1
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Anzell AR, Kunz AB, Donovan JP, Tran TG, Lu X, Young S, Roman BL. Blood flow regulates acvrl1 transcription via ligand-dependent Alk1 activity. Angiogenesis 2024; 27:501-522. [PMID: 38727966 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. HHT is caused primarily by mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptors ACVRL1/ALK1, a signaling receptor, or endoglin (ENG), an accessory receptor. Because overexpression of Acvrl1 prevents AVM development in both Acvrl1 and Eng null mice, enhancing ACVRL1 expression may be a promising approach to development of targeted therapies for HHT. Therefore, we sought to understand the molecular mechanism of ACVRL1 regulation. We previously demonstrated in zebrafish embryos that acvrl1 is predominantly expressed in arterial endothelial cells and that expression requires blood flow. Here, we document that flow dependence exhibits regional heterogeneity and that acvrl1 expression is rapidly restored after reinitiation of flow. Furthermore, we find that acvrl1 expression is significantly decreased in mutants that lack the circulating Alk1 ligand, Bmp10, and that, in the absence of flow, intravascular injection of BMP10 or the related ligand, BMP9, restores acvrl1 expression in an Alk1-dependent manner. Using a transgenic acvrl1:egfp reporter line, we find that flow and Bmp10 regulate acvrl1 at the level of transcription. Finally, we observe similar ALK1 ligand-dependent increases in ACVRL1 in human endothelial cells subjected to shear stress. These data suggest that ligand-dependent Alk1 activity acts downstream of blood flow to maintain or enhance acvrl1 expression via a positive feedback mechanism, and that ALK1 activating therapeutics may have dual functionality by increasing both ALK1 signaling flux and ACVRL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Anzell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy B Kunz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James P Donovan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thanhlong G Tran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Carnegie Mellon University, University Libraries, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth L Roman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Kozmik Z, Kozmikova I. Ancestral role of Pax6 in chordate brain regionalization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1431337. [PMID: 39119036 PMCID: PMC11306081 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1431337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pax6 gene is essential for eye and brain development across various animal species. Here, we investigate the function of Pax6 in the development of the anterior central nervous system (CNS) of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus using CRISPR/Cas9-induced genome editing. Specifically, we examined Pax6 mutants featuring a 6 bp deletion encompassing two invariant amino acids in the conserved paired domain, hypothesized to impair Pax6 DNA-binding capacity and gene regulatory functions. Although this mutation did not result in gross morphological changes in amphioxus larvae, it demonstrated a reduced ability to activate Pax6-responsive reporter gene, suggesting a hypomorphic effect. Expression analysis in mutant larvae revealed changes in gene expression within the anterior CNS, supporting the conserved role of Pax6 gene in brain regionalization across chordates. Additionally, our findings lend support to the hypothesis of a zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI)-like region in amphioxus, suggesting evolutionary continuity in brain patterning mechanisms. ZLI region, found in both hemichordates and vertebrates, functions as a key signaling center and serves as a restrictive boundary between major thalamic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iryna Kozmikova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Grau-Bové X, Subirana L, Meister L, Soubigou A, Neto A, Elek A, Naranjo S, Fornas O, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Tena JJ, Irimia M, Bertrand S, Sebé-Pedrós A, Escriva H. An amphioxus neurula stage cell atlas supports a complex scenario for the emergence of vertebrate head mesoderm. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4550. [PMID: 38811547 PMCID: PMC11136973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new structures can often be linked to the evolution of novel cell types that follows the rewiring of developmental gene regulatory subnetworks. Vertebrates are characterized by a complex body plan compared to the other chordate clades and the question remains of whether and how the emergence of vertebrate morphological innovations can be related to the appearance of new embryonic cell populations. We previously proposed, by studying mesoderm development in the cephalochordate amphioxus, a scenario for the evolution of the vertebrate head mesoderm. To further test this scenario at the cell population level, we used scRNA-seq to construct a cell atlas of the amphioxus neurula, stage at which the main mesodermal compartments are specified. Our data allowed us to validate the presence of a prechordal-plate like territory in amphioxus. Additionally, the transcriptomic profile of somite cell populations supports the homology between specific territories of amphioxus somites and vertebrate cranial/pharyngeal and lateral plate mesoderm. Finally, our work provides evidence that the appearance of the specific mesodermal structures of the vertebrate head was associated to both segregation of pre-existing cell populations, and co-option of new genes for the control of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Grau-Bové
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucie Subirana
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Lydvina Meister
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Anaël Soubigou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ana Neto
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anamaria Elek
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Naranjo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Oscar Fornas
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stéphanie Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Hector Escriva
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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4
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Knabl P, Schauer A, Pomreinke AP, Zimmermann B, Rogers KW, Čapek D, Müller P, Genikhovich G. Analysis of SMAD1/5 target genes in a sea anemone reveals ZSWIM4-6 as a novel BMP signaling modulator. eLife 2024; 13:e80803. [PMID: 38323609 PMCID: PMC10849676 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling has a conserved function in patterning the dorsal-ventral body axis in Bilateria and the directive axis in anthozoan cnidarians. So far, cnidarian studies have focused on the role of different BMP signaling network components in regulating pSMAD1/5 gradient formation. Much less is known about the target genes downstream of BMP signaling. To address this, we generated a genome-wide list of direct pSMAD1/5 target genes in the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis, several of which were conserved in Drosophila and Xenopus. Our ChIP-seq analysis revealed that many of the regulatory molecules with documented bilaterally symmetric expression in Nematostella are directly controlled by BMP signaling. We identified several so far uncharacterized BMP-dependent transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose bilaterally symmetric expression may be indicative of their involvement in secondary axis patterning. One of these molecules is zswim4-6, which encodes a novel nuclear protein that can modulate the pSMAD1/5 gradient and potentially promote BMP-dependent gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knabl
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Schauer
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Bob Zimmermann
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Patrick Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietyTübingenGermany
- University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
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5
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Anzell AR, Kunz AB, Donovan JP, Tran TG, Lu X, Young S, Roman BL. Blood flow regulates acvrl1 transcription via ligand-dependent Alk1 activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.576046. [PMID: 38328175 PMCID: PMC10849739 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.576046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. HHT is caused primarily by mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptors ACVRL1/ALK1, a signaling receptor, or endoglin (ENG), an accessory receptor. Because overexpression of Acvrl1 prevents AVM development in both Acvrl1 and Eng null mice, enhancing ACVRL1 expression may be a promising approach to development of targeted therapies for HHT. Therefore, we sought to understand the molecular mechanism of ACVRL1 regulation. We previously demonstrated in zebrafish embryos that acvrl1 is predominantly expressed in arterial endothelial cells and that expression requires blood flow. Here, we document that flow dependence exhibits regional heterogeneity and that acvrl1 expression is rapidly restored after reinitiation of flow. Furthermore, we find that acvrl1 expression is significantly decreased in mutants that lack the circulating Alk1 ligand, Bmp10, and that BMP10 microinjection into the vasculature in the absence of flow enhances acvrl1 expression in an Alk1-dependent manner. Using a transgenic acvrl1:egfp reporter line, we find that flow and Bmp10 regulate acvrl1 at the level of transcription. Finally, we observe similar ALK1 ligand-dependent increases in ACVRL1 in human endothelial cells subjected to shear stress. These data suggest that Bmp10 acts downstream of blood flow to maintain or enhance acvrl1 expression via a positive feedback mechanism, and that ALK1 activating therapeutics may have dual functionality by increasing both ALK1 signaling flux and ACVRL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Anzell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Biery Kunz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Current affiliation: Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James P. Donovan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thanhlong G. Tran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Current affiliation: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Current affiliation: Carnegie Mellon University, University Libraries, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth L. Roman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Wells LM, Roberts HC, Luyten FP, Roberts SJ. Identifying Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 as a Mediator of Periosteal Osteochondral Differentiation through the Construction of microRNA-Based Interaction Networks. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1381. [PMID: 37997980 PMCID: PMC10669632 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Human periosteum-derived progenitor cells (hPDCs) have the ability to differentiate towards both the chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. This coordinated and complex osteochondrogenic differentiation process permits endochondral ossification and is essential in bone development and repair. We have previously shown that humanised cultures of hPDCs enhance their osteochondrogenic potentials in vitro and in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study aimed to identify novel regulators of hPDC osteochondrogenic differentiation through the construction of miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks derived from hPDCs cultured in human serum or foetal bovine serum as an alternative in silico strategy to serum characterisation. Sixteen differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis) were identified in the humanised culture. In silico analysis of the DEMis with TargetScan allowed for the identification of 1503 potential miRNA target genes. Upon comparison with a paired RNAseq dataset, a 4.5% overlap was observed (122 genes). A protein-protein interaction network created with STRING interestingly identified FGFR3 as a key network node, which was further predicted using multiple pathway analyses. Functional analysis revealed that hPDCs with the activating mutation FGFR3N540K displayed increased expressions of chondrogenic gene markers when cultured under chondrogenic conditions in vitro and displayed enhanced endochondral bone formation in vivo. A further histological analysis uncovered known downstream mediators involved in FGFR3 signalling and endochondral ossification to be upregulated in hPDC FGFR3N540K-seeded implants. This combinational approach of miRNA-mRNA-protein network analysis with in vitro and in vivo characterisation has permitted the identification of FGFR3 as a novel mediator of hPDC biology. Furthermore, this miRNA-based workflow may also allow for the identification of drug targets, which may be of relevance in instances of delayed fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK;
| | - Helen C. Roberts
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK;
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre (SBE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Scott J. Roberts
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK;
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7
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Changmeng Z, Hongfei W, Cheung MCH, Chan YS, Shea GKH. Revealing the developmental origin and lineage predilection of neural progenitors within human bone marrow via single-cell analysis: implications for regenerative medicine. Genome Med 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 37667405 PMCID: PMC10476295 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are an easily accessible and expandable progenitor population with the capacity to generate neural cell types in addition to mesoderm. Lineage tracing studies in transgenic animals have indicated Nestin + BMSCs to be descended from the truncal neural crest. Single-cell analysis provides a means to identify the developmental origin and identity of human BMSC-derived neural progenitors when lineage tracing remains infeasible. This is a prerequisite towards translational application. METHODS We attained transcriptomic profiles of embryonic long bone, adult human bone marrow, cultured BMSCs and BMSC-derived neurospheres. Integrated scRNAseq analysis was supplemented by characterization of cells during culture expansion and following provision of growth factors and signalling agonists to bias lineage. RESULTS Reconstructed pseudotime upon the integrated dataset indicated distinct neural and osteogenic differentiation trajectories. The starting state towards the neural differentiation trajectory consisted of Nestin + /MKI67 + BMSCs, which could also be diverted towards the osteogenic trajectory via a branch point. Nestin + /PDGFRA + BMSCs responded to neurosphere culture conditions to generate a subpopulation of cells with a neuronal phenotype according to marker expression and gene ontogeny analysis that occupied the end state along the neural differentiation trajectory. Reconstructed pseudotime also revealed an upregulation of BMP4 expression during culture of BMSC-neurospheres. This provided the rationale for culture supplementation with the BMP signalling agonist SB4, which directed progenitors to upregulate Pax6 and downregulate Nestin. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested BMSCs originating from truncal neural crest to be the source of cells within long bone marrow possessing neural differentiation potential. Unravelling the transcriptomic dynamics of BMSC-derived neural progenitors promises to enhance differentiation efficiency and safety towards clinical application in cell therapy and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Changmeng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wang Hongfei
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Martin Chi-Hang Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Graham Ka-Hon Shea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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8
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Machacova S, Kozmik Z, Kozmikova I. Identification of Nodal-dependent enhancer of amphioxus Chordin sufficient to drive gene expression into the chordate dorsal organizer. Dev Genes Evol 2022; 232:137-145. [PMID: 36372862 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-022-00698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The core molecular mechanisms of dorsal organizer formation during gastrulation are highly conserved within the chordate lineage. One of the key characteristics is that Nodal signaling is required for the organizer-specific gene expression. This feature appears to be ancestral, as evidenced by the presence in the most basally divergent chordate amphioxus. To provide a better understanding of the evolution of organizer-specific gene regulation in chordates, we analyzed the cis-regulatory sequence of amphioxus Chordin in the context of the vertebrate embryo. First, we generated stable zebrafish transgenic lines, and by using light-sheet fluorescent microscopy, characterized in detail the expression pattern of GFP driven by the cis-regulatory sequences of amphioxus Chordin. Next, we performed a 5'deletion analysis and identified an enhancer sufficient to drive the expression of the reporter gene into a chordate dorsal organizer. Finally, we found that the identified enhancer element strongly depends on Nodal signaling, which is consistent with the well-established role of this pathway in the regulation of the expression of dorsal organizer-specific genes across chordates. The enhancer identified in our study may represent a suitable simple system to study the interplay of the evolutionarily conserved regulatory mechanisms operating during early chordate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Machacova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Videnska, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Videnska, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kozmikova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Videnska, 1083, Czech Republic.
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9
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Stundl J, Bertucci PY, Lauri A, Arendt D, Bronner ME. Evolution of new cell types at the lateral neural border. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:173-205. [PMID: 33602488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, animals have become increasingly complex by the addition of novel cell types and regulatory mechanisms. A prime example is represented by the lateral neural border, known as the neural plate border in vertebrates, a region of the developing ectoderm where presumptive neural and non-neural tissue meet. This region has been intensively studied as the source of two important embryonic cell types unique to vertebrates-the neural crest and the ectodermal placodes-which contribute to diverse differentiated cell types including the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells, bone, and cartilage. How did these multipotent progenitors originate in animal evolution? What triggered the elaboration of the border during the course of chordate evolution? How is the lateral neural border patterned in various bilaterians and what is its fate? Here, we review and compare the development and fate of the lateral neural border in vertebrates and invertebrates and we speculate about its evolutionary origin. Taken together, the data suggest that the lateral neural border existed in bilaterian ancestors prior to the origin of vertebrates and became a developmental source of exquisite evolutionary change that frequently enabled the acquisition of new cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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10
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Yasuoka Y. Enhancer evolution in chordates: Lessons from functional analyses of cephalochordate cis‐regulatory modules. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:279-300. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Yasuoka
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Tsurumi‐ku Japan
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11
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Kozmikova I, Kozmik Z. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved determinant of chordate dorsal organizer. eLife 2020; 9:56817. [PMID: 32452768 PMCID: PMC7292647 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of axis formation in amphioxus is a key step to understanding the evolution of chordate body plan. The current view is that Nodal signaling is the only factor promoting the dorsal axis specification in the amphioxus, whereas Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays no role in this process. Here, we re-examined the role of Wnt/βcatenin signaling in the dorsal/ventral patterning of amphioxus embryo. We demonstrated that the spatial activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is located in presumptive dorsal cells from cleavage to gastrula stage, and provided functional evidence that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is necessary for the specification of dorsal cell fate in a stage-dependent manner. Microinjection of Wnt8 and Wnt11 mRNA induced ectopic dorsal axis in neurulae and larvae. Finally, we demonstrated that Nodal and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cooperate to promote the dorsal-specific gene expression in amphioxus gastrula. Our study reveals high evolutionary conservation of dorsal organizer formation in the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kozmikova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Ye D, Wang X, Wei C, He M, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Sun Y. Marcksb plays a key role in the secretory pathway of zebrafish Bmp2b. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008306. [PMID: 31545789 PMCID: PMC6776368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate early embryogenesis, the ventral development is directed by the ventral-to-dorsal activity gradient of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. As secreted ligands, the extracellular traffic of BMP has been extensively studied. However, it remains poorly understood that how BMP ligands are secreted from BMP-producing cells. In this work, we show the dominant role of Marcksb controlling the secretory process of Bmp2b via interaction with Hsp70 in vivo. We firstly carefully characterized the role of Marcksb in promoting BMP signaling during dorsoventral axis formation through knockdown approach. We then showed that Marcksb cell autonomously regulates the trafficking of Bmp2b from producing cell to the extracellular space and both the total and the extracellular Bmp2b was decreased in Marcksb-deficient embryos. However, neither the zygotic mutant of marcksb (Zmarcksb) nor the maternal zygotic mutant of marcksb (MZmarcksb) showed any defects of dorsalization. In contrast, the MZmarcksb embryos even showed increased BMP signaling activity as measured by expression of BMP targets, phosphorylated Smad1/5/9 levels and imaging of Bmp2b, suggesting that a phenomenon of “genetic over-compensation” arose. Finally, we revealed that the over-compensation effects of BMP signaling in MZmarcksb was achieved through a sequential up-regulation of MARCKS-family members Marcksa, Marcksl1a and Marcksl1b, and MARCKS-interacting protein Hsp70.3. We concluded that the Marcksb modulates BMP signaling through regulating the secretory pathway of Bmp2b. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are extracellular proteins which belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. BMP signaling is essential for embryonic development, organogenesis, and tissue regeneration and homeostasis, and tightly linked to various diseases and tumorigenesis. However, as secreted proteins, how BMPs are transported and secreted from BMP-producing cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that Marcksb interacts with a molecular chaperon–Hsp70.3 to mediate the secretory pathway of BMP ligands during early development of zebrafish. Moreover, we discovered a novel phenomenon of “genetic over-compensation” in the genetic knock-out mutants of marcksb. To our knowledge, this is the first report that reveals the molecules and their related trafficking system mediating the secretion of BMPs. Considering the wide distribution of BMP and MARCKS within the human body, our work may shed light on the studies of BMPs secretion in organogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. The finding of MARCKS in controlling BMP secretion may provide potential therapeutic targets for modulating the activity of BMP signaling and thus will be of interest to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaosi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mudan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
The BMP signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in different aspects of embryonic development across diverse metazoan phyla. Comparative studies on the roles of the BMP signaling pathway provide crucial insights into the evolution of the animal body plans. In this chapter, we present the general workflow on how to investigate the roles of BMP signaling pathway during amphioxus embryonic development. As amphioxus are basal invertebrate chordates, studies on the BMP signaling pathway in amphioxus could elucidate the functional evolution of BMP pathway in the chordate group. Here, we describe methods for animal husbandry, spawning induction, and manipulation of the BMP signaling pathway during embryonic development through drug inhibitors and recombinant proteins. We also introduce an efficient method of using mesh baskets to handle amphioxus embryos for fluorescence immunostaining and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and to assay the effects of manipulating BMP signaling pathway during amphioxus embryogenesis.
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The Importance of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Tumorigenesis of Spinal and Cranial Chordoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020248. [PMID: 30769952 PMCID: PMC6406847 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas is rare malignant bone tumors thought to arise from remnants of embryonic notochord along the spine, frequently at the skull base and sacrum. Although chordoma is slow growing tumors, while are extremely recurrent, and aggressive, as well as the rate of prognosis remains poorly. Radical surgery and high-dose radiation are the most used treatments. Currently, there is no effective chemotherapeutic standard for chordomas. The Hedgehog (HH) pathway adjusts various processes included in expansion and differentiation of tissues and organs throughout the fetus’s life, furthermore cell growth and differentiation in the adult organism, of the cell in an adult organism, in which acute anesthesia is involved in multiple cancers. To study the role of signaling the hedgehog in the base of the skull and sacrum chordomas, the expression of SHH and GLI-1 levels were detected immuno histochemically, Additionally, PTCH-1 and GLI-1 expressions were distinguished by in- Situ- hybridization. Based on the findings presented herein, it is likely that the HH signal cascade was revealed even in cranial, where consecoently spinal chordoma and their recurrences play an important role. Our staining exhibited a canonical, ligand- dependent and autocrine Hedgehog signaling in skull base and sacrum chordomas including relapse. Due to the high levels of SHH and GLI-1 expression in all investigated chordoma samples, the study suggests a possible autocrine ligand-dependent activation of the canonical HH signaling cascade. A paracrine or non-canonical pathway cannot be excluded. Our results suggest that Hedgehog-inhibitors, like SHH-, GLI- and SMO- inhibitors, might serve as a potential and effective target for the treatment of chordomas.
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Yasuoka Y, Tando Y, Kubokawa K, Taira M. Evolution of cis-regulatory modules for the head organizer gene goosecoid in chordates: comparisons between Branchiostoma and Xenopus. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31388442 PMCID: PMC6679436 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cephalochordates (amphioxus), the notochord runs along the dorsal to the anterior tip of the body. In contrast, the vertebrate head is formed anterior to the notochord, as a result of head organizer formation in anterior mesoderm during early development. A key gene for the vertebrate head organizer, goosecoid (gsc), is broadly expressed in the dorsal mesoderm of amphioxus gastrula. Amphioxus gsc expression subsequently becomes restricted to the posterior notochord from the early neurula. This has prompted the hypothesis that a change in expression patterns of gsc led to development of the vertebrate head during chordate evolution. However, molecular mechanisms of head organizer evolution involving gsc have never been elucidated. RESULTS To address this question, we compared cis-regulatory modules of vertebrate organizer genes between amphioxus, Branchiostoma japonicum, and frogs, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Here we show conservation and diversification of gene regulatory mechanisms through cis-regulatory modules for gsc, lim1/lhx1, and chordin in Branchiostoma and Xenopus. Reporter analysis using Xenopus embryos demonstrates that activation of gsc by Nodal/FoxH1 signal through the 5' upstream region, that of lim1 by Nodal/FoxH1 signal through the first intron, and that of chordin by Lim1 through the second intron, are conserved between amphioxus and Xenopus. However, activation of gsc by Lim1 and Otx through the 5' upstream region in Xenopus are not conserved in amphioxus. Furthermore, the 5' region of amphioxus gsc recapitulated the amphioxus-like posterior mesoderm expression of the reporter gene in transgenic Xenopus embryos. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of this study, we propose a model, in which the gsc gene acquired the cis-regulatory module bound with Lim1 and Otx at its 5' upstream region to be activated persistently in anterior mesoderm, in the vertebrate lineage. Because Gsc globally represses trunk (notochord) genes in the vertebrate head organizer, this cooption of gsc in vertebrates appears to have resulted in inhibition of trunk genes and acquisition of the head organizer and its derivative prechordal plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Yasuoka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yukiko Tando
- Center for Advance Marine Research, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8639 Japan
- Present address: Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kaoru Kubokawa
- Center for Advance Marine Research, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8639 Japan
- Present address: SIRC, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605 Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551 Japan
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Shi C, Huang J, Chen S, Li G, Wang Y. Generation of two transgenic amphioxus lines using the Tol2 transposon system. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:513-516. [PMID: 30268359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shixi Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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17
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Human notochordal cell transcriptome unveils potential regulators of cell function in the developing intervertebral disc. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12866. [PMID: 30150762 PMCID: PMC6110784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult nucleus pulposus originates from the embryonic notochord, but loss of notochordal cells with skeletal maturity in humans is thought to contribute to the onset of intervertebral disc degeneration. Thus, defining the phenotype of human embryonic/fetal notochordal cells is essential for understanding their roles and for development of novel therapies. However, a detailed transcriptomic profiling of human notochordal cells has never been achieved. In this study, the notochord-specific marker CD24 was used to specifically label and isolate (using FACS) notochordal cells from human embryonic and fetal spines (7.5–14 weeks post-conception). Microarray analysis and qPCR validation identified CD24, STMN2, RTN1, PRPH, CXCL12, IGF1, MAP1B, ISL1, CLDN1 and THBS2 as notochord-specific markers. Expression of these markers was confirmed in nucleus pulposus cells from aged and degenerate discs. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed molecules involved in inhibition of vascularisation (WISP2, Noggin and EDN2) and inflammation (IL1-RN) to be master regulators of notochordal genes. Importantly, this study has, for the first time, defined the human notochordal cell transcriptome and suggests inhibition of inflammation and vascularisation may be key roles for notochordal cells during intervertebral disc development. The molecules and pathways identified in this study have potential for use in developing strategies to retard/prevent disc degeneration, or regenerate tissue.
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18
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Barton-Owen TB, Ferrier DEK, Somorjai IML. Pax3/7 duplicated and diverged independently in amphioxus, the basal chordate lineage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9414. [PMID: 29925900 PMCID: PMC6010424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pax3/7 transcription factor family is integral to developmental gene networks contributing to important innovations in vertebrate evolution, including the neural crest. The basal chordate lineage of amphioxus is ideally placed to understand the dynamics of the gene regulatory network evolution that produced these novelties. We report here the discovery that the cephalochordate lineage possesses two Pax3/7 genes, Pax3/7a and Pax3/7b. The tandem duplication is ancestral to all extant amphioxus, occurring in both Asymmetron and Branchiostoma, but originated after the split from the lineage leading to vertebrates. The two paralogues are differentially expressed during embryonic development, particularly in neural and somitic tissues, suggesting distinct regulation. Our results have implications for the study of amphioxus regeneration, neural plate and crest evolution, and differential tandem paralogue evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Barton-Owen
- University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK.,University of St Andrews, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David E K Ferrier
- University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Ildikó M L Somorjai
- University of St Andrews, Gatty Marine Laboratory, Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK. .,University of St Andrews, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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19
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Abstract
TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. During these processes, elaborate regulatory feedback between TGF-β ligands and their antagonists direct the proper specification and patterning of embryonic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of TGF-β family signaling in these processes. Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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20
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Soukup V, Kozmik Z. The Bmp signaling pathway regulates development of left-right asymmetry in amphioxus. Dev Biol 2018; 434:164-174. [PMID: 29224891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of asymmetry along the left-right (LR) body axis in vertebrates requires interplay between Nodal and Bmp signaling pathways. In the basal chordate amphioxus, the left-sided activity of the Nodal signaling has been attributed to the asymmetric morphogenesis of paraxial structures and pharyngeal organs, however the role of Bmp signaling in LR asymmetry establishment has not been addressed to date. Here, we show that Bmp signaling is necessary for the development of LR asymmetric morphogenesis of amphioxus larvae through regulation of Nodal signaling. Loss of Bmp signaling results in loss of the left-sided expression of Nodal, Gdf1/3, Lefty and Pitx and in gain of ectopic expression of Cerberus on the left side. As a consequence, the larvae display loss of the offset arrangement of axial structures, loss of the left-sided pharyngeal organs including the mouth, and ectopic development of the right-sided organs on the left side. Bmp inhibition thus phenocopies inhibition of Nodal signaling and results in the right isomerism. We conclude that Bmp and Nodal pathways act in concert to specify the left side and that Bmp signaling plays a fundamental role during LR development in amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Soukup
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Louryan S, Vanmuylder N. [The dorsoventral inversion: An attempt of synthesis]. Morphologie 2017; 102:122-131. [PMID: 28964656 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The invertebrates, with known exception of echinoderms, are hyponeurian and protostomian. By contrast, echinoderms, chordates and vertebrate are epineurian and deuterostomian. Convinced of the uniqueness origin of all species, Etienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (1772-1844), had postulated a complete inversion of body plan to explain this difference. He had to face up to the hostility of the fixist Georges Cuvier (1763-1832). Much later, famous embryologists such as Maurice Caullery still believed that this idea was erroneous. However, the progress of comparative embryology and of developmental biology gradually contributed to validate this idea. Based upon ancient and recent literature review, and re-examination of arthropods (Acanthoscelides obtectus Say), amphibians (Discoglossus), echinoderms (sea urchin) and mammals (rodents) embryos, we can raise up difference and common points of the gastrulation processes. The dorsoventral gradient is ensured by the couple Dpp (dorsal in arthropods)/SOG/chordin (ventral in arthropods), which appears as "inverted" in epineurians. Blastopore invagination occurs in arthopods in the ventral region, opposite to the vitellus mass (initially diffuse, then predominant on the dorsal side), whereas it occurs at the vegetative side in other hyponeurians and epineurians. It has been accepted that the BMP inhibits oral development in protostomian, whereas it activates it in Chordates. Therefore we assume, as Lowe does, that the oral cavity of deuterostomians might constitute a new structure related to the branchial system. The comparative analysis of the blastopore' orientation, the sperm penetration site, and the polarity axes of various embryos species allows to follow the different modifications and to hypothesize their relative chronology during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Louryan
- Laboratoire d'anatomie, biomécanique et organogenèse, université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), faculté de médecine, route de Lennik, 808, B1070 Bruxelles, Belgique.
| | - N Vanmuylder
- Laboratoire d'anatomie, biomécanique et organogenèse, université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), faculté de médecine, route de Lennik, 808, B1070 Bruxelles, Belgique
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22
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Annona G, Caccavale F, Pascual-Anaya J, Kuratani S, De Luca P, Palumbo A, D'Aniello S. Nitric Oxide regulates mouth development in amphioxus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8432. [PMID: 28814726 PMCID: PMC5559612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the mouth in animals has fascinated researchers for decades, and a recent study proposed the modern view of recurrent evolution of protostomy and deuterostomy. Here we expanded our knowledge about conserved traits of mouth formation in chordates, testing the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) is a potential regulator of this process. In the present work we show for the first time that NO is an essential cell signaling molecule for cephalochordate mouth formation, as previously shown for vertebrates, indicating its conserved ancestral role in chordates. The experimental decrease of NO during early amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum development impaired the formation of the mouth and gill slits, demonstrating that it is a prerequisite in pharyngeal morphogenesis. Our results represent the first step in the understanding of NO physiology in non-vertebrate chordates, opening new evolutionary perspectives into the ancestral importance of NO homeostasis and acquisition of novel biological roles during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annona
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Caccavale
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Minatojima-minami 2-2-3, 650-0047, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Minatojima-minami 2-2-3, 650-0047, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- RIMAR, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
Neural induction is the process through which pluripotent cells are committed to a neural fate. This first step of Central Nervous System formation is triggered by the "Spemann organizer" in amphibians and by homologous embryonic regions in other vertebrates. Studies in classical vertebrate models have produced contrasting views about the molecular nature of neural inducers and no unifying scheme could be drawn. Moreover, how this process evolved in the chordate lineage remains an unresolved issue. In this work, by using graft and micromanipulation experiments, we definitively establish that the dorsal blastopore lip of the cephalochordate amphioxus is homologous to the vertebrate organizer and is able to trigger the formation of neural tissues in a host embryo. In addition, we demonstrate that Nodal/Activin is the main signal eliciting neural induction in amphioxus, and that it also functions as a bona fide neural inducer in the classical vertebrate model Xenopus. Altogether, our results allow us to propose that Nodal/Activin was a major player of neural induction in the ancestor of chordates. This study further reveals the diversity of neural inducers deployed during chordate evolution and advocates against a universally conserved molecular explanation for this process.
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24
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Yong LW, Yu JK. Tracing the evolutionary origin of vertebrate skeletal tissues: insights from cephalochordate amphioxus. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Fabian P, Pantzartzi CN, Kozmikova I, Kozmik Z. vox homeobox gene: a novel regulator of midbrain-hindbrain boundary development in medaka fish? Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:99-107. [PMID: 26965282 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) is one of the key organizing centers of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Its patterning is governed by a well-described gene regulatory network (GRN) involving several transcription factors, namely, pax, gbx, en, and otx, together with signaling molecules of the Wnt and Fgf families. Here, we describe the onset of these markers in Oryzias latipes (medaka) early brain development in comparison to previously known zebrafish expression patterns. Moreover, we show for the first time that vox, a member of the vent gene family, is expressed in the developing neural tube similarly to CNS markers. Overexpression of vox leads to profound changes in the gene expression patterns of individual components of MHB-specific GRN, most notably of fgf8, a crucial organizer molecule of MHB. Our data suggest that genes from the vent family, in addition to their crucial role in body axis formation, may play a role in regionalization of vertebrate CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fabian
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Chrysoula N Pantzartzi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kozmikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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26
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Sun X, Hornicek F, Schwab JH. Chordoma: an update on the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2016; 8:344-52. [PMID: 26493697 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-015-9311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare low-grade primary malignant skeletal tumor, which is presumed to derive from notochord remnants. The pathogenesis of chordoma has not been fully elucidated. However, recent advances in the molecular biology studies have identified brachyury underlying the initiation and progression of chordoma cells. More efforts have been made on accumulating evidence of the notochordal origin of chordoma, discovering signaling pathways and identifying crucial targets in chordomagenesis. In this review, we summarize the most recent research findings and focus on the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 355 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 355 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joseph H Schwab
- Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 355 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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27
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Schille C, Heller J, Schambony A. Differential requirement of bone morphogenetic protein receptors Ia (ALK3) and Ib (ALK6) in early embryonic patterning and neural crest development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26780949 PMCID: PMC4717534 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate multiple processes in embryonic development, including early dorso-ventral patterning and neural crest development. BMPs activate heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II receptor-serine/threonine kinases. BMP receptors Ia and Ib, also known as ALK3 and ALK6 respectively, are the most common type I receptors that likely mediate most BMP signaling events. Since early expression patterns and functions in Xenopus laevis development have not been described, we have addressed these questions in the present study. Results Here we have analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of ALK3 and ALK6; we have also carried out loss-of-function studies to define the function of these receptors in early Xenopus development. We detected both redundant and non-redundant roles of ALK3 and ALK6 in dorso-ventral patterning. From late gastrula stages onwards, their expression patterns diverged, which correlated with a specific, non-redundant requirement of ALK6 in post-gastrula neural crest cells. ALK6 was essential for induction of neural crest cell fate and further development of the neural crest and its derivatives. Conclusions ALK3 and ALK6 both contribute to the gene regulatory network that regulates dorso-ventral patterning; they play partially overlapping and partially non-redundant roles in this process. ALK3 and ALK6 are independently required for the spatially restricted activation of BMP signaling and msx2 upregulation at the neural plate border, whereas in post-gastrula development ALK6 exerts a highly specific, conserved function in neural crest development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0101-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schille
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jens Heller
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Botman D, Jansson F, Röttinger E, Martindale MQ, de Jong J, Kaandorp JA. Analysis of a spatial gene expression database for sea anemone Nematostella vectensis during early development. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:63. [PMID: 26400098 PMCID: PMC4581490 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The spatial distribution of many genes has been visualized during the embryonic development in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in the last decade. In situ hybridization images are available in the Kahi Kai gene expression database, and a method has been developed to quantify spatial gene expression patterns of N. vectensis. In this paper, gene expression quantification is performed on a wide range of gene expression patterns from this database and descriptions of observed expression domains are stored in a separate database for further analysis. Methods Spatial gene expression from suitable in situ hybridization images has been quantified with the GenExp program. A correlation analysis has been performed on the resulting numerical gene expression profiles for each stage. Based on the correlated clusters of spatial gene expression and detailed descriptions of gene expression domains, various mechanisms for developmental gene expression are proposed. Results In the blastula and gastrula stages of development in N. vectensis, its continuous sheet of cells is partitioned into correlating gene expression domains. During progressing development, these regions likely correspond to different fates. A statistical analysis shows that genes generally remain expressed during the planula stages in those major regions that they occupy at the end of gastrulation. Discussion Observed shifts in gene expression domain boundaries suggest that elongation in the planula stage mainly occurs in the vegetal ring under the influence of the gene Rx. The secondary body axis in N. vectensis is proposed to be determined at the mid blastula transition. Conclusions Early gene expression domains in N. vectensis appear to maintain a positional order along the primary body axis. Early determination in N. vectensis occurs in two stages: expression in broad circles and rings in the blastula is consolidated during gastrulation, and more complex expression patterns appear in the planula within these broad regions. Quantification and comparison of gene expression patterns across a database can generate hypotheses about collective cell movements before these movements are measured directly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0209-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Botman
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fredrik Jansson
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), UMR 7284, Nice, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), UMR 7284, Nice, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), U1081, Nice, France.
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Lab for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
| | - Johann de Jong
- Computational Cancer Biology Group, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap A Kaandorp
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Kozmikova I, Kozmik Z. Gene regulation in amphioxus: An insight from transgenic studies in amphioxus and vertebrates. Mar Genomics 2015; 24 Pt 2:159-66. [PMID: 26094865 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cephalochordates, commonly known as amphioxus or lancelets, are the most basal subphylum of chordates. Cephalochordates are thus key to understanding the origin of vertebrates and molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate evolution. The evolution of developmental control mechanisms during invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition involved not only gene duplication events, but also specific changes in spatial and temporal expression of many genes. To get insight into the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, functional studies of amphioxus gene regulatory elements are highly warranted. Here, we review transgenic studies performed in amphioxus and vertebrates using promoters and enhancers derived from the genome of Branchiostoma floridae. We describe the current methods of transgenesis in amphioxus, provide evidence of Tol2 transposon-generated transgenic embryos of Branchiostoma lanceolatum and discuss possible future directions. We envision that comparative transgenic analysis of gene regulatory sequences in the context of amphioxus and vertebrate embryos will likely provide an important mechanistic insight into the evolution of vertebrate body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kozmikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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30
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Boswell BA, Musil LS. Synergistic interaction between the fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways in lens cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2561-72. [PMID: 25947138 PMCID: PMC4571308 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how receptor tyrosine kinase ligands can positively cooperate with BMP signaling. Primary cultures of lens cells were used to reveal an unprecedented type of cross-talk between the canonical FGF and BMP signaling pathways that regulates lens cell differentiation and intercellular coupling. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play a central role in two processes essential for lens transparency—fiber cell differentiation and gap junction–mediated intercellular communication (GJIC). Using serum-free primary cultures of chick lens epithelial cells (DCDMLs), we investigated how the FGF and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways positively cooperate to regulate lens development and function. We found that culturing DCDMLs for 6 d with the BMP blocker noggin inhibits the canonical FGF-to-ERK pathway upstream of FRS2 activation and also prevents FGF from stimulating FRS2- and ERK-independent gene expression, indicating that BMP signaling is required at the level of FGF receptors. Other experiments revealed a second type of BMP/FGF interaction by which FGF promotes expression of BMP target genes as well as of BMP4. Together these studies reveal a novel mode of cooperation between the FGF and BMP pathways in which BMP keeps lens cells in an optimally FGF-responsive state and, reciprocally, FGF enhances BMP-mediated gene expression. This interaction provides a mechanistic explanation for why disruption of either FGF or BMP signaling in the lens leads to defects in lens development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Boswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Linda S Musil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 )
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31
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Klein SL, Moody SA. Early neural ectodermal genes are activated by Siamois and Twin during blastula stages. Genesis 2015; 53:308-20. [PMID: 25892704 PMCID: PMC8943805 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling distinguishes between neural and non-neural fates by activating epidermis-specific transcription and repressing neural-specific transcription. The neural ectoderm forms after the Organizer secrets antagonists that prevent these BMP-mediated activities. However, it is not known whether neural genes also are transcriptionally activated. Therefore, we tested the ability of nine Organizer transcription factors to ectopically induce the expression of four neural ectodermal genes in epidermal precursors. We found evidence for two pathways: Foxd4 and Sox11 were only induced by Sia and Twn, whereas Gmnn and Zic2 were induced by Sia, Twn, as well as seven other Organizer transcription factors. The induction of Foxd4, Gmnn and Zic2 by Sia/Twn was both non-cell autonomous (requiring an intermediate protein) and cell autonomous (direct), whereas the induction of Sox11 required Foxd4 activity. Because direct induction by Sia/Twn could occur endogenously in the dorsal-equatorial blastula cells that give rise to both the Organizer mesoderm and the neural ectoderm, we knocked down Sia/Twn in those cells. This prevented the blastula expression of Foxd4 and Sox11, demonstrating that Sia/Twn directly activate some neural genes before the separation of the Organizer mesoderm and neural ectoderm lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, Northwest, Washington, DC
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, Northwest, Washington, DC
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32
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Schlosser G. Vertebrate cranial placodes as evolutionary innovations--the ancestor's tale. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:235-300. [PMID: 25662263 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations often arise by tinkering with preexisting components building new regulatory networks by the rewiring of old parts. The cranial placodes of vertebrates, ectodermal thickenings that give rise to many of the cranial sense organs (ear, nose, lateral line) and ganglia, originated as such novel structures, when vertebrate ancestors elaborated their head in support of a more active and exploratory life style. This review addresses the question of how cranial placodes evolved by tinkering with ectodermal patterning mechanisms and sensory and neurosecretory cell types that have their own evolutionary history. With phylogenetic relationships among the major branches of metazoans now relatively well established, a comparative approach is used to infer, which structures evolved in which lineages and allows us to trace the origin of placodes and their components back from ancestor to ancestor. Some of the core networks of ectodermal patterning and sensory and neurosecretory differentiation were already established in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians and were greatly elaborated in the bilaterian ancestor (with BMP- and Wnt-dependent patterning of dorsoventral and anteroposterior ectoderm and multiple neurosecretory and sensory cell types). Rostral and caudal protoplacodal domains, giving rise to some neurosecretory and sensory cells, were then established in the ectoderm of the chordate and tunicate-vertebrate ancestor, respectively. However, proper cranial placodes as clusters of proliferating progenitors producing high-density arrays of neurosecretory and sensory cells only evolved and diversified in the ancestors of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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33
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Schlosser G, Patthey C, Shimeld SM. The evolutionary history of vertebrate cranial placodes II. Evolution of ectodermal patterning. Dev Biol 2014; 389:98-119. [PMID: 24491817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes are evolutionary innovations of vertebrates. However, they most likely evolved by redeployment, rewiring and diversification of preexisting cell types and patterning mechanisms. In the second part of this review we compare vertebrates with other animal groups to elucidate the evolutionary history of ectodermal patterning. We show that several transcription factors have ancient bilaterian roles in dorsoventral and anteroposterior regionalisation of the ectoderm. Evidence from amphioxus suggests that ancestral chordates then concentrated neurosecretory cells in the anteriormost non-neural ectoderm. This anterior proto-placodal domain subsequently gave rise to the oral siphon primordia in tunicates (with neurosecretory cells being lost) and anterior (adenohypophyseal, olfactory, and lens) placodes of vertebrates. Likewise, tunicate atrial siphon primordia and posterior (otic, lateral line, and epibranchial) placodes of vertebrates probably evolved from a posterior proto-placodal region in the tunicate-vertebrate ancestor. Since both siphon primordia in tunicates give rise to sparse populations of sensory cells, both proto-placodal domains probably also gave rise to some sensory receptors in the tunicate-vertebrate ancestor. However, proper cranial placodes, which give rise to high density arrays of specialised sensory receptors and neurons, evolved from these domains only in the vertebrate lineage. We propose that this may have involved rewiring of the regulatory network upstream and downstream of Six1/2 and Six4/5 transcription factors and their Eya family cofactors. These proteins, which play ancient roles in neuronal differentiation were first recruited to the dorsal non-neural ectoderm in the tunicate-vertebrate ancestor but subsequently probably acquired new target genes in the vertebrate lineage, allowing them to adopt new functions in regulating proliferation and patterning of neuronal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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