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Rasheed SAK, Subramanyan LV, Lim WK, Udayappan UK, Wang M, Casey PJ. The emerging roles of Gα12/13 proteins on the hallmarks of cancer in solid tumors. Oncogene 2022; 41:147-158. [PMID: 34689178 PMCID: PMC8732267 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02069-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G12 proteins comprise a subfamily of G-alpha subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) that link specific cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to downstream signaling molecules and play important roles in human physiology. The G12 subfamily contains two family members: Gα12 and Gα13 (encoded by the GNA12 and GNA13 genes, respectively) and, as with all G proteins, their activity is regulated by their ability to bind to guanine nucleotides. Increased expression of both Gα12 and Gα13, and their enhanced signaling, has been associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression of multiple cancer types over the past decade. Despite these strong associations, Gα12/13 proteins are underappreciated in the field of cancer. As our understanding of G protein involvement in oncogenic signaling has evolved, it has become clear that Gα12/13 signaling is pleotropic and activates specific downstream effectors in different tumor types. Further, the expression of Gα12/13 proteins is regulated through a series of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, several of which are frequently deregulated in cancer. With the ever-increasing understanding of tumorigenic processes driven by Gα12/13 proteins, it is becoming clear that targeting Gα12/13 signaling in a context-specific manner could provide a new strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes in a number of solid tumors. In this review, we detail how Gα12/13 proteins, which were first discovered as proto-oncogenes, are now known to drive several "classical" hallmarks, and also play important roles in the "emerging" hallmarks, of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Kiang Lim
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Udhaya Kumari Udayappan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Shin JU, Lee WJ, Oh SH, Kim DY, Kim DS, Jung I, Lee JH. Altered vimentin protein expression in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells after ultraviolet or intense pulsed light treatment. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:431-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung U Shin
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Won Jai Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Dae Suk Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Inhee Jung
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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Sandieson L, Hwang JTK, Kelly GM. Redox regulation of canonical Wnt signaling affects extraembryonic endoderm formation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1037-49. [PMID: 24471440 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) induces mouse F9 cells to form primitive endoderm (PrE) and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompany differentiation. ROS are obligatory for differentiation and while H2O2 alone induces PrE, antioxidants attenuate the response to RA. Evidence shows that ROS can modulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and in this study, we show that extraembryonic endoderm formation is dependent on the redox state of nucleoredoxin (NRX). In undifferentiated F9 cells, NRX interacted with dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) and while this association was enhanced under reduced conditions, it decreased following H2O2 treatment. Depleting NRX levels caused morphological changes like those induced by RA, while increasing protein kinase A activity further induced these PrE cells to parietal endoderm. Reduced NRX levels also correlated to an increase in T-cell-factors-lymphoid enhancer factors-mediated transcription, indicative of canonical Wnt signaling. Together these results indicate that a mechanism exists whereby NRX maintains canonical Wnt signaling in the off state in F9 cells, while increased ROS levels lift these constraints. Dvl2 no longer bound to NRX is now positioned to prime the Wnt pathway(s) required for PrE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Sandieson
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, Child Health Research Institute, Western University , London, Canada
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Wen JW, Hwang JT, Kelly GM. Reactive oxygen species and Wnt signalling crosstalk patterns mouse extraembryonic endoderm. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2337-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hwang JTK, Kelly GM. GATA6 and FOXA2 regulate Wnt6 expression during extraembryonic endoderm formation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3220-32. [PMID: 22607194 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in mouse embryogenesis involves the differentiation of inner cell mass cells into primitive and then into parietal endoderm. These processes can be recapitulated in vitro using F9 teratocarcinoma cells, which differentiate into primitive endoderm when treated with retinoic acid (RA) and into parietal endoderm with subsequent treatment with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP). Our previous work on how primitive endoderm develops revealed that the Wnt6 gene is upregulated by RA, leading to the activation of the canonical WNT-β-catenin pathway. The mechanism by which Wnt6 is regulated was not determined, but in silico analysis of the human WNT6 promoter region had suggested that the GATA6 and FOXA2 transcription factors might be involved [1]. Subsequent analysis determined that both Gata6 and Foxa2 mRNA are upregulated in F9 cells treated with RA or RA and db-cAMP. More specifically, overexpression of Gata6 or Foxa2 alone induced molecular and morphological markers of primitive endoderm, which occurred concomitantly with the upregulation of the Wnt6 gene. Gata6- or Foxa2-overexpressing cells were also found to have increased levels in T-cell factor (TCF)-dependent transcription, and when these cells were treated with db-cAMP, they developed into parietal endoderm. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that GATA6 and FOXA2 were bound to the Wnt6 promoter, and overexpression studies showed that these transcription factors were sufficient to switch on the gene expression of a Wnt6 reporter construct. Together, these results provide evidence for the direct regulation of Wnt6 that leads to the activation of the canonical WNT-β-catenin pathway and subsequent induction of primitive extraembryonic endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T K Hwang
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, Child Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lee YJ, Choi IK, Sheen YY, Park SN, Kwon HJ. Moesin is a biomarker for the assessment of genotoxic carcinogens in mouse lymphoma. Mol Cells 2012; 33:203-10. [PMID: 22358511 PMCID: PMC3887720 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-Dibromoethane and glycidol are well known genotoxic carcinogens, which have been widely used in industry. To identify a specific biomarker for these carcinogens in cells, the cellular proteome of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells treated with these compounds was analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Of 50 protein spots showing a greater than 1.5-fold increase or decrease in intensity compared to control cells on a 2-D gel, we focused on the candidate biomarker moesin. Western analysis using monoclonal rabbit anti-moesin confirmed the identity of the protein and its increased level of expression upon exposure to the carcinogenic compounds. Moesin expression also increased in cells treated with six additional genotoxic carcinogens, verifying that moesin could serve as a biomarker to monitor phenotypic change upon exposure to genotoxic carcinogens in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoen Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
| | - In-Kwon Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
| | - Yhun Yhong Sheen
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Sue Nie Park
- Hazardous Substances Analysis Division at Seoul Regional FDA, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 158-050,
Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
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Krawetz RJ, Taiani J, Greene A, Kelly GM, Rancourt DE. Inhibition of Rho kinase regulates specification of early differentiation events in P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26484. [PMID: 22140430 PMCID: PMC3227584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rho kinase pathway plays a key role in many early cell/tissue determination events that take place in embryogenesis. Rho and its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK) play pivotal roles in cell migration, apoptosis (membrane blebbing), cell proliferation/cell cycle, cell-cell adhesion and gene regulation. We and others have previously demonstrated that inhibition of ROCK blocks endoderm differentiation in embryonal carcinoma stem cells, however, the effect of ROCK inhibition on mesoderm and ectoderm specification has not been fully examined. In this study, the role of ROCK within the specification and differentiation of all three germ layers was examined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS P19 cells were treated with the specific ROCK inhibitor Y-27623, and increase in differentiation efficiency into neuro-ectodermal and mesodermal lineages was observed. However, as expected a dramatic decrease in early endodermal markers was observed when ROCK was inhibited. Interestingly, within these ROCK-inhibited RA treated cultures, increased levels of mesodermal or ectodermal markers were not observed, instead it was found that the pluripotent markers SSEA-1 and Oct-4 remained up-regulated similar to that seen in undifferentiated cultures. Using standard and widely accepted methods for reproducible P19 differentiation into all three germ layers, an enhancement of mesoderm and ectoderm differentiation with a concurrent loss of endoderm lineage specification was observed with Y-27632 treatment. Evidence would suggest that this effect is in part mediated through TGF-β and SMAD signaling as ROCK-inhibited cells displayed aberrant SMAD activation and did not return to a 'ground' state after the inhibition had been removed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Given this data and the fact that only a partial rescue of normal differentiation capacity occurred when ROCK inhibition was alleviated, the effect of ROCK inhibition on the differentiation capacity of pluripotent cell populations should be further examined to elucidate the role of the Rho-ROCK pathway in early cellular 'fate' decision making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman J Krawetz
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Lee JH, Yoo JH, Oh SH, Lee KY, Lee KH. Knockdown of moesin expression accelerates cellular senescence of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:438-47. [PMID: 20376899 PMCID: PMC2852802 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.3.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial cells maintain the homeostasis of blood, which consists of plasma and cellular components, and regulate the interaction between blood and the surrounding tissues. They also have essential roles in vascular permeability, the circulation, coagulation, inflammation, wound healing, and tissue growth. The senescence of endothelial cells is closely related to the aging of the adjacent tissues and to age-related vascular disease. Recently, the expression of moesin was found to be decreased in elderly human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), and an association between moesin and senescence has been suggested. This study examined the functional role of moesin in cellular senescence. MATERIALS AND METHODS To study the effects of decreased moesin expression on cellular senescence and metabolism, HDMECs were transfected with short hairpin-RNA (shRNA) lentivirus to silence moesin gene expression. In addition, specimens from young and old human skin were stained with antimoesin and anti-p16 antibodies as an in vivo study. RESULTS Using shRNAlentivirus, moesin knock-down HDMECs developed characteristics associated with aging and expressed senescence associated-beta-galactosidase during early passages. They also showed increased p16 expression, decreased metabolic activity, and cell growth retardation. Human skin tissue from elderly persons showed decreased moesin expression and increased p16 expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there is a functional association between moesin expression and cellular senescence. Further study of the functional mechanism of moesin in the cytoskeleton and cellular senescence is needed. In addition, this study provides a useful model for developing anti-aging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hoan Yoo
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeop Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee JH, Hong IA, Oh SH, Kwon YS, Cho SH, Lee KH. The effect of moesin overexpression on ageing of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:997-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Krawetz R, Kelly GM. Coordinate Gα13 and Wnt6-β-catenin signaling in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells is required for primitive endoderm differentiation. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:567-80. [DOI: 10.1139/o09-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cell line is ideally suited to study the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition accompanying the differentiation of primitive to parietal extraembryonic endoderm. In F9 cells, the application of exogenous agents including retinoic acid or activation of signal transduction cascades downstream of G-proteins triggers widespread changes in gene expression and leads to the formation of primitive endoderm. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is completed and parietal endoderm develops as of result of increasing PKA activity in primitive endoderm cells. Expression of a constitutively active form of Gα13(Q226L) is sufficient to induce F9 cells into parietal endoderm and a model is emerging that a signaling axis linking G-protein signaling to RhoA and the ERM protein moesin is required for differentiation. In this study, we found that expression of either p115RhoGEF or a constitutively active, GTPase-deficient form of RhoA(L63) promoted primitive, but not parietal, endoderm formation. The overexpression of Gα13(Q226L) or p115RhoGEF, but not Rho(L63), caused β-catenin to translocate to the nucleus. Surprisingly, the stimulation of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway was accompanied by nuclear β-catenin and primitive endoderm formation, even when a dominant negative was used to block the signaling axis at the level of p115RhoGEF or when ROCK activity was inhibited using the pharmacological agent Y-27632. Together, results indicate that the coordinate signaling by two independent pathways, one involving canonical Wnt-β-catenin activation of target genes and the other with Gα13 signaling to ERM proteins to modulate cytoarchitectural changes, is required during the retinoic acid induced differentiation of F9 cells to primitive endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Krawetz
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Espinoza JL, Takamatsu H, Lu X, Qi Z, Nakao S. Anti-moesin antibodies derived from patients with aplastic anemia stimulate monocytic cells to secrete TNF-alpha through an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. Int Immunol 2009; 21:913-23. [PMID: 19556303 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific to moesin, which are frequently detectable in the serum of patients with aplastic anemia (AA), can induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion from monocytes and a human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. We investigated the mechanisms responsible for TNF-alpha secretion from monocytic cells induced by the auto-antibodies that are purified from the sera of AA patients. TNF-alpha induction by anti-moesin antibodies depended on the amount of cell surface moesin expressed by THP-1 cells. F(ab')(2) fragments prepared from the anti-moesin antibodies were able to stimulate THP-1 cells to secrete TNF-alpha and this stimulatory effect was enhanced by cross-linking of moesins with anti-human IgG F(ab')(2) fragment antibodies. Anti-moesin antibodies as well as their F(ab')(2) fragments induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in monocytic cells and this effect was suppressed by the addition of an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, anti-moesin antibody treatment induced the phosphorylation of moesin proteins in the monocytes and THP-1 cells within 30 min. These results indicate that anti-moesin antibodies induce TNF-alpha secretion from monocytes through the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway provoked by direct binding to moesin on the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Espinoza
- Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Yanamadala V, Negoro H, Denker BM. Heterotrimeric G proteins and apoptosis: intersecting signaling pathways leading to context dependent phenotypes. Curr Mol Med 2009; 9:527-45. [PMID: 19601805 PMCID: PMC2822437 DOI: 10.2174/156652409788488784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism, is a fundamental process during the normal development and somatic maintenance of all multicellular organisms and thus is highly conserved and tightly regulated through numerous signaling pathways. Apoptosis is of particular clinical importance as its dysregulation contributes significantly to numerous human diseases, primarily through changes in the expression and activation of key apoptotic regulators. Each of the four families of heterotrimeric G proteins (G(s), G(i/o), G(q/11) and G(12/13)) has been implicated in numerous cellular signaling processes, including proliferation, transformation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling is an important but not widely studied mechanism regulating apoptosis. G protein Signaling and Apoptosis broadly cover two large bodies of literature and share numerous signaling pathways. Examination of the intersection between these two areas is the focus of this review. Several studies have implicated signaling through each of the four heterotrimeric G protein families to regulate apoptosis within numerous disease contexts, but the mechanism(s) are not well defined. Each G protein family has been shown to stimulate and/or inhibit apoptosis in a context-dependent fashion through regulating numerous downstream effectors including the Bcl-2 family, NF-kappaB, PI3 Kinase, MAP Kinases, and small GTPases. These cell-type specific and G protein coupled receptor dependent effects have led to a complex body of literature of G protein regulation of apoptosis. Here, we review the literature and summarize apoptotic signaling through each of the four heterotrimeric G protein families (and the relevant G protein coupled receptors), and discuss limitations and future directions for research on regulating apoptosis through G protein coupled mechanisms. Continued investigation in this field is essential for the identification of important targets for pharmacological intervention in numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Yanamadala
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hideyuki Negoro
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley M. Denker
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Takamatsu H, Espinoza JL, Lu X, Qi Z, Okawa K, Nakao S. Anti-Moesin Antibodies in the Serum of Patients with Aplastic Anemia Stimulate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Secrete TNF-α and IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 182:703-10. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Moesin signalling induces F9 teratocarcinoma cells to differentiate into primitive extraembryonic endoderm. Cell Signal 2008; 20:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krawetz R, Kelly GM. Wnt6 induces the specification and epithelialization of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells to primitive endoderm. Cell Signal 2007; 20:506-17. [PMID: 18160257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) play key roles in the normal development of an organism as well as its demise following the metastasis of a malignant tumour. An EMT during early mouse development results in the differentiation of primitive endoderm into the parietal endoderm that forms part of the parietal yolk sac. In the embryo, primitive endoderm develops from cells in the inner cell mass, but the signals that instruct these cells to become specified and adopt an epithelial fate are poorly understood. The mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cell line, a model that can recapitulate the in vivo primitive to parietal endoderm EMT, has been used extensively to elucidate the signalling cascades involved in extraembryonic endoderm differentiation. Here, we identified Wnt6 as a gene up-regulated in F9 cells in response to RA and show that Wnt6 expressing cells or cells exposed to Wnt6 conditioned media form primitive endoderm. Wnt6 induction of primitive endoderm is accompanied by beta-catenin and Snail1 translocation to the nucleus and the appearance of cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Attenuating glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity using LiCl gave similar results, but the fact that cells de-differentiate when LiCl is removed reveals that other signalling pathways are required to maintain cells as primitive endoderm. Finally, Wnt6-induced primitive endodermal cells were tested to determine their competency to complete the EMT and differentiate into parietal endoderm. Towards that end, results show that up-regulating protein kinase A activity is sufficient to induce markers of parietal endoderm. Together, these findings indicate that undifferentiated F9 cells are responsive to canonical Wnt signalling, which negatively regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity leading to the epithelialization and specification of primitive endoderm competent to receive additional signals required for EMT. Considering the ability of F9 cells to mimic an in vivo EMT, the identification of this Wnt6-beta-catenin-Snail signalling cascade has broad implications for understanding EMT mechanisms in embryogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Krawetz
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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