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Furze A, Waldron A, Yajima M. Visualizing metabolic regulation using metabolic biosensors during sea urchin embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2024; 516:122-129. [PMID: 39117030 PMCID: PMC11402557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that metabolic regulation directly influences cellular function and development and thus may be more dynamic than previously expected. In vivo and in real-time analysis of metabolite activities during development is crucial to test this idea directly. In this study, we employ two metabolic biosensors to track the dynamics of pyruvate and oxidative phosphorylation (Oxphos) during the early embryogenesis of the sea urchin. A pyruvate sensor, PyronicSF, shows the signal enrichment on the mitotic apparatus, which is consistent with the localization patterns of the corresponding enzyme, pyruvate kinase (PKM). The addition of pyruvate increases the PyronicSF signal, while PKM knockdown decreases its signal, responding to the pyruvate level in the cell. Similarly, a ratio-metric sensor, Grx-roGFP, that reads the redox potential of the cell responds to DTT and H2O2, the known reducer and inducer of Oxphos. These observations suggest that these metabolic biosensors faithfully reflect the metabolic status in the cell during embryogenesis. The time-lapse imaging of these biosensors suggests that pyruvate and Oxphos levels change both spatially and temporarily during embryonic development. Pyruvate level is increased first in micromeres compared to other blastomeres at the 16-cell stage and remains high in ectoderm while decreasing in endomesoderm during gastrulation. In contrast, the Oxphos signal first decreases in micromeres at the 16-cell stage, while it increases in the endomesoderm during gastrulation, showing the opposite trend of the pyruvate signal. These results suggest that metabolic regulation is indeed both temporally and spatially dynamic during embryogenesis, and these biosensors are a valuable tool to monitor metabolic activities in real-time in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Furze
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ashley Waldron
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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2
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Emura N, Wavreil FD, Fries A, Yajima M. The evolutionary modifications of a GoLoco motif in the AGS protein facilitate micromere formation in the sea urchin embryo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.30.601440. [PMID: 39005292 PMCID: PMC11244941 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.30.601440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary introduction of asymmetric cell division (ACD) into the developmental program facilitates the formation of a new cell type, contributing to developmental diversity and, eventually, to species diversification. The micromere of the sea urchin embryo may serve as one of those examples: An ACD at the 16-cell stage forms micromeres unique to echinoids among echinoderms. We previously reported that a polarity factor, Activator of G-protein Signaling (AGS), plays a crucial role in micromere formation. However, AGS and its associated ACD factors are present in all echinoderms and across most metazoans, leaving a question of what evolutionary modification of AGS protein or its surrounding molecular environment contributed to the evolutionary acquisition of micromeres only in echinoids. In this study, we learned that the GoLoco motifs at the AGS C-terminus play critical roles in regulating micromere formation in sea urchin embryos. Further, other echinoderms' AGS or chimeric AGS that contain the C-terminus of AGS orthologs from various organisms showed varied localization and function in micromere formation. In contrast, the sea star or the pencil urchin orthologs of other ACD factors were consistently localized at the vegetal cortex in the sea urchin embryo, suggesting that AGS may be a unique variable factor that facilitates ACD diversity among echinoderms. Consistently, sea urchin AGS appears to facilitate micromere-like cell formation and accelerate the enrichment timing of the germline factor Vasa during early embryogenesis of the pencil urchin, an ancestral type of sea urchin. Based on these observations, we propose that the molecular evolution of a single polarity factor facilitates ACD diversity while preserving the core ACD machinery among echinoderms and beyond during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annaliese Fries
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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3
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Janosko C, Shade O, Courtney TM, Horst TJ, Liu M, Khare SD, Deiters A. Genetic Encoding of Arylazopyrazole Phenylalanine for Optical Control of Translation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26590-26596. [PMID: 37521667 PMCID: PMC10373180 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
An arylazopyrazole was explored for its use as an enhanced photoswitchable amino acid in genetic code expansion. This new unnatural amino acid was successfully incorporated into proteins in both bacterial and mammalian cells. While photocontrol of translation required pulsed irradiations, complete selectivity for the trans-configuration by the pyrrolysyl tRNA synthetase was observed, demonstrating expression of a gene of interest selectively controlled via light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity
P. Janosko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Olivia Shade
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Taylor M. Courtney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Trevor J. Horst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Melinda Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Vasa nucleates asymmetric translation along the mitotic spindle during unequal cell divisions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2145. [PMID: 35444184 PMCID: PMC9021227 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA translation on the spindle is hypothesized to be an essential strategy for the localized production of cell regulators. This mechanism may be important particularly in early embryonic cells, which have a large diffusion volume and that undergo rapid cell divisions. Evidence to test such a hypothesis has been, however, limited. Here, we use an embryo with both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions and manipulate Vasa protein, an RNA-helicase, on the spindle in live sea urchin embryos. We learned that the spindle serves as a major site of translation and that protein synthesis within a single spindle can be unequal and help drive asymmetric cell divisions during embryogenesis. Recruiting Vasa to the ectopic sub-cellular region induced a new site of translation, disturbed asymmetric translation on the spindle, and changed the cell fate. Based on these observations, we conclude that Vasa functions in localized translation, which provides a spatiotemporal control in protein synthesis and is essential for rapidly developing embryonic cells. Association of mRNA translation with the mitotic spindle is thought to be involved in localized production of cell fate determinants. Here, the authors show Vasa facilitates asymmetric translation, which contributes to differential regulation during sea urchin embryogenesis.
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Wavreil FDM, Poon J, Wessel GM, Yajima M. Light-induced, spatiotemporal control of protein in the developing embryo of the sea urchin. Dev Biol 2021; 478:13-24. [PMID: 34147471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Differential protein regulation is a critical biological process that regulates cellular activity and controls cell fate determination. It is especially important during early embryogenesis when post-transcriptional events predominate differential fate specification in many organisms. Light-induced approaches have been a powerful technology to interrogate protein functions with temporal and spatial precision, even at subcellular levels within a cell by controlling laser irradiation on the confocal microscope. However, application and efficacy of these tools need to be tested for each model system or for the cell type of interest because of the complex nature of each system. Here, we introduce two types of light-induced approaches to track and control proteins at a subcellular level in the developing embryo of the sea urchin. We found that the photoconvertible fluorescent protein Kaede is highly efficient to distinguish pre-existing and newly synthesized proteins with no apparent phototoxicity, even when interrogating proteins associated with the mitotic spindle. Further, chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) using miniSOG successfully inactivated target proteins of interest in the vegetal cortex and selectively delayed or inhibited asymmetric cell division. Overall, these light-induced manipulations serve as important molecular tools to identify protein function for for subcellular interrogations in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence D M Wavreil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jessica Poon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Gary M Wessel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL277, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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Photoreaction Mechanisms of Flavoprotein Photoreceptors and Their Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:189-206. [PMID: 33398814 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Three classes of flavoprotein photoreceptors, cryptochromes (CRYs), light-oxygen-voltage (LOV)-domain proteins, and blue light using FAD (BLUF)-domain proteins, have been identified that control various physiological processes in multiple organisms. Accordingly, signaling activities of photoreceptors have been intensively studied and the related mechanisms have been exploited in numerous optogenetic tools. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of photoactivation mechanisms of the flavoprotein photoreceptors and review their applications.
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Rogers KW, Müller P. Optogenetic approaches to investigate spatiotemporal signaling during development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 137:37-77. [PMID: 32143750 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is coordinated by signaling pathways that pattern the developing organism. Many aspects of this process are not fully understood, including how signaling molecules spread through embryonic tissues, how signaling amplitude and dynamics are decoded, and how multiple signaling pathways cooperate to pattern the body plan. Optogenetic approaches can be used to address these questions by providing precise experimental control over a variety of biological processes. Here, we review how these strategies have provided new insights into developmental signaling and discuss how they could contribute to future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Rogers
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany; Modeling Tumorigenesis Group, Translational Oncology Division, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Krueger D, Izquierdo E, Viswanathan R, Hartmann J, Pallares Cartes C, De Renzis S. Principles and applications of optogenetics in developmental biology. Development 2019; 146:146/20/dev175067. [PMID: 31641044 PMCID: PMC6914371 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms is controlled by highly dynamic molecular and cellular processes organized in spatially restricted patterns. Recent advances in optogenetics are allowing protein function to be controlled with the precision of a pulse of laser light in vivo, providing a powerful new tool to perturb developmental processes at a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. In this Primer, we describe the most commonly used optogenetic tools, their application in developmental biology and in the nascent field of synthetic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krueger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emiliano Izquierdo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ranjith Viswanathan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Jonas Hartmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Pallares Cartes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano De Renzis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Developmental Biology Unit Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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