1
|
Beilankouhi EAV, Sajadi MA, Alipourfard I, Hassani P, Valilo M, Safaralizadeh R. Role of the ER-induced UPR pathway, apoptosis, and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154706. [PMID: 37499516 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
When large amounts of misfolded or unfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in response to stress, a process called unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. The disruption of this process leads to many diseases including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and many cancers. In the process of UPR in response to stress and unfolded proteins, specific signaling pathways are induced in the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transmitted to the nucleus and cytoplasm, causing homeostasis and restoring the cell's normal condition with reducing protein translation and synthesis. The UPR response followed by stress enhancement balances cell survival with death, therefore in this condition cells decide either to survive or have the path of apoptosis ahead. However, in some cases, this balance is disturbed and the UPR pathway is chronically activated or not activated and the cell conditions lead to cancer. This study aimed to briefly investigate the association between ER stress, UPR, apoptosis, and autophagy in colorectal cancer (CRC). Moreover, in current study, we will try to demonstrate canonical ways and methods for the treatment of CRC cells with attenuated ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Insttue of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Peyman Hassani
- DVM Graduated, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Valilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baicalin regulates autophagy to interfere with small intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6551. [PMID: 35449393 PMCID: PMC9023573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is the main complication of and cause of death after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Baicalin can protect the small intestinal epithelial cells of rats against TNF-α-induced injury and alleviate enteritis-related diarrhea. To verify whether baicalin can protect the small intestinal mucosal barrier by regulating abnormal autophagy and interfering with intestinal aGVHD, a mouse model of aGVHD was established. CB6F1 micewere intravenously injected with a suspension of mononuclear cells derived from BALB/c donor mouse bone marrow and splenic tissue after treatment with 60Co X-rays. After treatment with different doses of baicalin for 15 days, the survival time, serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels, and autophagy markers levels in the intestine were assessed. A cell model of intestinal barrier dysfunction was also used to verify the effect of baicalin. The results showed that baicalin significantly prolonged the survival time, significantly reduced the aGVHD pathology score and clinical score by decreasing the TNF-α level with increasing the IL-10 level compared with the control. Transmission electron microscopy examination showed that baicalin treatment increased the number of autophagic vacuoles and led to the recovery of mitochondrial structures in the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of mice and in Caco-2 cells. Western blotting results showed that baicalin treatment enhanced autophagy in vivo by regulating the AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway. Similar results were observed in vitro in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the effect of baicalin was reduced after combination treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine(3-MA). Baicalin can decrease the severity of small intestinal aGVHD by regulating autophagy by influencing imbalances in inflammatory cytokine levels and mucosal barrier damage, thus baicalin may have potential as a new treatment for aGVHD.
Collapse
|
3
|
Thoma OM, Neurath MF, Waldner MJ. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:757120. [PMID: 35002699 PMCID: PMC8733931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key players in cell cycle regulation. So far, more than ten CDKs have been described. Their direct interaction with cyclins allow progression through G1 phase, transitions to S and G2 phase and finally through mitosis (M). While CDK activation is important in cell renewal, its aberrant expression can lead to the development of malignant tumor cells. Dysregulations in CDK pathways are often encountered in various types of cancer, including all gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors. This prompted the development of CDK inhibitors as novel therapies for cancer. Currently, CDK inhibitors such as CDK4/6 inhibitors are used in pre-clinical studies for cancer treatment. In this review, we will focus on the therapeutic role of various CDK inhibitors in colorectal cancer, with a special focus on the CDK4/6 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana-Maria Thoma
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colossolactone-G synergizes the anticancer properties of 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine against colorectal cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111730. [PMID: 34062410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several terpenoids were isolated from Ganoderma colossum with potential chemotherapeutic properties against different solid tumor cells. Herein, we further assessed the potential chemomodulatory effects of colossolactone-G to gemcitabine (GCB) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against colorectal cancer cells. Colossolactone-G induced moderate cell killing effects against both HT-29 and HCT-116 cells, with IC50's of 90.5 ± 1.7 µM and 22.3 ± 3.9 µM, respectively. Equitoxic combination demonstrated a synergistic effect between colossolactone-G and GCB, or 5-FU with combination indices ranging from 0.22 to 0.67. Both GCB and 5-FU induced moderate cell cycle arrest at G0/G1-phase and S-phase. Despite colossolactone-G's lack of influence on cell cycle distribution, it significantly potentiated GCB- and 5-FU-induced cell cycle arrest. Similarly, colossolactone-G treatment alone did not induce pronounced apoptosis in both cell lines. However, 5-FU and GCB induced significant apoptosis which was further potentiated via combination with colossolactone-G. Furthermore, colossolactone-G significantly increased autophagic cell death response in both HCT-116 and HT-29 cells and potentiated 5-FU- and GCB-induced autophagic cell death. The influence of colossolactone-G alone or in combination with GCB or 5-FU on the apoptosis and autophagy were confirmed by qPCR analysis for the expression of several key apoptosis and autophagy genes such as, TRAIL, TP53INP1, BNIP3, hp62, ATG5, ATG7, Lamp2A and the golden standard for autophagy (LC3-II). In conclusion, a synergistic effect in terms of anticancer properties was observed when colossolactone-G was combined with 5-FU and GCB, where it influenced both apoptosis and autophagic cell death mechanisms.
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang L, Yin X, Chen J, Liu R, Xiao X, Hu Z, He Y, Zou S. Lithium chloride promotes osteogenesis and suppresses apoptosis during orthodontic tooth movement in osteoporotic model via regulating autophagy. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3074-3084. [PMID: 33778189 PMCID: PMC7960682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a widely distributed disease that may cause complications such as accelerated tooth movement, bone resorption, and tooth loss during orthodontic treatment. Promoting bone formation and reducing bone resorption are strategies for controlling these complications. For several decades, the autophagy inducer lithium chloride (LiCl) has been explored for bipolar . In this study, we investigated the autophagy-promoting effect of LiCl on bone remodeling under osteoporotic conditions during tooth movement. Ovariectomy was used to induce osteoporosis status in vivo. The results showed that LiCl rejuvenated autophagy, decreased apoptosis, and promoted bone formation, thus protecting tooth movement in osteoporotic mice. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that LiCl reversed the effects of ovariectomy on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) extracted from ovariectomized mice, promoting osteogenesis and suppressing apoptosis by positively regulating autophagy. These findings suggest that LiCl can significantly decrease adverse effects of osteoporosis on bone remodeling, and that it has great potential significance in the field of bone formation during tooth movement in osteoporosis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Chen
- The Medical & Nursing School, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Ruojing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan He
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430064, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Zhang L, Bi Y, Xi T, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Lu YY, Liu X, Shu S, Fang F. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine restricts murine cytomegalovirus replication. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5001-5016. [PMID: 33421149 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced autophagy affects virus replication and survival of the infected cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replication and whether it is associated with caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. The eyecup isolated from adult C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old) and mouse embryo fibroblast cells (MEFs) were infected with MCMV K181 strain, followed by the treatment of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine, or rapamycin to block or stimulate autophagy. In cultured MEFs, the ratio of LC3I/II was reduced at 24 hours post infection (hpi), but was increased at 48 hpi In the eyecup culture, LC3I/II ratio was also decreased at 4 and 7 days post infection (dpi). In addition, caspase-3 cleavage was increased at 48 hpi in MEFs and also elevated in MCMV infected eyecups at 4, 7, 10, and 14 dpi. 3-MA treatment significantly inhibited the virus replication in MEFs and eyecups. The expression of early antigen (EA) of MCMV was also decreased in MEFs and eyecups. Meanwhile, cleaved caspase-3 dependent cell death was promoted with the presence of 3-MA in MCMV infected MEFs and eyecups, while RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway was inhibited by 3-MA in eyecups. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA restricts virus replication and promotes caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in the eyecup and MEFs with MCMV infection. It can be explained that during the early period of MCMV infection, the suppressed autophagy process directly reduced virus release, but later caspase-3 dependent apoptosis dominated and resulted in decreased virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yidan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sainan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Azimee S, Rahmati M, Fahimi H, Moosavi MA. TiO 2 nanoparticles enhance the chemotherapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil in human AGS gastric cancer cells via autophagy blockade. Life Sci 2020; 248:117466. [PMID: 32101760 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nanoparticles (NPs)-based drugs have been recently introduced to improve the efficacy of current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms by which a NP interacts with cellular systems still need to be delineated. Here, we utilize the autophagic potential of TiO2 NPs for improving chemotherapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human AGS gastric cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell growth and viability were determined by trypan blue exclusion test and MTT assay, respectively. Vesicular organelles formation was evaluated by acridine orange staining of cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were measured by DCHF-DA staining. Autophagy was examined by q-PCR and western blotting. Molecular docking was used for studying NP interaction with autophagic proteins. KEY FINDINGS TiO2 NPs increase ROS production, impair lysosomal function and subsequently block autophagy flux in AGS cells. In addition, the autophagy blockade induced by non-toxic concentrations of TiO2 NPs (1 μg/ml) can promote cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 5-FU in AGS cells. SIGNIFICANCE These results confirm the beneficial effects of TiO2 NPs in combination with chemotherapy in in vitro model of gastric cancer, which may pave the way to develop a possible solution to circumvent chemoresistance in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Azimee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li B, Yao X, Luo Y, Niu L, Lin L, Li Y. Inhibition of Autophagy Attenuated Intestinal Injury After Intestinal I/R via mTOR Signaling. J Surg Res 2019; 243:363-370. [PMID: 31277013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a grave condition related to high morbidity and mortality. Autophagy, which can induce a new cell death named type II programmed cell death, has been reported in some intestinal diseases, but little is known in I/R-induced intestinal injury. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of autophagy in intestinal injury induced by I/R and its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats pretreated with rapamycin or 3-methyladenine had intestinal I/R injury. After reperfusion, intestinal injury was measured by Chiu's score, intestinal mucosal wet-to-dry ratio, and lactic acid level. Intestinal mucosal oxidative stress level was measured by malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. Autophagosome, LC3, and p62 were detected to evaluate autophagy level. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was detected to explore potential mechanism. RESULTS Chiu's score, intestinal mucosal wet-to-dry ratio, lactic acid level, malondialdehyde level, autophagosomes, and LC3-II/LC3-I were significantly increased, and superoxide dismutase level and expression of p62 were significantly decreased in intestinal mucosa after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Pretreatment with rapamycin significantly aggravated intestinal injury evidenced by increased Chiu's score, intestinal mucosal wet-to-dry ratio and lactic acid level, increased autophagy level evidenced by increased autophagosomes and LC3-II/LC3-I and decreased expression of p62, and downregulated expression of p-mTOR/mTOR. On the contrary, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine significantly attenuated intestinal injury and autophagy level and upregulated expression of p-mTOR/mTOR. CONCLUSIONS In summary, autophagy was significantly enhanced in intestinal mucosa after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, and inhibition of autophagy attenuated intestinal injury induced by I/R through activating mTOR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baochuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, ShaanXi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi 'an, China
| | - Yanhua Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
CK2 inhibition with silmitasertib promotes methuosis-like cell death associated to catastrophic massive vacuolization of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30683840 PMCID: PMC6347595 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved and constitutively active Ser/Thr-kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates, resulting in increased cell proliferation and survival. A known target of CK2 is Akt, a player in the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway, which is aberrantly activated in 32% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. On the other hand, mTORC1 plays an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis, cell growth, and autophagy. Some studies suggest that CK2 regulates mTORC1 in several cancers. The most recently developed CK2 inhibitor, silmitasertib (formerly CX-4945), has been tested in phase I/II trials for cholangiocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. This drug has been shown to induce autophagy and enhance apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and to promote apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Nevertheless, it has not been tested in studies for CRC patients. We show in this work that inhibition of CK2 with silmitasertib decreases in vitro tumorigenesis of CRC cells in response to G2/M arrest, which correlates with mTORC1 inhibition and formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Notably, molecular markers indicate that these vacuoles derive from massive macropinocytosis. Altogether, these findings suggest that an aberrantly elevated expression/activity of CK2 may play a key role in CRC, promoting cell viability and proliferation in untreated cells, however, its inhibition with silmitasertib promotes methuosis-like cell death associated to massive catastrophic vacuolization, accounting for decreased tumorigenicity at later times. These characteristics of silmitasertib support a potential therapeutic use in CRC patients and probably other CK2-dependent cancers.
Collapse
|
10
|
Koustas E, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. The role of autophagy in the treatment of BRAF mutant colorectal carcinomas differs based on microsatellite instability status. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207227. [PMID: 30427914 PMCID: PMC6241137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been identified as a catabolic mechanism in cells but its' role in cancer remains controversial. Autophagy has been characterized either as tumor suppressor or inducer mechanism in many tumor types. Monoclonal antibodies against EGFR (cetuximab and panitumumab) represent a major step in the treatment of mCRC. Several studies propose that cetuximab and panitumumab trigger autophagy which reveals a potential resistance mechanism to these agents. The last years immunotherapy appears to be a novel promising strategy for the treatment of patients with solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) antibodies have already been developed and applied in mCRC patients with MSI-H phenotype. The association between mtBRAF and autophagy or MSI status has already been characterized. In our study, we identify the autophagy initiation through anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal carcinoma cell lines according to microsatellite status. The combination of autophagy inhibition, anti-EGFR antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors as well as autophagy targeting, MEK inhibition and anti-EGFR antibodies or checkpoint inhibitors appears to be the best treatment approach for microsatellite instability high and stable colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively. Both combinatorial approaches reduce cell viability through the induction of apoptotic cell death. The findings of this study point out the importance of different approach for the treatment of BRAF mutant metastatic colorectal cancers based on their microsatelite instability phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tao Z, Li T, Ma H, Yang Y, Zhang C, Hai L, Liu P, Yuan F, Li J, Yi L, Tong L, Wang Y, Xie Y, Ming H, Yu S, Yang X. Autophagy suppresses self-renewal ability and tumorigenicity of glioma-initiating cells and promotes Notch1 degradation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1063. [PMID: 30337536 PMCID: PMC6194143 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital process that involves degradation of long-lived proteins and dysfunctional organelles and contributes to cellular metabolism. Glioma-initiating cells (GICs) have the ability to self-renew, differentiate into heterogeneous types of tumor cells, and sustain tumorigenicity; thus, GICs lead to tumor recurrence. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy can induce stem cell differentiation and increase the lethality of temozolomide against GICs. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of GIC self-renewal by autophagy remains uncharacterized. In the present study, autophagy induced by AZD8055 and rapamycin treatment suppressed GIC self-renewal in vitro. We found that autophagy inhibited Notch1 pathway activation. Moreover, autophagy activated Notch1 degradation, which is associated with maintenance of the self-renewal ability of GICs. Furthermore, autophagy abolished the tumorigenicity of CD133 + U87-MG neurosphere cells in an intracranial model. These findings suggest that autophagy regulating GICs self-renewal and tumorigenicity is probably bound up with Notch1 degradation. The results of this study could aid in the design of autophagy-based clinical trials for glioma treatments, which may be of great value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Haiwen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Long Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jiabo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Luqing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yingshuai Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Haolang Ming
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ozfiliz-Kilbas P, Sarikaya B, Obakan-Yerlikaya P, Coker-Gurkan A, Arisan ED, Temizci B, Palavan-Unsal N. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, roscovitine and purvalanol, induce apoptosis and autophagy related to unfolded protein response in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:815-828. [PMID: 29978381 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Roscovitine (Rosc) and purvalanol (Pur) are competitive inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by targeting their ATP-binding pockets. Both drugs are shown to be effective to decrease cell viability and dysregulate the ratio of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, which finally led to apoptotic cell death in different cancer cell lines in vitro. It was well established that Bcl-2 family members have distinct roles in the regulation of other cellular processes such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The induction of ER stress has been shown to play critical role in cell death/survival decision via autophagy or apoptosis. In this study, our aim was to investigate the molecular targets of CDK inhibitors on ER stress mechanism related to distinct cell death types in time-dependent manner in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Our results showed that Rosc and Pur decreased the cell viability, cell growth and colony formation, induced ER stress-mediated autophagy or apoptosis in time-dependent manner. Thus, we conclude that exposure of cells to CDK inhibitors induces unfolded protein response and ER stress leading to autophagy and apoptosis processes in HeLa cervical cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ozfiliz-Kilbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Sarikaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Obakan-Yerlikaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ajda Coker-Gurkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Benan Temizci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narcin Palavan-Unsal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo WH, Chen ZY, Chen H, Lin T, Zhao ML, Liu H, Yu J, Hu YF, Li GX. [Sericin regulates proliferation of human gastric cancer MKN45 cells through autophagic pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:148-154. [PMID: 29502052 PMCID: PMC6743869 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of sericin on the proliferation of human gastric cancer MKN45 cells and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS MKN45 cells were transfected by LC3 double fluorescent autophagic virus, and the positive cells screened by puromycin were divided into blank group, sericin group and sericin∓3-MA group. After incubation with sericin for 48 h, the cells were examined for proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Cell autophagy was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescent inverted microscope, and the autophagy-related markers including LC3, p62 and Beclin proteins were detected with Western blotting. Nude mice bearing gastric cancer xenograft were treated with normal saline or sericin injections (n=5) and the changes in the tumor volume and weight were measured. RESULTS Compared with the blank group, MKN45 cells with sericin treatment showed significantly inhibited proliferation both in vitro and in nude mice. Autophagosomes were observed in sericin-treated cells under TEM and fluorescent inverted microscope. Sericin treatment of the cells significantly increased the cell apoptosis (P<0.01), caused obvious cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase (P<0.01), up-regulated the expressions of both LC3-2 and Beclin, and down-regulated the expression of p62. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA obviously antagonized the effects of sericin on cell apoptosis, cell cycle and autophagic protein expressions. CONCLUSION Sericin can inhibit the proliferation of human gastric cancer MKN45 cells by regulating cell autophagy to serve as potential anti-tumor agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Berrak O, Arisan ED, Obakan-Yerlikaya P, Coker-Gürkan A, Palavan-Unsal N. mTOR is a fine tuning molecule in CDK inhibitors-induced distinct cell death mechanisms via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis in prostate cancer cells. Apoptosis 2018; 21:1158-78. [PMID: 27484210 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purvalanol and roscovitine are cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells. We further hypothesized that co-treatment of CDK inhibitors with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, would be an effective combinatory strategy for the inhibition of prostate cancer regard to androgen receptor (AR) status due to inhibition of proliferative pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and induction of cell death mechanisms. Androgen responsive (AR+), PTEN(-/-) LNCaP and androgen independent (AR-), PTEN(+/-) DU145 prostate cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol (20 µM) and roscovitine (30 µM) with or without rapamycin for 24 h. Cell viability assay, immunoblotting, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy was used to define the effect of CDK inhibitors with or without rapamycin on proliferative pathway and cell death mechanisms in LNCaP and DU145 prostate cancer cells. Co-treatment of rapamycin modulated CDK inhibitors-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis that CDK inhibitors were more potent to induce cell death in AR (+) LNCaP cells than AR (-) DU145 cells. CDK inhibitors in the presence or absence of rapamycin induced cell death via modulating upstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in LNCaP cells, exclusively only treatment of purvalanol have strong potential to inhibit both upstream and downstream targets of mTOR in LNCaP and DU145 cells. However, co-treatment of rapamycin with CDK inhibitors protects DU145 cells from apoptosis via induction of autophagy mechanism. We confirmed that purvalanol and roscovitine were strong apoptotic and autophagy inducers that based on regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Co-treatment of rapamycin with purvalanol and roscovitine exerted different effects on cell survival and death mechanisms in LNCaP and DU145 cell due to their AR receptor status. Our studies show that co-treatment of rapamycin with CDK inhibitors inhibit prostate cancer cell viability more effectively than either agent alone, in part, by targeting the mTOR signaling cascade in AR (+) LNCaP cells. In this point, mTOR is a fine-tuning player in purvalanol and roscovitine-induced apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of PI3K/AKT and the downstream targets, which related with cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Berrak
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Pinar Obakan-Yerlikaya
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ajda Coker-Gürkan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narçin Palavan-Unsal
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of Multipurpose Solution Combined With Autophagy Inhibitors on Adhesion of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses. Cornea 2017; 36:1538-1543. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Qian HR, Shi ZQ, Zhu HP, Gu LH, Wang XF, Yang Y. Interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62759-62768. [PMID: 28977986 PMCID: PMC5617546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two pivotal mechanisms in mediating cell survival and death. Cross-talk of autophagy and apoptosis has been documented in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancer, while the interplay between the two pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been comprehensively summarized. In this study, we outlined the basis of apoptosis and autophagy machinery firstly, and then reviewed the recent evidence in cellular settings or animal studies regarding the interplay between them in CRC. In addition, several key factors that modulate the cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis as well as its significance in clinical practice were discussed. Understanding of the interplay between the cell death mechanisms may benefit the translation of CRC treatment from basic research to clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qi Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - He-Pan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Li-Hu Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xian-Fa Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive, Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goulielmaki M, Koustas E, Moysidou E, Vlassi M, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Zografos G, Oikonomou E, Pintzas A. BRAF associated autophagy exploitation: BRAF and autophagy inhibitors synergise to efficiently overcome resistance of BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9188-221. [PMID: 26802026 PMCID: PMC4891035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the basic catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components. Autophagy has a controversial role in cancer – both in protecting against tumor progression by isolation of damaged organelles, or by potentially contributing to cancer growth. The impact of autophagy in RAS induced transformation still remains to be further analyzed based on the differential effect of RAS isoforms and tumor cell context. In the present study, the effect of KRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA oncogenic pathways on the autophagic cell properties and on main components of the autophagic machinery like p62 (SQSTM1), Beclin-1 (BECN1) and MAP1LC3 (LC3) in colon cancer cells was investigated. This study provides evidence that BRAF oncogene induces the expression of key autophagic markers, like LC3 and BECN1 in colorectal tumor cells. Herein, PI3K/AKT/MTOR inhibitors induce autophagic tumor properties, whereas RAF/MEK/ERK signalling inhibitors reduce expression of autophagic markers. Based on the ineffectiveness of BRAFV600E inhibitors in BRAFV600E bearing colorectal tumors, the BRAF related autophagic properties in colorectal cancer cells are further exploited, by novel combinatorial anti-cancer protocols. Strong evidence is provided here that pre-treatment of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA followed by its combination with BRAFV600E targeting drug PLX4720 can synergistically sensitize resistant colorectal tumors. Notably, colorectal cancer cells are very sensitive to mono-treatments of another autophagy inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1. The findings of this study are expected to provide novel efficient protocols for treatment of otherwise resistant colorectal tumors bearing BRAFV600E, by exploiting the autophagic properties induced by BRAF oncogene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goulielmaki
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Moysidou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Vlassi
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - George Zografos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas, Athens, Greece
| | - Eftychia Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nwosu ZC, Ebert MP, Dooley S, Meyer C. Caveolin-1 in the regulation of cell metabolism: a cancer perspective. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:71. [PMID: 27852311 PMCID: PMC5112640 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is an oncogenic membrane protein associated with endocytosis, extracellular matrix organisation, cholesterol distribution, cell migration and signaling. Recent studies reveal that CAV1 is involved in metabolic alterations – a critical strategy adopted by cancer cells to their survival advantage. Consequently, research findings suggest that CAV1, which is altered in several cancer types, influences tumour development or progression by controlling metabolism. Understanding the molecular interplay between CAV1 and metabolism could help uncover druggable metabolic targets or pathways of clinical relevance in cancer therapy. Here we review from a cancer perspective, the findings that CAV1 modulates cell metabolism with a focus on glycolysis, mitochondrial bioenergetics, glutaminolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeribe Chike Nwosu
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Matthias Philip Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany. .,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Choi YK, Cho SG, Choi YJ, Yun YJ, Lee KM, Lee K, Yoo HH, Shin YC, Ko SG. SH003 suppresses breast cancer growth by accumulating p62 in autolysosomes. Oncotarget 2016; 8:88386-88400. [PMID: 29179443 PMCID: PMC5687613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug markets revisits herbal medicines, as historical usages address their therapeutic efficacies with less adverse effects. Moreover, herbal medicines save both cost and time in development. SH003, a modified version of traditional herbal medicine extracted from Astragalus membranaceus (Am), Angelica gigas (Ag), and Trichosanthes Kirilowii Maximowicz (Tk) with 1:1:1 ratio (w/w) has been revealed to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis on highly metastatic breast cancer cells, both in vivo and in vitro with no toxicity. Meanwhile, autophagy is imperative for maintenance cellular homeostasis, thereby playing critical roles in cancer progression. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological agents induces apoptotic cell death in cancer cells, resulting in cancer treatment. In this study, we demonstrate that SH003-induced autophagy via inhibiting STAT3 and mTOR results in an induction of lysosomal p62/SQSTM1 accumulation-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and attenuates tumor growth. SH003 induced autophagosome and autolysosome formation by inhibiting activation of STAT3- and mTOR-mediated signaling pathways. However, SH003 blocked autophagy-mediated p62/SQSTM1 degradation through reducing of lysosomal proteases, Cathepsins, resulting in accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 in the lysosome. The accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 caused the increase of ROS, which resulted in the induction of apoptotic cell death. Therefore, we conclude that SH003 suppresses breast cancer growth by inducing autophagy. In addition, SH003-induced p62/SQSTM1 could function as an important mediator for ROS generation-dependent cell death suggesting that SH003 may be useful for treating breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Kyung Choi
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research and Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju, 695-975, Korea
| | - Sung-Gook Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, 368-701, Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Choi
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Yee Jin Yun
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Kang Min Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Kangwook Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and Collage of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Gyonggi, 426-791, Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tan S, Shi H, Ba M, Lin S, Tang H, Zeng X, Zhang X. miR-409-3p sensitizes colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin by inhibiting Beclin-1-mediated autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1030-8. [PMID: 26935807 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemoresistance of colon cancer cells limits the efficacy of chemotherapy. miR-409-3p has been shown to be downregulated in various types of cancer. In the present study, we examined the role of miR-409-3p in colon cancer as well as the effects of miR‑409-3p on the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin. The expression of miR-409 was significantly downregulated in the human colon cancer cell lines compared with the normal colon epithelial cells. Importantly, the miR-409-3p expression levels were lower in human colon cancer patient samples than in normal colon tissues. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between the miR‑409-3p levels and resistance to oxaliplatin: the oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer cells exhibited significantly downregulated miR‑409-3p levels, but higher autophagic activity than the oxaliplatin-sensitive cells. Using bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that miR‑409-3p miRNA binds to the key autophagy gene encoding Beclin-1. Our findings indicated that the overexpression of miR‑409-3p inhibited Beclin-1 expression and autophagic activity by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of Beclin-1 mRNA. In addition, the overexpression of miR‑409-3p enhanced the chemosensitivity of the oxaliplatin-sensitive and oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer cells. The restoration of Beclin-1 abrogated these effects of miR‑409-3p. In a xenograft model using nude mice, we examined the effects of miR‑409-3p on tumor growth during chemotherapy. miR‑409-3p overexpression sensitized the tumor to chemotherapy, while inhibiting chemotherapy-induced autophagy in a manner dependent on Beclin-1. The findings of our study suggest that miR-409-3p is capable of enhancing the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells by inhibiting Beclin-1-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Tan
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Mingchen Ba
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Shengqv Lin
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Zeng
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:164-75. [PMID: 26826398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradative process in which intracellular components (cellular proteins and organelles) are engulfed in autophagosomes which then fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosome for degradation. Autophagy is closely implicated in various physio-pathological processes and human diseases. Among them, the roles of autophagy in cancer have been extensively studied. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that inhibiting autophagy is a novel and promising approach in cancer therapy, based on the notion that autophagy is a pro-survival mechanism in cancer cells under therapeutic stress, and induction of autophagy is associated with chemoresistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, suppression of autophagy would sensitize resistance tumor cells to cancer therapeutic agents, thereby supporting the clinical application of autophagy inhibitors. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in developing autophagy inhibitors and testing their therapeutical potential, either as standalone or as adjuvant therapeutic agents, in cell and animal models, and more importantly in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss some of these recent advances in development of novel small molecules autophagy inhibitors and their mechanisms of action, together with their applications in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim YJ, Kang KS, Choi KC, Ko H. Cardamonin induces autophagy and an antiproliferative effect through JNK activation in human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2559-64. [PMID: 25959811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardamonin (2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone) is derived from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata (Zingiberaceae), a plant that has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. Several anticancer agents have been reported to induce autophagy, which either protects cells or further sensitizes cells to drug treatment. However, the possible autophagic and antiproliferative effects of cardamonin on the human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cell line are unclear. In the present study, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of cardamonin on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and stimulation of autophagy in cultures of the HCT116 cell line. The results showed that cardamonin inhibited cell proliferation, induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and enhanced autophagy in HCT116 cells. We found evidence that cardamonin-induced autophagic and antiproliferative effects are regulated by the tumor protein p53. We also found that the enhanced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by cardamonin was partially regulated by p53 and was critical for cardamonin-induced autophagic and antiproliferative effects in HCT116 cells. These findings suggest that cardamonin or other anticancer agents that increase p53/JNK-dependent stimulation of autophagy could be used to effectively treat patients with colorectal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Ko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Autophagy inhibitors as a potential antiamoebic treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4020-5. [PMID: 25896709 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05165-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba cysts are resistant to extreme physical and chemical conditions. Autophagy is an essential pathway for encystation of Acanthamoeba cells. To evaluate the possibility of an autophagic Acanthamoeba encystation mechanism, we evaluated autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-methyladenine (3MA), LY294002, wortmannin, bafilomycin A, and chloroquine. Among these autophagy inhibitors, the use of 3MA and chloroquine showed a significant reduction in the encystation ratio in Acanthamoeba cells. Wortmannin also inhibited the formation of mature cysts, while LY294002 and bafilomycin A did not affect the encystation of Acanthamoeba cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 3MA and wortmannin inhibited autophagy formation and that chloroquine interfered with the formation of autolysosomes. Inhibition of autophagy or autolysosome formation resulted in a significant block in the encystation in Acanthamoeba cells. Clinical treatment with 0.02% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) showed high cytopathic effects on Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts; however, it also revealed high cytopathic effects on human corneal epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated effects of the combination of a low (0.00125%) concentration of PHMB with each of the autophagy inhibitors 3MA, wortmannin, and chloroquine on Acanthamoeba and human corneal epithelial cells. These new combination treatments showed low cytopathic effects on human corneal cells and high cytopathic effects on Acanthamoeba cells. Taken together, these results provide fundamental information for optimizing the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Collapse
|
24
|
You Y, Yang W, Qin X, Wang F, Li H, Lin C, Li W, Gu C, Zhang Y, Ran Y. ECRG4 acts as a tumor suppressor and as a determinant of chemotherapy resistance in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:205-14. [PMID: 25707757 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant type of cancer with an increasing incidence. As yet, however, molecular biomarkers with a strong diagnostic impact and a major therapeutic promise have remained elusive. Here, we identified the esophageal carcinoma related gene 4 (ECRG4) as a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene and a promising therapeutic target for NPC. METHODS RT-PCR, Western blotting, methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing were performed to assess the expression and methylation status of the ECRG4 gene in primary NPC samples, NPC-derived cell lines and patient-derived peripheral blood samples. The NPC-derived cell line CNE1 was selected for treatment with a methylation inhibitor to restore ECRG4 expression. In addition, cell proliferation, invasion and colony formation assays were performed to assess the inhibitory effects of exogenous ECRG4 expression in CNE1 cells. RESULTS Down-regulated ECRG4 expression was found to occur in 82.5% (33/40) of the primary NPC biopsies tested. This down-regulation was significantly correlated with its tumor-specific promoter methylation status (72.5%, 29/40) and was also observed in the matching peripheral blood samples from the NPC patients (57.5%, 23/40). Pharmacologic demethylation through 5-aza-dC treatment led to gene reactivation in ECRG4 methylated and silenced NPC cell lines. Moreover, exogenous expression of ECRG4 in the CNE1 cell line strongly inhibited its growth and invasive capacities, as well as its enhanced chemosensitivity to cisplatin through autophagy induction. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that methylation-mediated suppression of the ECRG4 gene occurs frequently in NPC and that restoration of its expression may have therapeutic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie You
- Department of Pharmacy, Luohe Medical College, 148 Daxue-Road, Luohe, 462002, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|