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Wu Y, Luo XD, Xiang T, Li SJ, Ma MG, Chen ML. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 regulates hippocampal CA1 region excitability in rats with status epilepticus by suppressing the HCN1 channel. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:594-602. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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2
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Maurer-Morelli CV, de Vasconcellos JF, Bruxel EM, Rocha CS, do Canto AM, Tedeschi H, Yasuda CL, Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I. Gene expression profile suggests different mechanisms underlying sporadic and familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:2233-2250. [PMID: 36259630 PMCID: PMC9899983 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221126666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most patients with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) have hippocampal sclerosis on the postoperative histopathological examination. Although most patients with MTLE do not refer to a family history of the disease, familial forms of MTLE have been reported. We studied surgical specimens from patients with MTLE who had epilepsy surgery for medically intractable seizures. We assessed and compared gene expression profiles of the tissue lesion found in patients with familial MTLE (n = 3) and sporadic MTLE (n = 5). In addition, we used data from control hippocampi obtained from a public database (n = 7). We obtained expression profiles using the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 (Affymetrix) microarray platform. Overall, the molecular profile identified in familial MTLE differed from that in sporadic MTLE. In the tissue of patients with familial MTLE, we found an over-representation of the biological pathways related to protein response, mRNA processing, and synaptic plasticity and function. In sporadic MTLE, the gene expression profile suggests that the inflammatory response is highly activated. In addition, we found enrichment of gene sets involved in inflammatory cytokines and mediators and chemokine receptor pathways in both groups. However, in sporadic MTLE, we also found enrichment of epidermal growth factor signaling, prostaglandin synthesis and regulation, and microglia pathogen phagocytosis pathways. Furthermore, based on the gene expression signatures, we identified different potential compounds to treat patients with familial and sporadic MTLE. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the mRNA profile in surgical tissue obtained from patients with familial MTLE and comparing it with sporadic MTLE. Our results clearly show that, despite phenotypic similarities, both forms of MTLE present distinct molecular signatures, thus suggesting different underlying molecular mechanisms that may require distinct therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Maurer-Morelli
- Department of Translational Medicine,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888,
Brazil,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Jaira F de Vasconcellos
- Department of Translational Medicine,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888,
Brazil,Department of Biology, James Madison
University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Estela M Bruxel
- Department of Translational Medicine,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888,
Brazil,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- Department of Translational Medicine,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888,
Brazil,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Amanda M do Canto
- Department of Translational Medicine,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888,
Brazil,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Helder Tedeschi
- Department of Neurology, School of
Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil,Department of Neurology, School of
Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil,Department of Neurology, School of
Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888,
Brazil,Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and
Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil,Iscia Lopes-Cendes.
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3
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Blevins HM, Xu Y, Biby S, Zhang S. The NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway: A Review of Mechanisms and Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:879021. [PMID: 35754962 PMCID: PMC9226403 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.879021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that plays a pivotal role in regulating the innate immune system and inflammatory signaling. Upon activation by PAMPs and DAMPs, NLRP3 oligomerizes and activates caspase-1 which initiates the processing and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 is the most extensively studied inflammasome to date due to its array of activators and aberrant activation in several inflammatory diseases. Studies using small molecules and biologics targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway have shown positive outcomes in treating various disease pathologies by blocking chronic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in understanding the NLRP3 mechanism, its role in disease pathology, and provide a broad review of therapeutics discovered to target the NLRP3 pathway and their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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4
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Tsai CM, Chang SF, Chang H. Transcranial photobiomodulation add-on therapy to valproic acid for pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in peripubertal rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:81. [PMID: 35313886 PMCID: PMC8935768 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) prevention is critical for pediatric patients with epilepsy. Immediate intervention before CSE reduce severity. Despite its wide usage as an anticonvulsant, valproic acid (VPA) results in harmful side effects such as dose-dependent hepatotoxicity. Hence, reducing VPA dosage to minimize side effects while maintaining its efficacy is necessary, and transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) add-on therapy could facilitate this. We recently demonstrated for the first time that tPBM at a wavelength of 808 nm attenuated CSE in peripubertal rats. However, the effects of VPA with the add-on therapy of tPBM prior to seizures have not yet been explored. This study investigated whether adding tPBM to VPA exerts synergistic effect for CSE prevention in peripubertal rats. Methods A gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser (wavelength of 808 nm with an exposure duration of 100 s and irradiance of 1.333 W/cm2 at the target) was applied transcranially 30 min after VPA injection in Sprague Dawley rats. All the rats received 90 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Except for the saline (n = 3), tPBM + saline (n = 3), and PTZ group (n = 6), all the rats received a PTZ injection 30 min after VPA injection. The rats received add-on tPBM with PTZ immediately after tPBM. In the VPA + PTZ group, the rats received low-dose (100 mg/kg, n = 6), medium-dose (200 mg/kg, n = 6), and high-dose (400 mg/kg, n = 7) VPA. In the VPA + tPBM + PTZ group, the rats received low (100 mg/kg, n = 5), medium (200 mg/kg, n = 6), and high (400 mg/kg, n = 3) doses of VPA. Seizures were evaluated according to the revised Racine’s scale in a non-blinded manner. Results Adding tPBM to low-dose VPA reduced the incidence of severe status epilepticus and significantly delayed the latency to stage 2 seizures. However, adding tPBM to high-dose VPA increased the maximum seizure stage, prolonged the duration of stage 4–7 seizures, and shortened the latency to stage 6 seizures. Conclusions Adding tPBM to low-dose VPA exerted a synergistic prevention effect on PTZ-induced seizures, whereas adding tPBM to high-dose VPA offset the attenuation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Min Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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5
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Zulhendri F, Perera CO, Tandean S. Can Propolis Be a Useful Adjuvant in Brain and Neurological Disorders and Injuries? A Systematic Scoping Review of the Latest Experimental Evidence. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1227. [PMID: 34572413 PMCID: PMC8470086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis has been used therapeutically for centuries. In recent years, research has demonstrated its efficacy as a potential raw material for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. The aim of the present scoping review is to examine the latest experimental evidence regarding the potential use of propolis in protecting the brain and treating neurological disorders and injuries. A systematic scoping review methodology was implemented. Identification of the research themes and knowledge gap was performed. After applying the exclusion criteria, a total of 66 research publications were identified and retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. Several key themes where propolis is potentially useful were subsequently identified, namely detoxification, neuroinflammation, ischemia/ischemia-reperfusion injury/traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy models, depression, cytotoxicity, cognitive improvement, regenerative medicine, brain infection, and adverse effects. In conclusion, propolis is shown to have protective and therapeutic benefits in alleviating symptoms of brain and neurological disorders and injuries, demonstrated by various in vitro studies, animal models, and human clinical trials. Further clinical research into this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrad O Perera
- Food Science Program, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Steven Tandean
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20222, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
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6
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Balaha M, De Filippis B, Cataldi A, di Giacomo V. CAPE and Neuroprotection: A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020176. [PMID: 33525407 PMCID: PMC7911454 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis, a product of the honey bee, has been used in traditional medicine for many years. A hydrophobic bioactive polyphenolic ester, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), is one of the most extensively investigated active components of propolis. Several studies have indicated that CAPE has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-proliferative, and anti-neoplastic properties. This review largely describes CAPE neuroprotective effects in many different conditions and summarizes its molecular mechanisms of action. CAPE was found to have a neuroprotective effect on different neurodegenerative disorders. At the basis of these effects, CAPE has the ability to protect neurons from several underlying causes of various human neurologic diseases, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis dysregulation, and brain inflammation. CAPE can also protect the nervous system from some diseases which negatively affect it, such as diabetes, septic shock, and hepatic encephalopathy, while numerous studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of CAPE against adverse reactions induced by different neurotoxic substances. The potential role of CAPE in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from secondary injury following various CNS ischemic conditions and CAPE anti-cancer activity in CNS is also reviewed. The structure–activity relationship of CAPE synthetic derivatives is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Balaha
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.B.); (B.D.F.); (V.d.G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.B.); (B.D.F.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.B.); (B.D.F.); (V.d.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871-355-4467
| | - Viviana di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.B.); (B.D.F.); (V.d.G.)
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7
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Konar A, Kalra RS, Chaudhary A, Nayak A, Guruprasad KP, Satyamoorthy K, Ishida Y, Terao K, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Identification of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) as a Potent Neurodifferentiating Natural Compound That Improves Cognitive and Physiological Functions in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:561925. [PMID: 33244299 PMCID: PMC7685006 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.561925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based screening of bioactive compounds has served as an important gateway in drug discovery. In the present report, using human neuroblastoma cells and enrolling an extensive three-step screening of 57 phytochemicals, we have identified caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) as a potent neurodifferentiating natural compound. Analyses of control and CAPE-induced neurodifferentiated cells revealed: (i) modulation of several key proteins (NF200, MAP-2, NeuN, PSD95, Tuj1, GAP43, and GFAP) involved in neurodifferentiation process; and (ii) attenuation of neuronal stemness (HOXD13, WNT3, and Msh-2) and proliferation-promoting (CDC-20, CDK-7, and BubR1) proteins. We anticipated that the neurodifferentiation potential of CAPE may be beneficial for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and tested it using the Drosophila model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mice model of amnesia/loss of memory. In both models, CAPE exhibited improved disease symptoms and activation of physiological functions. Remarkably, CAPE-treated mice showed increased levels of neurotrophin-BDNF, neural progenitor marker-Nestin, and differentiation marker-NeuN, both in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Taken together, we demonstrate the differentiation-inducing and therapeutic potential of CAPE for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Konar
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Aashika Nayak
- DAILAB, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kanive P Guruprasad
- DAILAB, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- DAILAB, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | | | | | - Sunil C Kaul
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,KAUL-Tech Co., Ltd., Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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8
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Zhang F, Qi N, Zeng Y, Bao M, Chen Y, Liao J, Wei L, Cao D, Huang S, Luo Q, Jiang Y, Mo Z. The Endogenous Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Feces Metabolites Alleviate Oxidative Damage in the Brain of LanCL1 Knockout Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:557342. [PMID: 33117306 PMCID: PMC7575697 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered composition of the gut microbiota has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. LanCL1 has been proven to protect neurons and reduce oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate alterations of the gut microbiota in LanCL1 knockout mice and to study the interactions between gut bacteria and the brain. Wild-type and LanCL1 knockout mice on a normal chow diet were evaluated at 4 and 8-9 weeks of age. 16s rRNA sequence and untargeted metabolomics analyses were performed to investigate changes in the gut microbiota and feces metabolites. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, AB-PAS staining, and a TUNEL assay were performed to detect alterations in the gut and brain of knockout mice. The serum cytokines of 9-week-old knockout mice, which were detected by a multiplex cytokine assay, were significantly increased. In the central nervous system, there was no increase of antioxidant defense genes even though there was only low activity of glutathione S-transferase in the brain of 8-week-old knockout mice. Interestingly, the gut tight junctions, zonula occludens-1 and occludin, also displayed a downregulated expression level in 8-week-old knockout mice. On the contrary, the production of mucus increased in 8-week-old knockout mice. Moreover, the compositions of the gut microbiota and feces metabolites markedly changed in 8-week-old knockout mice but not in 4-week-old mice. Linear discriminant analysis and t-tests identified Akkermansia as a specific abundant bacteria in knockout mice. Quite a few feces metabolites that have protective effects on the brain were reduced in 8-week-old knockout mice. However, N-acetylsphingosine was the most significant downregulated feces metabolite, which may cause the postponement of neuronal apoptosis. To further investigate the effect of the gut microbiota, antibiotics treatment was given to both types of mice from 5 to 11 weeks of age. After treatment, a significant increase of oxidative damage in the brain of knockout mice was observed, which may have been alleviated by the gut microbiota before. In conclusion, alterations of the gut microbiota and feces metabolites alleviated oxidative damage to the brain of LanCL1 knockout mice, revealing that an endogenous feedback loop mechanism of the microbiota-gut-brain axis maintains systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxing Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Nana Qi
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yanyu Zeng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Mengying Bao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Luyun Wei
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Dehao Cao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shengzhu Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
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9
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester counteracts doxorubicin-induced chemobrain in Sprague-Dawley rats: Emphasis on the modulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108334. [PMID: 33011199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction (chemobrain) is one of the major complaints for cancer patients treated with chemotherapy such as Doxorubicin (DOX). The induction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were identified as major contributors to such adverse effect. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural polyphenolic compound, that exhibits unique context-dependent antioxidant activity. It exhibits pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells, while it is a potent antioxidant and cytoprotective in normal cells. The present study was designed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of CAPE against DOX-induced cognitive impairment. Chemobrain was induced in Sprague Dawley rats via systemic DOX administration once per week for 4 weeks (2 mg/kg/week, i.p.). CAPE was administered at 10 or 20 μmol/kg/day, i.p., 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tests were used to assess learning and memory functions. Oxidative stress was evaluated via the colorimetric determination of GSH and MDA levels in both hippocampal and prefrontal cortex brain regions. However, inflammatory markers, acetylcholine levels, and neuronal cell apoptosis were assessed in the same brain areas using immunoassays including either ELISA, western blotting or immunohistochemistry. DOX produced significant impairment in learning and memory as indicated by the data generated from MWM and step-through passive avoidance tests. Additionally DOX-triggered oxidative stress as evidenced from the reduction in GSH levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Treatment with DOX resulted in neuroinflammation as indicated by the increase in NF-kB (p65) nuclear translocation in addition to boosting the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (COX-II/TNF-α) along with the increased levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in the tested tissues. Moreover, DOX reduced acetylcholine levels and augmented neuronal cell apoptosis as supported by the increased active caspase-3 levels. Co-treatment with CAPE significantly counteracted DOX-induced behavioral and molecular abnormalities in rat brain tissues. Our results provide the first preclinical evidence for CAPE promising neuroprotective activity against DOX-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficits.
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10
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Tsai CM, Chang SF, Chang H. Transcranial photobiomodulation attenuates pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus in peripubertal rats. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000095. [PMID: 32362066 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Convulsive status epilepticus is the most common neurological emergency in children. Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) reverses elevated rodent neurotransmitters after status epilepticus (SE) yet whether tPBM can attenuate seizure behaviors remains unknown. Here, we applied near-infrared laser at wavelength 808 nm transcranially to peripubertal Sprague-Dawley rats prior to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection. Hematoxylin-eosin, immunofluorescence (IF) staining with anti-parvalbumin (PV) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay after IF staining was performed. Behaviorally, tPBM attenuated the mean seizure score and reduced the incidence of SE and mortality. Histochemically, tPBM reduced dark neurons in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus, lessened the apoptotic ratio of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) and alleviated the aberrant extent of PV-positive unstained somata of PCs in the hippocampus. Conclusively, tPBM attenuated PTZ-induced seizures, SE and mortality in peripubertal rats and reduced PTZ-induced neuronal injury, apoptosis of PV-INs and preserved PV positive perisomatic inhibitory network in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Min Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester reversed cadmium-induced cell death in hippocampus and cortex and subsequent cognitive disorders in mice: Involvements of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway and amyloid-tau-neuroinflammation axis. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111636. [PMID: 32739455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to nonbiodegradable cadmium (Cd) causes many health problems including the damage to the nervous system. This study aimed to increase knowledge about its neurotoxic effects and the neuroprotective potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, a polyphenol abundant in honeybee propolis). In mice, CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day body weight) attenuated significantly learning and memory deficits induced by CdCl2 (1.5 mg/kg/day body weight). For the CdCl2-treated mice, CAPE increased crossing number in open field test, decreased the alternation in Y-maze test, and increased the latency time and error number in step down test. CAPE also inhibited CdCl2-initiated Aβ accumulation and activation of pro-inflammatory factors and microglia in the brains. Therefore, CAPE could be a food-derived neuroprotective agent against Cd-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders, through attenuating neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway and amyloid-tau-neuroinflammation axis.
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12
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Silva T, Mohamed T, Shakeri A, Rao PPN, Martínez-González L, Pérez DI, Martínez A, Valente MJ, Garrido J, Uriarte E, Serrão P, Soares-da-Silva P, Remião F, Borges F. Development of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeable Nitrocatechol-Based Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors with Reduced Potential for Hepatotoxicity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7584-97. [PMID: 27463695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts have been focused on the development of centrally active COMT inhibitors, which can be valuable assets for neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, due to the severe hepatotoxicity risk associated with tolcapone. New nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors based on naturally occurring caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester were developed. All nitrocatechol derivatives displayed potent inhibition of peripheral and cerebral COMT within the nanomolar range. Druglike derivatives 13, 15, and 16 were predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier in vitro and were significantly less toxic than tolcapone and entacapone when incubated at 50 μM with rat primary hepatocytes. Moreover, their unique acidity and electrochemical properties decreased the chances of formation of reactive quinone-imines and, as such, the potential for hepatotoxicity. The binding mode of 16 confirmed that the major interactions with COMT were established via the nitrocatechol ring, allowing derivatization of the side chain for future lead optimization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva
- CIQ/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Arash Shakeri
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Praveen P N Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Daniel I Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciónes Biológicas, CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciónes Biológicas, CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria João Valente
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), Instituto Politécnico Porto , 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paula Serrão
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQ/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Gülçin İ, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Akıncıoğlu H, Koksal Z, Turkan F, Alwasel S. The effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, lactoperoxidase, and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, IX, and XII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1095-101. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1094470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Dipartimento Di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Firenze, Italy,
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Firenze, Italy,
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Florence, Italy,
| | - Hulya Akıncıoğlu
- Central Researching Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey, and
| | - Zeynep Koksal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
| | - Fikret Turkan
- Health Services Vocational School, Igdır University, Igdır, Turkey
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
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14
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Wang X, Jin J, Chen R. Combination drug therapy for the treatment of status epilepticus. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:639-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1045881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Zhvania MG, Ksovreli M, Japaridze NJ, Lordkipanidze TG. Ultrastructural changes to rat hippocampus in pentylenetetrazol- and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus: A study using electron microscopy. Micron 2015; 74:22-9. [PMID: 25978010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced status epilepticus model in rats was used in the study. The brains were studied one month after treatment. Ultrastructural observations using electron microscopy performed on the neurons, glial cells, and synapses, in the hippocampal CA1 region of epileptic brains, demonstrated the following major changes over normal control brain tissue. (i) There is ultrastructural alterations in some neurons, glial cells and synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. (ii) The destruction of cellular organelles and peripheral, partial or even total chromatolysis in some pyramidal cells and in interneurons are observed. Several astrocytes are proliferated or activated. Presynaptic terminals with granular vesicles and degenerated presynaptic profiles are rarely observed. (iii) The alterations observed are found to be dependent on the frequency of seizure activities following the PTZ treatment. It was observed that if seizure episodes are frequent and severe, the ultrastructure of hippocampal area is significantly changed. Interestingly, the ultrastructure of CA1 area is found to be only moderately altered if seizure episodes following the status epilepticus are rare and more superficial; (iv) alterations in mitochondria and dendrites are among the most common ultrastructural changes seen, suggesting cell stress and changes to cellular metabolism. These morphological changes, observed in brain neurons in status epilepticus, are a reflection of epileptic pathophysiology. Further studies at the chemical and molecular level of neurotransmitter release, such as at the level of porosomes (secretory portals) at the presynaptic membrane, will further reveal molecular details of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia G Zhvania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Mariam Ksovreli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Nadezhda J Japaridze
- Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia; New Vision University, 1A Evgeni Mikeladze Street, 0158 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Tamar G Lordkipanidze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 K. Cholokhashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Brain Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, I. Beriitashvili Center of Experimental BioMedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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16
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Chu J, Zhang X, Jin L, Chen J, Du B, Pang Q. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against acute radiation-induced hepatic injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:683-689. [PMID: 25704035 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and it can eliminate the free radicals. The current study was intended to evaluate the protective effect of CAPE against the acute radiation-induced liver damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered with CAPE (30 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days before exposing them to a single dose of 30 Gy of β-ray irradiation to upper abdomen. We found that pretreatment with CAPE significantly decreased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Histological evaluation further confirmed the protection of CAPE against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity. TUNEL assay showed that CAPE pretreatment inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis. Moreover, CAPE inhibited the nuclear transport of NF-κB p65 subunit, decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Taken together, these results suggest that pretreatment with CAPE offers protection against radiation-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianJun Chu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liugen Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Du
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Qingfeng Pang
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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17
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Kustiawan PM, Puthong S, Arung ET, Chanchao C. In vitro cytotoxicity of Indonesian stingless bee products against human cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:549-56. [PMID: 25183275 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014apjtb-2013-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen crude extracts of propolis, bee pollen and honey from four stingless bee species [Trigona incisa (T. incisa)], Timia apicalis, Trigona fusco-balteata and Trigona fuscibasis) native to East Kalimantan, Indonesia for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines (HepG2, SW620, ChaGo-I, KATO-III and BT474). METHODS All samples were extracted with methanol, and then subpartitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Each crude extract was screened at 20 µg/mL for in vitro cytotoxicity against the cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, four previously shown bioactive components from propolis (apigenin, caffeic acid phenyl ester, kaempferol and naringenin) and two chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil) were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the cell lines. RESULTS Overall, crude extracts from propolis and honey had higher cytotoxic activities than bee pollen, but the activity was dependent upon the extraction solvent, bee species and cell line. Propolis extracts from T. incisa and Timia apicalis showed the highest and lowest cytotoxic activity, respectively. Only the HepG2 cell line was broadly sensitive to the honey extracts. For pure compounds, doxorubicin was the most cytotoxic, the four propolis compounds the least, but the ChaGo-I cell line was sensitive to kaempferol at 10 µg/mL and KATO-III was sensitive to kaempferol and apigenin at 10 µg/mL. All pure compounds were effective against the BT474 cell line. CONCLUSIONS Propolis from T. incisa and Trigona fusco-balteata contain an in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Further study is required, including the isolation and characterization of the active antiproliferative agent(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Kustiawan
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand ; Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia
| | - Songchan Puthong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Enos T Arung
- Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia
| | - Chanpen Chanchao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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18
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Chronic intermittent hypoxic preconditioning suppresses pilocarpine-induced seizures and associated hippocampal neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2014; 1563:122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Forbes-Hernández TY, Giampieri F, Gasparrini M, Mazzoni L, Quiles JL, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Battino M. The effects of bioactive compounds from plant foods on mitochondrial function: a focus on apoptotic mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:154-82. [PMID: 24680691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular integrity and functionality maintenance and their imparement is implicated in the development of a wide range of diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, degenerative and hyperproliferative pathologies. The identification of different compounds able to interact with mitochondria for therapeutic purposes is currently becoming of primary importance. Indeed, it is well known that foods, particularly those of vegetable origin, present several constituents with beneficial effects on health. This review summarizes and updates the most recent findings concerning the mechanisms through which different dietary compounds from plant foods affect mitochondria functionality in healthy and pathological in vitro and in vivo models, paying particular attention to the pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Y Forbes-Hernández
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - José M Alvarez-Suarez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy.
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