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Baghestani S, Haldin C, Kosijer P, Alam CM, Toivola DM. β-Cell keratin 8 maintains islet mechanical integrity, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and β-cell glucose transporter 2 plasma membrane targeting. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C462-C476. [PMID: 38912736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00123.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Islet β-cell dysfunction is an underlying factor for type I diabetes (T1D) development. Insulin sensing and secretion are tightly regulated in β-cells at multiple subcellular levels. The epithelial intermediate filament (IF) protein keratin (K) 8 is the main β-cell keratin, constituting the filament network with K18. To identify the cell-autonomous functions of K8 in β-cells, mice with targeted deletion of β-cell K8 (K8flox/flox; Ins-Cre) were analyzed for islet morphology, ultrastructure, and integrity, as well as blood glucose regulation and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes development. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) localization was studied in β-cells in vivo and in MIN6 cells with intact or disrupted K8/K18 filaments. Loss of β-cell K8 leads to a major reduction in K18. Islets without β-cell K8 are more fragile, and these β-cells display disjointed plasma membrane organization with less membranous E-cadherin and smaller mitochondria with diffuse cristae. Lack of β-cell K8 also leads to a reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) response in vivo, despite undisturbed systemic blood glucose regulation. K8flox/flox, Ins-Cre mice have a decreased sensitivity to STZ compared with K8 wild-type mice, which is in line with decreased membranous GLUT2 expression observed in vivo, as GLUT2 is required for STZ uptake in β-cells. In vitro, MIN6 cell plasma membrane GLUT2 is rescued in cells overexpressing K8/K18 filaments but mistargeted in cells with disrupted K8/K18 filaments. β-Cell K8 is required for islet and β-cell structural integrity, normal mitochondrial morphology, and GLUT2 plasma membrane targeting, and has implications on STZ sensitivity as well as systemic insulin responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Keratin 8 is the main cytoskeletal protein in the cytoplasmic intermediate filament network in β-cells. Here for the first time, we assessed the β-cell autonomous mechanical and nonmechanical roles of keratin 8 in β-cell function. We demonstrated the importance of keratin 8 in islet and β-cell structural integrity, maintaining mitochondrial morphology and GLUT2 plasma membrane targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baghestani
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Caroline Haldin
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Petar Kosijer
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Catharina M Alam
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburg, United Kingdom
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ribback S, Peters K, Yasser M, Prey J, Wilhelmi P, Su Q, Dombrowski F, Bannasch P. Hepatocellular Ballooning is Due to Highly Pronounced Glycogenosis Potentially Associated with Steatosis and Metabolic Reprogramming. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:52-61. [PMID: 38250461 PMCID: PMC10794273 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Hepatocellular ballooning is a common finding in chronic liver disease, mainly characterized by rarefied cytoplasm that often contains Mallory-Denk bodies (MDB). Ballooning has mostly been attributed to degeneration but its striking resemblance to glycogenotic/steatotic changes characterizing preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions in animal models and chronic human liver diseases prompts the question whether ballooned hepatocytes (BH) are damaged cells on the path to death or rather viable cells, possibly involved in neoplastic development. Methods Using specimens from 96 cirrhotic human livers, BH characteristics were assessed for their glycogen/lipid stores, enzyme activities, and proto-oncogenic signaling cascades by enzyme- and immunohistochemical approaches with serial paraffin and cryostat sections. Results BH were present in 43.8% of cirrhotic livers. Particularly pronounced excess glycogen storage of (glycogenosis) and/or lipids (steatosis) were characteristic, ground glass features and MDB were often observed. Decreased glucose-6-phosphatase, increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and altered immunoreactivity of enzymes involved in glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and cholesterol biosynthesis were discovered. Furthermore, components of the insulin signaling cascade were upregulated along with insulin dependent glucose transporter glucose transporter 4 and the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway associated with de novo lipogenesis. Conclusions BH are hallmarked by particularly pronounced glycogenosis with facultative steatosis, many of their features being reminiscent of metabolic aberrations documented in preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions in experimental animals and chronic human liver diseases. Hence, BH are not damaged entities facing death but rather viable cells featuring metabolic reprogramming, indicative of a preneoplastic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ribback
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Peters
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohd Yasser
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jessica Prey
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paula Wilhelmi
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Su
- Cell Marque, Millipore-Sigma, Rocklin, CA, USA
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Bannasch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Gupta S, Baweja GS, Singh S, Irani M, Singh R, Asati V. Integrated fragment-based drug design and virtual screening techniques for exploring the antidiabetic potential of thiazolidine-2,4-diones: Design, synthesis and in vivo studies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115826. [PMID: 37793328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels and related complications. This study focuses on harnessing and integrating fragment-based drug design and virtual screening techniques to explore the antidiabetic potential of newly synthesized thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives. The research involves the design of novel variations of thiazolidine-2,4-dione compounds by Fragment-Based Drug Design. The screening process involves pharmacophore based virtual screening through docking algorithms, and the identification of newly twelve top-scoring compounds. The molecular docking analysis revealed that compounds SP4e, SP4f showed highest docking scores of -9.082 and -10.345. The binding free energies of the compounds SP4e, SP4f and pioglitazone was found to be -19.9, -16.1 and -13 respectively, calculated using the Prime MM/GBSA approach. The molecular dynamic study validates the docking results. Furthermore, In the Swiss albino mice model, both SP4e and SP4f exhibited significant hypoglycaemic effects, comparable to the reference drug pioglitazone. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrated favorable effects on the lipid profile, reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels while increasing HDL levels. In mice tissue, the disease control group showed PPAR-γ expression of 4.200 ± 0.24, while compound SP4f displayed higher activation at 7.84 ± 0.431 compared to compound SP4e with an activation of 7.68 ± 0.65. In zebrafish model, SP4e and SP4f showed significant reductions in blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation, along with increased glutathione levels and catalase activity. These findings highlighted the potential of SP4e and SP4f as antidiabetic agents, warranting further exploration for therapeutic applications. The in vitro study was performed in HEK-2 cell line, the pioglitazone group demonstrated PPAR-γ expression of EC50 = 575.2, while compound SP4f exhibited enhanced activation at EC50 = 739.0 in contrast to compound SP4e activation of EC50 = 826.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Gurkaran Singh Baweja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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APEX2-Mediated Proximity Labeling Resolves the DDIT4-Interacting Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095189. [PMID: 35563580 PMCID: PMC9102673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) is a ubiquitous protein whose expression is transiently increased in response to various stressors. Chronic expression has been linked to various pathologies, including neurodegeneration, inflammation, and cancer. DDIT4 is best recognized for repressing mTORC1, an essential protein complex activated by nutrients and hormones. Accordingly, DDIT4 regulates metabolism, oxidative stress, hypoxic survival, and apoptosis. Despite these well-defined biological functions, little is known about its interacting partners and their unique molecular functions. Here, fusing an enhanced ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2) biotin-labeling enzyme to DDIT4 combined with mass spectrometry, the proteins in the immediate vicinity of DDIT4 in either unstressed or acute stress conditions were identified in situ. The context-dependent interacting proteomes were quantitatively but not functionally distinct. DDIT4 had twice the number of interaction partners during acute stress compared to unstressed conditions, and while the two protein lists had minimal overlap in terms of identity, the proteins’ molecular function and classification were essentially identical. Moonlighting keratins and ribosomal proteins dominated the proteomes in both unstressed and stressed conditions, with many of their members having established non-canonical and indispensable roles during stress. Multiple keratins regulate mTORC1 signaling via the recruitment of 14-3-3 proteins, whereas ribosomal proteins control translation, cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and death by sequestering critical proteins. In summary, two potentially distinct mechanisms of DDIT4 molecular function have been identified, paving the way for additional research to confirm and consolidate these findings.
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Pessoa J, Teixeira J. Cytoskeleton alterations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2022; 128:155115. [PMID: 34974078 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.155115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its extremely high prevalence and severity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) is a serious health and economic concern worldwide. Developing effective methods of diagnosis and therapy demands a deeper understanding of its molecular basis. One of the strategies in such an endeavor is the analysis of alterations in the morphology of liver cells. Such alterations, widely reported in NAFLD patients and disease models, are related to the cytoskeleton. Therefore, the fate of the cytoskeleton components is useful to uncover the molecular basis of NAFLD, to further design innovative approaches for its diagnosis and therapy. MAIN FINDINGS Several cytoskeleton proteins are up-regulated in liver cells of NAFLD patients. Under pathological conditions, keratin 18 is released from hepatocytes and its detection in the blood emerges as a non-invasive diagnosis tool. α-Smooth muscle actin is up-regulated in hepatic stellate cells and its down-regulation has been widely tested as a potential NALFD therapeutic approach. Other cytoskeleton proteins, such as vimentin, are also up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD progression involves alterations in expression levels of proteins that build the liver cytoskeleton or associate with it. These findings provide a timely opportunity of developing novel approaches for NAFLD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pessoa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Stenvall CGA, Tayyab M, Grönroos TJ, Ilomäki MA, Viiri K, Ridge KM, Polari L, Toivola DM. Targeted deletion of keratin 8 in intestinal epithelial cells disrupts tissue integrity and predisposes to tumorigenesis in the colon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:10. [PMID: 34951664 PMCID: PMC8709826 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) is the main intestinal epithelial intermediate filament protein with proposed roles for colonic epithelial cell integrity. Here, we used mice lacking K8 in intestinal epithelial cells (floxed K8 and Villin-Cre1000 and Villin-CreERt2) to investigate the cell-specific roles of intestinal epithelial K8 for colonocyte function and pathologies. Intestinal epithelial K8 deletion decreased K8 partner proteins, K18-K20, 75-95%, and the remaining keratin filaments were located at the colonocyte apical regions with type II K7, which decreased 30%. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoroglucose positron emission tomography in vivo imaging identified a metabolic phenotype in the lower gut of the conditional K8 knockouts. These mice developed intestinal barrier leakiness, mild diarrhea, and epithelial damage, especially in the proximal colon. Mice exhibited shifted differentiation from enterocytes to goblet cells, displayed longer crypts and an increased number of Ki67 + transit-amplifying cells in the colon. Significant proproliferative and regenerative signaling occurred in the IL-22, STAT3, and pRb pathways, with minor effects on inflammatory parameters, which, however, increased in aging mice. Importantly, colonocyte K8 deletion induced a dramatically increased sensitivity to azoxymethane-induced tumorigenesis. In conclusion, intestinal epithelial K8 plays a significant role in colonocyte epithelial integrity maintenance, proliferation regulation and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Gustaf A Stenvall
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mina Tayyab
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria A Ilomäki
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, N20520, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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7
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Evans CA, Corfe BM. Colorectal keratins: Integrating nutrition, metabolism and colorectal health. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 128:103-111. [PMID: 34481710 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The colon mucosa is lined with crypts of circa 300 cells, forming a continuous barrier whose roles include absorption of water, recovery of metabolic energy sources (notably short chain fatty acids), secretion of a protective mucus barrier, and physiological signalling. There is high turnover and replenishment of cells in the mucosa, disruption of this may lead to bowel pathologies including cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Keratins have been implicated in the processes of cell death, epithelial integrity, response to inflammation and as a result are often described as guardians of the colonic epithelium. Keratin proteins carry extensive post-translational modifications, the cofactors for kinases, acetyl transferases and other modification-regulating enzymes are themselves products of metabolism. A cluster of studies has begun to reveal a bidirectional relationship between keratin form and function and metabolism. In this paper we hypothesise a mechanistic interaction between keratins and metabolism is governed through regulation of post-translational modifications and may contribute significantly to the normal functioning of the colon, placing keratins at the centre of a nutrition-metabolism-health triangle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Evans
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, S1 3JD Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard M Corfe
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Related Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence Associated With Hyperglycemia After Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2020; 53:177-192. [PMID: 33272654 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main factor affecting the prognosis of patients with HCC undergoing liver transplantation (LT). In this study, we investigated the influencing factors of tumor recurrence and survival after LT for HCC, especially the long-term correlation with elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG). METHODS Clinical data from 165 patients with HCC after LT in the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA between January 2013 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates, demographic characteristics, tumor characteristics, and surgical and postoperative data were evaluated. RESULTS Among 165 patients, 144 completed over 60 months of follow-up; the median follow-up period was more than 36 months. DFS rates were 76.97%, 51.52%, and 34.73% for 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. The OS rate for 5 years was 40.28%. Independent risk factors for 1-year DFS were maximum tumor diameter >5 cm, age <49 years, and platelet transfusion. Independent risk factors for 3- and 5-year DFS were maximum tumor diameter >5 cm, capsular invasion, and FBG ≥6.1 mmol/L. Independent risk factors for OS were maximum tumor diameter >5 cm, capsular invasion, and FBG ≥6.1 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Elevated FBG after LT for HCC may promote medium- to long-term tumor recurrence and affect OS. Age <49 years, platelet transfusion, maximum tumor diameter, capsular invasion, and microvascular invasion in patients with HCC also impact survival and tumor recurrence after LT.
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Yang M, Huang W. Circular RNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:240-248. [PMID: 32417214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a geographical distributed epithelial tumor of head and neck, which is prevalent in east Africa and Asia, especially southern China. Moreover, NPC has an unfavorable clinical effect and is prone to metastasis at an advanced stage. Although the recovery rate of patients has been improved due to concurrent chemoradiotherapy, poor curative effects and low overall survival remain key issues. The precise mechanisms and pivotal regulators of NPC remain still unclear. To improve the therapeutic efficacy, we focused on related-NPC circular RNAs (circRNAs). CircRNAs are a unique type of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a covalent closed-loop structure. Their expression is rich, stable and conservative. Different circRNA have specific tissue and developmental stages and can be detected in body fluids. In addition, circRNAs are involved in multiple pathological processes, especially in cancers. In recent years, using high-throughput indicator technology and bioinformatics technology, a large number of circRNAs have been identified in NPC cells and verified to have biological functions and mechanisms of action. This article aims to provide a retrospective review of the latest research on the proliferation and migration of related-NPC circRNA. Specifically, we focused on the roles and mechanisms of circRNAs in the development and progression of NPC. CONCLUSION CircRNA can act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene and participate in NPC progression (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion). In short, circRNAs have potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Hengyang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Hengyang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Wen F, Xia Q, Zhang H, Shia H, Rajesh A, Wu Y, Yang Y, Yang Z. Resistin Activates p65 Pathway and Reduces Glycogen Content through Keratin 8. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:9767926. [PMID: 32508919 PMCID: PMC7251471 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9767926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistin is associated with metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions. Many studies have suggested that resistin inhibits the accumulation of glycogen; however, the exact mechanisms of resistin-induced decrease in glycogen content remain unclear. Keratin 8 is a typical epithelial intermediate filament protein, but numerous studies suggest a vital role of K8 in glucose metabolism. However, it is still not known whether K8 participates in the mediation of resistin-induced reduction of cellular glycogen accumulation. In this study, we found that resistin upregulated expression of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, which led to the promotion of K8 transcriptional expression; in turn, the expression of K8 inhibited glycogen accumulation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
| | - Haipeng Shia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
| | - Amin Rajesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 36849-5501 Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zaiqing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
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11
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Zhong Q, Huang J, Wei J, Wu R. Circular RNA CDR1as sponges miR-7-5p to enhance E2F3 stability and promote the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:252. [PMID: 31582908 PMCID: PMC6771089 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNA (circRNA) CDR1as plays an important role in the occurrence and development of human tumors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of circRNA CDR1as in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods The mRNA expressions of circRNA CDR1as, miR-7-5p, and E2F3 were detected by qRT-PCR. The effects of circRNA CDR1as, miR-7-5p, and E2F3 on NPC cells were investigated using cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) method, colony formation assay, and representative metabolite assay. The molecular mechanism of circRNA CDR1 in NPC was studied by bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assay. In addition, the biological activity of circRNA CDR1as was also investigated in NPC xenograft tumor mice model. Results The results showed that the circRNA CDR1as expression was significantly up-regulated in NPC tissues by comparison with non-tumor NPE tissues (p < 0.01), suggesting that circRNA CDR1as was associated with poor prognosis in NPC patients. Moreover, circRNA CDR1as could up-regulate E2F3 expression by binding miR-7-5p, and promote the growth and glucose metabolism of NPC cells. Meanwhile, circRNA CDR1as could promote NPC progression through the negative regulation of miR-7-5p in the xenograft tumor model. Conclusion CircRNA CDR1as promoted the occurrence and development of NPCs by successively up-regulating the expression of miR-7-5p and E2F3, suggesting CircRNA CDR1as as a potential target for the treatment of NPC patients. Trial registration The study was approved by the cancer center’s institutional research ethics committee on Oct 18, 2008 (2008GZ2847462)
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhong
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Ganzhou, No. 18 Mei Guang Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Juncong Huang
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Ganzhou, No. 18 Mei Guang Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawang Wei
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Ganzhou, No. 18 Mei Guang Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Renrui Wu
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Ganzhou, No. 18 Mei Guang Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000 Guangdong People's Republic of China
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AKT2 phosphorylation of hexokinase 2 at T473 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in colon cancer cells via NF-κB, HIF1α, MMP2, and MMP9 upregulation. Cell Signal 2019; 58:99-110. [PMID: 30877036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been well-established that AKT2 plays an important role in the development and progression of colon cancer; however, its precise function remains unclear. In the present study, we found that AKT2 can interact with and phosphorylate hexokinase 2 (HK2), the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. Moreover, threonine phosphorylation dramatically increases its catalytic activity and enhances glycolysis. Mechanistically, AKT2 phosphorylation of HK2 at T473 was found to increase hexokinase activity and lactic acid production. A mutation in the AKT2 phosphorylation site of HK2 substantially reduced the stimulating effects of AKT2 on glycolysis, cellular apoptosis, invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In addition, AKT2 regulated NF-κB, HIF1Α, MMP2, and MMP9 via the phosphorylation of HK2 at the T473 site. Taken together, AKT2 increases the invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis of colon cancer cells in vitro and promotes lung metastasis in nude mice in vivo through the phosphorylation of the T473 site of HK2 by upregulating NF-κB, HIF1α, MMP2, and MMP9. In conclusion, our findings highlight a novel mechanism for the AKT2-HK2-NF-κB/HIF1α/MMP2/MMP9 axis in the regulation of colon cancer progression. Moreover, our results suggest that both AKT2 and HK2 may be potential targets for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Blackford SJ, Ng SS, Segal JM, King AJ, Austin AL, Kent D, Moore J, Sheldon M, Ilic D, Dhawan A, Mitry RR, Rashid ST. Validation of Current Good Manufacturing Practice Compliant Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes for Cell-Based Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:124-137. [PMID: 30456803 PMCID: PMC6344902 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the production of hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-Heps) afford tremendous possibilities for treatment of patients with liver disease. Validated current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) lines are an essential prerequisite for such applications but have only recently been established. Whether such cGMP lines are capable of hepatic differentiation is not known. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the proficiency of three recently derived cGMP lines (two hiPSC and one hESC) to differentiate into hepatocytes and their suitability for therapy. hPSC-Heps generated using a chemically defined four-step hepatic differentiation protocol uniformly demonstrated highly reproducible phenotypes and functionality. Seeding into a 3D poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate fabricated inverted colloid crystal scaffold converted these immature progenitors into more advanced hepatic tissue structures. Hepatic constructs could also be successfully encapsulated into the immune-privileged material alginate and remained viable as well as functional upon transplantation into immune competent mice. This is the first report we are aware of demonstrating cGMP-compliant hPSCs can generate cells with advanced hepatic function potentially suitable for future therapeutic applications. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:124&14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J.I. Blackford
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joe M. Segal
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Aileen J.F. King
- Diabetes Research GroupFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Amazon L. Austin
- Diabetes Research GroupFaculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Deniz Kent
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Moore
- RUCDR Infinite BiologicsRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Michael Sheldon
- RUCDR Infinite BiologicsRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Women and Children's HealthFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Institute for Liver StudiesKing's College Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ragai R. Mitry
- Institute for Liver StudiesKing's College Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - S. Tamir Rashid
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Liver StudiesKing's College Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Brito Santos R, Pereira da Silva R, Akihiro Melo Otsuka F, de Jesus Trindade D, Costa Santos A, Reis Matos H. An HPLC method for the determination of adenosine diphosphate: An important marker of hexokinase activity in metabolic diseases. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4473. [PMID: 30567013 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinases play a critical role in the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose. As such, they are of fundamental importance to all cells. By catalyzing glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, hexokinases control the first irreversible step of glucose metabolism and initiate all major pathways of glucose consumption. Our objective was to develop and validate highly sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) assays allowing the determination of adenosine diphosphate, which was used for the determination of hexokinase activity. Samples were analyzed by HPLC-PDA using a C18 analytical column (250 × 4.6 mm) for chromatographic separation. Optimal detection was achieved based on isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of sodium phosphate monobasic buffer and methanol. This method met all of the requirements of specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability generally accepted in bioanalytical chemistry and was successfully applied to a study of hexokinase activity in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Determination of hexokinase activity will permit characterization of cellular metabolic state in many diseases, such as cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Brito Santos
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Patologias Relacionadas - LEOPAR. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Railmara Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Patologias Relacionadas - LEOPAR. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Felipe Akihiro Melo Otsuka
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Patologias Relacionadas - LEOPAR. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Jesus Trindade
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Patologias Relacionadas - LEOPAR. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Costa Santos
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Patologias Relacionadas - LEOPAR. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Humberto Reis Matos
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo e Patologias Relacionadas - LEOPAR. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Alam CM, Silvander JSG, Helenius TO, Toivola DM. Decreased levels of keratin 8 sensitize mice to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13085. [PMID: 29719117 PMCID: PMC6175344 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Diabetes is a result of an interplay between genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Keratin intermediate filaments are stress proteins in epithelial cells, and keratin mutations predispose to several human diseases. However, the involvement of keratins in diabetes is not well known. K8 and its partner K18 are the main β-cell keratins, and knockout of K8 (K8-/- ) in mice causes mislocalization of glucose transporter 2, mitochondrial defects, reduced insulin content and altered systemic glucose/insulin control. We hypothesize that K8/K18 offer protection during β-cell stress and that decreased K8 levels contribute to diabetes susceptibility. METHODS K8-heterozygous knockout (K8+/- ) and wild-type (K8+/+ ) mice were used to evaluate the influence of keratin levels on endocrine pancreatic function and diabetes development under basal conditions and after T1D streptozotocin (STZ)-induced β-cell stress and T2D high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS Murine K8+/- endocrine islets express ~50% less K8/K18 compared with K8+/+ . The decreased keratin levels have little impact on basal systemic glucose/insulin regulation, β-cell health or insulin levels. Diabetes incidence and blood glucose levels are significantly higher in K8+/- mice after low-dose/chronic STZ treatment, and STZ causes more β-cell damage and polyuria in K8+/- compared with K8+/+ . K8 appears upregulated 5 weeks after STZ treatment in K8+/+ islets but not in K8+/- . K8+/- mice showed no major susceptibility risk to HFD compared to K8+/+ . CONCLUSION Partial K8 deficiency reduces β-cell stress tolerance and aggravates diabetes development in response to STZ, while there is no major susceptibility to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Alam
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - J. S. G. Silvander
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
| | - T. O. Helenius
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
| | - D. M. Toivola
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Åbo Akademi University; Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are one of the three major elements of the cytoskeleton. Their stability, intrinsic mechanical properties, and cell type-specific expression patterns distinguish them from actin and microtubules. By providing mechanical support, IFs protect cells from external forces and participate in cell adhesion and tissue integrity. IFs form an extensive and elaborate network that connects the cell cortex to intracellular organelles. They act as a molecular scaffold that controls intracellular organization. However, IFs have been revealed as much more than just rigid structures. Their dynamics is regulated by multiple signaling cascades and appears to contribute to signaling events in response to cell stress and to dynamic cellular functions such as mitosis, apoptosis, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris Cedex 15, France;
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Bannasch P, Ribback S, Su Q, Mayer D. Clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma: origin, metabolic traits and fate of glycogenotic clear and ground glass cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:570-594. [PMID: 29291777 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(17)60071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma (CCHCC) has hitherto been considered an uncommon, highly differentiated variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a relatively favorable prognosis. CCHCC is composed of mixtures of clear and/or acidophilic ground glass hepatocytes with excessive glycogen and/or fat and shares histology, clinical features and etiology with common HCCs. Studies in animal models of chemical, hormonal and viral hepatocarcinogenesis and observations in patients with chronic liver diseases prone to develop HCC have shown that the majority of HCCs are preceded by, or associated with, focal or diffuse excessive storage of glycogen (glycogenosis) which later may be replaced by fat (lipidosis/steatosis). In ground glass cells, the glycogenosis is accompanied by proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is closely related to glycogen particles and frequently harbors the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). From the findings in animal models a sequence of changes has been established, commencing with preneoplastic glycogenotic liver lesions, often containing ground glass cells, and progressing to glycogen-poor neoplasms via various intermediate stages, including glycogenotic/lipidotic clear cell foci, clear cell hepatocellular adenomas (CCHCA) rich in glycogen and/or fat, and CCHCC. A similar process seems to take place in humans, with clear cells frequently persisting in CCHCC and steatohepatitic HCC, which presumably represent intermediate stages in the development rather than particular variants of HCC. During the progression of the preneoplastic lesions, the clear and ground glass cells transform into cells characteristic of common HCC. The sequential cellular changes are associated with metabolic aberrations, which start with an activation of the insulin signaling cascade resulting in pre-neoplastic hepatic glycogenosis. The molecular and metabolic changes underlying the glycogenosis/lipidosis are apparently responsible for the dramatic metabolic shift from gluconeogenesis to the pentose phosphate pathway and Warburg-type glycolysis, which provide precursors and energy for an ever increasing cell proliferation during progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Su
- Cell Marque, Millipore-Sigma Rocklin, USA
| | - Doris Mayer
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Li R, Liao XH, Ye JZ, Li MR, Wu YQ, Hu X, Zhong BH. Association of keratin 8/18 variants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in Chinese patients: A case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4047-4053. [PMID: 28652657 PMCID: PMC5473123 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i22.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that K8/K18 variants predispose humans to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression and its metabolic phenotypes.
METHODS We selected a total of 373 unrelated adult subjects from our Physical Examination Department, including 200 unrelated NAFLD patients and 173 controls of both genders and different ages. Diagnoses of NAFLD were established according to ultrasonic signs of fatty liver. All subjects were tested for population characteristics, lipid profile, liver tests, as well as glucose tests. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood with a DNeasy Tissue Kit. K8/K18 coding regions were analyzed, including 15 exons and exon-intron boundaries.
RESULTS Among 200 NAFLD patients, 10 (5%) heterozygous carriers of keratin variants were identified. There were 5 amino-acid-altering heterozygous variants and 6 non-coding heterozygous variants. One novel amino-acid-altering heterozygous variant (K18 N193S) and three novel non-coding variants were observed (K8 IVS5-9A→G, K8 IVS6+19G→A, K18 T195T). A total of 9 patients had a single variant and 1 patient had compound variants (K18 N193S+K8 IVS3-15C→G). Only one R341H variant was found in the control group (1 of 173, 0.58%). The frequency of keratin variants in NAFLD patients was significantly higher than that in the control group (5% vs 0.58%, P = 0.015). Notably, the keratin variants were significantly associated with insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD patients (8.86% in NAFLD patients with IR vs 2.5% in NAFLD patients without IR, P = 0.043).
CONCLUSION K8/K18 variants are overrepresented in Chinese NAFLD patients and might accelerate liver fat storage through IR.
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19
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Roux A, Loranger A, Lavoie JN, Marceau N. Keratin 8/18 regulation of insulin receptor signaling and trafficking in hepatocytes through a concerted phosphoinositide-dependent Akt and Rab5 modulation. FASEB J 2017; 31:3555-3573. [PMID: 28442548 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Keratins (Ks) are epithelial cell intermediate filament (IF) proteins that are expressed as pairs in a differentiation-regulated manner. Hepatocyte IFs are made only of K8/K18 pairs, which means that a K8 loss in K8-null mice leads to degradation of K18. Functionally, there is accumulating evidence that IFs contribute to signaling platforms. Here, we investigate the role of K8/K18 IFs in the regulation of insulin receptor (IR) signaling and trafficking in hepatocytes. We find that the IR substrate 1 (IRS1)/PI3K/Akt signaling cascade-downstream of IR-displays prolonged activation in K8-null compared with wild-type hepatocytes. Assessment of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-mediated feedback loop to IRS1/PI3K, in the absence or presence of drug inhibitors, further supports a preferential K8/K18 IF intervention at the surface membrane. In K8-null hepatocytes, IR trafficking vesicles that are labeled by Rab5/EEA1/phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate accumulate at a juxtanuclear region via a microtubule-dependent process. Moreover, interference with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate signaling aggravates IR/Rab5 accumulation. Overall, results uncover K8/K18 IF regulation of IR signaling via a concerted modulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate-dependent IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling and Rab5/phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate/microtubule trafficking in hepatocytes.-Roux, A., Loranger, A., Lavoie, J. N., Marceau, N. Keratin 8/18 regulation of insulin receptor signaling and trafficking in hepatocytes through a concerted phosphoinositide-dependent Akt and Rab5 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roux
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Loranger
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée N Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Normand Marceau
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; .,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Zhang J, Wang S, Jiang B, Huang L, Ji Z, Li X, Zhou H, Han A, Chen A, Wu Y, Ma H, Zhao W, Zhao Q, Xie C, Sun X, Zhou Y, Huang H, Suleman M, Lin F, Zhou L, Tian F, Jin M, Cai Y, Zhang N, Li Q. c-Src phosphorylation and activation of hexokinase promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13732. [PMID: 28054552 PMCID: PMC5227066 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that c-Src has important roles in tumorigenesis. However, it remains unclear whether c-Src contributes to metabolic reprogramming. Here we find that c-Src can interact with and phosphorylate hexokinases HK1 and HK2, the rate-limiting enzymes in glycolysis. Tyrosine phosphorylation dramatically increases their catalytic activity and thus enhances glycolysis. Mechanistically, c-Src phosphorylation of HK1 at Tyr732 robustly decreases its Km and increases its Vmax by disrupting its dimer formation. Mutation in c-Src phosphorylation site of either HK1 or HK2 remarkably abrogates the stimulating effects of c-Src on glycolysis, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Due to its lower Km for glucose, HK1 rather than HK2 is required for tumour cell survival when glucose is scarce. Importantly, HK1-Y732 phosphorylation level remarkably correlates with the incidence and metastasis of various clinical cancers and may serve as a marker to predict metastasis risk of primary cancers. The protein tyrosine kinase c-Src is a renowned proto-oncogene with pleiotropic effects. Here, the authors show that c-Src induces the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells by phosphorylating hexokinases HK1 and HK2, which in turns lead to increased HK catalytic activity and consequent enhancement of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Suili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhiliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Aidong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qingwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Yanming Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary &Pancreatovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Furong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Meijun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yana Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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22
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Bettermann K, Mehta AK, Hofer EM, Wohlrab C, Golob-Schwarzl N, Svendova V, Schimek MG, Stumptner C, Thüringer A, Speicher MR, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H, Haybaeck J. Keratin 18-deficiency results in steatohepatitis and liver tumors in old mice: A model of steatohepatitis-associated liver carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:73309-73322. [PMID: 27689336 PMCID: PMC5341981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Backround: Steatohepatitis (SH)-associated liver carcinogenesis is an increasingly important issue in clinical medicine. SH is morphologically characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte injury, ballooning, hepatocytic cytoplasmic inclusions termed Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), inflammation and fibrosis. RESULTS 17-20-months-old Krt18-/- and Krt18+/- mice in contrast to wt mice spontaneously developed liver lesions closely resembling the morphological spectrum of human SH as well as liver tumors. The pathologic alterations were more pronounced in Krt18-/- than in Krt18+/- mice. The frequency of liver tumors with male predominance was significantly higher in Krt18-/- compared to age-matched Krt18+/- and wt mice. Krt18-deficient tumors in contrast to wt animals displayed SH features and often pleomorphic morphology. aCGH analysis of tumors revealed chromosomal aberrations in Krt18-/- liver tumors, affecting loci of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Livers of 3-, 6-, 12- and 17-20-months-old aged wild type (wt), Krt18+/- and Krt18-/- (129P2/OlaHsd background) mice were analyzed by light and immunofluorescence microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry. Liver tumors arising in aged mice were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that K18 deficiency of hepatocytes leads to steatosis, increasing with age, and finally to SH. K18 deficiency and age promote liver tumor development in mice, frequently on the basis of chromosomal instability, resembling human HCC with stemness features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bettermann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Eva M. Hofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Christina Wohlrab
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Vendula Svendova
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Michael G. Schimek
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Thüringer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Helmut Denk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
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Intermediate Filaments as Organizers of Cellular Space: How They Affect Mitochondrial Structure and Function. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030030. [PMID: 27399781 PMCID: PMC5040972 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments together with actin filaments and microtubules form the cytoskeleton, which is a complex and highly dynamic 3D network. Intermediate filaments are the major mechanical stress protectors but also affect cell growth, differentiation, signal transduction, and migration. Using intermediate filament-mitochondrial crosstalk as a prominent example, this review emphasizes the importance of intermediate filaments as crucial organizers of cytoplasmic space to support these functions. We summarize observations in different mammalian cell types which demonstrate how intermediate filaments influence mitochondrial morphology, subcellular localization, and function through direct and indirect interactions and how perturbations of these interactions may lead to human diseases.
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Roux A, Gilbert S, Loranger A, Marceau N. Impact of keratin intermediate filaments on insulin-mediated glucose metabolism regulation in the liver and disease association. FASEB J 2015; 30:491-502. [PMID: 26467793 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In all cells, a tight regulation exists between glucose uptake and utilization to prevent diseases related to its perturbed metabolism. In insulin-targeted cells, such as hepatocytes, proper glucose utilization requires an elaborate interplay between the insulin receptor, the glucose transporter, and mitochondria that involves the participation of actin microfilaments and microtubules. In addition, there is increasing evidence of an involvement of the third cytoskeletal network provided by intermediate filaments (IFs). Keratins belong to the multigene family of IF proteins, coordinately expressed as distinct pairs within the context of epithelial cell differentiation. Hepatocyte IFs are made up of the [keratin (K)8/K18] pair only, whereas pancreatic β-cell IFs additionally include small amounts of K7. There are accumulating examples of K8/K18 involvement in the glucose-insulin cross-talk, including the modulation of plasma glucose levels, insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, and insulin-mediated glucose uptake and glycogen production in hepatocytes after a K8/K18 loss. This review integrates the mechanistic features that support such an impact of K8/K18 IFs on insulin-dependent glucose metabolism regulation in liver and its implication in glucose- or insulin-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roux
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Loranger
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Normand Marceau
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Toivola DM, Habtezion A, Misiorek JO, Zhang L, Nyström JH, Sharpe O, Robinson WH, Kwan R, Omary MB. Absence of keratin 8 or 18 promotes antimitochondrial autoantibody formation in aging male mice. FASEB J 2015; 29:5081-9. [PMID: 26399787 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-269795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human mutations in keratin 8 (K8) and keratin 18 (K18), the intermediate filament proteins of hepatocytes, predispose to several liver diseases. K8-null mice develop chronic liver injury and fragile hepatocytes, dysfunctional mitochondria, and Th2-type colitis. We tested the hypothesis that autoantibody formation accompanies the liver damage that associates with K8/K18 absence. Sera from wild-type control, K8-null, and K18-null mice were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining of cell and mouse tissue homogenates. Autoantibodies to several antigens were identified in 81% of K8-null male mice 8 mo or older. Similar autoantibodies were detected in aging K18-null male mice that had a related liver phenotype but normal colon compared with K8-null mice, suggesting that the autoantibodies are linked to liver rather than colonic disease. However, these autoantibodies were not observed in nontransgenic mice subjected to 4 chronic injury models. The autoantigens are ubiquitous and partition with mitochondria. Mass spectrometry and purified protein analysis identified, mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and catalase as the primary autoantigens, and glutamate dehydrogenase and epoxide hydrolase-2 as additional autoantigens. Therefore, absence of the hepatocyte keratins results in production of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) that recognize proteins involved in energy metabolism and oxidative stress, raising the possibility that AMA may be found in patients with keratin mutations that associate with liver and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Toivola
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia O Misiorek
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Linxing Zhang
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joel H Nyström
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Orr Sharpe
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Raymond Kwan
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Bishr Omary
- *Department of Science and Engineering, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Xu D, Song L, Wang H, Xu X, Wang T, Lu L. Proteomic analysis of cellular protein expression profiles in response to grass carp reovirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:515-524. [PMID: 25783000 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) hemorrhagic disease, caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV), is emerging as a serious problem in grass carp aquaculture. To better understand the molecular responses to GCRV infection, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectroscopy were performed to investigate altered proteins in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. Differentially expressed proteins in mock infected CIK cells and GCRV-infected CIK cells were compared. Twenty-three differentially expressed spots were identified (22 upregulated spots and 1 downregulated spot), which included cytoskeleton proteins, macromolecular biosynthesis-associated proteins, stress response proteins, signal transduction proteins, energy metabolism-associated proteins and ubiquitin proteasome pathway-associated proteins. Moreover, 10 of the corresponding genes of the differentially expressed proteins were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine their transcriptional profiles. The T cell internal antigen 1 (TIA1) and Ras-GTPase-activating SH3-domain-binding protein1 (G3BP1) of the cellular stress granule pathway from grass carp C. idella (designated as CiTIA1 and CiG3BP1) were upregulated and downregulated during GCRV infection, respectively. The full-length cDNA of CiTIA1 was 2753 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1155bp, which encodes a putative 385-amino acid protein. The 2271 bp full-length cDNA of CiG3BP1 comprised an ORF of 1455 bp that encodes a putative 485-amino acid protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the complete ORFs of CiTIA1 and CiG3BP1 were very similar to zebrafish and well-characterized mammalian homologs. The expressions of the cellular proteins CiTIA1 and CiG3BP1 in response to GCRV were validated by western blotting, which indicated that the GCRV should unlink TIA1 aggregation and stress granule formation. This study provides useful information on the proteomic and cellular stress granule pathway's responses to GCRV infection, which adds to our understanding of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Lang Song
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Tu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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Toivola DM, Boor P, Alam C, Strnad P. Keratins in health and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 32:73-81. [PMID: 25599598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The cytoprotective keratins (K) compose the intermediate filaments of epithelial cells and their inherited and spontaneous mutations give rise to keratinopathies. For example, mutations in K1/K5/K10/K14 cause epidermal skin diseases whereas simple epithelial K8/K18/K19 variants predispose to development of several liver disorders. Due to their abundance, tissue- and context-specific expression, keratins constitute excellent diagnostic markers of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. During injury and in disease, keratin expression levels, cellular localization or posttranslational modifications are altered. Accumulating evidence suggests that these changes modulate multiple processes including cell migration, tumor growth/metastasis and development of infections. Therefore, our understanding of keratins is shifting from diagnostic markers to active disease modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Toivola
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Catharina Alam
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pavel Strnad
- IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany.
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Differential proteomic analysis of the pancreas of diabetic db/db mice reveals the proteins involved in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9579-93. [PMID: 24886809 PMCID: PMC4100111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance. Diabetes results from pancreatic inability to secrete the insulin needed to overcome this resistance. We analyzed the protein profile from the pancreas of ten-week old diabetic db/db and wild type mice through proteomics. Pancreatic proteins were separated in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and significant changes in db/db mice respect to wild type mice were observed in 27 proteins. Twenty five proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) and their interactions were analyzed using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) and database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID). Some of these proteins were Pancreatic α-amylase, Cytochrome b5, Lithostathine-1, Lithostathine-2, Chymotrypsinogen B, Peroxiredoxin-4, Aspartyl aminopeptidase, Endoplasmin, and others, which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, as well as in oxidative stress, and inflammation. Remarkably, these are mostly endoplasmic reticulum proteins related to peptidase activity, i.e., they are involved in proteolysis, glucose catabolism and in the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. These results suggest mechanisms for insulin resistance, and the chronic inflammatory state observed in diabetes.
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Alam CM, Silvander JSG, Daniel EN, Tao GZ, Kvarnström SM, Alam P, Omary MB, Hänninen A, Toivola DM. Keratin 8 modulates β-cell stress responses and normoglycaemia. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5635-44. [PMID: 24144696 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament (IF) proteins are epithelial cell cytoskeletal components that provide structural stability and protection from cell stress, among other cellular and tissue-specific functions. Numerous human diseases are associated with IF gene mutations, but the function of keratins in the endocrine pancreas and their potential significance for glycaemic control are unknown. The impact of keratins on β-cell organisation and systemic glucose control was assessed using keratin 8 (K8) wild-type (K8(+/+)) and K8 knockout (K8(-/-)) mice. Islet β-cell keratins were characterised under basal conditions, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. STZ-induced diabetes incidence and islet damage was assessed in K8(+/+) and K8(-/-) mice. K8 and K18 were the predominant keratins in islet β-cells and K8(-/-) mice expressed only remnant K18 and K7. K8 deletion resulted in lower fasting glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and decreased pancreatic insulin content. GLUT2 localisation and insulin vesicle morphology were disrupted in K8(-/-) β-cells. The increased levels of cytoplasmic GLUT2 correlated with resistance to high-dose STZ-induced injury in K8(-/-) mice. However, K8 deletion conferred no long-term protection from STZ-induced diabetes and prolonged STZ-induced stress caused increased exocrine damage in K8(-/-) mice. β-cell keratin upregulation occurred 2 weeks after treatments with low-dose STZ in K8(+/+) mice and in diabetic NOD mice, suggesting a role for keratins, particularly in non-acute islet stress responses. These results demonstrate previously unrecognised functions for keratins in β-cell intracellular organisation, as well as for systemic blood glucose control under basal conditions and in diabetes-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina M Alam
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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Sun MZ, Dang SS, Wang WJ, Jia XL, Zhai S, Zhang X, Li M, Li YP, Xun M. Cytokeratin 8 is increased in hepatitis C virus cells and its ectopic expression induces apoptosis of SMMC7721 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6178-6187. [PMID: 24115814 PMCID: PMC3787347 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i37.6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate cytokeratin 8 (CK8) overexpression during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its pathogenesis, and the effect of ectopic CK8 expression on hepatoma cell lines.
METHODS: We successfully established an in vitro HCV cell culture system (HCVcc) to investigate the different expression profiles of CK8 in Huh-7-HCV and Huh-7.5-HCV cells. The expression of CK8 at the mRNA level was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of CK8 at the protein level was evaluated by Western blotting. We then constructed a eukaryotic expression combination vector containing the coding sequence of human full length CK8 gene. CK8 cDNA was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and inserted into pEGFP-C1 and the positive clone pEGFP-CK8 was obtained. After confirming the sequence, the recombinant plasmid was transfected into SMMC7721 cells with lipofectamine2000 and CK8 expression was detected using inverted fluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR and Western blotting. Besides, we identified biological function of CK8 on SMMC7721 cells, including cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis detection.
RESULTS: RT-PCR showed that the expression level of CK8 in Huh-7-HCV and Huh-7.5-HCV cells was 2.88 and 2.95 times higher than in control cells. Western blot showed that CK8 expression in Huh-7-HCV and Huh-7.5-HCV cells was 2.53 and 3.26 times higher than that in control cells, respectively. We found that CK8 at mRNA and protein levels were both significantly increased in HCVcc. CK8 was up-regulated in SMMC7721 cells. CK8 expression at the mRNA level was significantly upregulated in SMMC7721/pEGFP-CK8 cells. CK8 expression in SMMC7721/ pEGFP-CK8 cells was 2.69 times higher than in SMMC7721 cells, and was 2.64 times higher than in SMMC7721/pEGFP-C1 cells. CK8 expression at the protein level in SMMC7721/pEGFP-CK8 cells was 2.46 times higher than in SMMC7721 cells, and was 2.29 times higher than in SMMC7721/pEGFP-C1 cells. Further analysis demonstrated that forced expression of CK8 slowed cell growth and induced apoptosis of SMMC7721 cells.
CONCLUSION: CK8 up-regulation might have a functional role in HCV infection and pathogenesis, and could be a promising target for the treatment of HCV infection.
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