differentiates into condensations-2, and this tissue then transforms into cartilage-3. Each tissue is identified by physical characteristics of cell density, shape, and extracellular matrix composition. Tissue specific regimes of gene regulation underlie the diagnostic physical and chemical properties of these three tissues. These three tissue based regimes co-exist amid a background of other gene regulatory regimes within the same tissues and time-frame of limb development. The bio-molecular indicators of gene regulation reveal six identifiable patterns. Three of these patterns describe the unique bio-molecular indicators of each of the three tissues. A fourth pattern shares bio-molecular indicators between condensation and cartilage. Finally, a fifth pattern is composed of bio-molecular indicators that are found in undifferentiated mesenchyme prior to any condensation differentiation, then these bio-molecular indicators are upregulated in condensations and downregulated in undifferentiated mesenchyme. The undifferentiated mesenchyme that remains in between the condensations and cartilage, the interdigit, contains a unique set of bio-molecular indicators that exhibit dynamic behaviour during chondrogenesis and therefore argue for its own inclusion as a tissue in its own right and for more study into this process of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Fowler
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada; Department of Biology, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Hans C E Larsson
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada.
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16
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Yan M, Zhu K, Su Q, Pan J, Yang M, Zhou D, Tan J. βig-h3 enhances chondrogenesis via promoting mesenchymal condensation in rat Achilles tendon heterotopic ossification model. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7030-7041. [PMID: 32312943 PMCID: PMC7202527 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a poorly characterized disease with ectopic bone formation in the musculoskeletal soft tissues. HO is widely considered as a tissue repair process goes away, with endochondral ossification to be the major pathological basis. The molecular mechanism of how the resident/recruited progenitor cells for tissue regeneration error differentiated into the chondrocytes remains unknown. Here, we found Transforming Growth Factor B Induced Gene Human Clone 3 (βig-h3) was highly expressed in the inflammation and chondrogenesis stages of a heterotopic ossification model after rat Achilles tendon injury, as well as upon chondrogenic differentiation conditions in vitro. βig-h3 functioned as an extracellular matrix protein, which was induced by TGFβ signaling, could bind to the injured tendon-derived stem cells (iTDSCs) and inhibit the attachment of iTDSCs to collagen I. Exogenous βig-h3 was also found able to accelerate the process of mesenchymal condensation of cultured iTDSCs and promote chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, and additional injection of iTDSCs could promote endochondral ossification in Achilles tendon injury model. Taken together, βig-h3 might function as an adhesion protein that inhibited the attachment of iTDSCs to collagen I (the injury site) but promoted the attachment of iTDSCs to each other, which resulted in promoting chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijun Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihang Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Pinghu Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, China
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17
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Scoones JC, Hiscock TW. A dot-stripe Turing model of joint patterning in the tetrapod limb. Development 2020; 147:dev183699. [PMID: 32127348 PMCID: PMC7174842 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Iterative joints are a hallmark of the tetrapod limb, and their positioning is a key step during limb development. Although the molecular regulation of joint formation is well studied, it remains unclear what controls the location, number and orientation (i.e. the pattern) of joints within each digit. Here, we propose the dot-stripe mechanism for joint patterning, comprising two coupled Turing systems inspired by published gene expression patterns. Our model can explain normal joint morphology in wild-type limbs, hyperphalangy in cetacean flippers, mutant phenotypes with misoriented joints and suggests a reinterpretation of the polydactylous Ichthyosaur fins as a polygonal joint lattice. By formulating a generic dot-stripe model, describing joint patterns rather than molecular joint markers, we demonstrate that the insights from the model should apply regardless of the biological specifics of the underlying mechanism, thus providing a unifying framework to interrogate joint patterning in the tetrapod limb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom W Hiscock
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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18
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Grall E, Tschopp P. A sense of place, many times over ‐ pattern formation and evolution of repetitive morphological structures. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:313-327. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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19
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Marín-Llera JC, Garciadiego-Cázares D, Chimal-Monroy J. Understanding the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms That Control Early Cell Fate Decisions During Appendicular Skeletogenesis. Front Genet 2019; 10:977. [PMID: 31681419 PMCID: PMC6797607 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate skeleton is orchestrated in time and space by a number of gene regulatory networks that specify and position all skeletal tissues. During embryonic development, bones have two distinct origins: bone tissue differentiates directly from mesenchymal progenitors, whereas most long bones arise from cartilaginous templates through a process known as endochondral ossification. Before endochondral bone development takes place, chondrocytes form a cartilage analgen that will be sequentially segmented to form joints; thus, in the cartilage template, either the cartilage maturation programme or the joint formation programme is activated. Once the cartilage differentiation programme starts, the growth plate begins to form. In contrast, when the joint formation programme is activated, a capsule begins to form that contains special articular cartilage and synovium to generate a functional joint. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms controlling the earliest molecular events that regulate cell fate during skeletogenesis in long bones. We will explore the initial processes that lead to the recruitment of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, the commitment of chondrocyte lineages, and the formation of skeletal elements during morphogenesis. Thereafter, we will review the process of joint specification and joint morphogenesis. We will discuss the links between transcription factor activity, cell–cell interactions, cell–extracellular matrix interactions, growth factor signalling, and other molecular interactions that control mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell fate during embryonic skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Cordeiro IR, Kabashima K, Ochi H, Munakata K, Nishimori C, Laslo M, Hanken J, Tanaka M. Environmental Oxygen Exposure Allows for the Evolution of Interdigital Cell Death in Limb Patterning. Dev Cell 2019; 50:155-166.e4. [PMID: 31204171 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians form fingers without webbing by differential growth between digital and interdigital regions. Amniotes, however, employ interdigital cell death (ICD), an additional mechanism that contributes to a greater variation of limb shapes. Here, we investigate the role of environmental oxygen in the evolution of ICD in tetrapods. While cell death is restricted to the limb margin in amphibians with aquatic tadpoles, Eleutherodactylus coqui, a frog with terrestrial-direct-developing eggs, has cell death in the interdigital region. Chicken requires sufficient oxygen and reactive oxygen species to induce cell death, with the oxygen tension profile itself being distinct between the limbs of chicken and Xenopus laevis frogs. Notably, increasing blood vessel density in X. laevis limbs, as well as incubating tadpoles under high oxygen levels, induces ICD. We propose that the oxygen available to terrestrial eggs was an ecological feature crucial for the evolution of ICD, made possible by conserved autopod-patterning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Kabashima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keijiro Munakata
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mara Laslo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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21
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Feregrino C, Sacher F, Parnas O, Tschopp P. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the developing chicken limb. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:401. [PMID: 31117954 PMCID: PMC6530069 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through precise implementation of distinct cell type specification programs, differentially regulated in both space and time, complex patterns emerge during organogenesis. Thanks to its easy experimental accessibility, the developing chicken limb has long served as a paradigm to study vertebrate pattern formation. Through decades' worth of research, we now have a firm grasp on the molecular mechanisms driving limb formation at the tissue-level. However, to elucidate the dynamic interplay between transcriptional cell type specification programs and pattern formation at its relevant cellular scale, we lack appropriately resolved molecular data at the genome-wide level. Here, making use of droplet-based single-cell RNA-sequencing, we catalogue the developmental emergence of distinct tissue types and their transcriptome dynamics in the distal chicken limb, the so-called autopod, at cellular resolution. RESULTS Using single-cell RNA-sequencing technology, we sequenced a total of 17,628 cells coming from three key developmental stages of chicken autopod patterning. Overall, we identified 23 cell populations with distinct transcriptional profiles. Amongst them were small, albeit essential populations like the apical ectodermal ridge, demonstrating the ability to detect even rare cell types. Moreover, we uncovered the existence of molecularly distinct sub-populations within previously defined compartments of the developing limb, some of which have important signaling functions during autopod pattern formation. Finally, we inferred gene co-expression modules that coincide with distinct tissue types across developmental time, and used them to track patterning-relevant cell populations of the forming digits. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive functional genomics resource to study the molecular effectors of chicken limb patterning at cellular resolution. Our single-cell transcriptomic atlas captures all major cell populations of the developing autopod, and highlights the transcriptional complexity in many of its components. Finally, integrating our data-set with other single-cell transcriptomics resources will enable researchers to assess molecular similarities in orthologous cell types across the major tetrapod clades, and provide an extensive candidate gene list to functionally test cell-type-specific drivers of limb morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Sacher
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oren Parnas
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Present address: The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Cooperation of BMP and IHH signaling in interdigital cell fate determination. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197535. [PMID: 29771958 PMCID: PMC5957397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The elaborate anatomy of hands and feet is shaped by coordinated formation of digits and regression of the interdigital mesenchyme (IM). A failure of this process causes persistence of interdigital webbing and consequently cutaneous syndactyly. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key inductive factors for interdigital cell death (ICD) in vivo. NOGGIN (NOG) is a major BMP antagonist that can interfere with BMP-induced ICD when applied exogenously, but its in vivo role in this process is unknown. We investigated the physiological role of NOG in ICD and found that Noggin null mice display cutaneous syndactyly and impaired interdigital mesenchyme specification. Failure of webbing regression was caused by lack of cell cycle exit and interdigital apoptosis. Unexpectedly, Noggin null mutants also exhibit increased Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression within cartilage condensations that leads to aberrant extension of IHH downstream signaling into the interdigital mesenchyme. A converse phenotype with increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation was found in the interdigital mesenchyme of Ihh mutant embryos. Our data point towards a novel role for NOG in balancing Ihh expression in the digits impinging on digit-interdigit cross talk. This suggests a so far unrecognized physiological role for IHH in interdigital webbing biology.
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23
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Newman SA, Glimm T, Bhat R. The vertebrate limb: An evolving complex of self-organizing systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:12-24. [PMID: 29325895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paired appendages (fins or limbs) of jawed vertebrates contain an endoskeleton consisting of nodules, bars and, in some groups, plates of cartilage, or bone arising from replacement of cartilaginous templates. The generation of the endoskeletal elements occurs by processes involving production and diffusion of morphogens, with, variously, positive and negative feedback circuits, adhesion, and receptor dynamics with similarities to the mechanism for chemical pattern formation proposed by Alan Turing. This review presents a unified interpretation of the evolution and functioning of these mechanisms. Studies are described indicating that protocondensations, compacted mesenchymal cell aggregates that prefigure the appendicular skeleton, arise through the adhesive activity of galectin-1, a matricellular protein with skeletogenic homologs in all jawed vertebrates. In the cartilaginous and lobe-finned fishes (and to a variable extent in ray-finned fishes) it additionally cooperates with an isoform of galectin-8 to constitute a self-organizing network capable of generating arrays of preskeletal nodules, bars and plates. Further, in the tetrapods, a putative galectin-8 control module was acquired that may have enabled proximodistal increase in the number of protocondensations. In parallel to this, other self-organizing networks emerged that acted, via Bmp, Wnt, Sox9 and Runx2, as well as transforming factor-β and fibronectin, to convert protocondensations into skeletal tissues. The progressive appearance and integration of these skeletogenic networks over evolution occurred in the context of an independently evolved system of Hox protein and Shh gradients that interfaced with them to tune the spatial wavelengths and refine the identities of the resulting arrays of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Tilmann Glimm
- Department of Mathematics, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98229, USA
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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24
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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25
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Hiscock TW, Tschopp P, Tabin CJ. On the Formation of Digits and Joints during Limb Development. Dev Cell 2017; 41:459-465. [PMID: 28586643 PMCID: PMC5546220 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Critical steps in forming the vertebrate limb include the positioning of digits and the positioning of joints within each digit. Recent studies have proposed that the iterative series of digits is established by a Turing-like mechanism generating stripes of chondrogenic domains. However, re-examination of available data suggest that digits are actually patterned as evenly spaced spots, not stripes, which then elongate into rod-shaped digit rays by incorporating new cells at their tips. Moreover, extension of the digit rays and the patterning of the joints occur simultaneously at the distal tip, implying that an integrated model is required to fully understand these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Hiscock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Francisco-Morcillo J, Chimal-Monroy J, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Sox9 Expression in Amniotes: Species-Specific Differences in the Formation of Digits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:23. [PMID: 28386540 PMCID: PMC5362607 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In tetrapods the digit pattern has evolved to adapt to distinct locomotive strategies. The number of digits varies between species or even between hindlimb and forelimb within the same species. These facts illustrate the plasticity of embryonic limb autopods. Sox9 is a precocious marker of skeletal differentiation of limb mesenchymal cells. Its pattern of expression in the developing limb has been widely studied and reflects the activity of signaling cascades responsible for skeletogenesis. In this assay we stress previously overlooked differences in the pattern of expression of Sox9 in limbs of avian, mouse and turtle embryos which may reflect signaling differences associated with distinct limb skeletal morphologies observed in these species. Furthermore, we show that Sox9 gene expression is higher and maintained in the interdigital region in species with webbed digits in comparison with free digit animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
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27
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Norrie JL, Li Q, Co S, Huang BL, Ding D, Uy JC, Ji Z, Mackem S, Bedford MT, Galli A, Ji H, Vokes SA. PRMT5 is essential for the maintenance of chondrogenic progenitor cells in the limb bud. Development 2016; 143:4608-4619. [PMID: 27827819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, undifferentiated progenitor cells balance the generation of additional progenitor cells with differentiation. Within the developing limb, cartilage cells differentiate from mesodermal progenitors in an ordered process that results in the specification of the correct number of appropriately sized skeletal elements. The internal pathways by which these cells maintain an undifferentiated state while preserving their capacity to differentiate is unknown. Here, we report that the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 has a crucial role in maintaining progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic buds lacking PRMT5 have severely truncated bones with wispy digits lacking joints. This novel phenotype is caused by widespread cell death that includes mesodermal progenitor cells that have begun to precociously differentiate into cartilage cells. We propose that PRMT5 maintains progenitor cells through its regulation of Bmp4 Intriguingly, adult and embryonic stem cells also require PRMT5 for maintaining pluripotency, suggesting that similar mechanisms might regulate lineage-restricted progenitor cells during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Swanie Co
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jann C Uy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C (P.O. Box 389), Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Abstract
ROR-family receptor tyrosine kinases form a small subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), characterized by a conserved, unique domain architecture. ROR RTKs are evolutionary conserved throughout the animal kingdom and act as alternative receptors and coreceptors of WNT ligands. The intracellular signaling cascades activated downstream of ROR receptors are diverse, including but not limited to ROR-Frizzled-mediated activation of planar cell polarity signaling, RTK-like signaling, and antagonistic regulation of WNT/β-Catenin signaling. In line with their diverse repertoire of signaling functions, ROR receptors are involved in the regulation of multiple processes in embryonic development such as development of the axial and paraxial mesoderm, the nervous system and the neural crest, the axial and appendicular skeleton, and the kidney. In humans, mutations in the ROR2 gene cause two distinct developmental syndromes, recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS; MIM 268310) and dominant brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1; MIM 113000). In Robinow syndrome patients and animal models, the development of multiple organs is affected, whereas BDB1 results only in shortening of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes, reflecting the diversity of functions and signaling activities of ROR-family RTKs. In this chapter, we give an overview on ROR receptor structure and function. We discuss their signaling functions and role in vertebrate embryonic development with a focus on those developmental processes that are affected by mutations in the ROR2 gene in human patients.
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Expression of BMP and Actin Membrane Bound Inhibitor Is Increased during Terminal Differentiation of MSCs. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2685147. [PMID: 27843458 PMCID: PMC5097819 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2685147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mimicking embryonal endochondral ossification and become hypertrophic. BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) and Activin Membrane Bound Inhibitor (BAMBI) is a pseudoreceptor that regulates the activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and BMP signalling during chondrogenesis. Both TGF-β and BMP signalling are regulators of chondrogenic cell differentiation. Human bone marrow derived MSCs were chondrogenically predifferentiated in aggregate culture for 14 days. Thereafter, one group was subjected to hypertrophy enhancing media conditions while controls were kept in chondrogenic medium until day 28. Histological evaluation, gene expression by PCR, and Western blot analysis were carried out at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 17, 21, and 28. A subset of cultures was treated with the BMP inhibitor Noggin to test for BMP dependent expression of BAMBI. Hypertrophic differentiated pellets showed larger cells with increased collagen 10 and alkaline phosphatase staining. There was significantly increased expression of BAMBI on gene expression and protein level in hypertrophic cultures compared to the chondrogenic control and increased BMP4 gene expression. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of BAMBI in hypertrophic cells. BAMBI expression was dose-dependently downregulated by Noggin. The pseudoreceptor BAMBI is upregulated upon enhancement of hypertrophy in MSC chondrogenic differentiation by a BMP dependent mechanism.
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Montero JA, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Lorda-Diez CI, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. DNA damage precedes apoptosis during the regression of the interdigital tissue in vertebrate embryos. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35478. [PMID: 27752097 PMCID: PMC5067507 DOI: 10.1038/srep35478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage independent of caspase activation accompanies programmed cell death in different vertebrate embryonic organs. We analyzed the significance of DNA damage during the regression of the interdigital tissue, which sculpts the digits in the embryonic limb. Interdigit remodeling involves oxidative stress, massive apoptosis and cell senescence. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated by ATM precedes caspase dependent apoptosis and cell senescence during interdigit regression. The association of γH2AX with other downstream DNA repair factors, including MDC1, Rad50 and 53BP1 suggests a defensive response of cells against DNA damage. The relative distribution of cells γH2AX-only positive, TUNEL-only positive, and cells double positive for both markers is consistent with a sequence of degenerative events starting by damage of the DNA. In support of this interpretation, the relative number of γH2AX-only cells increases after caspase inhibition while the relative number of TUNEL-only cells increases after inhibition of ATM. Furthermore, cultured interdigits survived and maintained intense chondrogenic potential, even at advanced stages of degeneration, discarding a previous commitment to die. Our findings support a new biological paradigm considering embryonic cell death secondary to genotoxic stimuli, challenging the idea that considers physiological cell death a cell suicide regulated by an internal death clock that pre-programmes degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Juan A Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
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Lee PT, Li WJ. Chondrogenesis of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced by TGFβ1 and BMP7 Through Increased TGFβ Receptor Expression and Endogenous TGFβ1 Production. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:172-181. [PMID: 27292615 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades stem cells have proven to be invaluable to the study of tissue development. More recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (ESC-MSCs) have emerged as a cell source with great potential for the future of biomedical research due to their enhanced proliferative capability compared to adult tissue-derived MSCs and effectiveness of musculoskeletal lineage-specific cell differentiation compared to ESCs. We have previously compared the properties and differentiation potential of ESC-MSCs to bone marrow-derived MSCs. In this study, we evaluated the potential of TGFβ1 and BMP7 to induce chondrogenic differentiation of ESC-MSCs compared to that of TGFβ1 alone and further investigated the cellular phenotype and intracellular signaling in response to these induction conditions. Our results showed that the expression of cartilage-associated markers in ESC-MSCs induced by the TGFβ1 and BMP7 combination was increased compared to induction with TGFβ1 alone. The TGFβ1 and BMP7 combination upregulated the expression of TGFβ receptor and the production of endogenous TGFβs compared to TGFβ1 induction. The growth factor combination also increasingly activated both of the TGF and BMP signaling pathways, and inhibition of the signaling pathways led to reduced chondrogenesis of ESC-MSCs. Our findings suggest that by adding BMP7 to TGFβ1-supplemented induction medium, ESC-MSC chondrogenesis is upregulated through increased production of endogenous TGFβ and activities of TGFβ and BMP signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 172-181, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Lee
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wan-Ju Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Getting a handle on embryo limb development: Molecular interactions driving limb outgrowth and patterning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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The many lives of SHH in limb development and evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dual Monitoring of Secretion and ATP Levels during Chondrogenesis Using Perfusion Culture-Combined Bioluminescence Monitoring System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:219068. [PMID: 26605325 PMCID: PMC4641928 DOI: 10.1155/2015/219068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal pattern formation in limb development depends on prechondrogenic condensation which prefigures the cartilage template. However, although morphogens such as TGF-βs and BMPs have been known to play essential roles in skeletal patterning, how the morphogens induce prechondrogenic cells to aggregate and determine patterns of cartilage elements has remained unclear. Our previous study reported that ATP oscillations are induced during chondrogenesis. This result suggests the possibility that ATP oscillations lead to the oscillatory secretion of morphogens, due to the fact that secretion process requires ATP. To examine the correlation between ATP oscillations and secretion levels of morphogens, we have developed perfusion culture-combined bioluminescence monitoring system to simultaneously monitor intracellular ATP levels and secretion levels. Using this system, we found that secretory activity oscillates in phase with ATP oscillations and that secretion levels of TGF-β1 and BMP2 oscillate during chondrogenesis. The oscillatory secretion of the morphogens would contribute to amplifying the fluctuation of the morphogens, underlie the spatial patterning of morphogens, and consequently lead to skeletal pattern formation.
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Diaz-Mendoza MJ, Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Reelin/DAB-1 Signaling in the Embryonic Limb Regulates the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Digit Mesodermal Progenitors. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1397-404. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander Spain
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36
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Characterization and evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells and bone marrow. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:149-64. [PMID: 24927918 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied for years as primary cell sources for regenerative biology and medicine. MSCs have been derived from cell and tissue sources, such as bone marrow (BM), and more recently from ESCs. This study investigated MSCs derived from BM, H1- and H9-ESC lines in terms of morphology, surface marker and growth factor receptor expression, proliferative capability, modulation of immune cell growth and multipotency, in order to evaluate ESC-MSCs as a cell source for potential regenerative applications. The results showed that ESC-MSCs exhibited spindle-shaped morphology similar to BM-MSCs but of various sizes, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping revealed expression of characteristic MSC surface markers on all tested cell lines except H9-derived MSCs. Differences in growth factor receptor expression were also shown between cell lines. In addition, ESC-MSCs showed greater capabilities for cell proliferation, and suppression of leukocyte growth compared to BM-MSCs. Using standard protocols, induction of ESC-MSC differentiation along the adipogenic, osteogenic, or chondrogenic lineages was less effective compared to that of BM-MSCs. By adding bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) into transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)-supplemented induction medium, chondrogenesis of ESC-MSCs was significantly enhanced. Our findings suggest that ESC-MSCs and BM-MSCs show differences in their surface marker profiles and the capacities of proliferation, immunomodulation, and most importantly multi-lineage differentiation. Using modified chondrogenic medium with BMP7 and TGFβ1, H1-MSCs can be effectively induced as BM-MSCs for chondrogenesis.
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37
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Lorda-Diez CI, García-Porrero JA, Hurlé JM, Montero JA. Decorin gene expression in the differentiation of the skeletal connective tissues of the developing limb. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Molecular Control of Interdigital Cell Death and Cell Differentiation by Retinoic Acid during Digit Development. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Choe S, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Ligand- and stage-dependent divergent functions of BMP signaling in the differentiation of embryonic skeletogenic progenitors in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:735-48. [PMID: 24038612 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key molecules in the differentiation of skeletal tissues. We have investigated whether differentiation of limb embryonic mesodermal progenitors into different connective tissue lineages depends on specific stimulation of distinct BMP ligands or on the differential response of target cells to a common BMP stimulus. We show that Bmp2,4,5,7 and Gdf5 exhibit differential expression domains during the formation of tendons, cartilages, and joint tissues in digit development, but their respective effects on digit progenitors cell cultures cannot sustain the divergent differentiation of these cells into tendons, joints, and cartilage. However, the influence of BMPs differs based on the culture length. Early cultures respond to any of the BMPs by inducing chondrogenic factors and inhibiting fibrogenic and osteogenic markers. Later, a second phase of the culture occurs when BMPs attenuate their prochondrogenic influence and promote the fibrogenic marker Scleraxis. At advanced culture stages, BMPs inhibit prochondrogenic and profibrogenic markers and promote osteogenic markers. The switch from the prochondrogenic to the profibrogenic response appears critically dependent on the basal expression of Noggin. Thus, the differential regulation of Scleraxis at these stages was abrogated by treatments with a BMP-analogous compound (AB204) that escapes NOGGIN antagonism. Gene regulation experiments in absence of protein synthesis during the first period of culture indicate that BMPs activate at the same time master chondrogenic and fibrogenic genes together with cofactors responsible for driving the signaling cascade toward chondrogenesis or fibrogenesis. Gene-silencing experiments indicate that Id2 is one of the factors limiting the profibrogenic influence of BMPs. We propose that connective tissues are dynamic structures composed of cartilage, fibrous tissue, and bone that form in successive steps from the differentiation of common progenitors. This sequential differentiation is regulated by BMPs through a process that is dependent on the basal expression of BMP cofactors or signaling modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Divergent differentiation of skeletal progenitors into cartilage and tendon: lessons from the embryonic limb. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:72-9. [PMID: 24228739 DOI: 10.1021/cb400713v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Repairing damaged cartilage and tendons is a major challenge of regenerative medicine. There has been great progress in the past decade toward obtaining stem cells for regenerative purposes from a variety of sources. However, the development of procedures to direct and maintain the differentiation of progenitors into cartilage or tendon is still a hurdle to overcome in regenerative medicine of the musculoskeletal system. This is because connective tissues often lack stable phenotypes and retain plasticity to return to the initial stages of differentiation or to transdifferentiate into another connective tissue cell lineage. This makes it necessary to unravel the molecular basis that is responsible for the differentiation of connective tissue cell lineages. In this review, we summarize the investigations performed in the past two decades to unravel the signals that regulate the differentiation of skeletal cell progenitors into cartilage and tendons during embryonic limb development. The data obtained in those studies demonstrate that Tgfβ, BMP, FGF, and Wnt establish a complex signaling network that directs the differentiation of skeletal cell progenitors. Remarkably, in the embryonic digit model, the divergent differentiation of progenitors depends on the temporal coordination of those signals, rather than being specified by an individual signaling pathway. Due to its potential medical relevance, we highlight the importance of the coordinate influence of the Tgfβ and BMP pathways in the differentiation of cell progenitors into tendon or cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I. Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Juan A. Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Juan A. Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
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41
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Handorf AM, Li WJ. Induction of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis through sequential administration of growth factors within specific temporal windows. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:162-71. [PMID: 23996894 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are capable of differentiating into chondrocyte-like cells but fail to produce the quality or quantity of cartilage matrix compared to articular chondrocytes using current differentiation protocols. In this study, we aim to improve the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs through the sequential administration of multiple growth factors (GFs). We began by looking at differentiating hMSCs' cell surface GF receptor expression every 3 days throughout differentiation using flow cytometry and found that not only was receptor expression dynamic throughout differentiation, but ligand sensitivity was positively correlated with receptor expression, suggesting that differentiating hMSCs may have varying GF requirements depending on their stage of differentiation. We then constructed GF sequences by administering several prochondrogenic GFs singly every 3 days throughout differentiation and assaying the expression of a variety of cartilage-related genes using qPCR. The resulting chondrocytic phenotype of sequentially induced hMSCs was then compared to that of hMSCs induced under standard culture conditions using qPCR, dimethylmethylene blue assay, and histology. We found that while the initial GF sequence was unable to improve hMSC chondrogenesis, withdrawal of GF treatment at Day 9 of differentiation in pellet culture vastly improved the success of differentiation beyond that induced by TGFβ1 alone. Additional modifications allowed us to further improve chondrogenesis to levels comparable to that obtained by co-administration of TGFβ1 and BMP7 throughout differentiation. Taken together, we demonstrated the ability to improve the chondrocytic phenotype of differentiated hMSCs through the sequential administration of multiple GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Handorf
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Esquivies L, Blackler A, Peran M, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Booker E, Gray PC, Ahn C, Kwiatkowski W, Choe S. Designer nodal/BMP2 chimeras mimic nodal signaling, promote chondrogenesis, and reveal a BMP2-like structure. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1788-97. [PMID: 24311780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, plays an important role in vertebrate and invertebrate early development. The biochemical study of Nodal and its signaling pathway has been a challenge, mainly because of difficulties in producing the protein in sufficient quantities. We have developed a library of stable, chemically refoldable Nodal/BMP2 chimeric ligands (NB2 library). Three chimeras, named NB250, NB260, and NB264, show Nodal-like signaling properties including dependence on the co-receptor Cripto and activation of the Smad2 pathway. NB250, like Nodal, alters heart looping during the establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry, and both NB250 and NB260, as well as Nodal, induce chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. This Nodal-induced differentiation is shown to be more efficient than BPM2-induced differentiation. Interestingly, the crystal structure of NB250 shows a backbone scaffold similar to that of BMP2. Our results show that these chimeric ligands may have therapeutic implications in cartilage injuries.
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43
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Wang X, Fan J, Zhang M, Ni Y, Xu G. Upregulation of SOX9 in Glial (Müller) cells in retinal light damage of rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sensiate LA, Sobreira DR, Da Veiga FC, Peterlini DJ, Pedrosa AV, Rirsch T, Joazeiro PP, Schubert FR, Collares-Buzato CB, Xavier-Neto J, Dietrich S, Alvares LE. Dact gene expression profiles suggest a role for this gene family in integrating Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways during chicken limb development. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:428-39. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Débora R. Sobreira
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Thaís Rirsch
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Pinto Joazeiro
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
| | - Frank R. Schubert
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Susanne Dietrich
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Lúcia Elvira Alvares
- Department of Histology and Embryology; State University of Campinas UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Rodriguez-Leon J, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Expression and functional study of extracellular BMP antagonists during the morphogenesis of the digits and their associated connective tissues. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60423. [PMID: 23573253 PMCID: PMC3616094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the role of BMP signaling in the diversification of the embryonic limb mesodermal progenitors destined to form cartilage, joints, and tendons. Given the importance of extracellular BMP modulators in in vivo systems, we performed a systematic search of those expressed in the developing autopod during the formation of the digits. Here, we monitored the expression of extracellular BMP modulators including: Noggin, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Twisted gastrulation, Dan, BMPER, Sost, Sostdc1, Follistatin, Follistatin-like 1, Follistatin-like 5 and Tolloid. These factors show differential expression domains in cartilage, joints and tendons. Furthermore, they are induced in specific temporal patterns during the formation of an ectopic extra digit, preceding the appearance of changes that are identifiable by conventional histology. The analysis of gene regulation, cell proliferation and cell death that are induced by these factors in high density cultures of digit progenitors provides evidence of functional specialization in the control of mesodermal differentiation but not in cell proliferation or apoptosis. We further show that the expression of these factors is differentially controlled by the distinct signaling pathways acting in the developing limb at the stages covered by this study. In addition, our results provide evidence suggesting that TWISTED GASTRULATION cooperates with CHORDINS, BMPER, and NOGGIN in the establishment of tendons or cartilage in a fashion that is dependent on the presence or absence of TOLLOID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I. Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan A. Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Juan A. Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Díaz-Hernández ME, Bustamante M, Galván-Hernández CI, Chimal-Monroy J. Irx1 and Irx2 are coordinately expressed and regulated by retinoic acid, TGFβ and FGF signaling during chick hindlimb development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58549. [PMID: 23505533 PMCID: PMC3594311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iroquois homeobox (Irx) genes play a crucial role in the regionalization and patterning of tissues and organs during metazoan development. The Irx1 and Irx2 gene expression pattern during hindlimb development has been investigated in different species, but its regulation during hindlimb morphogenesis has not been explored yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression pattern of Irx1 and Irx2 as well as their regulation by important regulators of hindlimb development such as retinoic acid (RA), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling during chick hindlimb development. Irx1 and Irx2 were coordinately expressed in the interdigital tissue, digital primordia, joints and in the boundary between cartilage and non-cartilage tissue. Down-regulation of Irx1 and Irx2 expression at the interdigital tissue coincided with the onset of cell death. RA was found to down-regulate their expression by a bone morphogenetic protein-independent mechanism before any evidence of cell death. Furthermore, TGFβ protein regulated Irx1 and Irx2 in a stage-dependent manner at the interdigital tissue, it inhibited their expression when it was administered to the interdigital tissue at developing stages before their normal down-regulation. TGFβ administered to the interdigital tissue at developing stages after normal down-regulation of Irx1 and Irx2 evidenced that expression of these genes marked the boundary between cartilage tissue and non-cartilage tissue. It was also found that at early stages of hindlimb development FGF signaling inhibited the expression of Irx2. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that Irx1 and Irx2 are coordinately expressed and regulated during chick embryo hindlimb development as occurs in other species of vertebrates supporting the notion that the genomic architecture of Irx clusters is conserved in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Elena Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, Distrito Federal, México
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Badugu A, Kraemer C, Germann P, Menshykau D, Iber D. Digit patterning during limb development as a result of the BMP-receptor interaction. Sci Rep 2012; 2:991. [PMID: 23251777 PMCID: PMC3524521 DOI: 10.1038/srep00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turing models have been proposed to explain the emergence of digits during limb development. However, so far the molecular components that would give rise to Turing patterns are elusive. We have recently shown that a particular type of receptor-ligand interaction can give rise to Schnakenberg-type Turing patterns, which reproduce patterning during lung and kidney branching morphogenesis. Recent knockout experiments have identified Smad4 as a key protein in digit patterning. We show here that the BMP-receptor interaction meets the conditions for a Schnakenberg-type Turing pattern, and that the resulting model reproduces available wildtype and mutant data on the expression patterns of BMP, its receptor, and Fgfs in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) when solved on a realistic 2D domain that we extracted from limb bud images of E11.5 mouse embryos. We propose that receptor-ligand-based mechanisms serve as a molecular basis for the emergence of Turing patterns in many developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Badugu
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE) , ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Diaz-Mendoza MJ, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. βig-h3 potentiates the profibrogenic effect of TGFβ signaling on connective tissue progenitor cells through the negative regulation of master chondrogenic genes. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:448-57. [PMID: 22924741 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons and cartilage are specialized forms of connective tissues originated from common progenitor cells. Initial stages of differentiation of these tissues are characterized by the formation of cell aggregates, which share many molecular markers. Once differentiated, these cells retain considerable plasticity, and chondral metaplasia of tendon and fibrous connective tissues and eventual ossification often accompany degenerative diseases in the adult musculoskeletal system. While this fact is of great relevance for regenerative medicine and aging biology, its molecular basis remains to be elucidated. Gene expression analysis in several physiological and experimental paradigms suggests that differentiation of tendon and cartilage is regulated by a balance in the expression of chondrogenic versus tenogenic genes in the connective tissue cell precursors. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) may function both as a profibrogenic or as a prochondrogenic factor for embryonic limb mesoderm and mesenchymal stem cell cultures, but mice that are null for TGFβ 2 and 3 lack tendons. Here, we identify βig-h3 as a factor downstream TGFβ signaling regulated by Smad 2 and 3, which is highly expressed in the differentiating tendons and joint capsules. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function experiments using limb mesoderm micromass cultures show that βig-h3 downregulates the expression of cartilage master genes, including Sox9, type II collagen, and Hif-1α. Positive regulation of Sox9 and type II Collagen observed in micromass cultures grown under hypoxic conditions is prevented by exogenous administration of βIG-H3, and the antichondrogenic influence of βIG-H3 is lost after Hif-1α silencing with shRNA. Collectively, our findings indicate that βig-h3 promotes the fibrogenic influence of TGFβ signaling, neutralizing the prochondrogenic influence of the hypoxic-inducible factor 1 activated by the hypoxic microenvironment characteristic of limb mesenchymal aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Abstract
Many drugs that target transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling have been developed, some of which have reached Phase III clinical trials for a number of disease applications. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate the utility of these agents in fibrosis and oncology, particularly in augmentation of existing cancer therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy, as well as in tumour vaccines. There are also reports of specialized applications, such as the reduction of vascular symptoms of Marfan syndrome. Here, we consider why the TGFβ signalling pathway is a drug target, the potential clinical applications of TGFβ inhibition, the issues arising with anti-TGFβ therapy and how these might be tackled using personalized approaches to dosing, monitoring of biomarkers as well as brief and/or localized drug-dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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Abstract
In this article, development of articular cartilage and endochondral ossification is reviewed, from the perspective of both morphologic aspects of histogenesis and molecular biology, particularly with respect to key signaling molecules and extracellular matrix components most active in cartilage development. The current understanding of the roles of transforming growth factor β and associated signaling molecules, bone morphogenic proteins, and molecules of the Wnt-β catenin system in chondrogenesis are described. Articular cartilage development is a highly conserved complex biological process that is dynamic and robust in nature, which proceeds well without incident or failure in all joints of most young growing individuals.
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